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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">d7r9B3mxYCYBdhDrVj86q9q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000600006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800606</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000042</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o com RF de arritmia na inf&#226;ncia: registro observacional em 125 crian&#231;as</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy Lara de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hardy</surname>
            <given-names>Carina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camargo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Argentino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">InCor</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>514</fpage>
      <lpage>518</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (ARF) em crian&#231;as consiste em uma pr&#225;tica cada vez mais frequente. OBJETIVO: Avaliar, em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, os resultados da ARF em crian&#231;as com idade abaixo de 15 anos. M&#201;TODOS: Foram analisadas 125 crian&#231;as submetidas &#224; ARF entre maio de 1991 a maio de 2010. RESULTADOS: Sessenta e sete (53,6%) crian&#231;as eram do sexo masculino, com idade entre 44 dias e 15 anos (m&#233;dia de 8,6 &#177; 3,3 anos) e peso mediano de 31 kg. Cardiopatia esteve presente em 21 (16,8%) pacientes. A ARF de vias acess&#243;rias (VA) foi o procedimento mais comum (62 crian&#231;as - 49,6%). A ARF de taquicardias por reentrada nodal (TRN) foi a segunda arritmia mais frequente, em 27 (21,6%), seguida de taquicardias atriais (TA), em 16 (12,8%) e de taquicardias ventriculares (TV) em 8 (6,4%) crian&#231;as. Os crit&#233;rios de sucesso foram alcan&#231;ados em 86,9%, 96,1%, 80% e 62,5% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; ARF de VA, TRN, TA e TV, respectivamente. Os bloqueios atrioventriculares transit&#243;rios (BAVT) ocorreram durante a ARF em 4 (3,2%) e BRD em 7 (5,6%) crian&#231;as. Vinte e cinco crian&#231;as foram submetidos &#224; nova ARF por insucesso inicial ou recorr&#234;ncia. Durante o seguimento m&#233;dio de 5,5 &#177; 3,4 anos, 107 (88,4%) persistiram sem recorr&#234;ncia. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados e &#224; idade em que o paciente se submeteu ao procedimento. Nenhuma crian&#231;a apresentou BAVT persistente ou necessitou de marca-passo definitivo. CONCLUS&#195;O: A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter &#233; uma alternativa terap&#234;utica segura e eficiente em crian&#231;as com taquicardias recorrentes refrat&#225;rias ao tratamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Arritmias card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>crian&#231;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Abla&#231;&#227;o com RF de arritmia na inf&#226;ncia. Registro observacional em 125 crian&#231;as</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sissy Lara de Melo; Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim Scanavacca; Cristiano Pisani; Francisco Darrieux; Denise Hachul; Carina Hardy; Paulo Roberto Camargo; Edmar Atik; Eduardo Argentino Sosa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>InCor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (ARF) em crian&#231;as consiste em uma pr&#225;tica cada vez mais frequente. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar, em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, os resultados da ARF em crian&#231;as com idade abaixo de 15 anos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram analisadas 125 crian&#231;as submetidas &#224; ARF entre maio de 1991 a maio de 2010. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Sessenta e sete (53,6%) crian&#231;as eram do sexo masculino, com idade entre 44 dias e 15 anos (m&#233;dia de 8,6 &#177; 3,3 anos) e peso mediano de 31 kg. Cardiopatia esteve presente em 21 (16,8%) pacientes. A ARF de vias acess&#243;rias (VA) foi o procedimento mais comum (62 crian&#231;as - 49,6%). A ARF de taquicardias por reentrada nodal (TRN) foi a segunda arritmia mais frequente, em 27 (21,6%), seguida de taquicardias atriais (TA), em 16 (12,8%) e de taquicardias ventriculares (TV) em 8 (6,4%) crian&#231;as. Os crit&#233;rios de sucesso foram alcan&#231;ados em 86,9%, 96,1%, 80% e 62,5% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; ARF de VA, TRN, TA e TV, respectivamente. Os bloqueios atrioventriculares transit&#243;rios (BAVT) ocorreram durante a ARF em 4 (3,2%) e BRD em 7 (5,6%) crian&#231;as. Vinte e cinco crian&#231;as foram submetidos &#224; nova ARF por insucesso inicial ou recorr&#234;ncia. Durante o seguimento m&#233;dio de 5,5 &#177; 3,4 anos, 107 (88,4%) persistiram sem recorr&#234;ncia. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados e &#224; idade em que o paciente se submeteu ao procedimento. Nenhuma crian&#231;a apresentou BAVT persistente ou necessitou de marca-passo definitivo. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter &#233; uma alternativa terap&#234;utica segura e eficiente em crian&#231;as com taquicardias recorrentes refrat&#225;rias ao tratamento cl&#237;nico. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Arritmias card&#237;acas, abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, crian&#231;a.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea com radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) foi utilizada em adultos com taquicardia parox&#237;stica supraventricular, pela primeira vez, em 1987 e passou a ser uma alternativa ao tratamento cl&#237;nico para uma variedade de arritmias na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica desde o primeiro relato em 1989<sup>1-3</sup>. Com os avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos na energia aplicada de RF e o desenvolvimento de cateteres deflect&#237;veis de di&#226;metro pequeno, a abla&#231;&#227;o com RF passou a ser utilizada como tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico de elei&#231;&#227;o das taquicardias na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. Entretanto, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de RF em crian&#231;as menores de cinco anos e/ou com menos de 15 kg ainda &#233; controversa<sup>4</sup>. Existem in&#250;meras vari&#225;veis que aumentam a complexidade e o risco do procedimento nessa faixa et&#225;ria, tais como: limita&#231;&#245;es do acesso vascular, cora&#231;&#227;o de pequena dimens&#227;o, poss&#237;veis varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas devido &#224; presen&#231;a de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, expans&#227;o da les&#227;o e os potenciais efeitos da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o sobre as c&#233;lulas em desenvolvimento<sup>5-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora o controle medicamentoso das arritmias card&#237;acas nessa faixa et&#225;ria seja poss&#237;vel, a recorr&#234;ncia &#233; alta e os efeitos secund&#225;rios n&#227;o s&#227;o desprez&#237;veis. Por esse motivo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar os resultados da abla&#231;&#227;o com RF na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram analisadas as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>) de 125 crian&#231;as, com idade menor de 15 anos, submetidas &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o com RF no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (Incor FMUSP) no per&#237;odo de maio de 1991 a maio de 2010.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0514-00042-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Ao longo desse per&#237;odo, as crian&#231;as com taquicardias t&#234;m sido, inicial e rotineiramente, avaliadas pelos m&#233;dicos da equipe de cardiopediatria da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, os quais tomam as primeiras medidas terap&#234;uticas para revers&#227;o das crises, decidem os medicamentos para evitar as recorr&#234;ncias e fazem o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico. Os pacientes s&#227;o encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo grupo de arritmias para poss&#237;vel abla&#231;&#227;o nos seguintes casos: 1) Neonatos e lactentes refrat&#225;rios &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica, incluindo amiodarona, e com evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica desfavor&#225;vel; 2) Crian&#231;as com idade menor de cinco anos e/ou com peso menor que 15 kg, com efeito colateral inaceit&#225;vel ao tratamento cl&#237;nico ou com refratariedade &#224;s drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas; 3) Crian&#231;as maiores que cinco anos ou acima de 15 kg, como uma op&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento cl&#237;nico e/ou quando a &#250;nica medica&#231;&#227;o efetiva consiste na amiodarona (para evitar seu uso cr&#244;nico).</p>
    <p>O estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) foi realizado sempre com o paciente em anestesia geral, com sevoflurano e propofol, e ap&#243;s suspens&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica por cinco meias-vidas da mesma. Foram utilizados de um a dois cateteres eletrodos multipolares introduzidos por pun&#231;&#227;o venosa femoral direita e/ou esquerda ou atrav&#233;s do acesso venoso jugular; e um cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o, introduzido por pun&#231;&#227;o da veia ou art&#233;ria femoral direita ou esquerda, de acordo com o diagn&#243;stico da arritmia. Um estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico foi realizado antes da abla&#231;&#227;o, com o objetivo de reproduzir a arritmia cl&#237;nica. Caso essa n&#227;o fosse induzida, era realizada nova estimula&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s infus&#227;o endovenosa de isoproterenol. A abla&#231;&#227;o s&#243; foi realizada ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o da arritmia cl&#237;nica. O tamanho dos cateteres variou de 5 a 7 French e sua posi&#231;&#227;o foi guiada por fluoroscopia. Ap&#243;s a localiza&#231;&#227;o do s&#237;tio ideal para abla&#231;&#227;o, a energia de RF foi liberada atrav&#233;s do cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o. Para os pacientes com alvo localizado &#224; esquerda, foi utilizada a via transeptal, na aus&#234;ncia de forame oval p&#233;rvio. A aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF foi feita com pot&#234;ncia m&#225;xima de 30 W e sob controle de temperatura, sendo 55&#176; C a temperatura lim&#237;trofe utilizada em crian&#231;as com menos de 15 kg. Para maiores de 15 kg, a temperatura m&#225;xima foi de 60&#176; C, com pot&#234;ncia de 50 W. O objetivo final era a n&#227;o reindu&#231;&#227;o da arritmia cl&#237;nica. Nos casos de taquicardia por reentrada nodal, aceitava-se a modifica&#231;&#227;o da via lenta, definida como persist&#234;ncia de salto e eco, mas sem indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia mesmo ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de isoproterenol endovenoso. Ao final do procedimento, na aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es, o paciente foi encaminhado ao leito de origem ou &#224; unidade de terapia intensiva pedi&#225;trica para observa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Habitualmente, &#233; recomendada a suspens&#227;o das medica&#231;&#245;es antiarr&#237;tmicas ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o e a aspirina por via oral, 5 mg/kg/dia, &#233; mantida por 30 dias naqueles submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o nas c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas. A primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; marcada em 30 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento, o seguimento realizado a cada 3-4 meses no primeiro ano e 6-12 meses nos anos seguintes. O ecocardiograma, ECG e Holter de 24 h. s&#227;o indicados de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas do paciente e da arritmia abordada. Esse seguimento era realizado pela equipe de cardiopediatria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi utilizado teste Shapiro-Wilk para determinar se a vari&#225;vel apresenta distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. As sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas como mediana e interquartis 25 e 75. Foi utilizado teste T de Fisher (vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) e Wilcoxon (vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) para comparar em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis dos diferentes grupos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>. Sessenta e sete (53,6%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino, com idades variando entre 40 dias e 15 anos, com m&#233;dia de 8,6 &#177; 3,4 anos, 83,2% sem cardiopatia estrutural. A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi dividida em tr&#234;s grupos de acordo com a idade: grupo 1 variando de 0 a 4 anos; grupo 2 de 5 a 9 anos e grupo 3 de 10 a 15 anos. Dezoito pacientes compuseram o grupo 1 (14,4%), sendo 8 do sexo feminino; 63 pacientes, o grupo 2 (50,4%), 29 do sexo feminino; e 44 compuseram o grupo 3 (35,2%), sendo 21 do sexo feminino.</p>
    <p>No grupo 1 <italic>(</italic>15 pacientes), nove (60%) tinham vias an&#244;malas (VA) sendo tr&#234;s esquerdas, duas direitas, tr&#234;s septais e uma para-hissiana. Um paciente apresentava taquicardia por reentrada nodal e cinco pacientes taquicardia atrial (TA) direita. No grupo 2 (63 pacientes), em 30 (47,6%) foi observada VA, sendo 23 esquerdas, duas direitas, tr&#234;s septais e duas para-hissianas. Quinze (23,8%) pacientes tinham TRN e sete (11,2%) apresentaram TA, sendo quatro &#224; direita e tr&#234;s &#224; esquerda. No grupo 3 (48 crian&#231;as), em 23 (52,3%) pacientes observou-se VA, sendo nove esquerdas, seis direitas, seis septais e duas para-hissianas. Onze (25%) pacientes apresentaram TRN e quatro (9%) TA, tr&#234;s direitas e uma esquerda (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0514-00042-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o de arritmia ventricular foi indicada em dois pacientes com idade entre 0 e 4 anos (11,1%) e em cinco com idade entre 5 e 9 anos (8,2%). O EEF sem abla&#231;&#227;o foi realizado em 12 pacientes; um (5,6%) paciente entre 0 e 4 anos, seis entre 5 e 9 anos (8,2%) e cinco (11,4%) entre 10 e 15 anos. Oito pacientes foram submetidos apenas ao EEF devido a n&#227;o indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmia cl&#237;nica, e quatro para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco ap&#243;s s&#237;ncope ou PCR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>O peso mediano da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 31 kg (interquartis 22,5 e 42,3), sendo que sete pacientes (5,8%) apresentavam peso abaixo de 15 kg.</p>
    <p>Dos 21 pacientes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>), seis (28,6%) foram submetidos apenas &#224; EEF (devido a n&#227;o indu&#231;&#227;o da arritmia cl&#237;nica), e 15 deles (71,4%) &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o com RF, sendo seis (28,6%) &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de via acess&#243;ria, cinco (23,8%) de TA, dois (9,5%) de arritmias ventriculares e dois (9,5%) de TRN. O sucesso foi menor em compara&#231;&#227;o aos sem cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, sendo de 42,9% ap&#243;s a primeira abla&#231;&#227;o (RR: 4,87; p &lt; 0,0001) e 75% ap&#243;s novas interven&#231;&#245;es (RR: 2,55; p = 0,05). Cinco pacientes (28,6%) foram submetidos a uma segunda interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0514-00042-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento foi de 5,4 &#177; 3,2anos. O sucesso, definido como interrup&#231;&#227;o da arritmia bem como a n&#227;o reindu&#231;&#227;o da mesma, foi obtido na primeira abla&#231;&#227;o em 95 pacientes (78,5%) e ap&#243;s mais de uma interven&#231;&#227;o em 107 (88,4%) crian&#231;as. Cem (80%) crian&#231;as foram submetidas a um &#250;nico procedimento, 22 (17,6%) a dois procedimentos, duas (1,6%) a tr&#234;s e uma (0,8%) a quatro procedimentos. Entre os 95 pacientes em que se obteve sucesso na abla&#231;&#227;o inicial, 17 (17,9%) apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia da arritmia, sendo 10 com via acess&#243;ria, quatro com TRN e tr&#234;s com TA. Foi realizada nova abla&#231;&#227;o em 16 (94%), com sucesso em 14 (87,5%).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ocorreram 15 complica&#231;&#245;es (12%) nestas crian&#231;as durante os procedimentos. Doze (9,5%) relacionadas ao sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o: Bloqueio AV 2:1 durante manipula&#231;&#227;o de cateter em uma crian&#231;a; BAVT transit&#243;rio, induzido por manipula&#231;&#227;o de cateter em outra crian&#231;a e durante aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF em 3 crian&#231;as (2,4%). O bloqueio de ramo direito ocorreu em sete crian&#231;as (5,6%), seis durante a manipula&#231;&#227;o de cateteres e um durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF.</p>
    <p>Observou-se insucesso na abla&#231;&#227;o em dois pacientes e sucesso imediato com recorr&#234;ncia em outros dois, que apresentaram bloqueio atrioventricular ou de ramo direito durante o procedimento. Nos outros 8 pacientes, a abla&#231;&#227;o foi bem sucedida e sem recorr&#234;ncia no seguimento. N&#227;o se observou nenhum bloqueio permanente, bem como nenhum paciente necessitou de marca-passo no seguimento.</p>
    <p>Outras complica&#231;&#245;es registradas foram: acidente durante pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal, que resultou em hemoperic&#225;rdio, resolvido durante o pr&#243;prio procedimento com drenagem por pun&#231;&#227;o subxif&#243;ide, sem necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica; e queimadura de pele causada pela placa de RF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as no peso entre as crian&#231;as que tiveram complica&#231;&#245;es (33,8 &#177; 14,8 kg sem complica&#231;&#245;es e 29,4 &#177; 16,6 kg com complica&#231;&#245;es; p = 0,29), bem como no n&#250;mero de complica&#231;&#245;es entre as crian&#231;as com mais ou menos de 15 kg (p = 0,21).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dentro do nosso conhecimento, esta &#233; a maior s&#233;rie de casos de abla&#231;&#227;o de taquicardias em crian&#231;as com seguimento de longo prazo publicadas no Brasil. Nossos dados est&#227;o em concord&#226;ncia com outras s&#233;ries internacionais<sup>1-4</sup>, confirmando que a abla&#231;&#227;o com RF &#233; uma alternativa eficaz e segura em longo prazo para o tratamento das taquiarritmias de dif&#237;cil controle cl&#237;nico na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. A taquicardia atrioventricular envolvendo vias acess&#243;rias da condu&#231;&#227;o AV &#233; a indica&#231;&#227;o mais frequente de abla&#231;&#227;o em crian&#231;as, seguida da taquicardia por reentrada nodal e a taquicardia atrial<sup>11</sup>. A taquicardia ventricular raramente &#233; indicada por sua baixa preval&#234;ncia em crian&#231;as<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A taxa de sucesso descrita na literatura varia consideravelmente na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica (de 50 a 96%), quando comparada com taxas entre 82% a 99% na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta<sup>12,13</sup>. Observamos sucesso em 79,2% no primeiro procedimento, independente do mecanismo da taquicardia. A menor taxa de sucesso quando se comparam os dados da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta n&#227;o foi devida a problemas de acesso vascular e/ou ao mapeamento, e sim ao desaparecimento da via acess&#243;ria ou bloqueios AV transit&#243;rios provocados pela manipula&#231;&#227;o do cateter, impedindo a conclus&#227;o do procedimento.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a na taxa de sucesso entre as diversas faixas et&#225;rias e em rela&#231;&#227;o ao peso (maior ou menor que 15 kg). Tal achado &#233; concordante com outras publica&#231;&#245;es, onde o baixo peso n&#227;o foi um fator determinante do insucesso<sup>14</sup>. Outro dado, tamb&#233;m de acordo com a literatura<sup>4,12-14</sup>, foi a menor taxa de sucesso na popula&#231;&#227;o portadora de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, quando comparada &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o sem doen&#231;a estrutural, devido &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas encontradas nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas convencionais para postergar a indica&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter em crian&#231;as mais jovens derivam de estudos experimentais que sugerem maior expans&#227;o da les&#227;o de RF em indiv&#237;duos em desenvolvimento, assim como de estudos cl&#237;nicos que demonstram maior fragilidade do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, acesso vascular mais restrito e maior risco de les&#227;o coronariana e valvar em crian&#231;as<sup>15</sup>. Outra considera&#231;&#227;o que deve ser feita &#233; o maior risco de desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as oncol&#243;gicas pela exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; fluoroscopia<sup>6-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, com a menor utiliza&#231;&#227;o na quantidade de cateteres, manipula&#231;&#227;o cautelosa dos mesmos, menor tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o de fluoroscopia e uso do mapeamento n&#227;o fluorosc&#243;pico, utilizados mais recentemente, os riscos de complica&#231;&#245;es podem ser reduzidos. Aten&#231;&#227;o especial deve ser dada &#224; presen&#231;a de vias acess&#243;rias pr&#243;ximas ao sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, pois as mesmas apresentam maior risco de BAVT. Nesses casos, na literatura, tem sido considerado o uso de crioabla&#231;&#227;o<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este &#233; um estudo retrospectivo com n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de pacientes na faixa et&#225;ria de 0 a 5 anos e com peso inferior a 15 kg, n&#227;o permitindo uma an&#225;lise expressiva dos resultados nesta faixa et&#225;ria. Os dados referem-se aos resultados de uma &#250;nica institui&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m se trata de uma casu&#237;stica expressiva.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Frente a essas observa&#231;&#245;es, conclu&#237;mos que a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter &#233; uma alternativa terap&#234;utica segura e eficiente em crian&#231;as com taquicardias recorrentes refrat&#225;rias ao tratamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Sissy Lara de Melo </p>
        <p> Rua Cotox&#243;, 472 / 72 - Perdizes </p>
        <p> 05021-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="sissy.lara@incor.usp.br">sissy.lara@incor.usp.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="sissylara@terra.com.br">sissylara@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 16/08/11; </p>
    <p> Revisado recebido em 19/08/11; </p>
    <p> Aceito em 30/01/12.</p>
  </body>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15.  Saul JP, Hulse JE, Walsh EP. Late enlargement of radiofrequency lesions in infant  lambs: implications for ablation procedures in small children. Circulation. 1994;90(1):492-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Late enlargement of radiofrequency lesions in infant lambs: implications for ablation procedures in small children</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>492</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Saul</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hulse</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walsh</surname>
              <given-names>EP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16.  Miyazaki A, Blaufox AD, Fairbrother DL, Saul JP. Cryo-ablation for septal tachycardia  substrates in pediatric patients: mid-term results. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(4):581-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cryo-ablation for septal tachycardia substrates in pediatric patients: mid-term results</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>581</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miyazaki</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blaufox</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fairbrother</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saul</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Radiofrequency ablation of childhood arrhythmia: observational registry in 125 children</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in children is an increasingly common practice. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, in our institution, the results of RFA in children younger than 15 years. METHODS: A total of 125 children submitted to RFA between May 1991 and May 2010 were analyzed. RESULTS: Sixty-seven (53.6%) children were males, aged between 44 days and 15 years (mean 8.6 &#177; 3.3 years) with median weight of 31 kg. Heart disease was present in 21 (16.8%) patients. The RFA of accessory pathways (AP) was the most common procedure (62 children - 49.6%). The RFA of nodal reentrant tachycardia (NRT) was the second most common arrhythmia in 27 (21.6%), followed by atrial tachycardia (AT) in 16 (12.8%) and ventricular tachycardias (VT) in 8 (6.4%) children. The success criteria were achieved in 86.9%, 96.1%, 80% and 62.5% of patients undergoing RFA of AP, NRT, AT and VT, respectively. Transient AVB occurred during RFA in 4 (3.2%) and LBBB in 7 (5.6%) children. Twenty-five children underwent a new RFA due to initial failure or recurrence. During the mean follow up of 5.5 &#177; 3.4 years, 107 (88.4%) remained without recurrence. There was no statistical difference regarding the results and the age at which the patient underwent the procedure. No child had persistent AVB or required a permanent pacemaker. CONCLUSION: Catheter ablation is a safe and effective alternative therapy in children with recurrent tachycardias refractory to medical treatment.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>catheter ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>child</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="top-body2"/>Radiofrequency ablation of childhood arrhythmia. Observational registry in 125 children</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sissy Lara de Melo; Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim Scanavacca; Cristiano Pisani; Francisco Darrieux; Denise Hachul; Carina Hardy; Paulo Roberto Camargo; Edmar Atik; Eduardo Argentino Sosa</bold>
      </p>
      <p>InCor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in children is an increasingly common practice.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate, in our institution, the results of RFA in children younger than 15 years.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A total of 125 children submitted to RFA between May 1991 and May 2010 were analyzed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Sixty-seven (53.6%) children were males, aged between 44 days and 15 years (mean 8.6 &#177; 3.3 years) with median weight of 31 kg. Heart disease was present in 21 (16.8%) patients. The RFA of accessory pathways (AP) was the most common procedure (62 children - 49.6%). The RFA of nodal reentrant tachycardia (NRT) was the second most common arrhythmia in 27 (21.6%), followed by atrial tachycardia (AT) in 16 (12.8%) and ventricular tachycardias (VT) in 8 (6.4%) children. The success criteria were achieved in 86.9%, 96.1%, 80% and 62.5% of patients undergoing RFA of AP, NRT, AT and VT, respectively. Transient AVB occurred during RFA in 4 (3.2%) and LBBB in 7 (5.6%) children. Twenty-five children underwent a new RFA due to initial failure or recurrence. During the mean follow up of 5.5 &#177; 3.4 years, 107 (88.4%) remained without recurrence. There was no statistical difference regarding the results and the age at which the patient underwent the procedure. No child had persistent AVB or required a permanent pacemaker.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Catheter ablation is a safe and effective alternative therapy in children with recurrent tachycardias refractory to medical treatment. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Keywords: Arrhythmias, cardiac; catheter ablation; child.</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Percutaneous radio frequency ablation (RFA) was first used in adult patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in 1987 and has become an alternative to medical treatment for a variety of arrhythmias in the pediatric population since the first report in 19891-3. With technological advances in the power applied in RFA and the development of small-diameter deflectable catheters, RFA is now used as the non-pharmacological treatment of choice of tachycardias in the pediatric population.</p>
      <p>However, the use of RFA in children under five years of age and/or weighing less than 15 kg is still controversial4. There are many variables that increase the complexity and risk of the procedure in this age group, such as vascular access limitations, small heart, possible anatomical variations due to the presence of congenital heart disease, lesion expansion and potential effects of exposure to radiation on developing cells5-10.</p>
      <p>Although the drug therapy of cardiac arrhythmias in this age group is possible, the recurrence is high and the side effects are not negligible. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the results of RFA in the pediatric population at our institution.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We analyzed the clinical characteristics (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_03912t01-body2">Table 1</xref>) of 125 children aged &lt; 15 years who underwent RFA at Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor FMUSP) from May 1991 to May 2010.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_03912t01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0514-00042-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Throughout this period, the children with tachycardia have been, initially and routinely evaluated by physicians from the team of cardio-pediatrics of our institution, who carry out the first therapeutic measures to reverse the crisis, decide which drugs to use to prevent recurrences and carry out the clinical follow-up.</p>
      <p>Patients are referred to be evaluated by the arrhythmia group for possible ablation in the following cases: 1) Newborns and infants refractory to antiarrhythmic drugs including amiodarone, and with unfavorable clinical course, 2) Children aged under five years and/or who weigh &lt; 15 kg, with unacceptable side effects to medical treatment or refractory to antiarrhythmic drugs, 3) Children older than five years or who weigh &gt; 15 kg, as an alternative to medical treatment and/or when the only effective medication is amiodarone (to avoid its chronic use).</p>
      <p>The electrophysiological study (EPS) was always performed with the patient under general anesthesia with sevoflurane and propofol, and after discontinuation of antiarrhythmic drugs for five of their half-lives. We used one or two multipolar electrode catheters introduced through right and/or left femoral venipuncture or jugular venous access; and an ablation catheter, inserted through the right or left femoral artery or vein, according to the arrhythmia diagnosis. An electrophysiological study was performed before the ablation, with the aim of reproducing the clinical arrhythmia. If the latter was not induced, a new stimulation was performed after intravenous infusion of isoproterenol.</p>
      <p>The ablation was performed only after the clinical arrhythmia induction. Catheter size varied from 5 to 7 French and catheter position was guided by fluoroscopy. After establishing the ideal site for ablation, radiofrequency energy was delivered through the ablation catheter. For patients with target located on the left, the transeptal approach was used in the absence of patent foramen ovale. RF was applied at a maximum power of 30 W with a controlled temperature of 55 &#176;C, the borderline temperature used in children weighing &lt; 15 kg. For those weighing &gt; 15 kg, the maximum temperature was 60 &#176;C, with a power of 50 W. The ultimate goal was not to reinduce the clinical arrhythmia. In cases of nodal reentrant tachycardia, the slow pathway modification was accepted, defined as persistence of conduction, but without tachycardia induction even after intravenous isoproterenol infusion.</p>
      <p>At the end of the procedure, in the absence of complications, the patient was kept at the original hospital bed or referred to the pediatric intensive care unit for clinical observation. The withdrawal of anti-arrhythmic drugs after ablation is usually recommended and aspirin, given orally, 5 mg/kg/day for 30 days is maintained in those undergoing ablation of the left cardiac chambers. The first clinical evaluation is scheduled within 30 days after the procedure; the follow-up is carried out every 3-4 months in the first year and every 6-12 months thereafter. The echocardiogram, ECG and 24-h Holter are indicated according to the patient's clinical characteristics and the arrhythmia. The follow-up is carried out by cardiopediatric team.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine whether the variable had a normal distribution. Continuous variables with normal distribution were described as mean &#177; standard deviation. Those without normal distribution were described as median and 25 and 75 interquartile ranges. Fisher's t test (variables with normal distribution) and Wilcoxon test (variables without normal distribution) were used to compare the association between occurrence of complications and the variables of different groups.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical characteristics of patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_03912t01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Sixty-seven (53.6%) patients were males, aged 40 days to 15 years, with a mean of 8.6 &#177; 3.4 years, of which 83.2% had no structural heart disease. The sample was divided into three groups according to age: group 1 ranging from 0 to 4 years; group 2 from 5 to 9 years and group 3 from 10 to 15 years. Group 1 consisted of 18 patients (14.4%), of which 8 were females, group 2 had 63 patients, (50.4%), with 29 females and group 3 had 44 patients (35.2%), of which 21 were females.</p>
      <p>In group 1 (15 patients), nine (60%) had anomalous pathways (AP) with three left, two right, three septal and one parahisian. One patient had nodal reentrant tachycardia (NRT) and five patients had right atrial tachycardia (AT). In group 2 (63 patients), 30 (47.6%) had AP, with 23 left, two right, three septal and two parahisian. Fifteen (23.8%) patients had NRT and seven (11.2%) had AT, four to the right and three to the left. In group 3 (48 children), 23 (52.3%) had AP, with nine left, six right, six septal and two parahisian. Eleven (25%) patients had NRT and four (9%) had AT, three right and one left (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0514-00042-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Ablation of ventricular arrhythmia was performed in two patients aged between 0 and 4 years (11.1%) and five aged between 5 and 9 years (8.2%). The EPS without ablation was carried out in 12 patients, one (5.6%) patient between 0 and 4, six between 5 and 9 (8.2%) and five (11.4%) between 10 and 15 years. Eight patients underwent only the EPS due to absence of induction of clinical arrhythmia, and four for risk stratification after syncope or CRA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>The median weight of the study population was 31 kg (interquartile range 22.5 and 42.3), and seven patients (5.8%) weighed &lt; 15 kg.</p>
      <p>Of the 21 patients with congenital heart disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>), six (28.6%) were submitted to EPS (due to absence of induction of clinical arrhythmia) and 15 (71.4%) to RFA, of which six (28.6%) with ablation of the accessory pathway, five (23.8%) of AT, two (9.5%) of ventricular arrhythmias and two (9.5%) of NRT.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0514-00042-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The success rate was lower compared to those without congenital heart disease, being 42.9% after the first ablation (RR: 4.87; p &lt;0.0001) and 75% after new interventions (RR: 2.55; p = 0.05). Five patients (28.6%) underwent a second intervention.</p>
      <p>The mean follow up time was 5.4 &#177; 3.2 years. Success, defined as an interruption of the arrhythmia as well as absence of its reinduction, was obtained with the first ablation in 95 patients (78.5%) and after more than one intervention in 107 (88.4%) children. One hundred (80%) children were submitted to a single procedure, 22 (17.6%) to two procedures, two (1.6%) to three and one (0.8%) to four procedures. Among the 95 patients who achieved success at the initial ablation, 17 (17.9%) had recurrence of arrhythmia, of which 10 with an accessory pathway, four with NRT and three with AT. A new ablation was performed in 16 (94%), of which 14 were successfully treated (87.5%).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Complications</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 15 complications (12%) were observed in the children during these procedures. Twelve (9.5%) were related to the conduction system: 2:1 AV block during catheter handling in one child; transient CAVB induced by catheter handling in another child, and during RFA in 3 children (2.4%) Right bundle-branch block occurred in seven children (5.6%), six during catheter handling and one during RFA.</p>
      <p>Ablation failure was observed in two patients and immediate success with recurrence in two others, who had atrioventricular or right bundle-branch block during the procedure. In the other 8 patients, ablation was successful and without recurrence at follow-up. We did not observe any permanent block, and no patient required a pacemaker at follow-up.</p>
      <p>Other complications included: accident during transeptal puncture, which resulted in hemopericardium, resolved during the procedure by drainage through the subxiphoid puncture, without need for surgery, and skin burn caused by the RFA plate (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>There were no differences in weight among children who had complications (33.8 &#177; 14.8 kg without complications and 29.4 &#177; 16.6 kg with complications, p = 0.29), as well as the number of complications between the children who weighed more or less than 15 kg (p = 0.21).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest series of cases of tachycardia ablation in children with long-term follow-up published in Brazil. Our data are consistent with other international series1-4, confirming that RFA is an effective and safe alternative in the long term for the treatment of tachyarrhythmias with difficult clinical control in pediatric patients. The atrioventricular tachycardia involving accessory pathways of AV conduction is the most frequent indication for ablation in children, followed by nodal reentrant tachycardia and atrial tachycardia11. Ventricular tachycardia is rarely indicated due to its low prevalence in children11.</p>
      <p>The success rate described in the literature varies widely in the pediatric population (50-96%), when compared with rates between 82% and 99% in the adult population12,13. Success was observed in 79.2% in the first procedure, regardless of the tachycardia mechanism. The lowest success rate, when comparing the data of the adult population, was not due to vascular access problems and/or mapping, but the disappearance of accessory pathway or transient AV blocks caused by catheter handling, preventing the procedure completion.</p>
      <p>In this study, we observed no difference in success rates between different age groups and weight (greater or less than 15 kg).</p>
      <p>This finding is consistent with other publications, where low weight was not a determinant of failure14. Another finding, also according to the literature4,12-14, was the lower success rate in the population with congenital heart disease, when compared to patients without structural heart disease, due to anatomical variations found in this population.</p>
      <p>The conventional clinical recommendations to delay the indication of catheter ablation in younger children derive from experimental studies, which suggest further expansion of RF lesions in developing individuals, as well as from clinical studies that demonstrate increased fragility of the conduction system, more restricted vascular access and increased risk of coronary artery and valvular disease in children15. Another consideration that must be made is the greater risk of developing malignancies by exposure to fluoroscopy6-8.</p>
      <p>However, with a lower number of catheters used in the procedure, their cautious handling, shorter fluoroscopy exposure and use of non-fluoroscopic mapping, which have been recently used, the risk of complications can be reduced. Special attention should be given to the presence of accessory pathways near the atrioventricular conduction system, as they have a higher risk of CAVB. In such cases, literature has shown that cryoablation procedure has been considered16.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a retrospective study with a relatively small number of patients aged 0-5 years and weighing less than 15 kg, which does not allow a meaningful analysis of results in this age group. The data refer to results from a single institution, but it is a significant sample.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Given these observations, we conclude that catheter ablation is a safe and effective alternative therapy in children with recurrent tachycardias refractory to clinical treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
