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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">46vy8FqF9GJb4K6cLkc5WXt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000600008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800608</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000044</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Oclus&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo com o Amplatzer Cardiac Plug em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gu&#233;rios</surname>
            <given-names>&#202;nio Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmid</surname>
            <given-names>Michael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gloekler</surname>
            <given-names>Steffen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Khattab</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmed A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wenaweser</surname>
            <given-names>Peter M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Windecker</surname>
            <given-names>Stephan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meier</surname>
            <given-names>Bernhard</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Berna</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University Hospital Bern</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiovascular Department </institution>
        <country country="">Su&#237;&#231;a</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas e Estruturais do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>528</fpage>
      <lpage>536</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (OAAE) surgiu como alternativa &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral (AO) para preven&#231;&#227;o do acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o-valvular (FANV). OBJETIVO: Relatar os resultados imediatos e o seguimento cl&#237;nico de pacientes submetidos a OAAE com o Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (ACP) em um &#250;nico centro de refer&#234;ncia. M&#201;TODOS: Oitenta e seis pacientes consecutivos com FANV, contra-indica&#231;&#227;o &#224; AO e escore CHADS2= 2,6&#177;1,2 foram submetidos a OAAE com implante de ACP. Realizou-se seguimento cl&#237;nico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico no m&#237;nimo 4 meses ap&#243;s o implante. RESULTADOS: Todos os implantes foram guiados apenas por angiografia. O sucesso do procedimento foi de 99% (1 insucesso por tamponamento card&#237;aco e consequente suspens&#227;o da OAAE). Houve 4 complica&#231;&#245;es maiores (o tamponamento j&#225; referido, 2 AVCs transit&#243;rios e uma emboliza&#231;&#227;o com retirada percut&#226;nea da pr&#243;tese) e duas menores (um derrame peric&#225;rdico sem tamponamento e uma pequena comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial evidenciada no seguimento). Houve 1 &#243;bito hospitalar ap&#243;s 6 dias, n&#227;o relacionado &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o. Todos os outros pacientes receberam alta sem AO. Ap&#243;s seguimento de 25,9 pacientes-ano (69 pacientes) n&#227;o houve AVCs nem emboliza&#231;&#245;es tardias de pr&#243;teses. O AAE estava completamente oclu&#237;do em 97% dos casos. Seis pacientes apresentaram evid&#234;ncia de trombo sobre a pr&#243;tese, que desapareceram ap&#243;s reinstitui&#231;&#227;o de AO por 3 meses. CONCLUS&#195;O: OAAE se associa a um alto &#237;ndice de sucesso, um &#237;ndice aceit&#225;vel de complica&#231;&#245;es e resultados promissores a m&#233;dio prazo, podendo ser considerada uma alternativa v&#225;lida &#224; OA na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC em pacientes com FANV.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ap&#234;ndice atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>pr&#243;teses e implantes</kwd>
        <kwd>arritmias card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Oclus&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo com o Amplatzer Cardiac Plug em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>&#202;nio Eduardo Gu&#233;rios<sup>I, II</sup>; Michael Schmid<sup>I</sup>; Steffen Gloekler<sup>I</sup>; Ahmed A. Khattab<sup>I</sup>; Peter M. Wenaweser<sup>I</sup>; Stephan Windecker<sup>I</sup>; Bernhard Meier<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Cardiovascular Department - University Hospital Bern, Berna, Su&#237;&#231;a </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>CONCEPT - Centro de Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas e Estruturais do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (OAAE) surgiu como alternativa &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral (AO) para preven&#231;&#227;o do acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o-valvular (FANV). </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Relatar os resultados imediatos e o seguimento cl&#237;nico de pacientes submetidos a OAAE com o Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (ACP) em um &#250;nico centro de refer&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Oitenta e seis pacientes consecutivos com FANV, contra-indica&#231;&#227;o &#224; AO e escore CHADS<sub>2</sub>= 2,6&#177;1,2 foram submetidos a OAAE com implante de ACP. Realizou-se seguimento cl&#237;nico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico no m&#237;nimo 4 meses ap&#243;s o implante. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Todos os implantes foram guiados apenas por angiografia. O sucesso do procedimento foi de 99% (1 insucesso por tamponamento card&#237;aco e consequente suspens&#227;o da OAAE). Houve 4 complica&#231;&#245;es maiores (o tamponamento j&#225; referido, 2 AVCs transit&#243;rios e uma emboliza&#231;&#227;o com retirada percut&#226;nea da pr&#243;tese) e duas menores (um derrame peric&#225;rdico sem tamponamento e uma pequena comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial evidenciada no seguimento). Houve 1 &#243;bito hospitalar ap&#243;s 6 dias, n&#227;o relacionado &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o. Todos os outros pacientes receberam alta sem AO. Ap&#243;s seguimento de 25,9 pacientes-ano (69 pacientes) n&#227;o houve AVCs nem emboliza&#231;&#245;es tardias de pr&#243;teses. O AAE estava completamente oclu&#237;do em 97% dos casos. Seis pacientes apresentaram evid&#234;ncia de trombo sobre a pr&#243;tese, que desapareceram ap&#243;s reinstitui&#231;&#227;o de AO por 3 meses. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> OAAE se associa a um alto &#237;ndice de sucesso, um &#237;ndice aceit&#225;vel de complica&#231;&#245;es e resultados promissores a m&#233;dio prazo, podendo ser considerada uma alternativa v&#225;lida &#224; OA na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC em pacientes com FANV. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Ap&#234;ndice atrial, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, pr&#243;teses e implantes, arritmias card&#237;acas / complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o, estima-se que a incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), a arritmia card&#237;aca sustentada mais frequente e epidemiologicamente mais importante, mais que dupliquem at&#233; 2050<sup>1</sup>. A preven&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) &#233; um objetivo prim&#225;rio no tratamento da FA, uma vez que 87% dos AVCs tem origem tromboemb&#243;lica, e pacientes com esta arritmia, independente se permanente ou parox&#237;stica, apresentam um risco de AVC de 5% ao ano, 5 vezes superior &#224;quele de uma popula&#231;&#227;o pareada em ritmo sinusal<sup>2</sup>. Este risco aumenta com a idade, de 1,5% ao ano na popula&#231;&#227;o entre 50-59 anos, at&#233; 23,5% ao ano na popula&#231;&#227;o entre 80-89 anos<sup>1,3</sup>. Por este motivo, de acordo com os <italic>Guidelines</italic> para tratamento de FA, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral para preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC em pacientes com FA recebeu recomenda&#231;&#227;o classe I, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral (AO) com warfarina &#233; eficaz quando usada apropriadamente, por&#233;m requer monitoriza&#231;&#227;o regular do INR (<italic>International Normalized Ratio</italic>) devido &#224; sua estreita janela terap&#234;utica e &#224;s significativas intera&#231;&#245;es com dieta e medicamentos. Sua administra&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m imp&#245;e a necessidade de modifica&#231;&#245;es do estilo de vida<sup>5</sup>. Estes fatores, associados &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas potencialmente fatais relacionadas ao uso de warfarina, resultam em uma subutiliza&#231;&#227;o desta terap&#234;utica, especialmente na popula&#231;&#227;o mais idosa, justamente aquela com maior risco de AVC.</p>
    <p>A constata&#231;&#227;o de que, em pacientes com FA n&#227;o-valvular (FANV), mais de 90% dos trombos se originam no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE)<sup>6</sup>, conferiu uma base racional para se considerar a oblitera&#231;&#227;o desta estrutura como terap&#234;utica alternativa &#224; AO para preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC nestes pacientes. Adicionalmente &#224;s t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas<sup>7</sup>, desenvolveram-se m&#233;todos percut&#226;neos de fechamento do AAE, estando aprovados para uso cl&#237;nico os implantes das pr&#243;teses Watchman (Boston Scientific - Atritech, Plymouth, MN, USA) e o Amplatzer Cardiac Plug [ACP] (AGA Medical Corp., Minneapolis, MN, USA). Este artigo descreve a at&#233; agora maior experi&#234;ncia unic&#234;ntrica mundial com o implante do ACP para oclus&#227;o do AAE, detalhando os resultados imediatos e o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico de curto a m&#233;dio prazo dos pacientes tratados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre janeiro de 2009 e setembro de 2011 86 pacientes consecutivos portadores de FANV permanente ou parox&#237;stica, pelo menos um fator de risco adicional para eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, aus&#234;ncia de trombo no AAE e contra-indica&#231;&#227;o ou avers&#227;o &#224; AO cr&#244;nica foram submetidos ao implante percut&#226;neo do ACP para oclus&#227;o do AAE. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> detalha as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes e seus achados de ecocardiografia e angiografia pr&#233;-implante.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0528-00044-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Descri&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O ACP &#233; uma pr&#243;tese auto-expans&#237;vel de nitinol preenchida por poli&#233;ster, composta por 3 partes: um lobo cil&#237;ndrico de 6,5 mm de comprimento, a cujo di&#226;metro (16 - 30mm, em intervalos de 2mm) se refere o tamanho da pr&#243;tese; um disco oclusor, de di&#226;metro 4 mm maior que o lobo nos tamanhos 16 - 22mm, e 6mm maior, nos tamanhos 24 - 20mm; e um pino conector flex&#237;vel. Existem seis pares de ganchos estabilizadores presos ao lobo, dirigidos para o disco e identificados por marcas radiopacas, que auxiliam a reten&#231;&#227;o do lobo no AAE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0528-00044-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo de implante e seguimento dos pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram avaliados com ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica (ETE) para a exclus&#227;o da presen&#231;a de trombo no AAE, tiveram sua anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral suspensa e receberam profilaxia antibi&#243;tica com cefuroxime antes da interven&#231;&#227;o. Os procedimentos foram realizados pela via femoral, sob anestesia local, e guiados exclusivamente por angiografia, biplanar na maioria dos casos. Administraram-se 5000 UI de heparina no in&#237;cio do procedimento. O acesso ao &#225;trio esquerdo foi obtido por pun&#231;&#227;o trans-septal ou atrav&#233;s de um for&#226;men oval patente (FOP) ou comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA), naqueles pacientes que apresentavam estes defeitos septais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Ap&#243;s angiografia e mensura&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro colo do AAE (zona &#243;tima de implante) em pelo menos duas proje&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2</xref>), escolheu-se para implante uma pr&#243;tese de tamanho no m&#237;nimo 4 mm superior. Pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica que estivessem em ritmo sinusal no momento da interven&#231;&#227;o tiveram as medidas do AAE tomadas durante a di&#225;stole atrial. Uma vez implantado o ACP e observado algum grau de compress&#227;o do lobo pelas paredes do AAE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Fig. 3</xref>), testou-se a estabilidade da pr&#243;tese tracionando-se e soltando-se levemente o cabo liberador (manobra de Minnesota), comprovando-se haver o movimento do lobo em conjunto com o AAE, e o movimento livre do disco e do cabo. Antes da libera&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese realizaram-se novas angiografias em v&#225;rias proje&#231;&#245;es, evitando a superposi&#231;&#227;o das suas estruturas. Em posicionamentos ou ancoragens considerados insatisfat&#243;rios, a pr&#243;tese foi recolhida (at&#233; a por&#231;&#227;o distal do lobo) e reimplantada em um &#226;ngulo diverso, ou substitu&#237;da por outra de tamanho mais adequado, conforme o caso. Comprovado o posicionamento adequado, liberou-se a pr&#243;tese e fez-se um controle angiogr&#225;fico final. Nos pacientes com FOP ou CIA concomitante, carregou-se a mesma bainha e cabo liberador com um oclusor septal adequado para o defeito, ocluindo-o na sequ&#234;ncia. Exceto nos casos em que foi realizada uma pun&#231;&#227;o arterial, os pr&#243;prios pacientes fizeram a compress&#227;o do s&#237;tio de acesso venoso. Eles foram ent&#227;o mantidos com clopidogrel 75 mg ao dia por 1 m&#234;s e AAS 100mg ao dia por 4 meses, ou indefinidamente, na presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana,. Realizou-se ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica para controle do implante antes da alta hospitalar. Os pacientes que tiveram alta no mesmo dia da interven&#231;&#227;o receberam uma dose adicional de cefuroxime, e os que tiveram alta no dia seguinte, duas doses. Orientou-se quanto &#224; profilaxia para endocardite infecciosa por alguns meses, e previu-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o de controle cl&#237;nico e de nova ETE 3-6 meses ap&#243;s o implante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Fig. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0528-00044-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0528-00044-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0528-00044-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas est&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas est&#227;o descritas em n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> compara os resultados obtidos nesta popula&#231;&#227;o com os dados da experi&#234;ncia europeia multic&#234;ntrica com o uso do ACP, atualmente a maior casu&#237;stica publicada com esta pr&#243;tese<sup>8</sup>. Obteve-se sucesso do procedimento em 85 dos 86 pacientes tratados (99%). No &#250;nico caso de insucesso, utilizou-se como via de acesso ao &#225;trio esquerdo um FOP, cuja orienta&#231;&#227;o e inflexibilidade secund&#225;ria ao implante anterior de um oclusor de CIA dificultou a coaxializa&#231;&#227;o da bainha no AAE. Ap&#243;s sucessivas tentativas de implante de ACPs de tamanhos diferentes, sem se obter estabiliza&#231;&#227;o adequada do dispositivo, observou-se a presen&#231;a de derrame peric&#225;rdico e tamponamento card&#237;aco, revertido com pun&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica. A oclus&#227;o do LAA foi ent&#227;o suspensa. Ocluiu-se o FOP e a paciente recebeu alta no dia seguinte.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0528-00044-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Implantaram-se 87 pr&#243;teses nos 85 pacientes em que o procedimento teve sucesso. Em 81 pacientes conseguiu-se posicionamento e ancoragem adequadas do primeiro ACP escolhido; em 2 pacientes foi necess&#225;rio substituir a pr&#243;tese por outra maior, e em dois, por uma menor que a inicial. Em dois pacientes, ambos com AAE bilobulados, observou-se fechamento incompleto do AAE ap&#243;s o implante do ACP. Um deles recebeu o implante de um segundo ACP, e o outro, o implante adicional de um plug vascular de Amplatzer, com bom resultado final. Em um caso, observou-se durante a angioplastia coronariana (ATC) que se realizou ap&#243;s o fechamento do AAE a emboliza&#231;&#227;o do ACP para a aorta, cerca de 15 minuto ap&#243;s o seu implante. A pr&#243;tese foi la&#231;ada e retirada, e uma segunda pr&#243;tese de menor tamanho foi implantada com sucesso no AAE no mesmo procedimento. O paciente recebeu alta no dia seguinte, ap&#243;s confirma&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da estabilidade do segundo oclusor. Al&#233;m do tamponamento card&#237;aco j&#225; descrito, observou-se em 1 paciente a forma&#231;&#227;o de um derrame peric&#225;rdico pequeno, sem comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico, com regress&#227;o total no seguimento. Um paciente, submetido concomitantemente a angioplastia coronariana e a implante percut&#226;neo de valva a&#243;rtica (TAVI), desenvolveu insufici&#234;ncia renal ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, com recupera&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea. Houve dois eventos cerebrais periprocedimento, um por embolia a&#233;rea e o outro provavelmente tromboemb&#243;lico, ambos sem sequelas na alta hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Quarenta e oito pacientes (55,8%) foram submetidos a interven&#231;&#245;es simult&#226;neas ao fechamento do AAE (fechamento de FOP ou CIA, ATC ou TAVI, alguns em v&#225;rias combina&#231;&#245;es). O volume m&#233;dio total de contraste utilizado foi de 253,5&#177;114,3 ml, e o tempo m&#233;dio de fluoroscopia, 19&#177;12 minutos.</p>
    <p>Um paciente com tumor gastrointestinal hemorr&#225;gico, proibindo anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, foi a &#243;bito por sangramento n&#227;o control&#225;vel do tubo digestivo 6 dias ap&#243;s o implante do ACP. Dos outros 84 pacientes eleg&#237;veis, conseguiu-se acompanhamento cl&#237;nico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico tardio em 69 (82,1%). No seguimento de 25,9 pacientes-ano n&#227;o houve nenhum epis&#243;dio de AVC ou embolia perif&#233;rica. Ocorreram 2 &#243;bitos tardios, um por insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria secund&#225;ria a uma broncopneumonia, e o outro, &#243;bito card&#237;aco em um paciente com doen&#231;a triarterial coronariana grave. Em todos os pacientes exceto 2, a ETE de seguimento mostrou oclus&#227;o completa do AAE. Em 6 pacientes observou-se a presen&#231;a de trombos im&#243;veis sobre o oclusor, que desapareceram ap&#243;s reinstitui&#231;&#227;o da AO por 3 meses. Em 4 pacientes adicionais a presen&#231;a de um trombo aderido ao dispositivo n&#227;o pode ser descartada. Tr&#234;s deles foram mantidos com AAS indefinidamente, e no quarto, apesar da reinstitui&#231;&#227;o da AO, nenhuma modifica&#231;&#227;o foi observada na ETE repetida ap&#243;s 4 meses. Em um paciente adicional evidenciou-se a persist&#234;ncia de pequeno <italic>shunt</italic> esquerdo-direito no local de pun&#231;&#227;o do septo interatrial, sem repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em n&#237;veis adequados, a AO com Marcoumar provou reduzir em 64% a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC nos pacientes com FANV<sup>9</sup>. Isto significa que, em 1/3 dos casos, esta terapia &#233; inefetiva. Al&#233;m disso, m&#250;ltiplos estudos, incluindo a s&#233;rie SPORTIF, mostraram que, em pacientes usando Marcoumar, at&#233; 29% dos INRs s&#227;o subterap&#234;uticos, 15-20%, supraterap&#234;uticos<sup>10</sup>, e que mesmo nos pacientes com ader&#234;ncia &#243;tima ao tratamento, o INR est&#225; na sua faixa terap&#234;utica em m&#233;dia durante apenas 60% do tempo<sup>11</sup>. Deve-se tamb&#233;m considerar que n&#227;o se conseguem os benef&#237;cios da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o sem se incorrer no risco de sangramento. O uso de warfarina se associa a taxas anuais de 3% de sangramento maior e 9,6% de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas em geral<sup>12</sup>. Devido a este risco, at&#233; 44% dos pacientes com FANV apresentam contra-indica&#231;&#227;o &#224; AO, especialmente aqueles que j&#225; tiveram sangramentos importantes de repeti&#231;&#227;o ou AVC hemorr&#225;gico<sup>2</sup>. Isto, somado ao complexo perfil de administra&#231;&#227;o e controle da warfarina, e &#224; dificuldade de ader&#234;ncia do paciente devido &#224;s indesej&#225;veis mas necess&#225;rias modifica&#231;&#245;es de estilo de vida, faz com que a prescri&#231;&#227;o de AO na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica varie de 23% a 66% dos casos em pacientes de alto risco, e de 8% a 49% naqueles com moderado risco de embolia<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Novas drogas anticoagulantes provaram ser t&#227;o ou mais eficazes que o Marcoumar, com um perfil de seguran&#231;a semelhante ou superior. O dabigatran, inibidor direto da trombina (fator IIa), administrado em uma dose de 150mg duas vezes ao dia, reduziu significativamente a taxa de embolia perif&#233;rica, e se associou a uma taxa semelhante de sangramento; na dose de 110mg duas vezes ao dia, se mostrou superior ao Marcoumar quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramentos, e n&#227;o-inferior quanto &#224; taxa de embolias<sup>13</sup>. O rivaroxaban, inibidor oral direto do fator Xa, administrado na dose de 20mg ao dia, mostrou ser n&#227;o-inferior ao warfarin em termos de embolias e ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramentos como um todo, e superior quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramentos fatais e AVC hemorr&#225;gico<sup>14</sup>. O apixaban, outro inibidor oral direto do fator Xa, na dose de 5mg duas vezes ao dia, foi superior ao Marcoumar tanto na preven&#231;&#227;o de embolias cerebrais e perif&#233;ricas como nas taxas de sangramentos maiores<sup>15</sup>. Estas as drogas, entretanto, tamb&#233;m apresentam intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas (amiodarona, verapamil, quinidina) e efeitos colaterais, especialmente dispepsia associada ao dabigatran; algumas s&#227;o contra-indicadas em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal ou hep&#225;tica; devem ser administradas com cautela em pacientes acima de 75 anos, devido ao maior risco de sangramento; e n&#227;o disp&#245;em de ant&#237;doto testado que possa ser administrado em caso de sangramento maior ou cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia<sup>16-18</sup>. &#192; parte estas caracter&#237;sticas indesej&#225;veis e ao seu custo marcadamente mais elevado que o warfarin, nenhuma destas drogas eliminou o risco de sangramento, especialmente em idosos e pacientes com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de sangramentos importantes, e a n&#227;o-ader&#234;ncia, bem ilustrada pelas altas taxas de abandono do tratamento relatadas nos estudos RE-LY (21% no grupo do dabigatran e 17% no do warfarin)<sup>13,19</sup> e ARISTOTELE (25% no grupo do apixaban e 27% no do warfarin)<sup>15</sup>. Para superar estas limita&#231;&#245;es, buscaram-se estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gicas para a preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC em pacientes com FANV.</p>
    <p>O AAE, remanescente do &#225;trio esquerdo embrion&#225;rio, &#233; uma estrutura (multi)lobulada com anatomia vari&#225;vel, composta por trab&#233;culas de m&#250;sculo pectinado que formam criptas entre elas. Conecta-se ao &#225;trio esquerdo por um orif&#237;cio assim&#233;trico mais estreito que seu corpo, localizado tipicamente anterior e inferiormente &#224; veia pulmonar superior esquerda<sup>2,20</sup>. Em FA, a estrutura do AAE e as marcadas redu&#231;&#245;es de sua fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e de suas velocidades de fluxo proporcionam um meio prop&#237;cio &#224; estase sangu&#237;nea e &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos, tornando-o a fonte mais importante de &#234;mbolos cerebrais e perif&#233;ricos. De fato, em uma revis&#227;o de 23 estudos em que o AAE foi examinado por aut&#243;psia, ETE ou inspe&#231;&#227;o intra-operat&#243;ria, evidenciou-se a presen&#231;a de trombo intracard&#237;aco em 17% dos pacientes com FANV, 91% destes trombos se localizando no AAE<sup>6</sup>. Por esta raz&#227;o, esta estrutura j&#225; foi denominada como sendo o "anexo humano mais letal"<sup>21</sup>, e sua oclus&#227;o foi proposta como alternativa terap&#234;utica &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o para preven&#231;&#227;o de embolias em pacientes com FANV. Esta oclus&#227;o pode ser realizada de 3 formas distintas: liga&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, concomitante a cirurgias valvares, de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ou aos procedimentos MAZE; abla&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea epic&#225;rdica por toracoscopia ou atrav&#233;s do espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico, um m&#233;todo bastante novo que mimetiza a oclus&#227;o cir&#250;rgica; e oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea endovascular.</p>
    <p>Embora a excis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do AAE tenha tido sua efic&#225;cia comprovada, e esteja inclu&#237;da nos <italic>Guidelines</italic> de cirurgia valvar mitral<sup>22</sup>, seu maior fator limitante s&#227;o as altas taxas de oclus&#227;o incompleta, variando de 10% at&#233; 80%, dependente da t&#233;cnica utilizada e da experi&#234;ncia do cirurgi&#227;o. As maiores taxas de oclus&#227;o s&#227;o conseguidas com a excis&#227;o do AAE, e as menores, com sua exclus&#227;o por sutura ou grampos<sup>7,23</sup>.</p>
    <p>A familiaridade, facilidade de implante e baixa trombogenicidade das pr&#243;teses de Amplatzer encorajaram a primeira s&#233;rie de oclus&#245;es do AAE com oclusores septais de Amplatzer (AGA Medical Corp., Minneapolis, MN, USA) em Berna, Su&#237;&#231;a. Um estudo descrevendo os resultados deste procedimento <italic>off-label</italic> em 16 pacientes mostrou emboliza&#231;&#227;o do device em 1 paciente e oclus&#227;o completa do AAE em todos os pacientes restantes, no seguimento de 5 pacientes-ano<sup>24</sup>. Entretanto, um registro mais longo demonstrou que o uso de oclusores septais para oclus&#227;o do AAE se associou a uma menor taxa de sucesso e a uma maior taxa de emboliza&#231;&#227;o quando comparado com o implante de dispositivos dedicados para este fim.</p>
    <p>O primeiro dispositivo desenhado especificamente para oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do AAE foi a pr&#243;tese PLAATO (ev3, Plymouth, MN, USA, n&#227;o mais dispon&#237;vel), implantada pela primeira vez em 2001<sup>25</sup>. Tratava-se de uma pr&#243;tese auto-expans&#237;vel de nitinol recoberta por uma membrana n&#227;o-trombog&#234;nica de PTFE, que teve bons resultados de curto prazo<sup>26</sup> e efic&#225;cia demonstrada no seguimento de 5 anos ap&#243;s o seu implante, com redu&#231;&#227;o de 42% da taxa de AVC antecipada pelo CHADS<sub>2</sub> score (3,8% / ano x 6,6% / ano)<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>A pr&#243;tese Watchman consiste de uma estrutura auto-expans&#237;vel de nitinol com hastes de fixa&#231;&#227;o, recoberta em sua face atrial por um tecido de poli&#233;ster perme&#225;vel. Ao contr&#225;rio da pr&#243;tese PLAATO, a pr&#243;tese Watchman deve ser implantada mais distalmente no AAE, e requer terapia anticoagulante com warfarin por 6-12 semanas ap&#243;s o seu implante<sup>20,28</sup>. O estudo multic&#234;ntrico PROTECT-AF comprovou a n&#227;o-inferioridade do implante da pr&#243;tese Watchman em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia cr&#244;nica com warfarin em pacientes com FANV, com uma taxa de eventos maiores (AVC, embolia sist&#234;mica ou &#243;bito cardiovascular ou de natureza n&#227;o-explicada) de 3.0 / 100 pacientes-ano <italic>versus</italic> 4.9 / 100 pacientes-ano, por&#233;m ao custo de mais complica&#231;&#245;es no grupo randomizado para o device (7,7% x 3,7%)<sup>29</sup>. Entretanto, a incid&#234;ncia das complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao implante, na sua maioria derrames peric&#225;rdicos e AVCs por emboliza&#231;&#227;o de ar, diminuiu significativamente com o progredir da curva de aprendizado dos operadores<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Existem v&#225;rias diferen&#231;as estruturais entre o Amplatzer Cardiac Plug e a pr&#243;tese de Watchman. A maior delas diz respeito ao seu disco oclusor. A pr&#243;tese de Watchman &#233; basicamente um <italic>plug</italic> que deve ser implantado com precis&#227;o para evitar tanto a sua protrus&#227;o para o &#225;trio esquerdo como a cria&#231;&#227;o de um fundo-de-saco residual que permita a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos. O ACP se comp&#245;e de duas partes unidas por um pino central. Sendo curto, apenas os 2 cm proximais do AAE s&#227;o utilizados na sua oclus&#227;o, n&#227;o sendo necess&#225;rio implant&#225;-lo profundamente. O disco oclusor do dispositivo permite fechar completamente o &#243;stio do AAE (" princ&#237;pio da chupeta de beb&#234;"<sup>24</sup> - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>), suplantando os problemas potencialmente impostos pelas muitas varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas desta estrutura, que normalmente envolvem sua por&#231;&#227;o distal. A flexibilidade do pino central possibilita um desalinhamento entre o disco e o lobo do ACP ap&#243;s o implante, fazendo com que a pr&#243;tese se ajuste ao eixo do AAE ap&#243;s o implante, ao inv&#233;s de distorc&#234;-lo<sup>31</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a superf&#237;cie mais anat&#244;mica resultante do posicionamento do disco oclusor permite uma reologia mais pr&#243;xima do normal e uma endoteliza&#231;&#227;o mais previs&#237;vel<sup>32</sup>. Outra diferen&#231;a significativa &#233; a presen&#231;a do revestimento de poli&#233;ster perme&#225;vel ao sangue na pr&#243;tese de Watchman, que faz requerer continua&#231;&#227;o da terapia anticoagulante por 6 semanas ap&#243;s o seu implante. O ACP, ao contr&#225;rio, parece permitir cessar a administra&#231;&#227;o da AO imediatamente ap&#243;s o implante<sup>8</sup>. Ainda, o kit utilizado para o implante do ACP inclui uma bainha com dupla curva, que facilita a intuba&#231;&#227;o coaxial do AAE, e &#233; compat&#237;vel com as demais pr&#243;teses de Amplatzer, possibilitando ocluir em um mesmo tempo o AAE e um FOP ou uma CIA, ap&#243;s simplesmente conectar uma segunda pr&#243;tese ao mesmo cabo utilizado previamente<sup>33</sup>. Todas estas caracter&#237;sticas, associadas &#224; familiaridade com a t&#233;cnica de Amplatzer, fazem do ACP um dispositivo mais simples de usar, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Watchman.</p>
    <p>Independente da pr&#243;tese implantada, no entanto, a oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do AAE n&#227;o &#233; um procedimento isento de riscos, dada a vulnerabilidade de sua estrutura e a possibilidade, embora pequena, de emboliza&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese ou de trombos preexistentes n&#227;o identificados pela ETE ou angiografia. Portanto, a interven&#231;&#227;o deve ser indicada apenas ap&#243;s uma cuidadosa integra&#231;&#227;o entre risco de AVC (estimado pelos escores CHADS<sub>2</sub> e CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc<sup>34,35</sup>), risco de sangramento (estimado pelo escore HAS-BLED<sup>36</sup>), risco do procedimento e qualidade de vida.</p>
    <p>O escore CHADS<sub>2</sub> m&#233;dio de 2,6 prev&#234; um risco anual de AVCs de 5,2% na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada<sup>4,34</sup>. Durante o seguimento, nenhum evento tromboemb&#243;lico foi detectado nos pacientes tratados. Por sua vez, o &#237;ndice global de complica&#231;&#245;es nesta s&#233;rie de pacientes de alto risco foi inferior &#224;queles relatados tanto na experi&#234;ncia europeia multic&#234;ntrica com o uso do ACP<sup>8</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>) como no estudo PROTECT-AF<sup>29</sup>, por&#233;m superior ao do registro CAP com a pr&#243;tese de Watchman<sup>30</sup>. Como ocorre com todo procedimento intervencionista, a curva de aprendizado desempenha um papel essencial na oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do AAE.</p>
    <p>O protocolo medicamentoso p&#243;s-procedimento, que prev&#234; apenas dupla inibi&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e descontinua&#231;&#227;o da AO, &#233; emp&#237;rico, e sua ado&#231;&#227;o baseou-se na conhecida baixa trombogenicidade dos oclusores septais de Amplatzer<sup>37</sup>. Pode-se arguir, entretanto, a diferen&#231;a entre o potencial trombog&#234;nico de uma pr&#243;tese implantada em um septo atrial em ritmo sinusal e outra implantada em um AAE em ritmo de FA<sup>8</sup>. Desta forma, o achado ecocardiogr&#225;fico tardio da presen&#231;a de trombo sobre o ACP em alguns casos n&#227;o constituiu surpresa, especialmente considerando o alto escore CHADS<sub>2</sub> desta popula&#231;&#227;o, e tendo em conta relatos pr&#233;vios de achados semelhantes<sup>38</sup>. Revendo-se retrospectivamente as imagens destes procedimentos, observou-se que em 70% destes casos o disco do ACP estava implantado em maior ou menor grau dentro do AAE, ao inv&#233;s de no seu &#243;stio, como ideal. Note-se, no entanto, que a maior parte destes trombos estavam firmemente aderidos sobre a pr&#243;tese, e na maioria dos casos observou-se resolu&#231;&#227;o completa com reinstitui&#231;&#227;o da AO, sem ter havido nenhum evento emb&#243;lico. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o da experi&#234;ncia com o implante deste dispositivo, contudo, a frequ&#234;ncia deste achado pode sugerir a necessidade de adapta&#231;&#227;o do protocolo medicamentoso ap&#243;s o implante do ACP.</p>
    <p>Em resumo, a an&#225;lise destes dados permite concluir que o implante do ACP para oclus&#227;o do AAE em pacientes com FANV se associa a um alto &#237;ndice de sucesso com uma taxa aceit&#225;vel de complica&#231;&#245;es, e resultados promissores a m&#233;dio prazo. Como ocorre com todo procedimento intervencionista, no entanto, o benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico obtido com esta interven&#231;&#227;o depende de uma sele&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa dos pacientes, da finaliza&#231;&#227;o da curva de aprendizado, e da defini&#231;&#227;o de protocolos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-implante adequados.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>&#202;nio Eduardo Gu&#233;rios </p>
        <p> Rua Hugo Simas, 322 - Pilarzinho </p>
        <p> 80520-250 - Curitiba, PR - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="eguerios@cardiol.br">eguerios@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="eguerios@terra.com.br">eguerios@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 14/10/11; </p>
    <p> Revisado recebido em 17/10/11; </p>
    <p> Aprovado em 26/12/11</p>
    <p>
      <italic>* Schmid M, Gloekler S, Saguner A, et al. Artigo aguardando avalia&#231;&#227;o </italic>
      <italic>para publica&#231;&#227;o.</italic>
    </p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Left atrial appendage closure with the Amplatzer Cardiac Plug in patients with atrial fibrillation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) has emerged as an alternative to oral anticoagulation (OA) for prevention of thromboembolic stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). OBJECTIVE: To describe the immediate results and short- to medium-term clinical follow-up (FU) of patients that underwent LAAC with Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (ACP) implantation in a single reference center. METHODS: Eighty-six consecutive patients with NVAF, contraindication to OA, and CHADS2 score=2.6&#177;1.2 underwent LAAC with ACP implantation. Clinical and echocardiographic FU was performed at least four months after the procedure. RESULTS: All implants were guided by angiography alone. Procedural success was 99% (one patient suffered a cardiac tamponade requiring pericardiocentesis, and the procedure was waived). There were four major complications (the already mentioned cardiac tamponade, two transient ischemic attacks and one device embolization with percutaneous retrieval) and two minor complications (one pericardial effusion without clinical significance and one non-significant ASD evidenced at FU). There was one in-hospital death after six days, unrelated to the procedure. All other patients were discharged without OA. After 25.9 patient-years of FU (69 patients), there were no strokes and no late device embolization. The LAA was completely closed in 97% of the cases. Six patients showed evidence of thrombus formation on the device, which resolved after three months of OA. CONCLUSION: LAAC is associated with high success, acceptable complication rates, and promising FU results, and may be considered a valuable alternative or complement to OA for stroke prevention in patients with NVAF.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial appendage</kwd>
        <kwd>atrial fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>prostheses and implants</kwd>
        <kwd>arrhythmias, cardiac</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Left atrial appendage closure with the Amplatzer Cardiac Plug in patients with atrial fibrillation</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>&#202;nio Eduardo Gu&#233;rios<sup>I, II</sup>; Michael Schmid<sup>I</sup>; Steffen Gloekler<sup>I</sup>; Ahmed A. Khattab<sup>I</sup>; Peter M. Wenaweser<sup>I</sup>; Stephan Windecker<sup>I</sup>; Bernhard Meier<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Cardiovascular Department - University Hospital Bern, Berna, Su&#237;&#231;a</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>CONCEPT - Centro de Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas e Estruturais do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) has emerged as an alternative to oral anticoagulation (OA) for prevention of thromboembolic stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF).</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To describe the immediate results and short- to medium-term clinical follow-up (FU) of patients that underwent LAAC with Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (ACP) implantation in a single reference center.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Eighty-six consecutive patients with NVAF, contraindication to OA, and CHADS<sub>2</sub> score=2.6&#177;1.2 underwent LAAC with ACP implantation. Clinical and echocardiographic FU was performed at least four months after the procedure.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>All implants were guided by angiography alone. Procedural success was 99% (one patient suffered a cardiac tamponade requiring pericardiocentesis, and the procedure was waived). There were four major complications (the already mentioned cardiac tamponade, two transient ischemic attacks and one device embolization with percutaneous retrieval) and two minor complications (one pericardial effusion without clinical significance and one non-significant ASD evidenced at FU). There was one in-hospital death after six days, unrelated to the procedure. All other patients were discharged without OA. After 25.9 patient-years of FU (69 patients), there were no strokes and no late device embolization. The LAA was completely closed in 97% of the cases. Six patients showed evidence of thrombus formation on the device, which resolved after three months of OA.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>LAAC is associated with high success, acceptable complication rates, and promising FU results, and may be considered a valuable alternative or complement to OA for stroke prevention in patients with NVAF. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>Atrial appendage; atrial fibrillation; prostheses and implants; arrhythmias, cardiac / complications.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>With the general aging of the population, it is expected that the incidence and prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common and epidemiologically most important cardiac arrhythmia, more than double by 2050 <sup>1</sup>. Stroke prevention is a primary goal in AF treatment, since 87% of strokes are believed to be hromboembolic, and patients with AF, whether permanent or paroxysmal, have a five-fold risk of stroke in comparison to a matched population in sinus rhythm<sup>2</sup>. This risk increases with age, from 1.5% / year in the 50-59-year-old age group to 23.5% in the 80-89-year-old age group<sup>1,3</sup>. Accordingly, oral anticoagulation for stroke prevention in AF patients has a class I, level of evidence A recommendation<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Oral anticoagulation with warfarin is effective when appropriately used but it requires regular monitoring because of its narrow therapeutic window and significant food and drug interactions. It also imposes life-style modifications<sup>5</sup>. These factors, on top of the potentially life-threatening bleeding complications, lead to under-utilization of oral anticoagulation, mainly in the elderly population, where it is most needed.</p>
      <p>The fact that in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), over 90% of thrombus accumulation originates in the left atrial appendage (LAA,<sup>6</sup> , provided the rationale for occluding the LAA as an alternative treatment to oral anticoagulation for stroke prevention in these patients. In addition to surgical technique<sup>7</sup>, percutaneous methods of LAA occlusion were developed, these being the dedicated Watchman (Boston Scientific - Atritech, Plymouth, MN) and the Amplatzer Cardiac Plug [ACP] (AGA Medical Corp., Minneapolis, MN) devices approved for clinical use. This report summarizes the largest up to date published single-center experiment of ACP implantation for occlusion of the LAA. It describes the immediate results and the short- to medium-term clinical follow-up of the patients that underwent this procedure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between January, 2009 and September, 2011, 86 consecutive patients with permanent or paroxysmal NVAF, at least one additional risk factor for thromboembolic events, absence of thrombus in LAA, and contra-indication or aversion to chronic oral anticoagulation underwent percutaneous implantation of an ACP for LAA occlusion at Bern University Hospital, Switzerland. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref> depicts the clinical and pre-interventional echocardiographic and angiographic features of these patients.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0528-00044-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Description of the device</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The ACP is a self-expandable nitinol device with a polyester patch within, formed by three parts: a cylindrical lobe with a fixed length of 6.5 mm, to which diameter (16 - 30mm, stepwise by 2mm) the prosthesis size refers; an occlusive disc, 4mm larger than the 16 - 22mm prosthesis, and 6mm larger than the 24 - 30mm devices; and a flexible central connector pine. There are six pairs of barbs attached to the lobe and directed to the disc, all identified by radiopaque marks, to enhance retention of the lobe in the LAA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0528-00044-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Device implantation and follow-up protocol</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Before intervention, a pre-evaluation TEE was performed to exclude thrombi in the LAA, oral anticoagulation was suspended, and an antibiotic prophylaxis with cefuroxime was given. All procedures were performed via femoral access, under local anesthesia, and were guided exclusively by angiography (biplane in most cases). Heparinization with 5000 units of heparin was given at the beginning of the procedure. Access to the left atrium was gained through transseptal puncture or passage through a preexisting patent foramen ovale (PFO) or atrial septal defect (ASD -<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). After angiography and measurement or estimation of the LAA diameter at the intended implantation site in at least 2 different projections (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>), a device with a diameter at least 4 mm larger than the landing zone diameter was chosen for implantation. In patients with paroxysmal AF in sinus rhythm at the time of implantation, these measurements were taken during atrial diastole. Once the ACP was implanted and some compression of the lobe by the LAA wall was observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-body2">Fig. 3</xref>), device stability was tested by gently pulling and releasing the delivery cable (Minnesota wiggle maneuver). The lobe has to move in conjunction with the LAA while the disk moves freely with the wire. Control angiographies were performed in various projections (depicting the lobe separated from the disk) prior to device release. In case of unsatisfactory positioning or anchoring, the prosthesis was recaptured, preferentially except for the distal part of the lobe and redeployed in a different angle, or changed for a more suitably sized device. Once adequately positioned and fixed, the ACP was released and a final angiography was performed. Patients with a concomitant PFO or ASD had their defects closed by reloading the same delivery cable and sheath with an adequate septal occluder. Unless an arterial puncture had been performed simultaneously, patients themselves performed compression of the femoral vein. They were given clopidogrel 75 mg daily for 1 month and acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg for 3-4 months, or lifelong if there was significant coronary artery disease. A control TTE was performed before discharge. The patients received two additional doses of cefuroxime if discharged home the day after the intervention and one if discharged the same day. Endocarditis prophylaxis was recommended for a few months, and clinical control, a new TEE for device, and occlusion control were scheduled for 3-6 months after implantation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4-body2">Fig. 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0528-00044-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0528-00044-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0528-00044-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Continuous variables are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Categorical variables are reported as counts and percentages.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref> compares the results obtained in this population to those achieved in the multicenter European experience with ACP implantation, the largest casuistic study published so far in which this device was used<sup>8</sup>. Procedural success was obtained in 85 of the 86 treated patients (99%). In the only unsuccessful case, the left atrium was accessed through a PFO, instead of a transseptal puncture, and the orientation of the PFO tunnel rigidified by an ASD Amplatzer occluder placed years earlier rendered the coaxialization of the delivery sheath in the LAA difficult. After repeat attempts at implantation of differently sized ACPs, a pericardial tamponade requiring emergency pericardial drainage ensued, and the LAA closure was waived. The PFO was closed and the patient was discharged the following day.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0528-00044-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Eighty-seven devices were implanted in the 85 patients in whom success was achieved, as two patients received two devices each. In 81 of them adequate positioning and anchoring was obtained with the first device chosen. In the remaining four patients the initial prosthesis was changed for a more suitably sized one. In two cases this was a larger one and in two cases a smaller one. In two patients, both with a bilobulated LAA, an incomplete closure of the LAA was observed after device implantation. In one of them, an additional ACP was implanted, and in the other one the remaining part of the LAA was closed with an Amplatzer vascular plug, with a good final result in both cases. One ACP embolized into the aorta about 15 minutes after being released. This was observed during an incidental percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) still ongoing, and the device was percutaneously retrieved and replaced by a smaller ACP. The patient was discharged the day after the procedure and the stable position of the second device was ascertained by echocardiography before dismissal. In addition to the pericardial tamponade described above, in one patient a small pericardial effusion with no hemodynamic compromise was observed, with total resolution during follow-up. One patient who underwent simultaneous PCI and TAVI developed acute renal failure with spontaneous recovery. There were two periprocedural cerebral events, one due to air embolism and the other most probably thromboembolic, both without clinical sequelae at the time of hospital discharge the following day.</p>
      <p>Forty-eight patients (55.8%) underwent a simultaneous intervention (ASD or PFO closure, PCI, or TAVI, some in various combinations) at the time of LAA closure. The mean total administered volume of contrast medium was 253.5&#177;114.3 ml, and the mean total fluoroscopy time 19&#177;12 min.</p>
      <p>One patient with a bleeding gastrointestinal tumor prohibiting anticoagulation died due to uncontrollable gastrointestinal bleeding six days after ACP implantation. Among the remaining 84 eligible patients, clinical and echocardiographic follow-up was obtained in 69 (82.1%). After 25.9 patient-years there were no strokes and no peripheral thromboembolizations. There were two late deaths, one due to respiratory failure secondary to bronchopneumonia. The other death was cardiac in a patient with known severe three-vessel coronary artery disease. In all but two patients, follow-up TEE demonstrated total occlusion of the LAA. In six patients, a non-mobile thrombus was detected on the device. All of them disappeared on repeat TEE done after reinstitution of oral anticoagulation for three months. In four patients, the presence of a fixed thrombus on the device could not be ruled out. Three of them remained on acetylsalicylic acid. In the fourth one warfarin was resumed and maintained for four months, with no change being observed in the control TEE after this time. In one patient a persistent small, hemodynamically non-significant left-to-right shunt at the transseptal puncture site was observed during late follow-up.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Adequate levels of oral anticoagulation with warfarin proved effective to reduce stroke by 64% in NVAF patients<sup>9</sup>. This means that in a third of patients, the therapy is ineffective. Moreover, multiple studies, including the SPORTIF series, have shown that up to 29% of the international normalized ratios (INRs) are subtherapeutic, 15 - 20% are supratherapeutic<sup>10</sup>, and that even in patients with optimal drug compliance, the INR is in its therapeutic range only about 60% of the time<sup>11</sup>. It must also be considered that the benefits of anticoagulation are not achievable without incurring the risk of bleeding. There is an annual risk of 3% for major bleeding and 9.6% for hemorrhagic complications in general with the use of warfarin<sup>12</sup>. Accordingly, its administration is contra-indicated in up to 44% of the patients with AF, especially those with recurrent major bleeding or previous cerebral bleeding<sup>2</sup>. Other issues to keep in mind are the difficult administration profile of the drug and the high rates of patient noncompliance due to the necessary life-style modifications. In clinical practice, therefore, the level of prescription of warfarin varies from 23% to 66% in high-risk patients and 8% to 49% in moderate risk patients<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>New anticoagulant drugs proved to be as or more effective than warfarin, with a safety profile which is at least comparable. Dabigatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, administered at a dose of 150mg twice daily, significantly reduced the rate of peripheral embolization, with similar rates of major bleeding. When given at a dose of 110mg twice daily, it showed similar rates of systemic embolism and significantly lower rates of major hemorrhage<sup>13</sup>. Rivaroxaban, an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor, given in a 20mg dose once daily, was non-inferior to warfarin in terms of peripheral embolism and bleeding complications as a whole, and was superior with regard to the occurrence of fatal and cerebral bleedings<sup>14</sup>. Apixaban, another oral direct factor Xa inhibitor, when 5mg twice daily was administered, was superior to warfarin with regard to both the prevention of cerebral and peripheral embolism and the occurrence of major bleeding complications<sup>15</sup>. These drugs, however, also have significant drug interactions (amiodarone, verapamil, quinidine) and some side effects, especially dyspepsia associated with dabigatran. Some are contraindicated in patients with liver or renal failure; they should be administered with caution in frail patients and in patients older than 75 years, due to enhanced bleeding risks; and there is currently no tested antidote that can be given in cases of major bleeding or emergency surgery<sup>16-18</sup>. Apart from these unfavorable characteristics and from their markedly higher cost when compared to warfarin, neither of these drugs is free of bleeding risk, especially in elderly patients and patients with previous major bleedings, and noncompliance, well illustrated by the high rates of drug discontinuity in the RE-LY (21% on dabigatran and 17% on warfarin group)<sup>13,19</sup> and ARISTOTELE (25% on apixaban and 27% on warfarin group) trials<sup>15</sup>. To overcome these limitations, non-pharmacologic therapeutic strategies for prevention of stroke in NVAF continue to be warranted.</p>
      <p>The LAA, a remnant of the embryonic left atrium, is a (multi)lobulated structure of variable anatomy, made of trabecules of pectinate muscles that form crypts in between them. The asymmetric junction that connects it to the left atrium is usually narrower than its body, and is located typically anterior and inferior to the left superior pulmonary vein<sup>2,20</sup>. In AF, the LAA structure and the marked reduction of its flow velocities and ejection fraction provide a rich milieu for blood stasis and thrombus formation, making the LAA the most important source of cerebral and peripheral emboli. Accordingly, in a review of 23 studies in which the LAA was examined by autopsy, TEE, or direct intra-operative inspection, intracardiac thrombus was encountered in 17% of NVAF patients, 91% of which in the LAA<sup>6</sup>. That is why the LAA has been deemed "our most lethal attachment" <sup>21</sup>, and its occlusion was proposed as a valuable alternative to anticoagulation for embolism prevention in patients with NVAF. LAA occlusion can be performed in three distinctive ways: surgical ligation or exclusion, concomitant to valvular surgery, coronary revascularization, or MAZE procedures; percutaneous epicardial exclusion, either thoracoscopic or via the pericardial sac, a new method that mimics surgical ligation; and percutaneous endovascular occlusion.</p>
      <p>Despite the proven effectiveness of surgical occlusion of the LAA, and its inclusion in the guidelines for mitral valve surgery <sup>22</sup>, its main limitation is high incomplete occlusion rates, varying from 10%-80%, depending on the employed technique and on the surgeon's experience. The highest success rate of complete occlusion is achieved with LAA excision, and the lowest, with exclusion by suture or staple ligation<sup>7,23</sup>.</p>
      <p>The familiarity, ease of implantation, and low thrombogenicity of the Amplatzer devices led to the first LAA closure series with an Amplatzer Septal Occluder in Bern, Switzerland. A study describing the results of such off-label procedures in 16 patients showed one device embolization and complete LAA occlusion in all remaining patients after a 5 patient-years follow-up<sup>24</sup>. However, a longer-time registry demonstrated that the use of septal occluders for LAA occlusion was associated with lower success and higher embolization rates when compared to the implantation of dedicated devices</p>
      <p>The first dedicated device for LAA occlusion was the PLAATO System (ev3, Plymouth, MN, no longer available), first implanted in 2001<sup>25</sup>. It consisted of a self-expandable nitinol cage covered with a non-thrombogenic PTFE membrane. Short-term as well as 5-year results after PLAATO system implantation were good, with a 42% reduction of the stroke rate predicted by the CHADS<sub>2</sub> score (3.8% / year vs. 6.6% / year)<sup>26,27</sup>.</p>
      <p>The Watchman device is a self-expandable open-cage nitinol structure with fixation barbs, and a permeable polyester membrane over its atrial surface. Unlike the PLAATO system, the Watchman device should be implanted more distally into the LAA body, and warfarin should be administered for 6-12 weeks after device implantation<sup>20,28</sup>. The multicenter PROTECT-AF trial proved the non-inferiority of Watchman device implantation in comparison to chronic warfarin therapy in patients with NVAF, with a major event rate (stroke, systemic embolization, or cardiovascular or unexplained death) of 3.0 / 100 patient-years versus 4.9 / 100 patient-years, but at a cost of more complications in the group randomized to device implantation (7.7% vs. 3.7%)<sup>29</sup>. However, the incidence of procedure-related complications, mainly pericardial effusions and strokes secondary to air embolization, significantly decreased along the learning curve of the operators<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>There are many structural differences between the Amplatzer Cardiac Plug and the Watchman device. The most important refers to the occlusive disc. The Watchman device is basically a plug that should be precisely implanted to avoid both its protrusion into left atrium as well as the creation of a cul de sac where thrombus may form. The ACP consists of two parts joined by a central pin. Being short, the ACP can be implanted in a shallow position in the LAA, as only the proximal 2 cm are needed for its occlusion. The occlusive disk permits the complete closure of the LAA orifice ("pacifier principle"<sup>24 </sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>), surpassing the problems that the myriad of LAA anatomical variations, mostly distally located, may impose. The flexibility of the central pin allows a misalignment between the disc and the lobe of the ACP after implantation, adapting the prosthesis to the LAA axis rather than distorting it<sup>31</sup>. Also, the more anatomic surface that derives from the occlusive disc implantation results in a rheology that is closer to normal and also in a more predictable endothelization<sup>32</sup>. Another significant difference between the devices is the fabric covering of the Watchman device, which is permeable to blood, hence the recommendation to continue warfarin therapy for six weeks after implantation. The ACP, on the other side, seems to permit cessation of anticoagulation immediately after its implantation<sup>8</sup>. Moreover, the kit used for implanting the ACP features a double-curved sheath, facilitating coaxial intubation of the LAA, and it is compatible with other Amplatzer devices, making simultaneous closure of atrial shunts straightforward by simply reloading the sheath with an additional device<sup>33</sup>. These features associated with the familiarity with the Amplatzer technique make ACP implantation user-friendlier in comparison to the Watchman device.</p>
      <p>Regardless of the implanted device, however, percutaneous LAA occlusion is not a risk-free intervention, given the intrinsic structural vulnerability of the LAA and the possibility, albeit low, of device embolization, or embolization of preexisting thrombi not adequately identified by TEE or preliminary contrast medium injection into the LAA. Therefore, the procedure must only be indicated after assessing the risk of stroke (estimated by the CHADS<sub>2</sub> and the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc scores<sup>34,35</sup>), risk of bleeding (estimated by the HAS-BLED score<sup>36</sup>), risk of the intervention and quality of life.</p>
      <p>The mean CHADS2 score of 2.6 of the studied cohort projects a yearly occurrence of 5.2% of embolic events<sup>4,34</sup>. No events were observed during the follow-up period. In addition, the total complication rate in this high-risk patient series was lower than that reported in the multicentric European experience with the ACP<sup>8</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">table 2</xref>), as well as in the PROTECT-AF trial<sup>29</sup> but higher than CAP registry with the Watchman device<sup>30</sup>. Similarly to all interventional procedures, the learning curve plays an essential role in LAA closure.</p>
      <p>The empirical post-implantation medication protocol, namely dual antiplatelet therapy with no further oral anticoagulation, was adopted based on the legendary low thrombogenicity of the Amplatzer septal ocluder devices<sup>37</sup>. It can be argued, however, that the thrombogenic potential of a device occluding a septal defect in sinus rhythm is lower than that related to one in fibrillating LA<sup>8</sup>. Hence, the late echocardiographic finding of device-associated thrombi in some patients came as no surprise, taking into account the high CHADS2 score of this population, and being aware of previous reports showing similar findings<sup>38</sup>. Retrospectively reviewing the images of these procedures it could be noted that, in 70% of them, the disk of the occluder was implanted somewhat inside the LAA rather than at its ostium, as would be ideal. However, these thrombi were firmly attached to the device. They generally disappeared after temporary reinstitution of oral anticoagulation, with no embolic events. The frequency of this finding in the growing experience with ACP implantation may suggest, however, a need to adapt post-implant medication protocols.</p>
      <p>In summary, these data allow for concluding that ACP implantation for LAA occlusion is associated with high success and acceptable complication rates, and promising follow-up results. As with every interventional procedure, however, the clinical benefits that derive from the intervention depend on careful patient selection, on having passed the learning curve, and on well-defined, adequate pre- and post-implantation protocols.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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