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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GGQcxZCkm6WXPDFGn8DgBsh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000600004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800604</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000045</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia associa-se independentemente ao Acidente Vascular Cerebral Isqu&#234;mico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>D&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Telmo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>497</fpage>
      <lpage>504</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) constitui uma das primeiras causas de morte a n&#237;vel mundial. A import&#226;ncia do espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular tem sido recorrentemente estudada; contudo, essa rela&#231;&#227;o gera ainda alguma controv&#233;rsia. OBJETIVOS: Determinar se o espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na Art&#233;ria Car&#243;tida Comum (ACC) pode ser utilizado como um marcador independente de alto risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia do AVC. M&#201;TODOS: A amostra compreende um grupo de 948 doentes consecutivamente estudados por Triplex Scan Cervical no per&#237;odo compreendido entre janeiro de 2004 e junho de 2009. Esses doentes foram agrupados em raz&#227;o da presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de AVC recente, do que resultou um grupo de doentes com AVC Isqu&#233;mico (AVC I) (n = 452, 48%), outro com AVC Hemorr&#225;gico (AVC H) (n = 22, 2%) e um grupo de doentes Sem Eventos (n = 474, 50%). RESULTADOS: Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ajustada para fatores de risco cardiovascular cl&#225;ssicos, o espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC associou-se significativamente e de forma aproximadamente linear com o AVC I (Odds Ratio = 1.808, Intervalo de Confian&#231;a: 1.291-2.534, p = 0,01), mas n&#227;o com o AVC H (p = ns). Uma intera&#231;&#227;o significativa com a idade foi tamb&#233;m encontrada, demonstrando-se uma capacidade discriminativa do risco de AVC I maior em indiv&#237;duos com idade inferior a 50 anos. CONCLUS&#213;ES: O espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC revelou-se um preditor de risco independente para o AVC I, mas n&#227;o para AVC H refor&#231;ando assim a utilidade da sua avalia&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Acidente vascular cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia</kwd>
        <kwd>art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum</kwd>
        <kwd>ultrasonografia</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia associa-se independentemente ao Acidente Vascular Cerebral Isqu&#234;mico </p>
    <p>
      <bold>D&#225;rio Freitas<sup>I</sup>; Ana Alves<sup>I</sup>; Alexandre Pereira<sup>I</sup>; Telmo Pereira<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Escola Superior de Sa&#250;de Dr. Lopes Dias do Instituto Polit&#233;cnico de Castelo Branco - Curso de Licenciatura em Cardiopneumologia </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra do Instituto Polit&#233;cnico de Coimbra - Curso de Licenciatura em Cardiopneumologia</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) constitui uma das primeiras causas de morte a n&#237;vel mundial. A import&#226;ncia do espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular tem sido recorrentemente estudada; contudo, essa rela&#231;&#227;o gera ainda alguma controv&#233;rsia. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Determinar se o espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na Art&#233;ria Car&#243;tida Comum (ACC) pode ser utilizado como um marcador independente de alto risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia do AVC. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> A amostra compreende um grupo de 948 doentes consecutivamente estudados por Triplex Scan Cervical no per&#237;odo compreendido entre janeiro de 2004 e junho de 2009. Esses doentes foram agrupados em raz&#227;o da presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de AVC recente, do que resultou um grupo de doentes com AVC Isqu&#233;mico (AVC I) (n = 452, 48%), outro com AVC Hemorr&#225;gico (AVC H) (n = 22, 2%) e um grupo de doentes Sem Eventos (n = 474, 50%). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ajustada para fatores de risco cardiovascular cl&#225;ssicos, o espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC associou-se significativamente e de forma aproximadamente linear com o AVC I (Odds Ratio = 1.808, Intervalo de Confian&#231;a: 1.291-2.534, p = 0,01), mas n&#227;o com o AVC H (p = ns). Uma intera&#231;&#227;o significativa com a idade foi tamb&#233;m encontrada, demonstrando-se uma capacidade discriminativa do risco de AVC I maior em indiv&#237;duos com idade inferior a 50 anos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> O espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC revelou-se um preditor de risco independente para o AVC I, mas n&#227;o para AVC H refor&#231;ando assim a utilidade da sua avalia&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Acidente vascular cerebral, espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia, art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum, ultrasonografia, fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Atualmente, uma das principais consequ&#234;ncias da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica &#233; o acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Esse apresenta-se como uma das principais causas de morte na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta em Portugal e no Brasil, e como uma das principais causas de incapacidade nos pa&#237;ses industrializados a n&#237;vel mundial<sup>1-3</sup>. Essa doen&#231;a constitui um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, sendo urgente estabelecer um diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico cada vez mais precoce das suas manifesta&#231;&#245;es<sup>4-7</sup>. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o AVC e o espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia tem sido um tema bastante discutido na comunidade cient&#237;fica; contudo, o valor desse par&#226;metro e, consequentemente, a sua utilidade cl&#237;nica ainda s&#227;o pontos que geram alguma controv&#233;rsia. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; car&#243;tida, alguns autores afirmam que a exist&#234;ncia de espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na Art&#233;ria Car&#243;tida Interna (ACI) apresenta uma boa rela&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cerebrovasculares<sup>8-10</sup>. Contudo, concluiu-se que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de outras medi&#231;&#245;es da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia, nomeadamente ao n&#237;vel da Art&#233;ria Car&#243;tida Comum (ACC), apresenta uma correla&#231;&#227;o mais forte com a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC<sup>11-14</sup>. </p>
    <p>A ultrasonografia, nomeadamente o Triplex Scan Cervical, apresenta-se como o m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo mais eficaz e mais utilizado para avaliar a exist&#234;ncia de espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia. Esse m&#233;todo fornece informa&#231;&#245;es acerca das altera&#231;&#245;es da parede arterial, progress&#227;o e regress&#227;o de les&#245;es extracranianas carot&#237;deas<sup>15-21</sup>. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o ultrassonogr&#225;fica da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia, segundo Stein e cols., a estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos valores deve ser sempre ajustada a idade, g&#234;nero e ra&#231;a do indiv&#237;duo estudado<sup>17</sup>. Segundo os autores do EDUCATE Study, nos casos em que o estudo ultrassonogr&#225;fico carot&#237;deo &#233; negativo, est&#225; normalmente associado um excelente progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico relativamente &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos vasculares<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este trabalho de investiga&#231;&#227;o tem como objetivo central avaliar a capacidade discriminativa do espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC para o risco de AVC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados inclu&#237;dos na amostra dizem respeito a todos os indiv&#237;duos que realizaram Triplex Scan Cervical entre 1&#186; de janeiro de 2004 e 30 de junho de 2009. A metodologia de recolha dos dados foi estruturada e objetiva tendo sido criada uma tabela pr&#243;pria para os registos. Esses foram recolhidos de forma retrospetiva mediante consulta direta da base de dados, sendo a popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo constitu&#237;da por indiv&#237;duos Sem Eventos, com diagn&#243;stico de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico (AVC I) e com diagn&#243;stico de aciddente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico (AVC H). No grupo Sem Eventos, o exame foi realizado por rotina preventiva, enquanto nos grupos com eventos a avalia&#231;&#227;o ultrassonogr&#225;fica foi realizada perievento. No grupo Sem Eventos, foram inclu&#237;dos aqueles que tinham informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica relativa a avalia&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o extracraniana, s&#237;ncopes, tonturas, ataxia, cefaleias, dem&#234;ncia, insufici&#234;ncia vertebrobasilar e presen&#231;a de zumbidos. No grupo com AVC I, foram inclu&#237;dos aqueles que tinham informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica relativa a AVC I e AVC cerebeloso. No grupo com AVC H, foram inclu&#237;dos aqueles que tinham informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica relativa a AVC H e hemorragia subaracnoidea.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos todos os indiv&#237;duos com informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica insuficiente, que apresentavam como informa&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltiplos AVC, reavalia&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC, e ainda todos os relat&#243;rios que estavam incompletos por causa da m&#225; colabora&#231;&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo. </p>
    <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos realizaram Triplex Scan Cervical, num Ec&#243;grafo <italic>Aloka 5500 </italic>e com uma sonda linear de 7.5 MHz<italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic> (proveniente da Alemanha do fabricante <italic>Siemens Healthcare<sup>&#174;</sup></italic>), de acordo com os procedimentos adequados e definidos pelo Laborat&#243;rio. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram sempre realizadas pelo mesmo operador e efetuadas na ACC distal a uma dist&#226;ncia de aproximadamente 20 mm do bulbo carot&#237;deo, sendo a dist&#226;ncia entre a &#237;ntima e a m&#233;dia definida como a dist&#226;ncia m&#225;xima entre a superf&#237;cie luminal da t&#250;nica &#237;ntima e a superf&#237;cie mais externa da t&#250;nica m&#233;dia (em contacto com a advent&#237;cia). O c&#225;lculo do valor da espessura da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia foi o valor m&#233;dio obtido nos seis pontos de medi&#231;&#227;o realizados.</p>
    <p>Relativamente &#224;s vari&#225;veis em estudo consideradas quantitativas, s&#227;o a idade e o valor da dist&#226;ncia da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC direita e esquerda. As vari&#225;veis qualitativas s&#227;o o g&#234;nero, a informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (Sem eventos, AVC I, AVC H) e a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica (doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, hipercolesterolemia, hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabete melito tipo 2, tabagismo e a exist&#234;ncia de espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC). Importa referir que dos fatores de risco da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica mencionados, a exist&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, hipercolesterolemia, hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabete melito tipo 2, e tabagismo foi considerada com base na informa&#231;&#227;o obtida aquando da consulta da informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que constava no processo dos indiv&#237;duos quando da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame.</p>
    <p>Os dados relativos aos indiv&#237;duos da amostra foram informatizados e tratados com recurso ao programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS) para Windows, vers&#227;o 17.0. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi testada, quanto &#224; normalidade, pelo teste de <italic>Kolmogorov-Smirnov</italic>, e quanto &#224; homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias pelo teste de <italic>Levene</italic>. </p>
    <p>Para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o geral da amostra e da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis qualitativas e quantitativas, recorreu-se a uma estat&#237;stica descritiva simples. Os valores das vari&#225;veis quantitativas est&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e m&#237;nimo - m&#225;ximo. Os valores das vari&#225;veis qualitativas est&#227;o apresentados como valores absolutos e em porcentagem. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos para vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas concretizou-se com recurso ao teste Anova (post-hoc de <italic>Tukey</italic>), e para comparar as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas recorreu-se ao teste qui-quadrado. </p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados recorreu-se &#224; regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, tendo sido definidas como vari&#225;veis dependentes dicot&#243;micas o AVC I e o AVC H. As restantes vari&#225;veis definidas como independentes foram g&#234;nero, idade, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, hipercolesterolemia, hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabete melito tipo 2, tabagismo e o valor da dist&#226;ncia da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC direita e esquerda. O crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica utilizado foi um valor de p &#8804; 0,05 com um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra ficou constitu&#237;da por 948 indiv&#237;duos, e desses, 452 (48%) apresentavam AVC I, 22 (2%) AVC H e 474 (50%) Sem Eventos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04312graf01">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop04312graf01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0497-00045-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04312tab01">tabela 1</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o da idade (em anos) e dos valores da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC direita e esquerda (em mm) segundo o g&#234;nero.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop04312tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0497-00045-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04312tab02">tabela 2</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra segundo os fatores de risco da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica em raz&#227;o dos eventos considerados. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop04312tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0497-00045-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Verificou-se que o grupo com AVC I apresenta a m&#233;dia de idades mais elevada (69,83 anos), existindo diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre esse grupo e o grupo Sem Eventos (p &lt; 0,001). No estudo morfol&#243;gico da ACC esquerda verificou-se que os valores da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia s&#227;o maiores no grupo com AVC I (1,14 &#177; 0,2 mm) existindo tamb&#233;m diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre esse grupo e o grupo Sem Eventos (1,06 &#177; 0,2 mm; p &lt; 0,001). Quanto ao estudo morfol&#243;gico da ACC direita verificou-se que os valores da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia s&#227;o maiores no grupo com AVC H (1,15 &#177; 0,2 mm) existindo diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre o grupo com AVC I e o grupo Sem Eventos (p &lt; 0,001). </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04312tab02">tab. 2</xref>) verificou-se que a exist&#234;ncia de espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC foi o mais prevalente existindo em 355 indiv&#237;duos (78,5%) e em 288 indiv&#237;duos (60,8%), respetivamente com AVC I e Sem Eventos. No grupo de doentes com AVC H, verificou-se que a hipertens&#227;o arterial foi o fator de risco mais prevalente existindo em 19 indiv&#237;duos (86,4%). Em todos os grupos o tabagismo foi o fator de risco menos prevalente. Em termos comparativos, constatou-se que os indiv&#237;duos com AVC I tinham uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de homens, de exist&#234;ncia de espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC e da presen&#231;a de outros fatores de risco, nomeadamente hipertens&#227;o arterial e hipercolesterolemia. </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04312tab03">tabela 3</xref> est&#227;o apresentados os resultados da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada para o evento AVC H. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop04312tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0497-00045-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada adoptados mostraram que apenas a hipertens&#227;o arterial apresenta um efeito marginalmente significativo sobre a probabilidade de desenvolver AVC H (OR = 3,344; IC: 0,982-1,386, p = 0,053). Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop04312tab04">tabela 4</xref> est&#227;o apresentados os resultados da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada para o evento AVC I. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop04312tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0497-00045-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada adotados mostraram que a hipercolesterolemia (OR = 0,621; IC: 0,477-0,806, p &lt; 0,001), a idade (OR = 1,026; IC: 1,015-1,037, p &lt; 0,001), o g&#234;nero (OR = 1,397; IC: 1,079-1,809, p = 0,011), a hipertens&#227;o arterial (OR = 1,672; IC: 1,273-2,197, p &lt; 0,011), e a exist&#234;ncia de espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC (OR = 2,272; IC: 1,703-3,032, p &lt; 0,001), apresentam um efeito preditivo estatisticamente significativo sobre a probabilidade de desenvolver AVC I. </p>
    <p>Fazendo uma an&#225;lise multivariada, com todas as vari&#225;veis referidas anteriormente, apenas a exist&#234;ncia de espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC, a hipertens&#227;o arterial e a hipercolesterolemia apresentam um efeito estatisticamente significativo e independente sobre a probabilidade de desenvolver AVC I. A exist&#234;ncia de espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia associou-se assim de forma independente com o AVC I, com um OR de 1,808 (IC: 1,291-2,534, p = 0,01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04312graf02">gr&#225;fico 2</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop04312graf02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0497-00045-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; possibilidade de um aumento no valor da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC esquerda e direita apresentar um efeito estatisticamente significativo sobre a probabilidade de desenvolver AVC I, utilizaram-se uma vez mais os modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada. Esses mostraram que existe um aumento na probabilidade de desenvolver AVC I de 28,1% por cada 0,1 mm de aumento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC esquerda, e de 27,7% por cada 0,1 mm de aumento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC direita.</p>
    <p>Ainda no estudo da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada para o evento AVC I, consideraram-se valores da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC esquerda e direita consoante escal&#245;es de idades previamente definidos (inferior a 50 anos, dos 50 aos 65 anos e idade superior a 65). Os resultados mostraram que o valor da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC esquerda e direita apresenta um efeito preditivo estatisticamente significativo sobre a probabilidade de desenvolver AVC I para todos os escal&#245;es et&#225;rios, sendo mais significativo para idades inferiores a 50 anos (OR = 1,697; IC: 1,192-2,417, p = 0,003 na ACC esquerda e OR = 2,048; IC: 1,371-3,059, p &lt; 0,001 na ACC direita). De modo a verificar qual o tipo de rela&#231;&#227;o entre um aumento dos valores da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC direita e esquerda e a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC I, utilizando o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada, obtiveram-se os resultados que se podem visualizar nos <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04312graf03">gr&#225;ficos 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop04312graf04">4</xref><italic>. </italic></p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop04312graf03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0497-00045-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop04312graf04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0497-00045-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Pela an&#225;lise das figuras pode-se referir que para a ACC esquerda e direita, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC I e o valor da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia &#233; aproximadamente linear.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o e conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>T&#234;m sido v&#225;rios os estudos que t&#234;m pretendido demonstrar que a exist&#234;ncia de espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC pode ser utilizada como um marcador de alto risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC.</p>
    <p>O nosso trabalho mostrou que de fato existe uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC e a exist&#234;ncia de espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC. </p>
    <p>Para o AVC H, a exist&#234;ncia de espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC n&#227;o apresentou resultados estatisticamente significativos, ao contr&#225;rio da hipertens&#227;o arterial, que aumenta em cerca de 3,34 vezes o risco de ocorr&#234;ncia do evento. Ariesen e cols.<sup>23</sup> demonstraram que a exist&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial aumentava em cerca de 3,68 vezes o risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de hemorragia intracerebral. </p>
    <p>Para o AVC I, os resultados foram completamente diferentes, constatando-se que a exist&#234;ncia de espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC, em conjunto com os restantes fatores de risco da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, apresenta um efeito estatisticamente significativo e independente sobre a probabilidade de desenvolver AVC I. Ou seja, existe um aumento de 80,8% na probabilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia do evento. Esses resultados v&#234;m ao encontro de outros estudos, nomeadamente, o ARIC Study<sup>24</sup>, CH Study<sup>10</sup>, CAP Study<sup>13</sup>, Rotterdam Study<sup>25,26</sup> e o PARC Study<sup>27</sup>, que mostraram resultados semelhantes. Contudo, &#233; necess&#225;rio ter em conta algumas considera&#231;&#245;es na an&#225;lise desses resultados. Segundo Touboul e cols.<sup>11,28</sup>, a raz&#227;o pela qual alguns indiv&#237;duos desenvolvem um maior espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia pode estar relacionada com outros fatores que n&#227;o est&#227;o aqui explicados, como fatores anat&#244;micos/hemodin&#226;micos e a suscetibilidade gen&#233;tica dos indiv&#237;duos. Al&#233;m disso, o fato de as vari&#225;veis serem definidas como bin&#225;rias, para fins de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, pode condicionar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, pois em alguns casos importa avaliar a dura&#231;&#227;o e a severidade dos fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>Outro dos achados foi a exist&#234;ncia de um aumento na probabilidade de desenvolver AVC I de 28,1% por cada 0,1 mm de aumento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC esquerda, e de 27,7% por cada 0,1 mm de aumento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC direita. Esses resultados est&#227;o em conformidade com os de outros estudos semelhantes. No ARIC Study<sup>24</sup>, um aumento de 0,18 mm leva a um aumento do risco na ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC em 60% nas mulheres e em 31% nos homens. O CH Study<sup>10</sup> mostrou que um aumento de 0,2 mm resulta num aumento do risco na ordem dos 37%. J&#225; o Rotterdam Study<sup>25</sup> demonstrou que um aumento de 0,163 mm da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC est&#225; associado a um aumento de 41% na ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC.</p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos tamb&#233;m que o valor da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC esquerda e direita apresenta um efeito preditivo estatisticamente significativo sobre a probabilidade de desenvolver AVC I superior para idades inferiores a 50 anos comparativamente a idades superiores. Relativamente &#224; ACC esquerda existe um aumento de 69,7%, enquanto para a ACC direita esse aumento &#233; de 104,8%. Al&#233;m disso, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC I e o valor da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia &#233; aproximadamente linear, sendo mais elevada entre o 1&#186; e o 2&#186; tercis tanto para a ACC direita como para a esquerda. Outros estudos, nomeadamente o CAPS<sup>13</sup> e o PARC Study<sup>27</sup>, obtiveram resultados semelhantes. &#201; um resultado que n&#227;o deixa de ser curioso e deve ser analisado com cuidado, uma vez que os eventos vasculares em indiv&#237;duos jovens s&#227;o raros, e depois porque uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa nem sempre traduz signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. Lorenz e cols.<sup>29</sup> deixaram tamb&#233;m como sugest&#227;o que devem ser realizados mais estudos com popula&#231;&#245;es jovens. No ARIC Study<sup>24</sup>, concluiu-se que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os valores da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC e a probabilidade de desenvolver AVC &#233; superior para valores inferiores a 1,0 mm; logo, o risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC ser&#225; maior se tivermos como refer&#234;ncia valores de &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia mais baixos. Como os indiv&#237;duos jovens normalmente apresentam valores absolutos da dist&#226;ncia &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia inferiores a 1,0 mm, ent&#227;o o risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC poder&#225; ser maior nessa faixa et&#225;ria. Nos indiv&#237;duos de idade mais avan&#231;ada a rela&#231;&#227;o encontrada pode ser explicada por meio da medica&#231;&#227;o levada a cabo por esses (betabloqueantes, estatinas, inibidores de enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina) que pode influenciar os valores da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia<sup>13,27</sup>. </p>
    <p>Este estudo apresenta tamb&#233;m algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Apesar de todos os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos na base de dados fazerem parte do Sistema Nacional de Sa&#250;de Portugu&#234;s e terem frequentado o mesmo Hospital para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, n&#227;o s&#227;o representativos da popula&#231;&#227;o geral; logo, todas as conclus&#245;es devem ser interpretadas com o devido cuidado. O n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos representativo da popula&#231;&#227;o com AVC H &#233; reduzido o que pode condicionar de certa forma os resultados obtidos para esse evento. </p>
    <p>Assim, deixamos como recomenda&#231;&#245;es futuras estudar um maior n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com AVC H; incluir outros fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica que tornem os resultados mais ricos, nomeadamente valor de &#237;ndice de massa corporal; realizar um estudo semelhante, mas de natureza prospetiva, incluindo na amostra indiv&#237;duos da popula&#231;&#227;o geral e com popula&#231;&#245;es mais jovens. Importaria avaliar, al&#233;m da exist&#234;ncia de espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC, o comportamento dos diversos fatores de risco da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica ao longo do tempo de forma a verificar como se comportaria a rela&#231;&#227;o aqui demonstrada. Seria tamb&#233;m &#250;til no nosso ponto de vista considerar al&#233;m do AVC, o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, de forma a verificar para qual desses eventos a rela&#231;&#227;o com o espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC seria mais significativa.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, mostramos que a exist&#234;ncia de espessamento da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia na ACC associa-se independentemente ao AVC I, mas n&#227;o ao AVC H. Apesar de muitos dos autores defenderem que essa apresenta uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada com a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC, n&#227;o deixam de frisar que ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos para que essa possa ser considerada como um marcador de risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos vasculares, nesse caso, o AVC<sup>27</sup>. Este estudo vai ao encontro de refor&#231;ar essa associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> D&#225;rio Lu&#237;s Leal de Freitas </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. Mariano Roque Laia, n&#186; 2 - R&#233;s-do-Ch&#227;o A - 2650-051 - Amadora, Portugal. </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="dfreitas12@gmail.com">dfreitas12@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 10/09/11; </p>
    <p> revisado recebido em 28/09/11; </p>
    <p> aceito em 27/01/12.</p>
  </body>
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        <mixed-citation>29. Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, Rosvall    M, Sitzer M. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media    thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2007;115(4):459-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>459</fpage>
          <lpage>67</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lorenz</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Markus</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bots</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosvall</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sitzer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Increased intima-media thickness is independently associated with Ischemic Stroke</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Stroke is one of the major causes of death worldwide. The importance of increased intima-media thickness in cardiovascular risk stratification has been recurrently studied. The relationship between them, however, is still controversial. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether increased common carotid artery (CCA) intima-media thickness can be used as an independent high-risk marker for the occurrence of stroke. METHODS: This study sample comprised 948 patients consecutively assessed by use of cervical triplex scan from January 2004 to June 2009. Those patients were divided into groups according to the presence or absence of recent stroke as follows: a group of patients with ischemic stroke (n = 452, 48%); a group of patients with hemorrhagic stroke (n = 22, 2%); and a group of patients with no events (n = 474, 50%). RESULTS: On logistic regression analysis adjusted for the classic cardiovascular risk factors, increased CCA intima-media thickness associated significantly and on an approximately linear way with ischemic stroke (Odds Ratio = 1.808, confidence interval: 1.291-2.534, p = 0.01), but not with hemorrhagic stroke (p = ns). A significant interaction with age was also found, showing a greater discriminative capacity for the risk of ischemic stroke in individuals aged less than 50 years. CONCLUSIONS: The increased CCA intima-media thickness was identified as an independent predictor of the risk for ischemic stroke, but not for hemorrhagic stroke, emphasizing the usefulness of its assessment on clinical practice. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>increased intima-media thickness</kwd>
        <kwd>common carotid artery</kwd>
        <kwd>ultrasound</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="top-body2"/>Increased intima-media thickness is independently associated with Ischemic Stroke </p>
      <p>
        <bold>D&#225;rio Freitas<sup>I</sup>; Ana Alves<sup>I</sup>; Alexandre Pereira<sup>I</sup>; Telmo Pereira<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Escola Superior de Sa&#250;de Dr. Lopes Dias do Instituto Polit&#233;cnico de Castelo Branco - Curso de Licenciatura em Cardiopneumologia</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra do Instituto Polit&#233;cnico de Coimbra - Curso de Licenciatura em Cardiopneumologia</p>
      <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Stroke is one of the major causes of death worldwide. The importance of increased intima-media thickness in cardiovascular risk stratification has been recurrently studied. The relationship between them, however, is still controversial.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To determine whether increased common carotid artery (CCA) intima-media thickness can be used as an independent high-risk marker for the occurrence of stroke.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This study sample comprised 948 patients consecutively assessed by use of cervical triplex scan from January 2004 to June 2009. Those patients were divided into groups according to the presence or absence of recent stroke as follows: a group of patients with ischemic stroke (n = 452, 48%); a group of patients with hemorrhagic stroke (n = 22, 2%); and a group of patients with no events (n = 474, 50%).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> On logistic regression analysis adjusted for the classic cardiovascular risk factors, increased CCA intima-media thickness associated significantly and on an approximately linear way with ischemic stroke (Odds Ratio = 1.808, confidence interval: 1.291-2.534, p = 0.01), but not with hemorrhagic stroke (p = ns). A significant interaction with age was also found, showing a greater discriminative capacity for the risk of ischemic stroke in individuals aged less than 50 years.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> The increased CCA intima-media thickness was identified as an independent predictor of the risk for ischemic stroke, but not for hemorrhagic stroke, emphasizing the usefulness of its assessment on clinical practice. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>stroke; increased intima-media thickness; common carotid artery; ultrasound; risk factors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Currently, one of the major consequences of the atherosclerotic disease is stroke, which is one of the major causes of death in the adult population in Portugal and Brazil, and one of the major causes of disability in industrialized countries worldwide<sup>1-3</sup>. Stroke is an important public health problem, requiring urgently the early clinical diagnosis of its manifestations<sup>4-7</sup>. The relationship between stroke and increased intima-media thickness has been widely discussed in the scientific community; however, the value of that parameter and, consequently, its clinical usefulness are still controversial. </p>
      <p>Regarding the carotid artery, some authors have reported that the presence of increased intima-media thickness in the internal carotid artery (ICA) bears a good relationship with the occurrence of cerebrovascular events<sup>8-10</sup>. However, they have concluded that the use of other intima-media measurements, namely in the common carotid artery (CCA), bears a stronger correlation with the occurrence of stroke<sup>11-14</sup>. </p>
      <p>Ultrasonography, especially the cervical triplex scan, is the most effective and used non-invasive method to assess the presence of intima-media thickening. That method provides information about arterial wall changes, and progression and regression of extracranial carotid lesions<sup>15-21</sup>. On the ultrasound assessment of the intima-media thickness, according to Stein et als., the stratification of values should be always adjusted for the patient's age, gender and race<sup>17</sup>. According to the authors of the EDUCATE Study, regarding the occurrence of vascular events, an excellent clinical prognosis is associated with a negative carotid ultrasound study<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>This investigation study was aimed at assessing the discriminative capacity of the increased CCA intima-media thickness for the risk of stroke.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data included in the sample refer to all patients undergoing cervical triplex scan between January 1<sup>st</sup>, 2004, and June 30, 2009. The methodology of data collection was structured and objective, and a table was created for the records. Data collection was retrospective, by use of direct consultation of the database, and the target population comprised patients with no events, patients diagnosed with hemorrhagic stroke and patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke. In the "no event" group, ultrasonography was performed preventively, while, in the groups with events, ultrasonography was performed close to the event time. The "no event" group comprised individuals with the following characteristics: clinical information regarding the assessment of extracranial circulation, syncope, dizziness, ataxia, headaches, dementia, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, and tinnitus. The ischemic stroke group comprised those with clinical information regarding ischemic stroke and cerebellar stroke. The hemorrhagic stroke group comprised those with clinical information regarding hemorrhagic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage.</p>
      <p>Patients with the following characteristics were excluded: insufficient clinical data; multiple strokes; reassessment after stroke; and incomplete reports due to lack of patient collaboration. </p>
      <p>All patients underwent cervical triplex scan on an Aloka 5500 ultrasound equipment, with a 7.5 MHz linear probe<italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic> (Siemens Healthcare<sup>&#174;</sup>, Germany), according to adequate procedures defined by the manufacturer. The measurements were always taken by the same examiner on the distal CCA at approximately 20 mm from the carotid bulb, the intima-media thickness being defined as the maximum distance between the lumen-intima interface and the media-adventitia interface. The intima-media thickness was the mean value obtained from the six measurement points.</p>
      <p>The quantitative variables studied were age and the right and left CCA intima-media thickness. The qualitative variables studied were gender, clinical data ("no event", ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke), and the presence of risk factors for atherosclerotic disease (cardiac disease, hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, smoking, and increased CCA intima-media thickness). It is worth noting that of the mentioned risk factors for atherosclerotic disease, the existence of cardiac disease, hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and smoking was considered based on the clinical data obtained at the time of the examination and registered on the patients' medical records.</p>
      <p>The patients' data were processed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software for Windows, version 17.0. The distribution of the variables was tested regarding normality by use of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and regarding homogeneity of the variances by use of the Levene's test. </p>
      <p>For the general characterization of the sample and distribution of the qualitative and quantitative variables, simple descriptive statistics was used. The values of the quantitative variables are shown as mean &#177; standard deviation and minimum - maximum. The values of the qualitative variables are shown as absolute values and percentages. Parametric variables were compared between groups by use of ANOVA (post-hoc Tukey test), while categorical variables were compared by use of the chi-square test. </p>
      <p>Logistic regression was used for data statistical analysis, and ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke were defined as dichotomous dependent variables. The variables defined as independent were gender, age, cardiac disease, hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, smoking, and right and left CCA intima-media thickness. The criterion for statistical significance adopted was p &#8804; 0.05, with a 95% confidence interval.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample comprised 948 patients as follows: 452 (48%) with ischemic stroke; 22 (2%) with hemorrhagic stroke; and 474 (50%) with no events (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop04312fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop04312fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0497-00045-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop04312tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the sample distribution of age (years) and right and left CCA intima-media thickness values (mm) according to gender.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop04312tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0497-00045-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop04312tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the sample distribution of the risk factors for atherosclerotic disease according to the events considered. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop04312tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0497-00045-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The ischemic stroke group had the highest mean age (69.83 years), and statistically significant differences were observed between that group and the "no event" group (p &lt; 0.001). The morphological study of the left CCA showed the highest intima-media thickness values in the ischemic stroke group (1.14 &#177; 0.2 mm), and statistically significant differences were also observed between that group and the "no event" group (1.06 &#177; 0.2 mm; p &lt; 0.001). The morphological study of the right CCA showed the highest intima-media thickness values in the hemorrhagic stroke group (1.15 &#177; 0.2 mm), and statistically significant differences were observed between the ischemic stroke group and the "no event" group (p &lt; 0.001). </p>
      <p>Regarding risk factors (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop04312tab02-body2">tab. 2</xref>), increased CCA intima-media thickness was the most prevalent, present in 355 (78.5%) and 288 (60.8%) patients of the ischemic stroke and "no event" groups, respectively. In the hemorrhagic stroke group, arterial hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor, present in 19 patients (86.4%). In all groups, the smoking habit was the least prevalent risk factor. Compared with the other two groups, the ischemic stroke group showed the greatest proportion of the following: male gender; presence of increased CCA intima-media thickness; and presence of other risk factors, such as arterial hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop04312tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the results of univariate logistic regression for the hemorrhagic stroke event. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop04312tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0497-00045-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The univariate logistic regression models adopted showed that only arterial hypertension had a marginally significant effect on the likelihood of developing hemorrhagic stroke (OR = 3.344; CI: 0.982-1.386, p = 0.053). <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop04312tab04-body2">Table 4</xref> shows the results of univariate logistic regression for the ischemic stroke event. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop04312tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0497-00045-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The univariate logistic regression models adopted showed that the following variables have a statistically significant predictive effect on the likelihood of developing ischemic stroke: hypercholesterolemia (OR = 0.621; CI: 0.477-0.806, p &lt; 0.001); age (OR = 1.026; CI: 1.015-1.037, p &lt; 0.001); gender (OR = 1.397; CI: 1.079-1.809, p = 0.011); arterial hypertension (OR = 1.672; CI: 1.273-2.197, p &lt; 0.011); and increased CCA intima-media thickness (OR = 2.272; CI: 1.703-3.032, p &lt; 0.001). </p>
      <p>On the multivariate analysis with all the previously mentioned variables, only increased CCA intima-media thickness, arterial hypertension and hypercholesterolemia showed a statistically significant and independent effect on the likelihood of developing ischemic stroke. Thus, increased CCA intima-media thickness was independently associated with ischemic stroke (OR = 1.808; CI: 1.291-2.534, p = 0.01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop04312fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop04312fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0497-00045-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Considering that increased left and right CCA intima-media thickness might have a statistically significant effect on the likelihood of developing ischemic stroke, once more the univariate logistic regression models were used. They showed an increase in the likelihood of developing ischemic stroke as follows: of 28.1% for each 0.1-mm increase in the left CCA intima-media thickness; and of 27.7% for each 0.1-mm increase in the right CCA intima-media thickness.</p>
      <p>Still regarding the univariate logistic regression study for the ischemic stroke event, left and right CCA intima-media thickness values were considered according to previously defined age groups (under 50 years of age; from 50 to 65 years; and over 65 years). The results showed that the left and right CCA intima-media thickness values had a statistically significant predictive effect on the likelihood of developing ischemic stroke at all age groups, being more significant at ages under 50 years (OR = 1.697; CI: 1.192-2.417, p = 0.003 on left CCA, and OR = 2.048; CI: 1.371-3.059, p &lt; 0.001 on right CCA). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop04312fig03-body2">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop04312fig04-body2">4</xref> show the type of relationship between the occurrence of ischemic stroke and the increased right and left CCA intima-media thickness, by use of the univariate logistic regression model. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop04312fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0497-00045-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop04312fig04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-06-0497-00045-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The analysis of the graphs in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop04312fig03-body2">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop04312fig04-body2">4</xref> shows that, for the right and left CCA, the relationship between the risk of ischemic stroke and the intima-media thickness is approximately linear. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion and conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Several studies have reported that increased CCA intima-media thickness can be used as a marker of high risk for the occurrence of stroke.</p>
      <p>Our study showed that, in fact, there is an association between the occurrence of stroke and increased CCA intima-media thickness. </p>
      <p>Regarding hemorrhagic stroke, the increased CCA intima-media thickness showed no statistically significant results, unlike arterial hypertension, which increases 3.34 fold the risk for that event. Ariesen et als.<sup>23</sup> have shown that arterial hypertension increases 3.68 fold the risk for intracerebral hemorrhage. </p>
      <p>Regarding ischemic stroke, the results differed completely; the increased CCA intima-media thickness, along with the other risk factors for atherosclerotic disease, has a statistically significant and independent effect on the likelihood of developing ischemic stroke. There is an 80.8% increase in the likelihood of the occurrence of that event. These results are in accordance with those of other studies, such as the ARIC Study<sup>24</sup>, CH Study<sup>10</sup>, CAP Study<sup>13</sup>, Rotterdam Study<sup>25,26</sup>, and PARC Study<sup>27</sup>, whose results were similar. However, the analysis of those results require some considerations. According to Touboul et als.<sup>11,28</sup>, the reason why some individuals develop a greater intima-media thickness increase might be related to other factors not approached here, such as anatomic/hemodynamic factors and genetic susceptibility. In addition, the fact of defining the variables as binary, for the purpose of statistical analysis, might interfere with data interpretation, because, in some cases, the duration and severity of the risk factors are worth assessing.</p>
      <p>Another finding was the increase in the likelihood of developing ischemic stroke of 28.1% for each 0.1-mm increase in the left CCA intima-media thickness and of 27.7% for each 0.1-mm increase in the right CCA intima-media thickness. Those results are in accordance with those of other similar studies. In the ARIC Study<sup>24</sup>, a 0.18-mm increase in the CCA intima-media thickness leads to a 60% and 31% increase in the risk of stroke in women and men, respectively. The CH Study<sup>10</sup> has reported that a 0.2-mm increase in the CCA intima-media thickness results in a 37% increase in that risk. On the other hand, the Rotterdam Study<sup>25</sup> has reported that a 0.163-mm increase in the CCA intima-media thickness is associated with a 41% increase in the stroke occurrence.</p>
      <p>The present study also showed that the left and right CCA intima-media thickness value has a statistically significant predictive effect on the higher likelihood of developing ischemic stroke for ages under 50 years as compared with ages over 50 years. Regarding left CCA, there is a 69.7% increase, while for right CCA, the increase is of 104.8%. In addition, the relationship between the risk of stroke occurrence and the CCA intima-media thickness value is approximately linear, being higher between the 1st and 2nd tertiles, for both the right and left CCAs. Other studies, such as the CAPS Study<sup>13</sup> and the PARC Study<sup>27</sup>, have reported similar results. That result is worth noting and should be carefully assessed, because vascular events in young individuals are rare, and because a statistically significant difference does not always translate clinical significance. Lorenz et als.<sup>29</sup> have also suggested that further studies should be performed on young populations. The ARIC Study<sup>24</sup> has concluded that the relationship between the CCA intima-media thickness values and the likelihood of developing stroke is greater for values under 1.0 mm; thus, the risk for stroke occurrence will be greater in the presence of lower intima-media thickness reference values. Because young individuals usually have absolute intima-media thickness values under 1.0 mm, their risk for the stroke occurrence might be greater. In the elderly, the relationship found can be explained by the medication they usually take (beta-blockers, statins, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors), which can influence the intima-media thickness values <sup>13,27</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study has also some limitations. Although all individuals included in the database are part of the Portuguese National Healthcare System and were cared for and underwent tests at the same hospital, they do not represent the general population. Thus, all conclusions should be interpreted with due care. The representative number of individuals of the hemorrhagic stroke population is reduced, which might have influenced somehow the results obtained for that event. </p>
      <p>Thus, we leave the following recommendations for future studies: to include a higher number of individuals with hemorrhagic stroke; to include other risk factors for atherosclerotic disease, such as body mass index, which will enrich the results; and to carry out a similar study, but of prospective nature, including individuals of the general population and youngsters. In addition to the presence of increased CCA intima-media thickness, it would be worth assessing the behavior of several risk factors for atherosclerotic disease over time to evaluate the behavior of the relationship here described. In addition to stroke, it would also be worth considering acute myocardial infarction, to verify in which of those events the relationship with the increased CCA intima-media thickness would be most significant.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the increased CCA intima-media thickness showed to be independently associated with ischemic stroke but not with hemorrhagic stroke. Although several authors have claimed that increased CCA intima-media thickness bears a moderate correlation with stroke occurrence, they have emphasized the need for further studies so that it can be considered a risk marker for the occurrence of vascular events, such as stroke<sup>27</sup>. This study reinforces that association.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
