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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HMVrjSVqRXXrwkswrQvcm9z</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000600005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000040</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo das altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas nos primeiros seis meses ap&#243;s o transplante renal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Francival Leite de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Karenn Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Teresa Cristina Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria In&#234;s Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanna Parada</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Alberto Costa Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alcione Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salgado Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Natalino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Luis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Maranh&#227;o</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Luis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Maranh&#227;o</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>505</fpage>
      <lpage>513</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas s&#227;o muito frequentes nos indiv&#237;duos portadores de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica terminal e est&#227;o associadas com a morbimortalidade. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es evolutivas card&#237;acas ap&#243;s o transplante renal. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados prospectivamente 40 pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica terminal, imediatamente antes e com um m&#234;s, tr&#234;s meses e seis meses ap&#243;s o transplante renal, por meio de estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico com Doppler tecidual. Os par&#226;metros de massa ventricular, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram analisados. RESULTADOS: A m&#233;dia da idade foi 31,6 anos e 40% eram do sexo feminino. Observamos redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE (52,23 para 49,95 mm, p = 0,021) e do &#237;ndice de massa do VE (131,48 para 113,039 g/m&#178;, p = 0,002) ap&#243;s o transplante renal. A raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia reduziu no terceiro e no sexto meses ap&#243;s o transplante renal em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exame basal (8,13 e 7,85 vs 9,79, p &lt; 0,05). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o aumentou a partir do primeiro m&#234;s do transplante renal em rela&#231;&#227;o a exame basal (69,72% vs 65,68%, p &lt; 0,05). A preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica reduziu 43% no per&#237;odo avaliado. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e a raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia basais estiveram associadas com redu&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de massa do VE ap&#243;s o transplante renal. O &#237;ndice de massa do VE basal, o sexo feminino e a redu&#231;&#227;o do f&#243;sforo s&#233;rico apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com a redu&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia ap&#243;s o transplante renal. CONCLUS&#195;O: O transplante renal promoveu altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nos par&#226;metros ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos de massa do VE, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nos pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica terminal.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Nefropatias</kwd>
        <kwd>fal&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>transplante de rim</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia doppler</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudo das altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas nos primeiros seis meses ap&#243;s o transplante renal</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Francival Leite de Souza<sup>I</sup>; Karenn Barros Bezerra<sup>I</sup>; Andr&#233;a Rodrigues Sousa<sup>I</sup>; Teresa Cristina Alves Ferreira<sup>I</sup>; Maria In&#234;s Gomes Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Giovanna Parada Martins<sup>I</sup>; Fernando Alberto Costa Cardoso Silva<sup>I</sup>; Alcione Miranda Santos<sup>II</sup>; Natalino Salgado Filho<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Luis, MA, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Luis, MA, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="not">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas s&#227;o muito frequentes nos indiv&#237;duos portadores de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica terminal e est&#227;o associadas com a morbimortalidade. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es evolutivas card&#237;acas ap&#243;s o transplante renal. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram avaliados prospectivamente 40 pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica terminal, imediatamente antes e com um m&#234;s, tr&#234;s meses e seis meses ap&#243;s o transplante renal, por meio de estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico com Doppler tecidual. Os par&#226;metros de massa ventricular, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram analisados. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A m&#233;dia da idade foi 31,6 anos e 40% eram do sexo feminino. Observamos redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE (52,23 para 49,95 mm, p = 0,021) e do &#237;ndice de massa do VE (131,48 para 113,039 g/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,002) ap&#243;s o transplante renal. A raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia reduziu no terceiro e no sexto meses ap&#243;s o transplante renal em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exame basal (8,13 e 7,85 <italic>vs</italic> 9,79, p &lt; 0,05). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o aumentou a partir do primeiro m&#234;s do transplante renal em rela&#231;&#227;o a exame basal (69,72% <italic>vs</italic> 65,68%, p &lt; 0,05). A preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica reduziu 43% no per&#237;odo avaliado. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e a raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia basais estiveram associadas com redu&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de massa do VE ap&#243;s o transplante renal. O &#237;ndice de massa do VE basal, o sexo feminino e a redu&#231;&#227;o do f&#243;sforo s&#233;rico apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com a redu&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia ap&#243;s o transplante renal. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O transplante renal promoveu altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nos par&#226;metros ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos de massa do VE, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nos pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica terminal.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Nefropatias / complica&#231;&#245;es, fal&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, transplante de rim / mortalidade, ecocardiografia doppler.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas s&#227;o muito frequentes em indiv&#237;duos portadores de Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica (DRC). De acordo com Foley e cols.<sup>1</sup>, aproximadamente 75% dos indiv&#237;duos com DRC que iniciam terapia dial&#237;tica apresentam Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda (HVE), dilata&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE) ou redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do VE, e essas altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas continuam progredindo especialmente no primeiro ano de terapia dial&#237;tica<sup>2</sup>. Al&#233;m dessas altera&#231;&#245;es, o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica tamb&#233;m &#233; frequente nesses pacientes<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; a principal causa de mortalidade em pacientes com DRC e terapia dial&#237;tica, sendo respons&#225;vel por cerca de metade de todas as mortes nesses pacientes. Dados do United States Renal Data System 2010 Annual Data Report<sup>4</sup> demonstraram que a doen&#231;a cardiovascular representa cerca de 50% das causas de morte, independentemente do tempo de di&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Atualmente, com o aprimoramento da t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica e da terapia imunossupressora, o transplante renal tem sido considerado o tratamento padr&#227;o para o paciente em DRC terminal, resultando em redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento dial&#237;tico<sup>5</sup>. Essa melhora na sobrevida ap&#243;s o transplante renal pode ser parcialmente atribu&#237;da &#224; melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia tem evolu&#237;do nos &#250;ltimos anos com o surgimento de novos par&#226;metros e conceitos para avaliar fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do VE. M&#233;todos quantitativos modernos para avaliar a doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica, incluindo a estimativa da velocidade tecidual, t&#234;m permitido a identifica&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE subcl&#237;nica<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os novos par&#226;metros de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca s&#227;o amplamente dispon&#237;veis e de f&#225;cil realiza&#231;&#227;o durante o exame de ecocardiografia. Por&#233;m, os estudos utilizando essas novas t&#233;cnicas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas comparando as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas evolutivas antes e ap&#243;s transplante renal s&#227;o escassos e abordam amostras pequenas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio da ecocardiografia, as altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais card&#237;acas nos primeiros seis meses ap&#243;s transplante renal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo com pacientes da unidade de transplante renal do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o (HUUFMA). Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, de forma consecutiva, todos os pacientes de ambos os sexos, independentemente da idade, encaminhados para o transplante renal no HUUFMA no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2008 a abril de 2010. N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos os pacientes com doadores falecidos ou que n&#227;o concordassem em participar do estudo. Os pacientes que n&#227;o realizaram todos os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise final.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coleta de dados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Imediatamente antes de cada exame ecodopplercardiogr&#225;fico, foram realizadas as medidas de peso e altura, obtendo-se o &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC = peso/altura<sup>2</sup>) e a Superf&#237;cie Corp&#243;rea (SC) pela f&#243;rmula de Du Bois<sup>7</sup> de cada paciente inclu&#237;do no estudo. Os dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais de cada paciente antes e seis meses ap&#243;s o transplante renal foram obtidos do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecodopplercardiograma </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico em todos os pacientes antes do transplante renal (basal), um m&#234;s, tr&#234;s meses e seis meses ap&#243;s o transplante renal. A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica foi realizada pelo mesmo operador, utilizando o aparelho de ultrassonografia Vingmed GE, modelo Vivid3 (Horten, Noruega), com segunda harm&#244;nica e transdutor eletr&#244;nico setorial 2 a 4 MHz.</p>
    <p>As medidas foram realizadas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>8</sup>. As medidas obtidas diretamente ao modo M com direcionamento pela imagem bidimensional inclu&#237;ram: Di&#226;metro do &#193;trio Esquerdo (DAE); Di&#226;metro Diast&#243;lico do VE (DDVE), Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE (DSVE), espessura da Parede Posterior (PPVE) e do Septo Interventricular (SIV). Utilizando as medidas lineares do modo-M foram calculados os seguintes par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do VE (DD); Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FE) estimada pelo m&#233;todo Teichholz e o &#237;ndice de Volume Sist&#243;lico Final do VE (iVSFVE) dividindo o volume sist&#243;lico final do VE pela SC. O volume do &#225;trio esquerdo foi calculado a partir da medida de tr&#234;s di&#226;metros ortogonais conforme proposto por Pritchett e cols.<sup>9</sup> e indexado &#224; superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea. </p>
    <p>Para c&#225;lculo da Massa do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (MVE), foi utilizada a seguinte f&#243;rmula: MVE = 0,8 [1,04(SIVD +DDVE + PPVED)<sup>3</sup> - (DDVE)<sup>3</sup>] + 0,6. A indexa&#231;&#227;o da massa do VE pela altura elevada &#224; pot&#234;ncia 2,7 foi um preditor mais robusto de mortalidade e eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes com DRC e di&#225;lise quando comparado &#224; indexa&#231;&#227;o pela SC<sup>10</sup>; portanto, para indexa&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular e c&#225;lculo da presen&#231;a de Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda (HVE), foram utilizados os dois crit&#233;rios, obtendo-se o par&#226;metro MVE/SC e o par&#226;metro MVE/altura<sup>2,7</sup>. Foi considerado HVE pela MVE/SC quando &gt; 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres e &gt; 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens. A HVE foi tamb&#233;m considerada pela MVE/altura<sup>2.7</sup> quando &gt; 44 g/m<sup>2.7 </sup>para mulheres e &gt; 48 g/m<sup>2.7</sup> para homens.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Doppler foi realizado seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>11</sup>. As medidas do estudo Doppler foram obtidas por meio da m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s ciclos consecutivos com uma velocidade de 50 mm/s. Na an&#225;lise do Doppler pulsado, foram realizadas as seguintes medidas: as velocidades de pico das ondas E e A e calculada a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A; o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (TDE); e o tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV). O &#205;ndice de Desempenho Mioc&#225;rdico (IDM) foi obtido da raz&#227;o da soma dos tempos de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento isovolum&#233;tricos pelo tempo ejetivo a&#243;rtico<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise do Doppler tecidual foi realizada utilizando a configura&#231;&#227;o apropriada do equipamento de ecocardiografia. A amostra de volume do Doppler pulsado foi posicionada no anel mitral lateral e anel mitral septal no corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras, obtendo-se as medidas das velocidades pico das ondas e' e a' em cada anel. A partir desses dados, calculou-se a raz&#227;o da onda E do fluxo mitral e da onda e' do Doppler tecidual (E/e') m&#233;dia, obtida da m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica da rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' dos dois an&#233;is.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi realizada de acordo com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o para o manuseio pr&#225;tico para gradua&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>13</sup>. Inicialmente, os pacientes que apresentavam onda e' septal &lt; 8 cm/s ou e' lateral &lt; 10 cm/s ou &#237;ndice do volume do AE <underline>&gt;</underline> 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> foram caracterizado como portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Em seguida, a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi categorizada em grau I (rela&#231;&#227;o E/A &lt; 0,8 e raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia <underline>&lt;</underline> 8), grau II (rela&#231;&#227;o E/A <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,8 e &lt; 2 e raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia &gt; 8 e &lt; 13) e grau III (rela&#231;&#227;o E/A <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 e raz&#227;o E/e' <underline>&gt;</underline> 13).</p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do HUUFMA, sob o parecer consubstanciado n&#186; 284/09 e cada paciente foi informado e instru&#237;do a respeito da pesquisa, e assinou o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados quantitativos foram expressos por m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (m&#233;dia &#177; DP) e os dados qualitativos em frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa. Para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas utilizou-se o teste de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para dados repetidos quando apropriado ou o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Friedmam. A normalidade das vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi analisada pelo teste Shapiro Wilk. A an&#225;lise p&#243;s-teste para avaliar as diferen&#231;as das m&#233;dias entre cada momento foi realizada pelo teste de Bonferroni. Para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis qualitativas foi utilizado o teste de Cochran, e quando havia diferen&#231;a significativa, o teste de Mcnemar foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o das propor&#231;&#245;es entre cada momento.</p>
    <p>Para verificar associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais e a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foi utilizado o modelo de regress&#227;o linear longitudinal. Foram considerados dois modelos de regress&#227;o. No primeiro modelo, a vari&#225;vel dependente foi a MVE/SC, e no segundo considerou-se a raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia. Em ambos os modelos, as vari&#225;veis independentes foram sexo, idade, tempo de di&#225;lise, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, hemoglobina, creatinina, ureia, f&#243;sforo, c&#225;lcio, FE basal. O &#237;ndice de massa VE basal foi inclu&#237;do como vari&#225;vel independente apenas no segundo modelo e raz&#227;o E/e' basal no primeiro modelo. As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram p-valor menor do que 0,10 foram consideradas no modelo de regress&#227;o de linear longitudinal multivariado. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%. Os dados foram analisados no programa estat&#237;stico STATA 10.0.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados 51 pacientes no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2008 a abril de 2010, e 11 pacientes n&#227;o realizaram os quatros exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, ficando a amostra final constitu&#237;da de 40 pacientes, com m&#233;dia de idade de 31,6 (&#177;12,7) anos e IMC m&#233;dio de 21,49 (&#177;3,49) Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, sendo 40% mulheres. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais antes e seis meses ap&#243;s o transplante renal s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03712_port_tab01m">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop03712_port_tab01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0505-00040-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos ao modo-M </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos estruturais avaliados pelo modo-M s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03712_port_tab02m">tabela 2</xref>. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante no di&#226;metro do AE no per&#237;odo avaliado. Houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre o DDVE no per&#237;odo avaliado (p = 0,021), sendo essa diferen&#231;a mais importante entre o valor basal (52,23 mm) e com seis meses do transplante renal (49,95 mm). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; espessura mioc&#225;rdica, observamos redu&#231;&#227;o a partir do terceiro m&#234;s do transplante renal, havendo uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre as m&#233;dias da espessura do SIV e da PPVE com um m&#234;s e seis meses ap&#243;s o transplante renal, por&#233;m sem redu&#231;&#227;o significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exame basal. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop03712_port_tab02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0505-00040-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A MVE, independentemente do crit&#233;rio de corre&#231;&#227;o utilizado (superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea ou altura), apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva a partir do primeiro m&#234;s de transplante renal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03712_port_tab02m">tab. 2</xref>). Observamos diferen&#231;a significativa na avalia&#231;&#227;o realizada no sexto m&#234;s ap&#243;s o transplante renal em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal e em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exame realizado no primeiro m&#234;s ap&#243;s o transplante renal. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de HVE usando o crit&#233;rio de corre&#231;&#227;o pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea ou o crit&#233;rio de corre&#231;&#227;o pela altura teve frequ&#234;ncia elevada no exame basal (&gt; 60%) e apresentou discreta eleva&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significativa ap&#243;s um m&#234;s do transplante renal com redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva para o terceiro e sexto meses do transplante renal. Observou-se diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na frequ&#234;ncia do diagn&#243;stico de HVE/SC do primeiro m&#234;s para o sexto m&#234;s ap&#243;s transplante renal (p = 0,039), e na frequ&#234;ncia do diagnostico de HVE corrigida pela altura do primeiro m&#234;s em rela&#231;&#227;o ao terceiro m&#234;s (p = 0,016) e em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexto m&#234;s (p = 0,002) ap&#243;s o transplante renal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop03712_port_fig01m">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop03712_port_fig01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0505-00040-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dopplerfluxometria </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os par&#226;metros de dopplerfluxometria evolutivos est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03712_port_tab02m">tabela 2</xref>. O pico de velocidade da onda E apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva a partir do exame basal com diferen&#231;a significativa aos tr&#234;s meses (p = 0,014) e aos seis meses (p = 0,006) do transplante renal em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exame basal. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na an&#225;lise da rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e do TRIV no per&#237;odo avaliado. Verificou-se diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na an&#225;lise do TDE com redu&#231;&#227;o aos seis meses (p = 0,035) do transplante renal em rela&#231;&#227;o ao TDE basal. No que se refere ao IDM, apesar de tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o terceiro m&#234;s do transplante renal, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica no per&#237;odo avaliado (p = 0,25).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Doppler tecidual </bold>
    </p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises do Doppler tecidual no anel mitral lateral e septal s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop03712_port_fig02m">figura 2</xref>. A m&#233;dia da amplitude da onda e' no anel mitral lateral apresentou aumento n&#227;o significativo do exame basal para a avalia&#231;&#227;o com seis meses (p = 0,06); por&#233;m, quando avaliado o valor da onda e' no anel mitral septal, observou-se aumento significativo seis meses ap&#243;s o transplante renal em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exame basal (p = 0,017) e em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exame com um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o transplante (p = 0,018). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; amplitude da onda a', quer seja no anel mitral lateral, quer no anel mitral septal, n&#227;o observou-se diferen&#231;a significativa nos quatro momentos avaliados.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop03712_port_fig02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0505-00040-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva dos valores m&#233;dios durante o per&#237;odo avaliado, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop03712_port_fig02m">figura 2</xref>. Houve diferen&#231;a significativa da raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia basal em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o com tr&#234;s meses (p = 0,001) e &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o com seis meses (p &lt; 0,001) ap&#243;s o transplante renal e tamb&#233;m observamos diferen&#231;a significativa da raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia com um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o transplante renal em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o com tr&#234;s meses (p = 0,002) e seis meses ap&#243;s o transplante renal (p = 0,001).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica seriados analisados neste estudo s&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop03712_port_fig03m">figura 3</xref>. As m&#233;dias dos par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica avaliados neste estudo estavam dentro da normalidade no exame basal. Houve aumento significativo da FE e da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento e redu&#231;&#227;o do iVSFVE com um m&#234;s, tr&#234;s meses e seis meses ap&#243;s o transplante renal em compara&#231;&#227;o com o exame basal. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop03712_port_fig03m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0505-00040-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica </bold>
    </p>
    <p>No exame basal, 23 pacientes (57,5%) preenchiam os crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, sendo 4 grau I, 18 grau II e 1 grau III. Esse diagn&#243;stico manteve-se inalterado no primeiro m&#234;s ap&#243;s o transplante renal com redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significativa aos tr&#234;s meses do transplante renal. Aos seis meses, 13 pacientes (32,5%) preenchiam os crit&#233;rios para esse diagn&#243;stico, sendo 3 grau I, 10 grau II. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da frequ&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica aos seis meses do transplante renal (p = 0,006) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exame basal e ao exame com um m&#234;s do transplante renal (p = 0,03). Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#237;ndice do Volume do AE (iVAE), apesar de apresentar diminui&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o sexto m&#234;s do transplante renal, n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03712_port_tab02m">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fatores associados com as altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas </bold>
    </p>
    <p>As redu&#231;&#245;es da PAS, da PAD, da creatinina e da ureia aos seis meses do transplante renal, assim como a raz&#227;o E/e' basal e a FE basal estiveram associados de forma significativa com a redu&#231;&#227;o do MVE/SC ap&#243;s seis meses do transplante renal na an&#225;lise univariada, como est&#225; demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03712_port_tab03m">tabela 3</xref>. Por&#233;m, na an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas basais (FE basal e raz&#227;o E/e' basal) foram preditoras independentes de redu&#231;&#227;o do MVE/SC ap&#243;s o transplante renal.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop03712_port_tab03m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0505-00040-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o das vari&#225;veis preditoras da altera&#231;&#227;o no Doppler tecidual est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03712_port_tab04m">tabela 4</xref>. Na an&#225;lise univariada, o sexo feminino, MVE/SC basal, o maior tempo de di&#225;lise pr&#233;-transplante e a creatinina seis meses ap&#243;s o transplante renal estiveram associados significativamente com a redu&#231;&#227;o na raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia ap&#243;s seis meses do transplante renal. Por&#233;m na an&#225;lise multivariada, o sexo feminino, o MVE/SC basal e a redu&#231;&#227;o do f&#243;sforo aos seis meses do transplante renal foram preditores independentes de redu&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' aos seis meses do transplante renal.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop03712_port_tab04m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0505-00040-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas estruturais e funcionais s&#227;o muitos frequentes nos portadores de DRC<sup>1</sup> e est&#227;o associadas com morbimortalide<sup>14,15</sup>. O presente estudo avaliou as altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas evolutivas nos primeiros seis meses ap&#243;s o transplante renal.</p>
    <p>Observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no DDVE aos seis meses do transplante renal, por&#233;m o di&#226;metro do AE n&#227;o apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no per&#237;odo avaliado. Iqbal e cols.<sup>16</sup> demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o precoce com tr&#234;s meses, e tardia com um ano no DDVE e di&#226;metro do AE o que foi reproduzido mais recentemente por Casas-Aparicio e cols.<sup>17</sup>, que tamb&#233;m demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o nesses di&#226;metros um ano ap&#243;s o transplante renal.</p>
    <p>Observamos uma elevada preval&#234;ncia de HVE, quer seja corrigindo pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (67,5%), quer seja corrigindo pela altura (72,5%) no exame basal antes do transplante renal neste estudo, o que est&#225; de acordo com dados da literatura que demonstram uma preval&#234;ncia de HVE variando de 60% a 70% nos paciente que iniciam terapia dial&#237;tica<sup>18</sup>. Observou-se ainda redu&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de HVE aos seis meses do transplante renal, por&#233;m sem atingir signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o basal.</p>
    <p>Ainda com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; MVE ap&#243;s o transplante renal, os dados n&#227;o t&#234;m sido uniformes na literatura. McGregor e cols.<sup>19</sup> avaliaram 67 pacientes quatro meses ap&#243;s transplante renal e n&#227;o demonstraram impacto na massa ventricular, e Patel e cols.<sup>20</sup>, por meio de um estudo transversal, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;a na massa do VE avaliada pela resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica entre indiv&#237;duos transplantados e indiv&#237;duos mantidos em di&#225;lise. Por sua vez, alguns estudos t&#234;m demonstrado redu&#231;&#227;o da MVE ap&#243;s o transplante renal<sup>21,22</sup>, at&#233; mesmo na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica<sup>23</sup>. Na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, observamos redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva da MVE ap&#243;s o primeiro m&#234;s do transplante renal, quer seja corrigido pela SC, quer seja pela altura, durante o per&#237;odo avaliado.</p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico tem sido considerado um sens&#237;vel indicador da gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>12,24</sup> e tem import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica em diversas afec&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas<sup>25,26</sup>. N&#227;o existem dados pr&#233;vios avaliando esse &#237;ndice na popula&#231;&#227;o de transplantados renais. No nosso estudo, observamos uma tend&#234;ncia n&#227;o significativa de redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva do IDM at&#233; o terceiro m&#234;s do transplante renal. </p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE &#233; considerada um preditor independente de eventos card&#237;acos fatais e n&#227;o fatais<sup>27</sup> e mortalidade nos pacientes com DRC e HVE<sup>28</sup>. De forma geral, observam-se aumento da FE e redu&#231;&#227;o dos volumes cavit&#225;rios ap&#243;s o transplante renal<sup>19,21</sup>, at&#233; mesmo na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica<sup>23</sup>. Rakhit cols.<sup>29</sup>, em um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 4,2 anos ap&#243;s o transplante renal, demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do iVSFVE de 33 mL/m<sup>2</sup> para 23 mL/m<sup>2</sup>. No nosso estudo, a m&#233;dia da FE era normal no exame basal e apenas um paciente tinha FE abaixo de 55%. &#192; semelhan&#231;a dos dados da literatura, observamos altera&#231;&#227;o precoce (com um m&#234;s de transplante) e significativa nos par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e esta progrediu at&#233; o sexto m&#234;s do transplante renal.</p>
    <p>O Doppler tecidual &#233; menos sens&#237;vel a varia&#231;&#245;es na pr&#233;-carga, sendo importante na categoriza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE<sup>11</sup> e &#233; um preditor independente de morte e eventos cardiovasculares nos pacientes portadores de DRC<sup>29,30</sup>. O &#250;nico estudo que avaliou a evolu&#231;&#227;o do Doppler tecidual antes e depois do transplante renal demonstrou que a onda e' aumentou significativamente de 5,6 cm/s para 6,5 cm/s num acompanhamento de 4,2 anos<sup>29</sup>, indicando melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. No presente estudo, observamos que houve melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica caracterizada por aumento da onda e', especialmente quando avaliada no anel mitral septal e redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia a partir de tr&#234;s meses de transplante renal com redu&#231;&#227;o adicional aos seis meses do transplante renal.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pela ecocardiografia nos pacientes com DRC em di&#225;lise varia de 34% a 77%, dependendo do crit&#233;rio utilizado para sua quantifica&#231;&#227;o<sup>3,17</sup>. N&#243;s, utilizando a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da sociedade americana de ecocardiografia<sup>13</sup>, observamos uma frequ&#234;ncia elevada no exame basal (57,5%) neste estudo, e aos seis meses de transplante houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de 43% nessa frequ&#234;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exame basal. Os estudos realizados sem utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Doppler tecidual n&#227;o tem demonstrado impacto do transplante renal na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<sup>22,31</sup>; por&#233;m, um estudo recente que utilizou o Doppler tecidual como crit&#233;rio para quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica demonstrou resultado semelhante ao presente estudo<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo &#233; importante no diagn&#243;stico da gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e da magnitude da press&#227;o atrial esquerda<sup>8</sup>. A estimativa do volume do &#225;trio esquerdo pela ecocardiografia &#233; um preditor independente de morte e eventos cardiovasculares em paciente com DRC e di&#225;lise<sup>28,32</sup>. N&#227;o existem dados pr&#233;vios avaliando a evolu&#231;&#227;o do volume do &#225;trio esquerdo ap&#243;s o transplante renal. Neste estudo, observamos uma redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva do &#237;ndice do volume do &#225;trio esquerdo at&#233; o sexto m&#234;s de transplante, sem, no entanto, alcan&#231;ar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. </p>
    <p>Alguns trabalhos na literatura t&#234;m demonstrado que fatores cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais podem estar associados com as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas ap&#243;s o transplante renal. Ferreira e cols.<sup>22</sup> demonstraram na an&#225;lise multivariada que o n&#237;vel de creatinina e a carga press&#243;rica sist&#243;lica avaliada 12 meses ap&#243;s o transplante renal foram preditores independentes do MVE/SC no mesmo per&#237;odo ap&#243;s o transplante renal. El-husseini e cols.<sup>33</sup> estudaram 75 crian&#231;as e adolescentes 4,6 anos ap&#243;s o transplante renal e conclu&#237;ram que o maior tempo de di&#225;lise pr&#233;-transplante, hipertens&#227;o arterial e anemia p&#243;s-transplante foram preditores independentes de HVE ap&#243;s o transplante renal.</p>
    <p>No nosso estudo, observamos que a FE e a raz&#227;o E/e' pr&#233;-transplantes apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o independente com a redu&#231;&#227;o da MVE ap&#243;s o transplante renal e o MVE/SC basal apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com a redu&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia ap&#243;s o transplante renal, indicando que quanto maior o comprometimento do VE pr&#233;-transplante, maior ser&#225; a redu&#231;&#227;o da MVE e melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s o transplante renal.</p>
    <p>Ainda com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, tamb&#233;m observamos que o sexo feminino e a redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico do f&#243;sforo apresentaram associa&#231;&#245;es independentes com a redu&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia ap&#243;s o transplante renal, indicando que essas vari&#225;veis predizem melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s o transplante renal. A m&#233;dia da raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia basal era mais elevada no sexo feminino em rela&#231;&#227;o ao masculino (11,6 <italic>vs</italic> 8,55), por isso esse grupo apresentou maior redu&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o E/e' no acompanhamento. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de f&#243;sforo s&#233;rico &#233; um potente estimulador do processo de calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular<sup>34</sup> que pode causar aumento da rigidez arterial; essa, por sua vez, aumenta a press&#227;o de pulso com consequente redu&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o coronariana<sup>35</sup>, o que talvez poderia justificar a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica com a redu&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de f&#243;sforo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tamanho da amostra pode ser uma limita&#231;&#227;o, especialmente na avalia&#231;&#227;o das poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis clinicas e laboratoriais com as altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. O per&#237;odo de acompanhamento p&#243;s-transplante foi de apenas seis meses e algumas altera&#231;&#245;es como a massa ventricular pode demorar mais tempo para ocorrer. Por&#233;m, mesmo no pequeno per&#237;odo de acompanhamento conseguimos demonstrar altera&#231;&#245;es significativas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com base nesses dados, podemos concluir que o transplante renal determinou redu&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular, melhora nos par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nos primeiros seis meses ap&#243;s o transplante renal. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e a raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia basais foram preditores de redu&#231;&#227;o do MVE, enquanto a MVE/SC basal, o sexo feminino e a redu&#231;&#227;o do f&#243;sforo s&#233;rico associaram com a melhora no par&#226;metro de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, a raz&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Francival Leite de Souza pela Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="not" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Francival Leite de Souza </p>
        <p> Rua Arlino Menezes, Sn - Cond. Golden Green, Casa 1 - Olho D'&#224;gua </p>
        <p> 65074-111 - S&#227;o Luis, MA, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="francival@cardiol.br">francival@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="francival.souza@uol.com.br">francival.souza@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 04/08/11; revisado recebido em 09/08/11; aceito em 26/12/11.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Study of echocardiographic alterations in the first six months after kidney transplantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Cardiac disorders are very common in individuals with chronic kidney disease and are associated with morbimortality. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cardiac alterations after kidney transplantation. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 40 patients with chronic kidney disease, immediately before and one month, three months and six months after kidney transplantation, using tissue Doppler echocardiographic study. The left ventricular mass, systolic and diastolic function parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age was 31.6 years and 40% of patients were female. We observed a reduction in left ventricular diastolic diameter (52.23 to 49.95 mm, p = 0.021) and LV mass index (131.48 to 113.039 g/m2, p = 0.002) after kidney transplantation. The mean E/e' decreased in the third and sixth months after kidney transplantation, when compared to basal values (8.13 and 7.85 vs. 9.79, p &lt;0.05). The ejection fraction increased from the first month after kidney transplantation compared to basal assessment (69.72% vs. 65.68%, p &lt;0.05). The prevalence of diastolic dysfunction decreased 43% during the evaluated period. The basal ejection fraction and mean E/e' were associated with reduced LV mass index after kidney transplantation. The LV mass index at baseline, female sex and decrease in serum phosphorus were associated with a reduction in the mean E/e ' ratio after kidney transplantation. CONCLUSION: Kidney transplantation resulted in significant alterations in Doppler echocardiographic parameters of LV mass, systolic and diastolic function in patients with chronic kidney disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Kidney diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>kidney failure</kwd>
        <kwd>chronic</kwd>
        <kwd>kidney transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography doppler</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="nota-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Study of echocardiographic alterations in the first six months after kidney transplantation</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Francival Leite de Souza<sup>I</sup>; Karenn Barros Bezerra<sup>I</sup>; Andr&#233;a Rodrigues Sousa<sup>I</sup>; Teresa Cristina Alves Ferreira<sup>I</sup>; Maria In&#234;s Gomes Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Giovanna Parada Martins<sup>I</sup>; Fernando Alberto Costa Cardoso Silva<sup>I</sup>; Alcione Miranda Santos<sup>II</sup>; Natalino Salgado Filho<sup>II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Luis, MA, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Cardiac disorders are very common in individuals with chronic kidney disease and are associated with morbimortality.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate cardiac alterations after kidney transplantation.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We prospectively evaluated 40 patients with chronic kidney disease, immediately before and one month, three months and six months after kidney transplantation, using tissue Doppler echocardiographic study. The left ventricular mass, systolic and diastolic function parameters were analyzed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mean age was 31.6 years and 40% of patients were female. We observed a reduction in left ventricular diastolic diameter (52.23 to 49.95 mm, p = 0.021) and LV mass index (131.48 to 113.039 g/m2, p = 0.002) after kidney transplantation. The mean E/e' decreased in the third and sixth months after kidney transplantation, when compared to basal values (8.13 and 7.85 vs. 9.79, p &lt;0.05). The ejection fraction increased from the first month after kidney transplantation compared to basal assessment (69.72% vs. 65.68%, p &lt;0.05). The prevalence of diastolic dysfunction decreased 43% during the evaluated period. The basal ejection fraction and mean E/e' were associated with reduced LV mass index after kidney transplantation. The LV mass index at baseline, female sex and decrease in serum phosphorus were associated with a reduction in the mean E/e ' ratio after kidney transplantation. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Kidney transplantation resulted in significant alterations in Doppler echocardiographic parameters of LV mass, systolic and diastolic function in patients with chronic kidney disease.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Kidney diseases / complications; kidney failure, chronic; kidney transplantation / mortality; echocardiography doppler.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiac disorders are very common in individuals with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). According to Foley et al<sup>1</sup>, approximately 75% of individuals with CKD who start dialysis have left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), left ventricle (LV) dilatation or reduced LV fractional shortening, and these cardiac abnormalities continue to progress in the first year of dialysis<sup>2</sup>. In addition to these alterations, impairment of diastolic function is also common in these patients<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in patients with CKD, undergoing dialysis and accounts for approximately half of all deaths in these patients. Data from the United States Renal Data System 2010 Annual Data Report<sup>4</sup> demonstrated that cardiovascular disease represents approximately 50% of the causes of death, regardless of the duration of dialysis. </p>
      <p>Currently, with the improvement in surgical techniques and immunosuppressive therapy, kidney transplantation has been considered the standard treatment for patients with end-stage CKD, resulting in reduced mortality compared to dialytic treatment<sup>5</sup>. This improvement in survival after kidney transplantation can be partially attributed to improvement in cardiac function.</p>
      <p>Echocardiography has developed in recent years, with the emergence of new concepts and parameters to evaluate LV systolic and diastolic functions. Modern quantitative methods to evaluate myocardial disease, including estimated tissue velocity, have allowed the identification of subclinical LV dysfunction<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The new parameters for assessing cardiac function are widely available and easy to perform during the echocardiogram. However, studies using these new echocardiographic techniques by comparing the evolution of cardiac alterations before and after kidney transplantation are scarce and consist of small samples. The objective of this study was to evaluate, by means of echocardiography, the morphological and functional heart alterations within the first six months after kidney transplantation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We performed a prospective study of patients from the kidney transplantation unit at Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o (HUUFMA). All patients of both sexes, regardless of age, referred for kidney transplantation in HUUFMA from March 2008 to April 2010 were consecutively included in the study. Patients with deceased donors or those who did not agree to participate in the study were excluded. Patients who did not perform all echocardiogram assessments were excluded from the final analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Data collection</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Immediately before each Doppler echocardiography, height and weight measurements were performed, providing the Body Mass Index (BMI = weight/height<sup>2</sup>) and Body Surface Area (BSA) by the formula of Du Bois<sup>7</sup> of each patient included in the study. The clinical and laboratory data of each patient before and six months after kidney transplantation were obtained from medical records. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Doppler Echocardiogram </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Echocardiographic examination was performed in all patients before kidney transplantation (baseline) and one month, three months and six months after transplantation. All echocardiographic assessments were performed by the same professional using a GE Vingmed ultrasound machine, model Vivid 3 (Horten, Norway), with the second harmonic and sector transducer of 2-4 MHz.</p>
      <p>The measurements were performed according to the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>8</sup>. The measurements obtained directly in the M-mode by the two-dimensional image included: Left Atrial Diameter (LAD), left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD), LV systolic diameter (LVSD), LV posterior wall (LVPW) and Interventricular Septum (IVS) thickness. Using the M-mode linear measurements, the following parameters of LV systolic function were calculated: LV fractional shortening (&#8710;D), LV ejection fraction (LVEF) estimated by the Teichholz method and the LV end-systolic volume index (LVESVi), dividing the LV end-systolic volume by the BSA. The left atrial volume was calculated from the measurement of three orthogonal diameters as proposed by Pritchett et al<sup>9</sup> and indexed to body surface area. </p>
      <p>To calculate Left Ventricular Mass (LVM), the following formula was used: LVM = 0.8 [1.04 (IVSD + + LVDD+ LVPWD) <sup>3</sup> - (LVDD) <sup>3</sup>] + 0.6. Indexation of LV mass by height to the power of 2.7 was a more robust predictor of mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with CKD and dialysis when compared to indexing by BSA<sup>10</sup>; thus, for the indexing of ventricular mass and calculation of the presence of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH), two criteria were used, resulting in the parameter LVM/BSA and the parameter LVM/height <sup>2.7</sup>. LVH by the LVM / BSA was considered when &gt; 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> for women and &gt; 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men. LVH was also considered by LVM/height <sup>2.7</sup> when &gt; 44 g/m <sup>2.7</sup> for women and &gt; 48 g/m <sup>2.7</sup> for men. </p>
      <p>The Doppler study was performed following the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>11</sup>. The Doppler measurements were obtained through the mean of three consecutive cycles with a velocity of 50 mm/s. The pulsed Doppler analysis was performed using the following measures: the peak velocities of E and A waves and the E/A ratio were calculated; deceleration time of E wave (DTE) and isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT). The Myocardial Performance Index (MPI) was obtained from the ratio of the sum of the times of isovolumetric contraction and relaxation by aortic ejection time<sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>The analysis of tissue Doppler was performed using the appropriate configuration of the echocardiography equipment. The pulsed Doppler volume sample was positioned at the lateral mitral annulus and septal mitral annulus in the apical four-chamber view, yielding measurements of the peak velocities of the e' and a' waves in each annulus. Based on these data, we calculated the mean ratio of mitral inflow E-wave and e' wave at the tissue Doppler (E/e'), obtained from the arithmetic mean of the E/e' ratio of the two annuli. </p>
      <p>The evaluation of diastolic function was performed in accordance with the recommendations for the practical management of diastolic dysfunction grading by the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>13</sup>. Initially, patients who showed septal e' wave &lt; 8 cm/s or lateral e' &lt; 10 cm/s or LA volume index <underline>&gt;</underline> 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> were characterized as having diastolic dysfunction. Then, diastolic dysfunction was classified as grade I (E / A ratio &lt; 0.8 and mean E/e' <underline>&lt;</underline> 8), grade II (E/A ratio <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.8 and &lt; 2 and mean E/e' &gt; 8 and &lt; 13) and grade III (E/A ratio <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 and E/e' <underline>&gt;</underline> 13). </p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of HUUFMA, protocol # 284/09 and each patient was informed and instructed about the study and signed the Free and Informed Consent Form.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Quantitative data were expressed as mean and standard deviation (mean &#177; SD) and qualitative data as absolute and relative frequency. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the quantitative variables for repeated data when appropriate or nonparametric Friedman test. The normality of quantitative variables was analyzed by the Shapiro Wilk's test. The post-test analysis to evaluate the differences of means between moments in time was performed by Bonferroni test. Cochran's test was used to compare the qualitative variables and when there was a significant difference, McNemar's test was used to compare proportions between each moment. </p>
      <p>To verify the association between clinical and laboratory variables and the presence of echocardiographic alterations, the longitudinal linear regression model was used. We considered two regression models. In the first model, the dependent variable was the LVM/ BSA and the second considered the mean E/e ' ratio. In both models, the independent variables were sex, age, duration of dialysis, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin, creatinine, urea, phosphorus, calcium and basal LVEF. The basal LV mass index was included as an independent variable only in the second model and the basal E/e' ratio was included in the first model. Variables with p-value &lt; 0.10 were considered in the multivariate longitudinal linear regression model. The significance level was set at 5%. The data were analyzed using the statistical software STATA 10.0. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 51 patients were selected from March 2008 to April 2010, and 11 patients did not undergo the four echocardiograms, resulting in a final sample of 40 patients with a mean age of 31.6 (&#177; 12.7) years and mean BMI of 21.49 (&#177; 3.49) kg/m<sup>2</sup>, of which 40% were women. The clinical and laboratory characteristics before and six months after kidney transplantation are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03712_ing_tab01m-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop03712_ing_tab01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0505-00040-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiographic parameters in the M-mode</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The structural echocardiographic parameters evaluated by M-mode are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03712_ing_tab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>. There was no statistically significant difference in LA diameter during the study period. There were significant differences in LVDD in the study period (p = 0.021), and this is the most important difference between baseline (52.23 mm) and six months after renal transplantation (49.95 mm). Regarding myocardial thickness, we observed a decrease from the third month after renal transplantation, with a statistically significant difference between the mean thickness of the IVS and LVPW one month and six months after kidney transplantation, but no significant decrease in relation to baseline assessment. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop03712_ing_tab02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0505-00040-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The LVM, regardless of the criterion of correction used (body surface area or height), decreased progressively from the first month after kidney transplantation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03712_ing_tab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>). We observed a significant difference in the evaluation performed six months after kidney transplantation compared to baseline and in relation to the assessment in the first months after the transplantation. </p>
      <p>The diagnosis of LVH using the criterion of correction for body surface area or height showed high frequency in the baseline assessment (&gt; 60%) and a slight and non-significant increase after one month after the kidney transplantation with progressive reduction in the third and sixth months afterward. There was a statistically significant difference in the frequency of diagnosis of LVH/ BSA from the first to the sixth month after kidney transplantation (p = 0.039), and in the frequency of diagnosis of LVH corrected by height from the first for the third month (p = 0.016) and in relation to the sixth month (p = 0.002) after the transplantation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop03712_ing_fig01m-body2">Figure 1</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop03712_ing_fig01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0505-00040-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Doppler Flow Velocity</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Doppler parameters of evolution are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03712_ing_tab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>. The peak E wave velocity decreased progressively from the baseline assessment with a significant difference at three (p = 0.014) and at six months (p = 0.006) after the kidney transplantation in relation to the baseline assessment. There were no significant differences in the analysis of E/A ratio and IVRT in the study period. There was a statistically significant difference in the analysis of EDT with a reduction at six months (p = 0.035) after the transplantation in relation to baseline EDT. </p>
      <p>Regarding the MPI, despite the downward trend until the third month after the transplantation, there was no statistically significant difference in the study period (p = 0.25).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Tissue Doppler </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Tissue Doppler analyses in the septal and lateral mitral annulus are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop03712_ing_fig02m-body2">Figure 2</xref>. The mean amplitude of the e' wave in the lateral mitral annulus showed no significant increase from the baseline assessment to the that performed at six months (p = 0.06), but when the e' wave value was assessed in the septal mitral annulus, there was a significant increase six months after kidney transplantation in relation to the baseline assessment (p = 0.017) and in relation to that performed one month after transplantation (p = 0.018). With respect to the amplitude of a' wave, there was no significant difference either in the lateral mitral annulus, or the septal mitral annulus in all four moments assessed. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop03712_ing_fig02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0505-00040-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The mean E/e' ratio showed a progressive decrease in mean values during the assessed period, as shown in figure 2. There was a significant difference in the mean basal E/e' ratio in relation to the assessment at three months (p = 0.001) and at six months (p &lt; 0.001) after kidney transplantation and also a significant difference in the mean E/e' ratio after one month in relation to the three-month (p = 0.002) and six-month assessment after the transplantation (p = 0.001).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Systolic function </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The systolic function parameters analyzed in this study are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop03712_ing_fig03m-body2">Figure 3</xref>. The means of the systolic function parameters evaluated in this study were within normal values at baseline assessment. There was a significant increase in LVEF and fractional shortening and a decrease in LVESVi one month, three months and six months after kidney transplantation compared with the baseline assessment. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop03712_ing_fig03m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0505-00040-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Diastolic function </bold>
      </p>
      <p>At the baseline examination, 23 patients (57.5%) met the criteria for the diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction, with 4 patients grade I, 18 grade II and 1 grade III. This diagnosis remained unchanged in the first month after kidney transplantation with nonsignificant reduction at three months after transplantation. At six months, 13 patients (32.5%) met the criteria for this diagnosis, with 3 patients grade I and 10 grade II. There was a significant decrease in the frequency of diastolic dysfunction six months after the transplantation (p = 0.006), when compared to the baseline assessment and one month after the transplantation (p = 0.03). Regarding the LA volume index (LAVi), in spite of a decrease up to the sixth month after the transplantation, it did not reach statistical significance (Table 2). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Factors associated with echocardiographic alterations </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The decrease in SBP, DBP, creatinine and urea at six months after the transplantation, as well as the basal E/e' ratio and LVEF were significantly associated with a decrease in LVM/BSA six months after the transplantation at the univariate analysis, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03712_ing_tab03m-body2">Table 3</xref>. However, at the multivariate analysis, only basal echocardiographic variables (basal LVEF and E/e' ratio) were independent predictors of reduced LVM / BSA after transplantation. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop03712_ing_tab03m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0505-00040-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Data from the regression analysis of variables that predicted alterations in tissue Doppler are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03712_ing_tab04m-body2">Table 4</xref>. At the univariate analysis, female gender, basal LVM/BSA, longer duration of pre-transplantation dialysis and creatinine six months after transplantation were significantly associated with a decrease in the mean E/e' ratio six months after transplantation. However, at the multivariate analysis, female gender, the basal LVM/BSA and decrease in phosphorus six months after transplantation were independent predictors of reduction in the E/e' ratio six months after transplantation. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop03712_ing_tab04m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0505-00040-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Structural and functional cardiac alterations are very common in CKD patients<sup>1</sup> and are associated with morbimortality<sup>14,15</sup>. This study evaluated the echocardiographic alterations in the first six months after kidney transplantation.</p>
      <p>There was a significant decrease in LVDD six months after transplantation, but the LA diameter showed no significant reduction in the assessed period. Iqbal et al<sup>16</sup> demonstrated early decrease in three months and late one-year decrease in LVEDD and LA diameter, which have been reproduced more recently by Casas-Aparicio et al<sup>17</sup>, who also demonstrated a decrease in these diameters one year after kidney transplantation.</p>
      <p>We observed a high prevalence of LVH, whether correcting for body surface area (67.5%), or by height (72.5%) at baseline examination prior to kidney transplantation in this study, which is in agreement with literature data demonstrating a prevalence of LVH ranging from 60% to 70% in patients that start dialysis<sup>18</sup>. There was also a decrease in the prevalence of LVH six months after the transplantation, but without statistical significance when compared to baseline assessment. </p>
      <p>Also regarding the LVM after kidney transplantation, the data are not uniform in the literature. McGregor et al<sup>19</sup> evaluated 67 patients four months after kidney transplantation and showed no impact on ventricular mass, and Patel et al<sup>20</sup>, in a cross-sectional study, also showed no difference in LV mass measured by magnetic resonance imaging in transplanted individuals and individuals undergoing dialysis. In turn, some studies have shown a decrease in LVM after kidney transplantation<sup>21,22</sup>, even in the pediatric population<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our population, we observed a progressive reduction in LVM after the first month of kidney transplantation, either corrected by BSA, or by height during the study period. </p>
      <p>The myocardial performance index has been considered a sensitive indicator of the severity of myocardial dysfunction<sup>12,24</sup> and has prognostic significance in several heart disorders<sup>25,26</sup>. There are no previous data evaluating this index in kidney transplantation population. In our study, we observed a nonsignificant trend of progressive reduction of MPI up to the third month of kidney transplantation. </p>
      <p>The LV systolic function is considered an independent predictor of cardiac events, both fatal and nonfatal<sup>27 </sup>and mortality in patients with CKD and LVH<sup>28</sup>. Overall, there was an increase in LVEF and reduction of cavity volumes after transplantation<sup>19,21</sup>, even in the pediatric population<sup>23</sup>. Moreover, Rakhit et al<sup>29</sup>, during a median follow-up of 4.2 years after kidney transplantation showed significant reduction in LVESVi of 33 ml/m<sup>2</sup> to 23 ml/m<sup>2</sup>. In our study, the mean LVEF was normal at baseline assessment and only one patient had LVEF &lt; 55%. Similar to the literature data, we observed early (within a month of transplantation) and significant alterations in parameters of systolic function and this progressed up to the sixth month after transplantation. </p>
      <p>Tissue Doppler is less sensitive to alterations in preload, being important in the categorization of LV diastolic function<sup>11</sup> and is an independent predictor of death and cardiovascular events in patients with CKD<sup>29,30</sup>. The only study that evaluated the evolution of tissue Doppler before and after kidney transplantation showed that the e' wave increased significantly from 5.6 cm/s to 6.5 cm/s in a follow-up of 4.2 years<sup>29</sup>, indicating an improvement of diastolic function. In the present study, we observed a significant improvement in diastolic function characterized by increased e' wave, especially when evaluated in the septal mitral annulus and significant reduction of mean E/e' ratio three months after transplantation, with additional reduction after six months.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of diastolic dysfunction by echocardiography in patients with CKD undergoing dialysis ranges from 34% to 77%, depending on the criteria used for its quantification<sup>3,17</sup>. We used the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>13</sup> and observed a high frequency at baseline assessment (57.5%) in this study; after six months of transplantation, there was a significant 43% reduction of this frequency, when compared to baseline assessment. Studies carried out without the use of tissue Doppler have not demonstrated the impact of kidney transplantation on diastolic function<sup>22,31</sup>; however, a recent study using tissue Doppler as a criterion for the quantification of diastolic function showed similar results to the ones of the present study<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The assessment of the left atrium is important in the diagnosis of the severity of diastolic blood pressure and magnitude of the left atrial pressure<sup>8</sup>. The estimation of left atrial volume by echocardiography is an independent predictor of death and cardiovascular events in patients with CKD undergoing dialysis<sup>28,32</sup>. There have been no previous data evaluating the evolution of left atrial volume after kidney transplantation. This study showed a progressive decrease in the left atrial volume index within the six months of transplantation, without, however, statistical significance. </p>
      <p>Some studies in literature have shown that clinical and laboratory factors may be associated with cardiac alterations after kidney transplantation. Ferreira et al<sup>22</sup> demonstrated, at the multivariate analysis, that the level of creatinine and systolic pressure load evaluated 12 months after kidney transplantation were independent predictors of LVM/BSA in the same period after the transplantation. El-Husseini et al<sup>33</sup> studied 75 children and adolescents 4.6 years after kidney transplantation and concluded that longer pre-transplantation dialysis time, arterial hypertension and post-transplantation anemia were independent predictors of LVH after the transplantation. </p>
      <p>In the present study, it was observed that the pre-transplantation LVEF and E/e' ratio were independently associated with a reduction in LVH after kidney transplantation and basal LVM/BSA was associated with a reduction in the mean E/e' ratio after the transplantation, indicating that the greater the LV impairment before the transplantation, the greater the reduction in LVM and improvement in diastolic function after the transplantation.</p>
      <p>Moreover, regarding diastolic function, it was observed that the female sex and the decrease in serum phosphorus were independently associated with a reduction of the mean E/e' ratio after kidney transplantation, indicating that these variables predict an improvement in diastolic function after transplantation. The mean basal E/e' ratio was higher in females than in males (11.6 <italic>vs</italic>. 8.55), so this group showed greater reduction in the E/e' ratio at follow-up. Serum phosphorus levels are a potent stimulator of vascular calcification process<sup>34</sup> that may cause increased arterial stiffness; that, in turn, increases pulse pressure with a consequent reduction in coronary perfusion<sup>35</sup>, which perhaps could explain the improvement in diastolic function with a reduction in serum phosphorus. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample size may be a limitation, especially in the evaluation of possible associations of clinical and laboratory variables with echocardiographic alterations. </p>
      <p>The post-transplantation follow-up period was only six months and some alterations, such as ventricular mass, may take longer to occur. But significant changes were observed even within the short monitoring period.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Based on these data, we conclude that kidney transplantation determined ventricular mass reduction, improvement in parameters of systolic and diastolic function in the first six months after the transplantation. The mean baseline ejection fraction and E/e' were predictors of reduction in LVM, whereas baseline LVM/BSA, female sex and the reduction in serum phosphorus levels were associated with improvement in diastolic function parameter, and mean E/e' ratio. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Francival Leite de Souza, from Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
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