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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CpdpM7qt8sdvgfLxcDtpTfK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000600011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800611</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000039</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dist&#226;ncia do domic&#237;lio ao local de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico n&#227;o influenciou a ader&#234;ncia de 796 participantes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral-de-Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Pl&#237;nio Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Therezinha de Jesus</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Gama Filho</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Sergipe</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cioGama Filho</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>553</fpage>
      <lpage>558</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Uma das dificuldades para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da ader&#234;ncia de longo prazo a exerc&#237;cios &#233; a dist&#226;ncia entre domic&#237;lio e local de exerc&#237;cio. OBJETIVO: Determinar, para um programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico supervisionado (PES) privado, a influ&#234;ncia da dist&#226;ncia domic&#237;lio-PES sobre a ader&#234;ncia. M&#201;TODOS: Foram identificados 976 sujeitos e selecionados 796 que atendiam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. A dist&#226;ncia domic&#237;lio-PES foi obtida pelo Google Maps. A ader&#234;ncia foi determinada em quartis (meses): de 1 a 4, 5 a 12, 13 a 36 e mais de 36. As condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas foram estratificadas como: saud&#225;veis; obesos e/ou hipertensos e/ou dislipid&#234;micos e/ou diab&#233;ticos sem doen&#231;a coronariana; coronariopatas e outros agravos como c&#226;ncer, p&#226;nico e doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias. A dist&#226;ncia domic&#237;lio-PES foi dividida em (km): at&#233; 1, entre 1 e 3, entre 3 e 10, e mais de 10. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, utilizaram-se a ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis e o quiquadrado. RESULTADOS: Dos participantes, 46% residiam at&#233; 3 km, 39% entre 3 e 10 km e cerca de 15% moravam a mais de 10 km do local de realiza&#231;&#227;o do PES. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre as medianas dos meses de perman&#234;ncia no PES em fun&#231;&#227;o da dist&#226;ncia domic&#237;lio-PES (p = 0,11). CONCLUS&#195;O: Para um determinado PES privado da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e funcionando de segunda a s&#225;bado com livre escolha de hor&#225;rio, a dist&#226;ncia domic&#237;lio-PES n&#227;o influenciou na ader&#234;ncia dos participantes. Isso provavelmente se deveu &#224; qualidade do servi&#231;o prestado e/ou a aus&#234;ncia de op&#231;&#245;es mais pr&#243;ximas do local de domic&#237;lio dos participantes. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>treinamento</kwd>
        <kwd>exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>coronariopatia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Dist&#226;ncia do domic&#237;lio ao local de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico n&#227;o influenciou a ader&#234;ncia de 796 participantes</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Antonio Cesar Cabral-de-Oliveira<sup>I,III</sup>; Pl&#237;nio Santos Ramos<sup>IV,V</sup>; Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio e do Esporte - Universidade Gama Filho - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>CLINIMEX - Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>UPAFISE - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>SUPREMA - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>V</sup>Hospital Therezinha de Jesus, Juiz de Fora, MG - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Uma das dificuldades para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da ader&#234;ncia de longo prazo a exerc&#237;cios &#233; a dist&#226;ncia entre domic&#237;lio e local de exerc&#237;cio. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar, para um programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico supervisionado (PES) privado, a influ&#234;ncia da dist&#226;ncia domic&#237;lio-PES sobre a ader&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram identificados 976 sujeitos e selecionados 796 que atendiam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. A dist&#226;ncia domic&#237;lio-PES foi obtida pelo <italic>Google Maps.</italic> A ader&#234;ncia foi determinada em quartis (meses): de 1 a 4, 5 a 12, 13 a 36 e mais de 36. As condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas foram estratificadas como: saud&#225;veis; obesos e/ou hipertensos e/ou dislipid&#234;micos e/ou diab&#233;ticos sem doen&#231;a coronariana; coronariopatas e outros agravos como c&#226;ncer, p&#226;nico e doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias. A dist&#226;ncia domic&#237;lio-PES foi dividida em (km): at&#233; 1, entre 1 e 3, entre 3 e 10, e mais de 10. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, utilizaram-se a ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis e o quiquadrado. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Dos participantes, 46% residiam at&#233; 3 km, 39% entre 3 e 10 km e cerca de 15% moravam a mais de 10 km do local de realiza&#231;&#227;o do PES. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre as medianas dos meses de perman&#234;ncia no PES em fun&#231;&#227;o da dist&#226;ncia domic&#237;lio-PES (p = 0,11). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Para um determinado PES privado da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e funcionando de segunda a s&#225;bado com livre escolha de hor&#225;rio, a dist&#226;ncia domic&#237;lio-PES n&#227;o influenciou na ader&#234;ncia dos participantes. Isso provavelmente se deveu &#224; qualidade do servi&#231;o prestado e/ou a aus&#234;ncia de op&#231;&#245;es mais pr&#243;ximas do local de domic&#237;lio dos participantes. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Reabilita&#231;&#227;o; treinamento; exerc&#237;cio; coronariopatia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A inatividade f&#237;sica e o baixo n&#237;vel de condicionamento f&#237;sico t&#234;m sido considerados como fatores de risco importantes para uma mortalidade prematura<sup>1</sup>. Por outro lado, existem evid&#234;ncias suficientes que &#233; poss&#237;vel prevenir e at&#233; mesmo alterar o rumo da manifesta&#231;&#227;o da maioria das doen&#231;as cr&#244;nico-degenerativas, com interven&#231;&#245;es direta ou indireta sobre os principais fatores de risco modific&#225;veis, tais como a inatividade f&#237;sica<sup>2,3</sup>, desde que haja ader&#234;ncia adequada ao tratamento. Para efeitos pr&#225;ticos, ader&#234;ncia pode ser entendida como um conjunto de determinantes pessoais e ambientais que possibilita a livre escolha das pessoas em adotarem certa recomenda&#231;&#227;o, o que fortalece o papel do paciente como sujeito ativo, que participa e assume responsabilidades sobre seu tratamento<sup>4,5</sup>. Na pr&#225;tica, essa quest&#227;o pode ser ainda mais relevante para pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares de natureza cr&#244;nica<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>A ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento &#233; fundamental para o gerenciamento de uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica. Para uma ader&#234;ncia adequada &#233; preciso seguir todas as orienta&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, que podem incluir, al&#233;m de tomar a medica&#231;&#227;o prescrita de forma cont&#237;nua, modificar o estilo de vida. N&#227;o h&#225; como negar que muitos pacientes t&#234;m dificuldade em seguir o tratamento recomendado. A baixa ader&#234;ncia &#233; um problema mundial, com a ader&#234;ncia aos tratamentos de longo prazo em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos situando-se em torno de 50%. Em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, as taxas s&#227;o ainda menores<sup>7-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nesse aspecto, para o sucesso dos programas de interven&#231;&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio reconhecer quais s&#227;o as barreiras que interferem na sua ader&#234;ncia. Algumas barreiras s&#227;o apresentadas como empecilhos para uma maior perman&#234;ncia de praticantes em programas que utilizam o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico como terap&#234;utica. Estima-se que uma parcela importante dos participantes abandona os programas de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico nos primeiros seis meses<sup>11</sup>. A literatura tamb&#233;m tem apontado que a maioria das desist&#234;ncias ocorre durante os tr&#234;s meses iniciais, com resultados semelhantes em todas as faixas et&#225;rias, independentemente do sexo<sup>12</sup>. Sabe-se tamb&#233;m que somente 25% dos potenciais candidatos &#224; reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca participam de programas formais de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e, destes, entre 25% a 50% abandonam dentro de seis meses, e at&#233; 90% em um ano. Al&#233;m disso, somente 25% dos que abandonaram os programas estruturados continuam a praticar exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos suficientes para manter ou melhorar a capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;ria<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma das poss&#237;veis dificuldades para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da ader&#234;ncia por longo prazo &#233; a dist&#226;ncia entre o domic&#237;lio e o local de realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios. No Brasil, estudos sobre ader&#234;ncia a programas supervisionados de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico s&#227;o relativamente recentes<sup>15,16</sup>, persistindo algumas lacunas cient&#237;ficas relevantes. </p>
    <p>Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a influ&#234;ncia da dist&#226;ncia domic&#237;lio Programa de Exerc&#237;cio Supervisionado (PES) sobre a ader&#234;ncia a um programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico supervisionado privado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo se caracteriza como um <italic>survey</italic>, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dados secund&#225;rios. De um PES privado e em funcionamento regular desde 1994, com supervis&#227;o m&#233;dica presencial e dados cl&#237;nicos criteriosamente registrados, foram inicialmente identificados os 976 participantes que frequentaram sess&#245;es entre 2001 e 2010. Dentre esses participantes, foram selecionados 796, sendo 546 homens e 250 mulheres, que atendiam aos seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: a) endere&#231;o domiciliar nos munic&#237;pios do Rio de Janeiro ou de Niter&#243;i; e b) disponibilidade de dados detalhados referentes &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Os 180 indiv&#237;duos (18,4%) que foram exclu&#237;dos residiam em diversos outros munic&#237;pios do estado do Rio de Janeiro ou em outros estados e participaram do PES em situa&#231;&#245;es especificas, como f&#233;rias ou em uma fase inicial do tratamento de sua enfermidade. Dados pessoais obtidos na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial do PES permitiram identificar, de forma simplificada, a presen&#231;a e o padr&#227;o de atividade laboral e a forma&#231;&#227;o profissional dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>O pr&#233;dio onde se localiza o PES &#233; de f&#225;cil acesso com pontos de &#244;nibus e esta&#231;&#227;o de metr&#244; pr&#243;ximos, al&#233;m de possuir estacionamento rotativo pr&#243;prio. A menor dist&#226;ncia do trajeto domic&#237;lio-PES obtida pelo <italic>software Google Maps</italic> (Google Inc. Estados Unidos) foi utilizada para estratificar os participantes. </p>
    <p>Inicialmente, a amostra foi dividida em quartis pelo tempo de participa&#231;&#227;o no PES, correspondendo a: 1 a 4 meses (Q1), 5 a 12 meses (Q2), 13 a 36 meses (Q3) e mais de 36 meses (Q4) e comparadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s quatro seguintes vari&#225;veis: idade, sexo, condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e dist&#226;ncia domic&#237;lio-PES. </p>
    <p>Especificamente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, os participantes foram estratificados como: I &#150; saud&#225;veis; II &#150; obesos e/ou hipertensos e/ou dislipid&#234;micos e/ou diab&#233;ticos sem doen&#231;a coronariana; III &#150; coronariopatas e IV &#150; presen&#231;a de outros agravos como c&#226;ncer, p&#226;nico e doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias. Quanto &#224; dist&#226;ncia domic&#237;lio-PES, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o foi: A - at&#233; 1 km; B - entre 1 e 3 km; C - entre 3 e 10 km e D &#150; mais de 10 km. </p>
    <p>Antes de iniciar o PES, os participantes foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o que inclu&#237;a exame cl&#237;nico, espirometria e eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es em repouso, avalia&#231;&#227;o cineantropom&#233;trica (medidas antropom&#233;tricas, avalia&#231;&#227;o de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, for&#231;a e pot&#234;ncia muscular e da flexibilidade), teste de exerc&#237;cio de quatro segundos e teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo, cujos dados subsidiaram a prescri&#231;&#227;o individualizada das sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio. </p>
    <p>O PES era desenvolvido em ambiente climatizado, com controle da temperatura ambiente entre 21 e 24&#186; C e umidade relativa do ar variando entre 40 e 60%. As sess&#245;es inclu&#237;am exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos, de fortalecimento muscular, de flexibilidade, de equil&#237;brio e coordena&#231;&#227;o motora, com uma dura&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica entre 60 e 75 minutos. Como caracter&#237;stica importante deste PES, os participantes frequentavam de tr&#234;s a seis vezes por semana e tinham uma ampla liberdade de dias e hor&#225;rios para realizar as sess&#245;es, dentro do per&#237;odo de funcionamento regular da cl&#237;nica &#150; 15 horas nos dias &#250;teis e 9 horas aos s&#225;bados, em um total de 84 horas semanais.</p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, os dados mensurados em escala nominal s&#227;o apresentados pela frequ&#234;ncia e percentual da distribui&#231;&#227;o, enquanto que para os de escala raz&#227;o e distribui&#231;&#227;o param&#233;trica, foram calculadas as m&#233;dias, desvios-padr&#227;o e m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos. Para comparar as medianas de meses de participa&#231;&#227;o dos quatro quartis, foi utilizada a ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis. O quiquadrado contrastou as distribui&#231;&#245;es dos participantes quanto &#224; idade, sexo, condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e dist&#226;ncia domic&#237;lio-PES pelos quartis do n&#250;mero de meses de participa&#231;&#227;o no PES. Estipulou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia em 5% de probabilidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A mediana do tempo de perman&#234;ncia dos participantes no PES foi de 12 meses, em uma distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica, com uma m&#233;dia de 27 meses. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos participantes est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a36tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. Observa-se que havia um predom&#237;nio de participantes do sexo masculino, sem que, todavia, houvesse diferen&#231;a entre as idades dos participantes dos dois sexos (media &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o): 62,3 &#177; 13,1 e 63,4 &#177; 13,6 anos (p = 0,145). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as quanto &#224; ader&#234;ncia ao PES pela idade (p = 0,974) e pelo sexo (p = 0,160). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a36tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0553-00039-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Segundo as condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, a maioria da amostra (56%) estava composta por integrantes do grupo III (coronariopatas) seguidos, em ordem decrescente, pelos grupos II (hipertensos, dislipid&#234;micos, obesos e/ou diab&#233;ticos) com 34%, IV (outras doen&#231;as ou condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas) com 6% e I (saud&#225;veis) com apenas 4%, este &#250;ltimo incluindo v&#225;rios c&#244;njuges de participantes classificados nos outros grupos.</p>
    <p>Dentre os 796 pacientes inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise final dos dados desse estudo, 286 (35,9%) puderam ser classificados como inativos do ponto de vista laboral formal, incluindo aposentados de ambos os sexos e 50 mulheres que se intitularam como "do lar". Embora tenha havido uma natural tend&#234;ncia para que os pacientes mais velhos fossem inativos profissionalmente, isso n&#227;o foi t&#227;o uniforme, j&#225; que v&#225;rios pacientes mais jovens, em fun&#231;&#227;o da enfermidade, j&#225; tinham sido aposentados. Por outro lado, alguns dos mais idosos, especialmente dentre os que possu&#237;am neg&#243;cios pr&#243;prios, continuavam bastante ativos. </p>
    <p>Com base nos dados dispon&#237;veis para 728 dos 796 pacientes (91,5% da amostra total), quanto &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o e/ou atua&#231;&#227;o profissional, pode-se verificar que algumas forma&#231;&#245;es mais tradicionais s&#227;o bastante comuns, com 17,0% de m&#233;dicos, 14,6% de engenheiros, 9,9% de advogados, representando 41,5% do total. Outras profiss&#245;es de &#225;reas de exatas, de sa&#250;de e economistas, administradores de empresas e contadores somaram 14,1%, enquanto funcion&#225;rios de carreira p&#250;blica e militares perfizeram 7% da amostra dispon&#237;vel. Destaca-se ainda o fato de outros 56 pacientes (7,7%) terem se apresentado como propriet&#225;rios de sua pr&#243;pria atividade &#150; empres&#225;rios, comerciantes, fazendeiros etc. Uma parcela de 5,3% dos pacientes relatou o magist&#233;rio como atividade profissional prim&#225;ria, a maioria deles em ensino superior. Apenas 30 outros pacientes (4,2%), sendo dez estudantes, n&#227;o possu&#237;am forma&#231;&#227;o superior, atuando como profissionais de n&#237;vel m&#233;dio. </p>
    <p>Em realidade, observou-se que a forma&#231;&#227;o profissional e o relato de estar ou n&#227;o aposentado pela previd&#234;ncia ou sistemas similares n&#227;o refletiram precisamente o grau de compromissos formais que pudessem interferir com a ader&#234;ncia dos pacientes ao PES. Em muitos casos, compromissos n&#227;o profissionais, tais como cuidar da sa&#250;de do c&#244;njuge ou ascendentes, foram, por diversas vezes, mais perturbadores da ader&#234;ncia do que hor&#225;rios profissionais r&#237;gidos, padr&#227;o relativamente incomum nessa amostra de pacientes. Dentro desse contexto e pela prov&#225;vel imprecis&#227;o, optou-se por n&#227;o realizar uma an&#225;lise espec&#237;fica relacionada a esses aspectos. </p>
    <p>Pelo seu potencial de influ&#234;ncia na ader&#234;ncia ao PES, outra vari&#225;vel que foi analisada no estudo foi o tipo de morbidade dos participantes. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos nos diversos quartis de ader&#234;ncia, segundo a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que apresentavam, est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a36tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. Pode-se observar que a maioria dos saud&#225;veis permanece no PES por apenas um ano, enquanto que os portadores de alguma morbidade tendem a aderir ao programa por mais tempo, no entanto, estes resultados foram razoavelmente similares, alcan&#231;ando apenas valores lim&#237;trofes para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os quartis (p = 0,057). </p>
    <p>Considerando a dist&#226;ncia domic&#237;lio-PES, pouco menos da metade (46%) dos participantes residia at&#233; 3 km, enquanto 39% tinham o domic&#237;lio entre 3 e 10 km e cerca de 15% moravam a mais de 10 km do local de realiza&#231;&#227;o do PES. Essa distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica dos participantes nos diversos quartis de tempo de perman&#234;ncia no PES est&#225; ilustrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a36fig01">Figura 1</xref>. Pode-se observar que percentualmente h&#225; muita similaridade (p = 0,414) entre a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores. Quando as medianas dos meses de perman&#234;ncia no PES foram comparadas em fun&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos participantes pelos quatro estratos de dist&#226;ncia domic&#237;lio-PES, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as (p = 0,11).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a36fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0553-00039-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um PES caracteriza-se pela situa&#231;&#227;o na qual indiv&#237;duos realizam exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico prescrito e orientado pelo m&#233;dico de maneira cont&#237;nua ao longo da vida. Diferencia-se de um programa convencional de exerc&#237;cio pela supervis&#227;o presencial obrigat&#243;ria de m&#233;dico qualificado, pela individualiza&#231;&#227;o da prescri&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do exerc&#237;cio, dentro do princ&#237;pio da busca da dose apropriada de exerc&#237;cio, na qual ser&#227;o maximizados os benef&#237;cios e minimizados os riscos e efeitos colaterais<sup>17</sup>. Difere tamb&#233;m da reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca que tem caracter&#237;stica de &#145;terminalidade&#146; e est&#225; tradicionalmente dividida em quatro fases<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os fatores biopsicossociais que afetam a ader&#234;ncia a um PES podem ser classificados em tr&#234;s categorias: individual, interpessoal e ambiental. Dentre os fatores ambientais, podem ser inclu&#237;dos a cultura, domic&#237;lio, trabalho, ambiente f&#237;sico e quest&#245;es de acesso e custos<sup>19</sup>. A ader&#234;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico ajuda a combater a progress&#227;o e controle de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nico-degenerativas, mormente as cardiovasculares, em todos os segmentos et&#225;rios da popula&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o obstante essa reconhecida import&#226;ncia, h&#225; relativamente poucas interven&#231;&#245;es controladas para promover o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico para os mais idosos<sup>20</sup> e com influ&#234;ncias similares entre as diferentes categorias que interferem na ader&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>Em um PES em que haja controle rigoroso dos dados dos participantes, &#233; poss&#237;vel obter e analisar dados que levem a uma melhor compreens&#227;o dos fen&#244;menos que envolvam a pr&#225;tica regular do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, e, mais particularmente, sobre a ader&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Muito frequentemente as mulheres est&#227;o pouco representadas em estudos sobre o tratamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>21</sup> e tamb&#233;m nos que envolvem reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>22</sup>. No presente estudo, foi observado que havia uma predomin&#226;ncia maior no PES do g&#234;nero masculino em rela&#231;&#227;o ao feminino. Por&#233;m, ao contr&#225;rio do que tem sido reportado em alguns estudos<sup>23,24</sup>, nos quais as mulheres apresentam-se menos propensas que os homens a aderir a estes programas, isso n&#227;o foi verificado nesse estudo, pois n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas para os participantes dos dois sexos. Dados da literatura sugerem que os abandonos em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca podem variar de 40 a 60% ao longo de um per&#237;odo de seis meses<sup>25</sup>, com a maioria dos estudos relatando taxas mais elevadas de abandono para as mulheres quando comparadas aos homens<sup>26</sup>. Por outro lado, no presente estudo, em contraposi&#231;&#227;o, o tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia dos participantes no PES foi de aproximadamente 30 meses, denotando um perfil diferenciado de ader&#234;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o a outras modalidades de programas que oferecem exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico para a popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Discute-se na literatura<sup>27</sup> que a vari&#225;vel idade seja um dos fatores individuais que possa interferir no tempo de perman&#234;ncia dos participantes em um programa de atividade f&#237;sica ou de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. No entanto, &#233; importante salientar, existe uma tend&#234;ncia para uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre a preval&#234;ncia do h&#225;bito de pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e a idade, isto &#233;, &#224; medida que esta aumenta, homens e mulheres tendem a ser menos ativos. No presente estudo, a idade dos participantes n&#227;o influenciou o tempo de perman&#234;ncia no PES.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos<sup>28-31 </sup>sobre ader&#234;ncia a programas de atividade f&#237;sica t&#234;m associado algumas morbidades e comorbidades como vari&#225;veis intervenientes naquele processo. Este estudo, ao observar essa quest&#227;o, mostrou que os saud&#225;veis tenderam a permanecer no PES por at&#233; um ano, enquanto os n&#227;o saud&#225;veis, estratificados como grupos II, III e IV, apresentaram uma distribui&#231;&#227;o de participantes bastante equitativa pelos quartis de tempo de perman&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; influ&#234;ncia da dist&#226;ncia domic&#237;lio-local do PES sobre a ader&#234;ncia ao programa, em princ&#237;pio surpreendentemente, os resultados n&#227;o confirmaram a exist&#234;ncia de qualquer rela&#231;&#227;o. Considerando que no n&#237;vel ambiental, o fator de ader&#234;ncia mais comumente estudado &#233; o local de realiza&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, isso &#233;, se o exerc&#237;cio &#233; realizado em casa, individualmente dirigido, ou fora de casa, supervisionado e baseado em protocolos, isso parece impactar na ader&#234;ncia. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados parecem apoiar a hip&#243;tese de que programas realizados em casa, especialmente os de intensidade moderada, possuem uma melhor ader&#234;ncia<sup>32</sup>. No entanto, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; objetivamente esclarecido quais s&#227;o os mecanismos exatos que aumentam esta ader&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o o n&#237;vel individual, alguns fatores podem ser mais importantes como preditores de ader&#234;ncia a exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, podendo-se citar, dentre eles, a automonitoriza&#231;&#227;o e o comportamento passado, ou seja, o h&#225;bito de exercitar-se regularmente ao longo da vida<sup>32</sup>. Nesse contexto, o hist&#243;rico do h&#225;bito do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico ou esporte pode influenciar de modo importante e talvez mesmo prever quem vai ou n&#227;o aderir a um programa regular. Essa quest&#227;o n&#227;o foi objetivamente analisada no presente estudo, mas dever&#225; ser alvo de futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Compromissos de tempo que incluem o per&#237;odo de deslocamento para e do local do exerc&#237;cio, bem como a facilidade de higiene ap&#243;s a atividade, t&#234;m sido colocados tamb&#233;m como barreiras &#224; ader&#234;ncia<sup>27</sup>. Como no PES estudado, aproximadamente 85% residiam a menos de 10 km do local de realiza&#231;&#227;o das atividades, o local &#233; bem servido de linhas regulares de transportes urbanos, com destaque para uma esta&#231;&#227;o de metr&#244; distante apenas cerca de 200 metros e as instala&#231;&#245;es oferecem equipamentos suficientes para garantir a demanda relacionada com a higiene p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, muito provavelmente isso deve ter impactado sobre os n&#237;veis altos de ader&#234;ncia que foram encontrados.</p>
    <p>Vale a pena registrar que a atividade f&#237;sica ou exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico devem ser executados sistematicamente pelo indiv&#237;duo, por iniciativa pr&#243;pria, seja sozinho ou em grupo, para ser eficaz. Al&#233;m disso, programas livres de atividade f&#237;sica representam desafios &#250;nicos em compara&#231;&#227;o com programas supervisionados. O participante tem uma maior carga de decis&#227;o para fazer livremente, do que em um programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. O participante deve determinar quando e onde exercer a atividade e utilizar a sua automotiva&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o<sup>27</sup>. Por outro lado, parece claro que h&#225; ainda muito a ser feito em rela&#231;&#227;o a ader&#234;ncia &#224;s terapias preventivas, sabidamente bastante baixa, relatando que apenas 5% dos adultos se engajam na pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na quantidade recomendada para obter benef&#237;cios na sa&#250;de<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>Como discutido acima, a participa&#231;&#227;o em programas de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico supervisionado &#233; composta por um conjunto complexo de comportamentos, o que torna dif&#237;cil identificar que fatores mais contribuem para ou dificultam a ader&#234;ncia, particularmente entre os adultos de meia-idade e os idosos. Preditores de ader&#234;ncia podem ser diferentes para o exerc&#237;cio supervisionado e n&#227;o supervisionado, al&#233;m disso, prever a ader&#234;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio supervisionado pode ser particularmente dif&#237;cil, mesmo em estudos bem controlados<sup>34</sup>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o menos importante, pode-se pontuar que h&#225; algumas limita&#231;&#245;es para este estudo. Alguns participantes, embora tivessem o seu domic&#237;lio registrado no PES, frequentavam o local de exerc&#237;cio a partir do local de trabalho e n&#227;o, obrigatoriamente, a partir de sua resid&#234;ncia. Embora n&#227;o tenha sido poss&#237;vel controlar formalmente essa vari&#225;vel neste estudo de natureza retrospectiva, as melhores evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis sugerem que um n&#250;mero muito pequeno e pouco expressivo dos participantes se encontrava na situa&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica de ir para o trabalho, participar do PES e retornar ao trabalho, at&#233; mesmo porque uma parcela grande dos participantes n&#227;o estava mais envolvido em atividades profissionais regulares e com hor&#225;rios e locais fixos. </p>
    <p>Por ser um programa privado, imagina-se que os participantes tinham condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas suficientes para o deslocamento at&#233; o PES independente da dist&#226;ncia dos seus domic&#237;lios. O padr&#227;o econ&#244;mico e cultural dos pacientes era bastante elevado, com a grande maioria tendo n&#237;vel superior e com atua&#231;&#227;o profissional ou renda bastante diferenciada. Na realidade, dentre os profissionalmente ativos &#150; em ampla parcela, profissionais liberais ou donos dos seus pr&#243;prios neg&#243;cios -, praticamente todos tinham flexibilidade para definir e controlar seus hor&#225;rios profissionais, facilitando assim a ader&#234;ncia ao PES com sistema de livre escolha de hor&#225;rio. Pacientes com outros perfis nesses aspectos poder&#227;o ter resultados distintos. A condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica utilizada para classificar os participantes foi a registrada no in&#237;cio do programa e, eventualmente, alguns deles mudaram este perfil durante o PES. Assim sendo, as observa&#231;&#245;es extra&#237;das devem ser interpretadas &#224; luz dessas limita&#231;&#245;es e consoantes com as caracter&#237;sticas desse PES e dos participantes do estudo em tela.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em suma, os resultados indicam que para um determinado PES privado da cidade do Rio de Janeiro (Copacabana), que funciona de segunda-feira a s&#225;bado e com livre escolha de hor&#225;rio pelos participantes, a dist&#226;ncia entre o local de domic&#237;lio e o local de realiza&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o influenciou na ader&#234;ncia. Isso talvez seja devido &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes e tamb&#233;m da qualidade do servi&#231;o oferecido e/ou a falta de op&#231;&#245;es similares que sejam oferecidas em locais mais pr&#243;ximos ao domic&#237;lio dos participantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq e FAPERJ.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte do projeto de p&#243;s-doutorado de Antonio C&#233;sar Cabral de Oliveira pela Universidade Gama Filho.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Antonio Cesar Cabral-de-Oliveira </p>
        <p> N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica Cidade Universit&#225;ria Prof. Jos&#233; Alo&#237;sio de Campos </p>
        <p> Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n Jardim Rosa Elze </p>
        <p> CEP 49100-000 S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o/SE - Brazil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="cabral@infonet.com.br">cabral@infonet.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cabral@ufs.br">cabral@ufs.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 08/11/11 </p>
    <p> revisado recebido em 08/11/11 </p>
    <p> aceito em 28/12/11</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Distance from home to exercise site did not influence the adherence of 796 participants</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: One of the difficulties in maintaining long-term adherence to exercise is the distance from home to the place of exercise. OBJECTIVE: To determine, for a private supervised exercise program (PSEP), the influence of the home-PSEP distance on adherence. METHODS: We identified 976 individuals and selected 796 who met the inclusion criteria. The home-PSEP distance was obtained by the Google Maps. Adherence was determined by quartiles (months): 1-4, 5-12, 13-36 and more than 36. The clinical conditions were stratified as healthy, obese and/or hypertensive and/or dyslipidemic and/or diabetic patients without coronary disease; coronary artery disease patients and other health problems like cancer, respiratory disease and panic. The home-PSEP distance was divided into (km): up to 1, 1 to 3, 3 to 10 and more than 10. For the statistical analysis, we used the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and the chi-square test. RESULTS: Of respondents, 46% lived up to 3 km, 39% lived between 3 and 10 km and about 15% lived more than 10 kilometers from the place of the PSEP. No differences were found between the medians of the months of participation in the PSEP as a function of home-PSEP distance (p = 0.11). CONCLUSION: For a given PSEP in the city of Rio de Janeiro, open from Monday through Saturday with free choice of time, the home-PSEP distance did not influence the adherence of participants. This was probably due to the quality of the service and/or lack of places closer to the participants&#8217; home. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>training</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Distance from home to exercise site did not influence the adherence of 796 participants</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Antonio Cesar Cabral-de-Oliveira<sup>I,III</sup>; Pl&#237;nio Santos Ramos<sup>IV,V</sup>; Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio e do Esporte - Universidade Gama Filho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>CLINIMEX - Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>NUPAFISE - Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>SUPREMA - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG</p>
      <p><sup>V</sup>Hospital Therezinha de Jesus, Juiz de Fora, MG- Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> One of the difficulties in maintaining long-term adherence to exercise is the distance from home to the place of exercise.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine, for a private supervised exercise program (SEP), the influence of the home-SEP distance on adherence.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We identified 976 individuals and selected 796 who met the inclusion criteria. The home-SEP distance was obtained by the Google Maps. Adherence was determined by quartiles (months): 1-4, 5-12, 13-36 and more than 36. The clinical conditions were stratified as healthy, obese and/or hypertensive and/or dyslipidemic and/or diabetic patients without coronary disease; coronary artery disease patients and other health problems like cancer, respiratory disease and panic. The home-SEP distance was divided into (km): up to 1, 1 to 3, 3 to 10 and more than 10. For the statistical analysis, we used the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and the chi-square test.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of respondents, 46% lived up to 3 km, 39% lived between 3 and 10 km and about 15% lived more than 10 kilometers from the place of the SEP. No differences were found between the medians of the months of participation in the SEP as a function of home-SEP distance (p = 0.11).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> For a given SEP in the city of Rio de Janeiro, open from Monday through Saturday with free choice of time, the home-SEP distance did not influence the adherence of participants. This was probably due to the quality of the service and/or lack of places closer to the participants&#146; home. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Rehabilitation; training; exercise; coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Physical inactivity and low fitness level have been considered as important risk factors for an early mortality<sup>1</sup>. On the other hand, there is sufficient evidence that it is possible to prevent and even change the course of manifestation of most chronic degenerative diseases, with direct or indirect interventions on the major modifiable risk factors such as physical inactivity<sup>2,3</sup>, provided that there is adequate adherence to treatment. For practical purposes, adherence can be understood as a set of personal and environmental determinants that enables the free choice of people to adopt certain recommendations, which strengthens the patient&#146;s active role in participating and taking responsibility on their treatment<sup>4,5</sup>. In practice, this issue can be even more relevant for patients with chronic cardiovascular diseases<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Adherence to treatment is critical for managing a chronic disease. For an adequate adherence, it is necessary to follow all medical instructions, which may include changes in lifestyle, in addition to taking the prescribed medication continuously. We cannot deny that many patients have difficulty following the recommended treatment. Low adherence is a global problem. Adherence to long-term care in developed countries is around 50%. In developing countries, rates are even smaller<sup>7-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this respect, the success of intervention programs is contingent upon recognizing the barriers that interfere with adherence. Some barriers are obstacles to longer participation in programs that use exercise as therapy. It is estimated that a significant proportion of participants quit exercise programs in the first six months<sup>11</sup>. The literature has also pointed out that most dropouts occur during the first three months, with similar results in all age groups, regardless of gender<sup>12</sup>. It is also known that only 25% of potential candidates for cardiac rehabilitation participate in formal exercising programs. Of these, 25% to 50% quit the program in six months, and up to 90%, in one year. Furthermore, only 25% of those who abandoned structured programs continue to exercise enough to maintain or improve the cardiorrespiratory capacity<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>One of the difficulties in maintaining long-term adherence to exercise is the distance from home to the place of exercise. In Brazil, studies on adherence to supervised exercise programs are relatively recent<sup>15,16</sup>. Some relevant scientific gaps are still found.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to determine the influence of home-SEP distance to a private supervised exercise program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is characterized as a survey, using secondary data. From a Private Supervised Exercise Program (ESP) under regular operation since 1994, with in-person medical supervision and clinical data carefully recorded, 976 participants attended sessions from 2001 to 2010. Out of these participants, 796 were selected, of whom 546 were men and 250 were women who met the following inclusion criteria: a) home address in the cities of Rio de Janeiro or Niter&#243;i; and b) availability of detailed data regarding clinical condition. All of the 180 individuals (18.4%) who were excluded lived in several other cities in the state of Rio de Janeiro or in other states and participated in the SEP in specific situations, such as vacations or at an early stage of treatment. Personal data obtained in the initial evaluation of the SEP have identified, in a simplified manner, the presence and the standard of labor activity and the professional background of patients.</p>
      <p>The building where the SEP is located is easily accessible, with bus stops and subway stations nearby, and has its own parking lot. The shortest home-SEP distance informed by the software application Google Maps (Google Inc. USA) was used to stratify participants.</p>
      <p>Initially, the sample was divided into quartiles by the time of participation in the SEP, corresponding to: 1-4 months (Q1), 5-12 months (Q2), 13 to 36 months (Q3) and more than 36 months (Q4), compared to the following four variables: age, gender, clinical condition, and distance from home to the SEP.</p>
      <p>Specifically concerning the clinical conditions, the participants were stratified as: I - healthy; II - obese and/or hypertensive and/or dyslipidemic and/or diabetic without coronary artery disease; III - coronary artery disease patients and IV - other health problems like cancer, respiratory disease and panic. As for the home-SEP distance, the stratification was: A - up to 1 km; B - 1 to 3 km; C - 3 to 10 km and D - more than 10 km.</p>
      <p>Before starting the SEP, the participants underwent an evaluation that included clinical examination, spirometry and 12-lead electrocardiogram at rest, cineanthropometry (anthropometric measurements, assessment of body composition, muscle strength and power and flexibility), four-second exercise test and maximum cardiopulmonary exercise test, the data of which supported the individualized prescription of exercise sessions. </p>
      <p>The SEP was carried out in air-conditioned environment, with temperature control between 21 and 24&#186;C and relative air humidity ranging from 40 to 60%. The sessions included aerobic exercises, muscle strengthening, flexibility, balance and coordination, usually lasting 60 to 75 minutes. As an important feature of this SEP, participants attended three to six times a week and had freedom of choice of days and times to attend the sessions, within the period of regular operation of the clinic - 15 hours on weekdays and 9 hours on Saturdays, totaling 84 hours per week.</p>
      <p>For statistical analysis, data measured on a nominal scale are presented by the frequency and distribution percentage, while those for parametric ratio and distribution, we calculated the averages, standard deviations and minimum and maximum values. To compare the medians of months of participation of the four quartiles, we used the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA. The chi-square test contrasted participants&#146; distributions regarding age, gender, clinical condition and distance from home to the SEP by quartiles of the number of months of participation in the SEP. A level of significance of 5% probability was established.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Participants&#146; median length of stay in the SEP was 12 months in a non-parametric distribution with an average of 27 months. The demographic and clinical characteristics of participants are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a36tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. It is observed that there was a predominance of male participants, without a difference between the ages of the participants of both genderes (mean &#177; standard deviation): 62.3 &#177; 13.1 and 63.4 &#177; 13.6 years (p = 0.145). There were no differences as to the adherence to the SEP by age (p = 0.974) and gender (p = 0.160).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a36tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0553-00039-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>According to the clinical conditions, most of the sample (56%) was composed of members of the group III (coronary artery disease patients) followed, in descending order, by groups II (hypertensive, dyslipidemic, obese and/or diabetic patients) with 34%, IV (other diseases or clinical conditions) with 6% and I (healthy) with only 4%, the latter including several spouses of participants classified in the other groups.</p>
      <p>Among the 796 patients included in the final analysis of data from this study, 286 (35.9%) could be classified as inactive in terms of formal employment, including pensioners of both genderes and 50 women self-reported as "housewives." Although there has been a natural tendency for older patients to be professionally inactive, this was uniform, as many younger patients, due to illness, had been retired. On the other hand, some of the older patients, especially those who owned their own businesses, were still very active.</p>
      <p>Based on data available for 728 of 796 patients (91.5% of the total sample), concerning professional background and/or professional practice, one can see that some more traditional backgrounds are quite common, with 17.0% of physicians, 14.6% of engineers, 9.9% of lawyers, representing 41.5% of the total. Other professionals of exact sciences, health and economics, business managers and accountants totaled 14.1%, while public officials and military officials amounted to 7% of the sample available. Note also the fact that other 56 patients (7.7%) self-reported as owners of their own activity - businesspersons, traders, farmers etc.. A portion of 5.3% of patients reported teaching as a primary professional activity, mostly in higher education. Only 30 other patients (4.2%), including ten students, had no higher education, acting as mid-level professionals.</p>
      <p>In fact, it was observed that professional background and reports of being retired or not under the social security system or similar systems did not accurately reflect the degree of formal commitments that could interfere with patients&#146; adherence to the SEP. In many cases, non-professional commitments such as caring for the health of the spouse or parents, were often more disturbing than strict working hours, a relatively uncommon standard in this sample of patients. Within this context, and due to the probable inaccuracy, it was decided not to perform a specific analysis related to these aspects.</p>
      <p>Due to its potential influence on adherence to the SEP, another variable analyzed in the study was the participants&#146; type of morbidity. The distribution of individuals in different quartiles of adherence, according to the clinical condition of patients who, is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a36tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. It can be observed that most healthy individuals remain in the SEP for one year only, while those with some morbidity tend to stay in the program longer. However, these results were fairly similar, reaching threshold values for statistical significance between quartiles (p = 0.057).</p>
      <p>Considering the home-SPE distance, fewer than half (46%) of participants lived up to 3 km away from it, while 39% lived 3 to 10 km away and about 15% lived more than 10 kilometers from the SEP. This geographical distribution of participants in different quartiles of time spent in the SEP is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a36fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. It can be observed that there is a similar percentage (p = 0.414) between the distribution of values. When the medians of the months of stay in the SEP were compared according to the distribution of participants by four layers of home-SEP distance, no differences were found (p = 0.11).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a36fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0553-00039-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A (SEP) is characterized by a situation in which individuals perform exercise prescribed and directed by the physician on an ongoing basis throughout life. It differs from a conventional program of exercise for the supervision of a qualified physician, individualized clinical prescription of exercise, within the principle of seeking the appropriate dose of exercise, in which the benefits will be maximized and risks and collateral effects are minimized<sup>17</sup>. It also differs from cardiac rehabilitation that has &#145;terminal&#146; characteristicsand is traditionally divided into four phases<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Biopsychosocial factors that affect adherence to a SEP can be classified into three categories: individual, interpersonal, and environmental. Environmental factors may include the culture, home, work, physical environment, and access and costs<sup>19</sup>. Adherence to physical exercise helps to combat the progression and control of chronic degenerative diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases in all age segments. Despite this recognized importance, there are relatively few controlled interventions to promote physical exercise for the elderly<sup>20</sup> and similar influences between the different categories that interfere with adherence.</p>
      <p>In a SEP where there is strict control of participant data, it is possible to obtain and analyze data that will lead to a better understanding of phenomena involving the use of regular exercise, and adherence in particular.</p>
      <p>Women are very often underrepresented in studies on the treatment of cardiovascular diseases<sup>21</sup> and in those involving cardiac rehabilitation<sup>22</sup>. In this study, we found that there was a greater predominance in the SEP of men against women. However, as opposed to what has been reported in some studies<sup>23,24</sup>, in which women are less likely than men to participate in these programs, this was not observed in this study because there were no significant differences for participants in the two genderes. Published data suggest that the dropouts from cardiac rehabilitation programs may vary from 40 to 60% over a period of six months<sup>25</sup>, with most studies demonstrating the highest dropout rates for women compared to men<sup>26</sup>. On the other hand, in this study, the average length of stay of the participants in the SEP was approximately 30 months, showing a distinct profile of adherence against other forms of exercise programs.</p>
      <p>It is discussed in the literature<sup>27 </sup>that the variable of age is one of the individual factors that may influence participants&#146; length of stay in a program of physical activity or exercise. However, it is important to note a tendency for an inverse relationship between the prevalence of the habit of regular physical exercise and age, that is, as age increases, men and women tend to be less active. In this study, participants&#146; age did not influence the length of stay in the SEP.</p>
      <p>Several studies<sup>28-31</sup> on adherence to physical activity programs are associated with some morbidity and comorbidity variables involved in that process. This study, by looking at this issue, showed that healthy individuals tended to remain in the SEP for one year, while unhealthy individuals, stratified as groups II, III and IV, showed a fairly even distribution of participants by quartiles of length of stay.</p>
      <p>Surprisingly enough, regarding the influence of the home-SEP distance on the adherence to the program, the results did not confirm the existence of any relationship. Considering that at the environmental level the adherence factor most commonly studied is the place of exercise, that is, whether the exercise is performed at home, individually directed, or away from home, supervised and based on protocols, it seems to affect the adherence. Randomized clinical trials seem to support the hypothesis that programs performed at home, especially those of moderate intensity, have a better adherence<sup>32</sup>. However, the exact mechanisms that increase this adherence are not objectively clear.</p>
      <p>Taking into account the individual level, some factors may be more important as predictors of adherence to exercise, including the self-monitoring and past behavior, that is, the habit of exercising regularly throughout life<sup>32</sup>. In this context, the history of the habit of physical exercise or sport can materially influence and perhaps even predict who will or will not adhere to a regular program. This question has not been objectively analyzed in this study but should be subject to future investigations.</p>
      <p>Commitments of time that includes the period of commuting to and from the place of exercise, as well as post-exercising shower facilities, have also been placed as a barrier to adherence<sup>27</sup>. As in the SEP studied, approximately 85% lived within 10 km away from the place of exercise, the placed is well served by regular lines of urban transport, especially a subway station located 200 meters from it, and facilities are equipped with post-exercising shower. This is very likely to have affected the high levels of adherence found.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that physical activity or exercise should be performed systematically by the individual on their own initiative, either alone or in groups, in order to be effective. In addition, free physical activity programs represent unique challenges in comparison with supervised programs. Participants have a greater power of decision to exercise freely, rather than in a physical exercise program. Participants must determine when and where to perform the activity and use their self-motivation<sup>27</sup>. On the other hand, it seems clear that there is much to be done in relation to adherence to preventive therapies, which are known to be quite low, reporting that only 5% of adults engage in physical exercise in the recommended amount for the purposes of benefiting their health<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>As discussed above, participation in programs of supervised exercise consists of a complex set of behaviors, which makes it more difficult to identify which factors contribute to or hinder adherence, particularly among middle-aged adults and the elderly. Predictors of adherence may be different for supervised and unsupervised exercise. Moreover, predicting adherence to supervised exercise may be particularly difficult, even on well-controlled studies<sup>34</sup>.</p>
      <p>Equally important, it is worth pointing out that there are some limitations in this study. Although some participants had their home address registered in the SEP, they attended the place of exercise from their workplace rather than from their residence. Although it was possible to control this variable in this retrospective study, the best evidence available suggests that a very small and little expressive number of participants were in a peculiar situation of going to work, participating in the SEP and returning to work. Worthy of note is that a large portion of participants was no longer involved in professional activities with regular working hours and fixed places of work.</p>
      <p>Because it is a private program, it is thought that the participants had socioeconomic conditions that enabled them to commute to the SEP regardless of the distance from their homes. The economic and cultural standard of the patients was quite high. Most of them had a higher education diploma, and high-profile professional background or income. In fact, among the professionally active ones, who represented a large portion, self-employed individuals or business owners - virtually all of them had the flexibility to define and manage their professional schedule, thereby facilitating the adherence to the SEP with free choice of time. Patients with other profiles in these aspects may have different results. The clinical condition used to classify the participants was recorded at the beginning of the program and some of them have changed this profile during the SEP. Thus, the observations taken should be interpreted in the light of these limitations and in consistence with the characteristics of this SEP and the study participants concerned.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In summary, the results indicate that for a given private SEP in the city of Rio de Janeiro (Copacabana), which operates from Monday to Saturday with free choice of exercising schedule, the distance between the place of residence and the place of exercise had no effect on adherence. This may be due to patient characteristics and to the quality of the service offered and/or lack of similar options offered at locations closer to the participants&#146; homes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq and FAPERJ.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of post-doctoral submitted by Antonio C&#233;sar Cabral de Oliveira, from Universidade Gama Filho.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
