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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vSGcdTscwWG4jG97gGpTpvC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000600009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800609</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000048</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito do levosimendan em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica severa e agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zorlu</surname>
            <given-names>Ali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Y&#252;cel</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yontar</surname>
            <given-names>Osman Can</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karahan</surname>
            <given-names>Oguz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tandogan</surname>
            <given-names>Izzet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Katrancioglu</surname>
            <given-names>Nurkay</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yilmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Birhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cumhuriyet University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology </institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Sivas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cumhuriyet University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery </institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>537</fpage>
      <lpage>543</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O levosimendan, um sensibilizador de c&#225;lcio, aumenta a sensibilidade do cora&#231;&#227;o para o c&#225;lcio, aumentando assim a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica, sem aumento do c&#225;lcio intracelular. Recentemente foi demonstrado que o levosimendan era ben&#233;fico na melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. No entanto, fica por determinar que o efeito ben&#233;fico esteja relacionado em forma diferencial ao status renal durante o evento-&#237;ndice. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar se o levosimendan pode melhorar o resultado renal em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada com e sem agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. M&#201;TODOS: Quarenta e cinco pacientes consecutivos que tiveram uma taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular reduzida e pelo menos dois dados consecutivos quanto &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o renal, antes da administra&#231;&#227;o de levosimendan, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos, com e sem agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal com base no aumento da creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 0,3 mg/dL. RESULTADOS: Uma melhoria significativa foi observada na fun&#231;&#227;o renal em pacientes com agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (creatinina s&#233;rica de 1,4 &#177; 0,16 a 1,21 &#177; 0,23 mg/dL, p = 0,001 e taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular de 48,9 &#177; 15 a 59,3 &#177; 21,8 mL/min/m&#178;, p = 0,011), apesar de que n&#227;o houve melhoria significativa em aqueles sem agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (creatinina s&#233;rica de 1,29 &#177; 0,33 a 1,37 &#177; 0,66 mg/dL, p = 0,240 e taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular de 53,7 &#177; 17,6 a 52,9 &#177; 21,4 mL/min/m&#178;, p = 0,850). CONCLUS&#195;O: O levosimendan parece proporcionar um efeito de realce renal em pacientes com severa insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica descompensada aguda e agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Considerar esse efeito diferencial poderia contribuir a obter resultados renais ben&#233;ficos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiot&#244;nicos</kwd>
        <kwd>creatinina</kwd>
        <kwd>taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Efeito do levosimendan em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica severa e agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ali Zorlu<sup>I</sup>; Hasan Y&#252;cel<sup>II</sup>; Osman Can Yontar<sup>I</sup>; Oguz Karahan<sup>II</sup>; Izzet Tandogan<sup>I</sup>; Nurkay Katrancioglu<sup>II</sup>; Mehmet Birhan Yilmaz<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sivas, Turkey</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nota">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O levosimendan, um sensibilizador de c&#225;lcio, aumenta a sensibilidade do cora&#231;&#227;o para o c&#225;lcio, aumentando assim a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica, sem aumento do c&#225;lcio intracelular. Recentemente foi demonstrado que o levosimendan era ben&#233;fico na melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. No entanto, fica por determinar que o efeito ben&#233;fico esteja relacionado em forma diferencial ao status renal durante o evento-&#237;ndice. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar se o levosimendan pode melhorar o resultado renal em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada com e sem agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Quarenta e cinco pacientes consecutivos que tiveram uma taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular reduzida e pelo menos dois dados consecutivos quanto &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o renal, antes da administra&#231;&#227;o de levosimendan, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos, com e sem agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal com base no aumento da creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 0,3 mg/dL. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Uma melhoria significativa foi observada na fun&#231;&#227;o renal em pacientes com agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (creatinina s&#233;rica de 1,4 &#177; 0,16 a 1,21 &#177; 0,23 mg/dL, p = 0,001 e taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular de 48,9 &#177; 15 a 59,3 &#177; 21,8 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,011), apesar de que n&#227;o houve melhoria significativa em aqueles sem agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (creatinina s&#233;rica de 1,29 &#177; 0,33 a 1,37 &#177; 0,66 mg/dL, p = 0,240 e taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular de 53,7 &#177; 17,6 a 52,9 &#177; 21,4 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,850). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O levosimendan parece proporcionar um efeito de realce renal em pacientes com severa insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica descompensada aguda e agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Considerar esse efeito diferencial poderia contribuir a obter resultados renais ben&#233;ficos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca / terapia, cardiot&#244;nicos / uso terap&#234;utico, creatinina, taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal &#233; um preditor reconhecido de resultados adversos e tempo prolongado de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar em pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC)<sup>1,2</sup>. A disfun&#231;&#227;o renal &#233; altamente prevalente entre os pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica. De fato, a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal &#233; relatada em um entre quatro pacientes com IC<sup>2</sup>. O risco de morbidade e todas as causas de mortalidade em pacientes com IC aumentam gradualmente com o aumento da creatinina ou a diminui&#231;&#227;o na taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular<sup>1</sup>. Assim, a fim de definir a complexa intera&#231;&#227;o entre o cora&#231;&#227;o e os rins, foi introduzido o termo "s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal"<sup>3</sup>.Em raz&#227;o da natureza complexa da intera&#231;&#227;o entre o cora&#231;&#227;o e os rins , a s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal foi dividida em cinco subtipos diferentes<sup>3</sup>.Uma fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca deteriorada pode prejudicar a fun&#231;&#227;o do rim, tanto em forma aguda quanto em cr&#244;nica, ou vice-versa. Na primeira subcategoria de s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal, a deteriora&#231;&#227;o abrupta da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca provoca les&#227;o renal aguda, enquanto, na segunda subcategoria, a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica provoca a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. Na terceira categoria, o abrupto agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal provoca uma disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca aguda, enquanto, na quarta subcategoria, a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica causa a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica em forma de hipertrofia. Contudo, uma &#250;nica doen&#231;a poderia ter impacto tanto no cora&#231;&#227;o quanto nos rins, ao mesmo tempo, e isso &#233; tamb&#233;m uma subcategoria separada<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>O levosimendan, um sensibilizador de c&#225;lcio, foi introduzido para o tratamento de IC aguda e cr&#244;nica<sup>4-6</sup>. Como h&#225; um impacto significativo da fun&#231;&#227;o renal comprometida no progn&#243;stico da IC, espera-se que um inotr&#243;pico ideal melhore n&#227;o s&#243; o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, mas tamb&#233;m a s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal. O levosimendan difere dos inotr&#243;picos convencionais pelo seu efeito de realce renal<sup>7</sup>.Os potenciais efeitos ben&#233;ficos do levosimendan em pacientes com IC e fun&#231;&#227;o renal comprometida podem ser devidos a aumento do fluxo renal de sangue, vasodilata&#231;&#227;o induzida pelo levosimendan mediada pelo bloqueio dos canais pot&#225;ssio sens&#237;veis ao ATP, altera&#231;&#227;o na contra&#231;&#227;o da c&#233;lula mesangial com o consequente aumento da &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie capilar glomerular, ou aos efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios contra a poss&#237;vel les&#227;o tubular<sup>8-11</sup>. No entanto, n&#227;o &#233; bem compreendido se esse efeito ben&#233;fico est&#225; relacionado com o estado renal, o que poderia ser tanto sob a forma de agravamento agudo da fun&#231;&#227;o renal ou de comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal estabelecido e de longa data, durante o evento-&#237;ndice ou n&#227;o. No presente estudo, buscou-se determinar se existia ou n&#227;o uma diferen&#231;a no efeito de realce renal do levosimendan em pacientes com e sem agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Materiais e m&#233;todos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O protocolo de estudo, que incluiu a investiga&#231;&#227;o de todos os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que receberam levosimendan entre janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2009, foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local e todos os indiv&#237;duos deram seu consentimento informado. Cento e quarenta e quatro pacientes consecutivos com severa IC sist&#243;lica descompensada aguda, de baixo d&#233;bito (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o [FE] &lt;35%, todos os pacientes eram classe IV da New York Heart Association [NYHA]), que receberam terapia inotr&#243;pica com levosimendan, conforme determinado pelos cl&#237;nicos gerais, foram avaliados retrospectivamente. Pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pelos seguintes motivos: administra&#231;&#227;o da terapia inotr&#243;pica no dia da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (n = 37); hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda ou choque cardiog&#234;nico no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s antes da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice (n = 6); prescri&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos potencialmente nefrot&#243;xicos no m&#234;s antes da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (n = 2); doen&#231;a valvular prim&#225;ria grave (n = 4); falta de pelo menos dois dados consecutivos de acompanhamento referentes &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o renal, antes e ap&#243;s as infus&#245;es (n = 7); estar sob terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal antes da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (n = 5); hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a renal em fase final (n = 12); e TFG normal (taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular&gt; 90 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>) antes da administra&#231;&#227;o do levosimendan (n = 26). A TFG foi estimada para cada paciente de acordo com a f&#243;rmula de Modifica&#231;&#227;o da Dieta em Doen&#231;as Renais (MDRD)<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dados de 45 pacientes consecutivos que tiveram IC aguda descompensada e fun&#231;&#227;o renal comprometida (TFG &lt; 90 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>) com pelo menos dois dados consecutivos sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o renal durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice, antes da administra&#231;&#227;o do levosimendan, foram consideradas para a an&#225;lise. Os n&#237;veis de creatinina para todos os pacientes foram obtidos dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos dos pacientes. O agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal foi definido como o aumento no n&#237;vel de creatinina s&#233;rica por &#8805; 0,3 mg/dL a partir de um n&#237;vel basal est&#225;vel no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice<sup>13</sup>.Pacientes que n&#227;o tinham exacerba&#231;&#227;o aparente da IC, com n&#237;veis de creatinina flutuantes &gt; 0,3 mg/dL no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s (sem considerar os n&#237;veis medidos no hospital) foram exclu&#237;dos. Os autores pensaram que a hipotens&#227;o induzida pelo levosimendan aumentaria a les&#227;o tubular e que afetaria os resultados. Por isso, pacientes que estavam em risco de hipotens&#227;o (press&#227;o arterial menor que 90/50 mmHg no in&#237;cio da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o) tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Assim, apenas pacientes com agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal relacionada com o &#237;ndice de exacerba&#231;&#227;o da IC foram considerados. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos, da seguinte maneira: (1) aqueles com agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal que foram considerados como tendo o tipo I de s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal<sup>3</sup>, que foi definida como uma les&#227;o renal aguda sobre a deteriora&#231;&#227;o aguda da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; e (2) aqueles sem deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal antes da administra&#231;&#227;o do levosimendan. Foram realizadas dosagens seriadas de creatinina s&#233;rica. O n&#237;vel de creatinina mais recente medido antes da infus&#227;o de levosimendan foi aceito como valor basal. O levosimendan foi iniciado com <italic>bolus</italic> de 30 minutos de 3-12/kg/min, seguido de uma infus&#227;o de 24 horas de 0,1 mcg/kg/mi &#181;g/kg/min, e aumentada a 0,2 &#181;g/kg/min, se tolerada pelo paciente. A fun&#231;&#227;o renal foi avaliada 48-72 horas ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o (o &#250;ltimo registro dispon&#237;vel entre esses per&#237;odos em que a dosagem de outros agentes n&#227;o foi alterada). Durante esse per&#237;odo, as dosagens de todos os agentes incluindo os diur&#233;ticos foram constantes. Pacientes cujo m&#233;dico indicou mudan&#231;as em agentes ativos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04412_port_t1">tab. 1</xref>) foram exclu&#237;dos (pacientes que j&#225; tinham sido exclu&#237;dos por doen&#231;a renal em fase final, terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal e uso de agentes nefrot&#243;xicos). O fluxograma do paciente foi apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04412_port_f1">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop04412_port_t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0537-00048-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop04412_port_f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0537-00048-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando SPSS para Windows (Vers&#227;o 10.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). Os dados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, ou como n (%), conforme aplic&#225;vel. Os dados param&#233;tricos foram avaliados pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney. Mudan&#231;as temporais em dados param&#233;tricos foram avaliadas pelo teste de postos com sinais de Wilcoxon para amostras pareadas. Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram avaliados pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Um valor de p = &#8804; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04412_port_t1">tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre pacientes com e sem agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, sexo, press&#227;o arterial, creatinina s&#233;rica e n&#237;vel de TFG basais, e frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabete melito e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Os pacientes com e sem agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal receberam furosemida, o &#250;nico diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a atualmente dispon&#237;vel na Turquia, a uma dose mediana de 80 mg/dia, o dia antes e ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Na amostra total do estudo, uma ligeira melhora, mas significativa, foi observada nos n&#237;veis de TFG ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o de levosimendan (52,18 &#177; 16,8-55,3 &#177; 22 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,05). Em pacientes com agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, a infus&#227;o de levosimendan conduziu a uma melhoria significativa no n&#237;vel de creatinina s&#233;rica (1,4 &#177; 0,16 para 1,21 &#177; 0,23 mg/dL, p = 0,001), bem como no n&#237;vel de TFG (48,9 &#177; 15 para 59,3 &#177; 21,8 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,011). No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os n&#237;veis de creatinina e TFG medidos no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o, naqueles sem agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (1,29 &#177; 0,33 para 1,37 &#177; 0,66 mg/dL, p = 0,240 e 53,7 &#177; 17,6 para 52,9 &#177; 21,4 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,850, respectivamente; <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04412_port_t2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop04412_port_t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0537-00048-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Uma diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada entre os pacientes com e sem agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal em rela&#231;&#227;o a uma mudan&#231;a absoluta dos n&#237;veis de creatinina e TFG (-0,19 &#177; 0,16 para 0,08 &#177; 0,4, p = 0,017 e 18 &#177; 16 para 1,9 &#177; 22, p = 0,004, respectivamente, <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04412_port_t3">tab. 3</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop04412_port_t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0537-00048-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Como resultado, um significativo efeito de realce renal de levosimendan foi observado em pacientes com IC e agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, enquanto um efeito quase neutro foi observado naqueles sem agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal frequentemente complica o curso de descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC. Assim, qualquer agente que possa aliviar o agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal poderia afetar a decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica, e o levosimendan parece ter o potencial para reverter o agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. &#201; tradicionalmente aceito que a press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o renal reduzida, especialmente como resultado da diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, &#233; o principal determinante de agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Pacientes com agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, o que pode ser considerado como perfus&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o comprometida, no &#226;mbito da IC descompensada, s&#227;o geralmente tratados com agentes inotr&#243;picos tradicionais com a expectativa de, antes de tudo, aumentar a press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o. Por outro lado, o levosimendan com propriedades venodilatadoras demonstrou ser ben&#233;fico em compara&#231;&#227;o com um agente inotr&#243;pico tradicional em pacientes com IC e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, em um estudo realizado por Yilmaz e cols.<sup>7</sup>. Contudo, neste estudo em particular, todos os pacientes apresentavam agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, e, portanto, houve falta de evid&#234;ncias sugerindo um efeito ben&#233;fico seletivo do levosimendan em tais pacientes. No presente estudo, o levosimendan proporcionou um efeito ben&#233;fico seletivo em pacientes com agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, enquanto houve um efeito quase neutro em pacientes sem agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
    <p>Em um estudo de caso-controle em 2009, Yilmaz e cols.<sup>5</sup> mostraram que o levosimendan foi ben&#233;fico em pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica severa e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita concomitante, o que poderia ser o principal determinante do aumento da press&#227;o venosa central. Numa publica&#231;&#227;o recente, foi mostrado que a press&#227;o venosa central foi relacionada com o agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, e assim, a potencial associa&#231;&#227;o entre a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e o levosimendan poderia ser induzida por uma melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita (efeito de suc&#231;&#227;o, parcialmente induzido pela melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda) e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o associada na press&#227;o venosa central<sup>14</sup>. No entanto, exceto para os marcadores aproximados da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (ventr&#237;culo direito dilatado), os dados do paciente relacionados &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita (como o movimento longitudinal e achados no Doppler tecidual) durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice faltaram em nosso estudo. De fato, toda a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada apresentava algum grau de dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita.</p>
    <p>Parece poss&#237;vel que, em pacientes com severa IC sist&#243;lica descompensada, aguda e agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, uma interven&#231;&#227;o oportuna com levosimendan pode reverter o processo em curso de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal mediante v&#225;rios mecanismos de prote&#231;&#227;o. Ao contr&#225;rio, independentemente da sua gravidade, a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal relativamente est&#225;vel associada com IC cr&#244;nica parece ser resistente a qualquer ataque com agente inotr&#243;pico, uma vez que n&#227;o &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica aguda, resultando em hipoperfus&#227;o do &#243;rg&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o renal depende do fluxo renal de sangue e da press&#227;o venosa central, que &#233; um preditor importante e independente da TFG estimada em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A press&#227;o intravenosa elevada poderia contribuir para o aumento da press&#227;o da veia renal levando ao comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal pela redu&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o para os glom&#233;rulos. Pensamos que v&#225;rios efeitos do levosimendan e os seus metabolitos podem contribuir para a melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, tais como o aumento no fluxo renal de sangue devido &#224; melhora do estado hemodin&#226;mico<sup>15,16</sup>, o aumento na perfus&#227;o renal pela potente vasodilata&#231;&#227;o por meio do agonismo do canal K-ATP e a revers&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o da c&#233;lula mesangial, com o consequente aumento da &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie capilar glomerular<sup>8</sup>. Outro mecanismo poss&#237;vel &#233; a melhoria funcional no ventr&#237;culo direito que provavelmente conduz &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o venosa central. Nossa pesquisa anterior<sup>17</sup> mostrou que o levosimendan parecia proporcionar mais efeitos ben&#233;ficos entre os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica biventricular, juntamente com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o pulmonar e aumento da contractilidade do ventr&#237;culo direito, e ambos podem estar atuando em conjunto para o resultado global. Os efeitos favor&#225;veis do levosimendan na disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito poderia ter resultado em parte da melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Finalmente, pode-se sugerir que a principal explica&#231;&#227;o para esse efeito ben&#233;fico s&#227;o os efeitos venodilatadores do levosimendan, reduzindo a press&#227;o venosa central<sup>18</sup>. H&#225; outros estudos sobre esse assunto, um deles<sup>19</sup> sobre o efeito ben&#233;fico do levosimendan sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito, bem como na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. O aumento do enchimento diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito possivelmente contribui para diminuir a press&#227;o venosa central. </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a melhora das fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas definidas pela frac&#231;&#227;o de ejec&#231;&#227;o e a melhora dos n&#237;veis de creatinina s&#233;rica (p = 0,230). Esse achado tamb&#233;m suporta a hip&#243;tese dos autores que sugere que a melhora nas fun&#231;&#245;es renais foi especialmente devida aos efeitos perif&#233;ricos do levosimendan em vez da melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. </p>
    <p>Uma das principais limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo &#233; a falta de dados sobre a contratilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, exceto a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Contudo, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante indicador da contractilidade card&#237;aca. Embora um aumento significativo na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o levosimendan tenha sido observado em todos os pacientes, apenas os pacientes que tiveram insufici&#234;ncia renal no in&#237;cio apresentaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa nos n&#237;veis de creatinina s&#233;rica.</p>
    <p>A diferen&#231;a poderia ser induzida por piores n&#237;veis de creatinina s&#233;rica na interna&#231;&#227;o, pois o pior &#233; no momento da admiss&#227;o, o melhor &#233; a melhoria em geral. No entanto, &#233; de notar que todos os pacientes no presente estudo tinham a fun&#231;&#227;o renal comprometida, indicado por uma TFG &lt; 90 ml/min/m<sup>2</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, defini&#231;&#245;es mais precisas para disfun&#231;&#227;o renal com novos marcadores que indicam les&#245;es precoces poderiam aumentar o poss&#237;vel impacto da terapia aguda uma vez que a creatinina &#233; um marcador relativamente tardio de les&#227;o renal<sup>20</sup>. Essa foi a l&#243;gica para considerar os registos de creatinina 48-72 horas ap&#243;s as infus&#245;es, mas antes de qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o nos f&#225;rmacos com o potencial para influenciar a fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Amostras anteriores poderiam ter subestimado as mudan&#231;as devido ao efeito relativamente retrasado na creatinina. Por sua vez, o ingresso de todos os pacientes com agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, independentemente da quest&#227;o de saber se a fun&#231;&#227;o renal do paciente deteriorou-se durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou antes da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, poderia ser criticado porque, fisiopatologicamente, os dois poderiam ser diferentes. Alguns podem criticar o uso de levosimendan em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o renal comprometida. &#201; de observar que nenhum dos pacientes estava em est&#225;gio final da doen&#231;a renal, embora o levosimendan seja comprovadamente seguro e eficaz para esses pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Havia v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es para o presente estudo. Em primeiro lugar, a natureza retrospectiva de manipula&#231;&#227;o de dados est&#225; sujeita a certo n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o, incluindo os poss&#237;veis efeitos de agentes n&#227;o controlados e efeitos hemodin&#226;micos agudos (hipotens&#227;o-hipertens&#227;o). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o conseguimos avaliar o impacto da press&#227;o venosa central, uma vez que os dados referentes &#224; press&#227;o venosa central e os par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis nos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos dos pacientes, embora seja sabido que a press&#227;o venosa central afeta significativamente a press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o renal, e portanto a TFG<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Embora os resultados de nosso estudo estejam de acordo com a recente literatura<sup>21-24</sup>, o pequeno tamanho da amostra e a falta de um inotr&#243;pico compar&#225;vel, o que poderia ter aumentado os fatores de confus&#227;o, nos impediram d tirar conclus&#245;es definitivas. No entanto, una an&#225;lise de pot&#234;ncia <italic>post hoc</italic>, no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de creatinina em pacientes com e sem agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.Calcularam-se uma pot&#234;ncia de 80,29% com p &lt; 0,05 e os nossos n&#250;meros de casos nos grupos de estudo. No entanto, &#233; digno de nota que nenhum estudo considerou essa quest&#227;o at&#233; agora. Assim, h&#225; necessidade de estudos comparativos prospectivos sobre os efeitos de realce renal do levosimendan em pacientes com e sem agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, os efeitos de realce renal do levosimendan, indicados pela altera&#231;&#227;o percentual na TFG e uma mudan&#231;a na creatinina, em pacientes que sofrem de severa IC sist&#243;lica descompensada, aguda, parecem estar restritos a pacientes com agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Pensamos, assim, que s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos para provar o conceito.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nota" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: </bold>
        </label>
        <p> Osman Can Yontar </p>
        <p> Sivas Numune Hastanesi, Kardiyoloji Klinik, Sivas-Turkiye &#8211; 58070 &#8211; Sivas, Turkey </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="drcanyontar@gmail.com">drcanyontar@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 23/08/11 </p>
    <p> Revisado recebido em 23/08/11 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 17/02/12.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of levosimendan in patients with severe systolic heart failure and worsening renal function</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Levosimendan, a calcium sensitizer, increases the sensitivity of the heart to calcium, thus increasing myocardial contractility without a rise in intracellular calcium. It was recently shown that levosimendan is beneficial in improving renal function. However, it remains to be established that the beneficial effect is differentially related to renal status during index event. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study was to determine whether levosimendan could improve renal outcome in acute decompensated heart failure patients with and without worsening renal function. METHODS: Forty-five consecutive patients who had a reduced glomerular filtration rate and had at least two consecutive data regarding renal function prior to administration of levosimendan were enrolled in the study. Patients were classified into two groups as those with and without worsening renal function based on an increase in serum creatinine &gt;0.3 mg/dL. RESULTS: A significant improvement was noted in renal function in patients with worsening renal function (serum creatinine from 1.4&#177;0.16 to 1.21&#177;0.23 mg/dL, p=0.001 and glomerular filtration rate level from 48.9&#177;15 to 59.3&#177;21.8 mL/min/m&#178;, p=0.011), while there was no significant improvement in those without worsening renal function (serum creatinine from 1.29&#177;0.33 to 1.37&#177;0.66 mg/dL, p=0.240 and glomerular filtration rate level from 53.7&#177;17.6 to 52.9&#177;21.4 mL/min/m&#178;, p=0.850). CONCLUSION: Levosimendan appears to provide a renal-enhancing effect in patients with severe, acute decompensated systolic heart failure and worsening renal function. Consideration of this differential effect might help obtain beneficial renal outcomes. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>levosimendan</kwd>
        <kwd>worsening renal function</kwd>
        <kwd>renal-enhancing effect</kwd>
        <kwd>creatinine</kwd>
        <kwd>glomerular filtration rate</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="topo-body2"/>Effect of levosimendan in patients with severe systolic heart failure and worsening renal function</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ali Zorlu<sup>I</sup>; Hasan Y&#252;cel<sup>I</sup>; Osman Can Yontar<sup>I</sup>; Oguz Karahan<sup>II</sup>; Izzet Tandogan<sup>I</sup>; Nurkay Katrancioglu<sup>II</sup>; Mehmet Birhan Yilmaz<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sivas, Turkey</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Levosimendan, a calcium sensitizer, increases the sensitivity of the heart to calcium, thus increasing myocardial contractility without a rise in intracellular calcium. It was recently shown that levosimendan is beneficial in improving renal function. However, it remains to be established that the beneficial effect is differentially related to renal status during index event. </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The purpose of the current study was to determine whether levosimendan could improve renal outcome in acute decompensated heart failure patients with and without worsening renal function.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Forty-five consecutive patients who had a reduced glomerular filtration rate and had at least two consecutive data regarding renal function prior to administration of levosimendan were enrolled in the study. Patients were classified into two groups as those with and without worsening renal function based on an increase in serum creatinine &gt; 0.3 mg/dL.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A significant improvement was noted in renal function in patients with worsening renal function (serum creatinine from 1.4&#177;0.16 to 1.21&#177;0.23 mg/dL, p=0.001 and glomerular filtration rate level from 48.9&#177;15 to 59.3&#177;21.8 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>, p=0.011), while there was no significant improvement in those without worsening renal function (serum creatinine from 1.29&#177;0.33 to 1.37&#177;0.66 mg/dL, p=0.240 and glomerular filtration rate level from 53.7&#177;17.6 to 52.9&#177;21.4 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>, p=0.850). </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Levosimendan appears to provide a renal-enhancing effect in patients with severe, acute decompensated systolic heart failure and worsening renal function. Consideration of this differential effect might help obtain beneficial renal outcomes. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012;[online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart failure, levosimendan, worsening renal function, renal-enhancing effect, creatinine, glomerular filtration rate</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Worsening renal function is a well-established predictor of adverse outcomes and prolonged length of hospital stay in patients with heart failure (HF).<sup>1,2</sup> Renal dysfunction is highly prevalent among patients with chronic HF. In fact, renal dysfunction has been reported to occur in one of four patients with HF.<sup>2</sup> The risk for morbidity and all-cause mortality in patients with HF gradually increases with an increase in creatinine or a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate.<sup>1</sup> Thus, in order to define the complex interaction between the heart and kidneys, the term "cardiorenal syndrome" was introduced.<sup>3 </sup>Due to the complex nature of interaction between the heart and kidneys, cardiorenal syndrome has been divided into five different subtypes.<sup>3 </sup>A deteriorated heart function may impair the function of the kidney both acutely and chronically, or vice versa. In the first subcategory of cardiorenal syndrome, abrupt deterioration of cardiac function brings about acute kidney injury, whereas, in the second subcategory, chronic cardiac disease causes chronic kidney disease. In the third category, abrupt worsening of renal function brings about acute cardiac dysfunction, whereas, in the fourth subcategory, chronic renal disease causes chronic cardiac disease in the form of hypertrophy. However, a single pathology may affect both the heart and kidneys at the same time, and this is also a discrete subcategory.<sup>3</sup></p>
      <p>Levosimendan, a calcium sensitizer, has been introduced for the treatment of acute and chronic HF.<sup>4-6</sup> Because there is a significant impact of impaired renal function on the prognosis of HF, an ideal inotrope is expected to improve not only the cardiac output, but also the cardiorenal syndrome. Levosimendan differs from conventional inotropes with its renal-enhancing effects.<sup>7 </sup>The potential beneficial effects of levosimendan in patients with HF and impaired renal function could be due to the increase in renal blood flow, levosimendan-induced vasodilatation mediated by the blockade of ATP-sensitive potassium channels, the alteration of mesangial cell contraction with a consequent increase in glomerular capillary surface area, or anti-inflammatory effects against the possibility of tubular injury.<sup>8-11</sup> However, it is not well understood that whether this beneficial effect is related to renal status, which could either be in the form of acute worsening of renal function or established and long standing impairment of renal function, during index event or not. In the current study, we aimed to determine whether or not a difference existed in the renal-enhancing effect of levosimendan in patients with and without worsening renal function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Materials and Methods </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study protocol, which included investigation of all heart failure patients who were administered levosimendan between January 2007-December 2009, was approved by the local Ethics Committee and all subjects gave informed consent. One hundred forty-four consecutive patients with severe, low-output, acute decompensated systolic HF (ejection fraction [EF] &lt; 35%, all patients were New York Heart Association [NYHA] class IV), who were administered inotropic therapy with levosimendan based on the discretion of their primary physicians, were evaluated retrospectively. The patients were excluded from the study for the following reasons: administration of inotropic therapy on the day of hospitalization (n=37); history of acute coronary syndrome or cardiogenic shock within the last month prior to the index hospitalization (n=6); prescription of potentially nephrotoxic drugs within the month before hospitalization (n=2); severe primary valvular disease (n=4); lack of at least 2 consecutive follow-up data regarding renal function before and after the infusions (n=7); being under renal replacement therapy before hospitalization (n=5); history of end-stage renal disease (n=12); and normal GFR ( glomerular filtration rate &gt;90 ml/min/m2) prior to administration of levosimendan (n=26). The GFR was estimated for each patient according to the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula.<sup>12</sup></p>
      <p>Data of 45 consecutive patients who had acute decompensated HF and impaired renal function (GFR &lt;90 mL/min/m2) with at least two consecutive data regarding renal function during the index hospitalization prior to administration of levosimendan, were considered for the analysis. The creatinine levels for all patients were obtained from the medical records of the patients. Worsening renal function was defined as an increase in the serum creatinine level by &#8805;0.3 mg/dL from a stable baseline level within the last 1 month during the index hospitalization.<sup>13 </sup>Patients who did not have an apparent exacerbation of HF, with fluctuating creatinine levels &gt;0.3 mg/dL within the last 1 month (without considering the levels measured in the hospital), were excluded. Authors thought that levosimendan-induced hypotension would increase tubular injury and that would affect the results. Because of that, patients who were at risk for hypotension (blood pressure were lower than 90/50 mmHg in the beginning of hospitalization) were also excluded from study. Thus, only patients with worsening renal function related to the index exacerbation of HF were considered. Patients were classified into two groups, as follows: (1) those with worsening renal function who were considered to have type I cardiorenal syndrome,<sup>3</sup> which was defined as an acute kidney injury upon acute deterioration of cardiac function, and (2) those without worsening renal function prior to administration of levosimendan. Serial measurements of serum creatinine levels were performed. The most recent creatinine level measured prior to levosimendan infusion was accepted as the baseline value. Levosimendan was initiated with a 30-minute bolus of 3-12 &#181;g/kg/min, followed by a 24-hour infusion of 0.1 &#181;g/kg/min, and up-titrated to 0.2 &#181;g/kg/min if tolerated by the patient. Renal function was evaluated 48-72 hours after the infusion (the last available record between these periods during which the dose of other drugs were not changed). During this period, the dosages of all drugs including diuretics were constant. Patients with physician-ordered changes of active drugs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04412_ing_t1-body2">Table 1</xref>) were excluded (patients who had already been excluded due to end-stage renal disease, renal replacement therapy and use of nephrotoxic drugs). The patient flow chart was presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04412_ing_f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop04412_ing_t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0537-00048-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop04412_ing_f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0537-00048-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows (Version 10.0; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation, or as n (%), as applicable. Parametric data were evaluated by the Mann-Whitney U test. Temporal changes in parametric data were evaluated by the Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired samples. Categorical data were evaluated by a chi-square test. A p value&#8804;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The baseline characteristics of the patients are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04412_ing_t1-body2">Table 1</xref>. There were no significant differences between patients with and without worsening renal function with respect to age, gender, blood pressure, baseline serum creatinine and GFR level, and frequency of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and atrial fibrillation. The patients with and without worsening renal function received furosemide, the only currently available loop diuretic in Turkey, at a median dose of 80 mg/day the day before and after infusion.</p>
      <p>In the overall study sample, a slight but significant improvement was noted in the GFR levels after levosimendan infusion (52.18&#177;16.8 to 55.3&#177;22 mL/min/m2, p=0.05). In patients with worsening renal function, the levosimendan infusion led to a significant improvement in the serum creatinine level (1.4&#177;0.16 to 1.21&#177;0.23 mg/dL, p=0.001), as well as in the GFR level (48.9&#177;15 to 59.3&#177;21.8 mL/min/m2, p=0.011). However, there was no significant difference between the creatinine and GFR levels measured at baseline and after infusion in those without worsening renal function (1.29&#177;0.33 to 1.37&#177;0.66 mg/dl, p=0,240 and 53.7&#177;17.6 to 52.9&#177;21.4 mL/min/m2, p=0.850, respectively; <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04412_ing_t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop04412_ing_t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0537-00048-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A significant difference was noted between the patients with and without worsening renal function with respect to an absolute change in creatinine and GFR levels (-0.19&#177;0.16 to 0.08&#177;0.4, p=0.017 and 18&#177;16 to 1.9&#177;22, p=0.004, respectively <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04412_ing_t3-body2">Table 3</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop04412_ing_t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0537-00048-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As a result, a significant renal-enhancing effect of levosimendan was observed in patients with HF and worsening renal function, whereas, almost neutral effect was observed in those without worsening renal function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Worsening renal function frequently complicates the course of HF decompensation. Thus, any drug which can improve worsening renal function might affect therapeutic decision, and levosimendan appears to have the potential to reverse worsening renal function. It is traditionally accepted that reduced renal perfusion pressure, primarily a result of decreased mean arterial pressure, is the main determinant of worsening renal function. Patients with worsening renal function, which can be regarded as impaired organ perfusion in the setting of decompensated HF, are usually treated with traditional inotropes with the expectation to increase perfusion pressure primarily. On the other hand, levosimendan with venodilatory properties was shown to be beneficial compared to a traditional inotrope in patients with HF and renal dysfunction, in a study conducted by Yilmaz et al.<sup>7</sup> However, in that particular study, all patients had worsening renal function, and thus there was a lack of evidence suggesting a selective beneficial effect of levosimendan in such patients. In the current study, levosimendan provided a selective beneficial effect in patients with worsening renal function, whereas there was a near-neutral effect in patients without worsening renal function.</p>
      <p>In a case-control study in 2009, Yilmaz et al.<sup>5</sup> showed that levosimendan was beneficial in severe systolic HF patients with an accompanying right ventricular dysfunction, which could be the major determinant of increased central venous pressure. In a recent paper, it was shown that central venous pressure was related to worsening renal function, and thus the potential association between the improvement in renal function and levosimendan might be driven by an improvement in right ventricular function (suction effect, partly driven by improved left ventricular function) and an associated decrease in central venous pressure.<sup>14</sup> However, except for the crude markers of cardiac function (dilated right ventricle), patient data regarding right ventricular function (such as longitudinal motion and tissue Doppler findings) during index hospitalization were missing in our study. In fact, the entire study population was noted to have some degree of right ventricular dilatation.</p>
      <p>It appears possible that in patients with severe, acute decompensated systolic HF and worsening renal function, timely intervention with levosimendan can reverse the ongoing process of renal dysfunction through several protective mechanisms. In contrast, regardless of its severity, the relatively stable renal dysfunction associated with chronic HF appears to be resistant to any inotropic insult, since it is not an acute pathophysiologic condition resulting in organ hypoperfusion.</p>
      <p>Renal function is dependent on renal blood flow and central venous pressure, which is an important and independent predictor of estimated GFR in patients with heart failure. Elevated intravenous pressure might contribute to the increase of renal vein pressure leading to impaired renal function through decreased perfusion pressure for the glomeruli. We think that various effects of levosimendan and its metabolites may contribute to the improvement in renal function, such as the increase in renal blood flow due to improved hemodynamic state,<sup>15-16</sup> augmentation in renal perfusion via potent vasodilatation through K ATP channel agonism and the reversal of AT-2 mediated mesengial cell contraction causing increase in glomerular capillary surface area.<sup>8</sup> Another possible mechanism is the functional improvement in the right ventricle which probably leads to decrease in central venous pressure. Our prior research<sup>17</sup> showed that levosimendan seemed to provide more beneficial effects among patients with biventricular systolic heart failure, along with decrease in pulmonary pressure and increase in right ventricle contractility, both of which may be acting together up on the net effect. The favorable effects of levosimendan on right ventricle systolic dysfunction might have resulted partially from the improvement of left ventricle function. Finally, one could suggest that the main explanation for this beneficial effect is the venodilatory effects of levosimendan, reducing central venous pressure.<sup>18</sup> There are other studies concerning this subject. One of them<sup>19</sup> analyzed the beneficial effect of levosimendan on the right ventricle diastolic function as well as systolic function. Increased diastolic filling of the right ventricle possibly contributes to decrease in central venous pressure. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, there was no correlation between improvement of cardiac functions defined by ejection fraction and improvement serum creatinine levels (p=0.230). This finding also supports authors&#8217; hypothesis suggesting that improvement in renal functions was mainly due to peripheral effects of levosimendan rather than systolic enhancement. </p>
      <p>One of the main limitations of this study is lack of data regarding left ventricle contractility except than ejection fraction. However, ejection fraction is major indicator of cardiac contractility. Although significant increase in ejection fraction after levosimendan was noted in all patients, only patients who had baseline renal impairment showed a significant decrease in serum creatinine levels.</p>
      <p>The difference might be driven by worse creatinine levels at admission, because, the worse it is at admission, the better it is the improvement in general. However, it is of note that all patients in the current study had impaired renal function, indicated by a GFR &lt;90 ml/min/m2. Furthermore, more precise definitions for renal dysfunction with new markers indicating early injuries could increase the possible impact of acute therapy since creatinine is a relatively late marker of renal injury.<sup>20</sup> This was the logic for considering creatinine records 48-72 hours after the infusions, but before any change in drugs with the potential to influence renal function. Earlier samples might have underestimated the changes due to the relatively delayed effect on creatinine. On the other hand, enrollment of all patients with worsening renal function irrespective of the issue whether the renal function of the patient deteriorated during the hospitalization or before the hospitalization might be criticized, because, pathophysiologically speaking, these two may be different. Some may criticize the use of levosimendan in patients with impaired renal function. Of note, none of the patients was in end-stage renal disease, although levosimendan has been proven safe and effective in such patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were several limitations to the current study. First of all, the retrospective nature of data handling is subject to a number of confounders, including possible effects of uncontrolled drugs and acute hemodynamics (hypotension-hypertension). In addition, we were not able to evaluate the impact of central venous pressure since data regarding central venous pressure and parameters of right ventricular function were not available in the medical records of the patients, although it is known that central venous pressure significantly affect renal perfusion pressure, and thus the GFR.<sup>14</sup></p>
      <p>Although, the findings of our study were in accordance with the recent literature,<sup>21-24</sup> the small sample size and the lack of a comparable inotrope, which could have potentially increased the confounders, prevented us from drawing definitive conclusions. However, we performed a post hoc power analyses baseline and after the infusion creatinine levels in patients with and without worsening renal function. We calculated a power of 80.29 % with a p &lt;0.05 and our case numbers in the study groups. However, it is of note, no study has considered this point so far. Thus, there is a need for prospective comparative studies on renal-enhancing effects of levosimendan in patients with and without worsening renal function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In conclusion, renal-enhancing effects of levosimendan, indicated by the percent change in GFR and a change in creatinine, in patients suffering from severe, acute decompensated systolic HF seems to be restricted to patients with worsening renal function. However, we think we need further studies to prove the concept.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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