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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fbfgj3tcZpBXpyh95ZmgYBR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000500011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800511</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000038</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito da penicilina G a cada tr&#234;s semanas sobre o surgimento de Streptococcus viridans resistentes &#224; penicilina na microflora oral</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Andrade de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Luiz de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Spina</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Sobreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Sim&#245;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Felipe Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Doen&#231;a Valvular </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departmento de Cirurgia Tor&#225;cica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departmento de Odontologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>452</fpage>
      <lpage>458</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Penicilina G benzatina a cada 3 semanas &#233; o protocolo padr&#227;o para a profilaxia secund&#225;ria para febre reum&#225;tica recorrente. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da penicilina G benzatina em Streptococcus sanguinis e Streptococcus oralis em pacientes com doen&#231;a valvular card&#237;aca, devido &#224; febre reum&#225;tica com recebimento de profilaxia secund&#225;ria. M&#201;TODOS: Estreptococos orais foram avaliados antes (momento basal) e ap&#243;s 7 dias (7&#186; dia) iniciando-se com penicilina G benzatina em 100 pacientes que receberam profilaxia secund&#225;ria da febre reum&#225;tica. Amostras de saliva foram avaliadas para verificar a contagem de col&#244;nias e presen&#231;a de S. sanguinis e S. oralis. Amostras de saliva estimulada pela mastiga&#231;&#227;o foram serialmente dilu&#237;das e semeadas em placas sobre agar-sangue de ovelhas seletivo e n&#227;o seletivo a 5% contendo penicilina G. A identifica&#231;&#227;o da esp&#233;cie foi realizada com testes bioqu&#237;micos convencionais. Concentra&#231;&#245;es inibit&#243;rias m&#237;nimas foram determinadas com o Etest. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas da presen&#231;a de S. sanguinis comparando-se o momento basal e o 7&#186; dia (p = 0,62). No entanto, o n&#250;mero existente de culturas positivas de S. oralis no 7&#186; dia ap&#243;s a Penicilina G benzatina apresentou um aumento significativo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal (p = 0,04). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica existente entre o momento basal e o 7&#186; dia sobre o n&#250;mero de S. sanguinis ou S. oralis UFC/mL e concentra&#231;&#245;es inibit&#243;rias medianas. CONCLUS&#195;O: O presente estudo mostrou que a Penicilina G benzatina a cada 3 semanas n&#227;o alterou a coloniza&#231;&#227;o por S. sanguinis, mas aumentou a coloniza&#231;&#227;o de S. oralis no 7&#186; dia de administra&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, a susceptibilidade do Streptococcus sanguinis e Streptococcus oralis &#224; penicilina G n&#227;o foi modificada durante a rotina de profilaxia secund&#225;ria da febre reum&#225;tica utilizando a penicilina G. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Penicilina G benzatina</kwd>
        <kwd>febre reum&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a das valvas card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>boca</kwd>
        <kwd>estreptococos veridans</kwd>
        <kwd>streptococcus oralis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Efeito da penicilina G a cada tr&#234;s semanas sobre o surgimento de <italic><bold>Streptococcus viridans</bold></italic> resistentes &#224; penicilina na microflora oral</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Andr&#233; Andrade de Aguiar<sup>I,II</sup>; Roney Orismar Sampaio<sup>I,II</sup>; Jorge Luiz de Mello Sampaio<sup>III</sup>; Guilherme Sobreira Spina<sup>I,II</sup>; Ricardo Sim&#245;es Neves<sup>I,IV</sup>; Luiz Felipe Pinho Moreira<sup>I,IV</sup>; Max Grinberg<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Doen&#231;a Valvular &#150; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Fleury Medicina Diagn&#243;stica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Departmento de Odontologia &#150; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>V</sup>Departmento de Cirurgia Tor&#225;cica &#150; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Penicilina G benzatina a cada 3 semanas &#233; o protocolo padr&#227;o para a profilaxia secund&#225;ria para febre reum&#225;tica recorrente. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o efeito da penicilina G benzatina em <italic>Streptococcus sanguinis</italic> e <italic>Streptococcus oralis</italic> em pacientes com doen&#231;a valvular card&#237;aca, devido &#224; febre reum&#225;tica com recebimento de profilaxia secund&#225;ria. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estreptococos orais foram avaliados antes (momento basal) e ap&#243;s 7 dias (7&#186; dia) iniciando-se com penicilina G benzatina em 100 pacientes que receberam profilaxia secund&#225;ria da febre reum&#225;tica. Amostras de saliva foram avaliadas para verificar a contagem de col&#244;nias e presen&#231;a de <italic>S. sanguinis e S. oralis</italic>. Amostras de saliva estimulada pela mastiga&#231;&#227;o foram serialmente dilu&#237;das e semeadas em placas sobre agar-sangue de ovelhas seletivo e n&#227;o seletivo a 5% contendo penicilina G. A identifica&#231;&#227;o da esp&#233;cie foi realizada com testes bioqu&#237;micos convencionais. Concentra&#231;&#245;es inibit&#243;rias m&#237;nimas foram determinadas com o Etest. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas da presen&#231;a de <italic>S. sanguinis</italic> comparando-se o momento basal e o 7&#186; dia (p = 0,62). No entanto, o n&#250;mero existente de culturas positivas de <italic>S. oralis </italic>no 7&#186; dia ap&#243;s a Penicilina G benzatina apresentou um aumento significativo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal (p = 0,04). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica existente entre o momento basal e o 7&#186; dia sobre o n&#250;mero de<italic> S. sanguinis ou S. oralis </italic>UFC/mL e concentra&#231;&#245;es inibit&#243;rias medianas. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O presente estudo mostrou que a Penicilina G benzatina a cada 3 semanas n&#227;o alterou a coloniza&#231;&#227;o por <italic>S. sanguinis</italic>, mas aumentou a coloniza&#231;&#227;o de <italic>S. oralis</italic> no 7&#186; dia de administra&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, a susceptibilidade do <italic>Streptococcus sanguinis</italic> e <italic>Streptococcus oralis</italic> &#224; penicilina G n&#227;o foi modificada durante a rotina de profilaxia secund&#225;ria da febre reum&#225;tica utilizando a penicilina G. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Penicilina G benzatina/uso terap&#234;utico, febre reum&#225;tica; doen&#231;a das valvas card&#237;acas, boca, estreptococos veridans, streptococcus oralis.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A febre reum&#225;tica (FR) &#233; a principal causa de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. A FR causa morbidade e mortalidade significativas, levando a 90% de cirurgias card&#237;acas em crian&#231;as e mais de 30% de cirurgias card&#237;acas em adultos. A profilaxia secund&#225;ria com Penicilina G benzatina 1.200.000 U (PGB) a cada 3 semanas &#233; o regime padr&#227;o para a preven&#231;&#227;o da febre reum&#225;tica recorrente em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. Sequelas valvares s&#227;o as consequ&#234;ncias mais terr&#237;veis da febre reum&#225;tica aguda, e tais les&#245;es card&#237;acas tamb&#233;m podem predispor o paciente &#224; endocardite infecciosa (EI), uma doen&#231;a m&#243;rbida que agrava o progn&#243;stico desses pacientes<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar da profilaxia secund&#225;ria amplamente recomendada para a FR com PGB a cada 3 semanas<sup>2,5,6</sup>, poucos estudos avaliaram a susceptibilidade a antibi&#243;ticos e a frequ&#234;ncia de <italic>Viridans Streptococci</italic> na flora oral de pacientes que receberam profilaxia secund&#225;ria ap&#243;s FR com PGB. Al&#233;m disso, nenhum dos estudos avaliou esta quest&#227;o relacionada a <italic>S. sanguinis</italic> e <italic>S. oralis</italic>, que s&#227;o esp&#233;cies predominantes recuperadas na EI<sup>7,8</sup>. </p>
    <p>A profilaxia com a PGB protege os pacientes da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular de novas recorr&#234;ncias de FR. Contudo, nenhum estudo avaliou a flora oral com uma casu&#237;stica expressiva e com especificidade suficiente para esses pat&#243;genos. </p>
    <p>Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se existe uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a profilaxia com PGB e a coloniza&#231;&#227;o da cavidade oral com Viridans <italic>Streptococci</italic> resistente &#224; penicilina.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coorte</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cem pacientes foram selecionados e avaliados em dois per&#237;odos:</p>
    <p><bold>Momento basal com PGB e 7&#186; dia</bold> &#151; Cem pacientes com FR sob regime de profilaxia secund&#225;ria com penicilina G benzatina 1.200.000 UI por pelo menos seis meses antes da admiss&#227;o no estudo. Pacientes com atividade reum&#225;tica ou pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente, tendo sido submetidos a inspe&#231;&#227;o da cavidade oral para evitar a admiss&#227;o de pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica ou oral aguda.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional e todos os pacientes do estudo deram seu consentimento informado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coleta de amostras, transporte e cultura</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As amostras foram coletadas no in&#237;cio do estudo (100 amostras) e no 7&#186; dia (100 amostras) ap&#243;s uma dose profil&#225;tica de PGB. Amostras de saliva foram obtidas de pacientes que mascavam pastilhas de parafina<sup>9</sup> e foram coletadas em um frasco de pl&#225;stico descart&#225;vel esterilizado. Aproximadamente 1 mL foi transferido para um frasco contendo 5,7 mL de meio de viabilidade G&#246;teborg, anaerobicamente preparado e esterilizado (VMGA II S)<sup>10</sup>.As amostras contidas no meio de transporte foram mantidas de 2&#186;C a 8&#186;C antes do plaqueamento. Amostras de saliva foram serialmente dilu&#237;das dez vezes em solu&#231;&#227;o tamp&#227;o fosfato com pH 7,2 antes do plaqueamento em &#225;cido nalid&#237;xico numa base de agar de Columbia al&#233;m de sangue de ovelha a 5% (CNASB), CNASB mais penicilina G (0,25 &#181;g/mL)<sup>11</sup>, e anfotericina B (0,5 &#181;g/mL)<sup>12-15</sup>.Os meios foram incubados a 35&#186;C a 5% de CO<sub>2</sub> por 72 horas e depois analisados para contagem de col&#244;nias para cada morfotipo colonial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Identifica&#231;&#227;o das esp&#233;cies</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cada morfotipo colonial foi subcultivado em agar de soja tr&#237;ptica al&#233;m de sangue de ovelha a 5% (SBA) e testado para catalase e colora&#231;&#227;o de Gram. Cocos Gram-positivos e negativos para catalase foram posteriormente avaliados para verifica&#231;&#227;o das seguintes caracter&#237;sticas/utiliza&#231;&#227;o de substratos: hem&#243;lise, arginina, ureia, L-pirrolidonil-&#946; naftilamida e hidr&#243;lise da esculina, &#946;-N-acetil-glicosidase, &#945;-D-glicosidase, &#946;-N-acetil-galactosidase, susceptibilidade optoquina, teste Voges-Proskauer e produ&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido a partir da insulina , manitol, rafinose e melibiose como recomendado<sup>16</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste de susceptibilidade</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o inibit&#243;ria m&#237;nima (CIM) para penicilina G foi determinada utilizando o Etest como recomendado pelo fabricante (AB Biodisk, Solna, Su&#233;cia). Os resultados foram interpretados como recomendado pelo Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi utilizado para verificar associa&#231;&#227;o do grupo com a ocorr&#234;ncia de <italic>S. sanguinis</italic> e <italic>S. oralis </italic>com corre&#231;&#245;es de idade e sexo.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise qualitativa foi realizada com o uso do teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mc Nemar.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise quantitativa foi realizada com o uso do teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon.</p>
    <p>Aplicou-se uma signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5% para todos os testes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O grupo estudado era composto por 100 pacientes, 38 homens, com idades entre 10 e 53 anos (26,5 &#177; 8 anos).</p>
    <p>No grupo, 54 pacientes apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia mitral, 27 apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica, 25 tinham estenose mitral e 14 tinham estenose a&#243;rtica. Oito pacientes tinham pr&#243;tese mitral biol&#243;gica, 3 tinham pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica a&#243;rtica, 2 tinham pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica mitral e 1 tinha pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica a&#243;rtica.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as comparando-se o n&#250;mero de culturas positivas para <italic>S. sanguinis </italic>no momento basal e no 7&#186; dia ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de PGB (p = 0,62, <xref ref-type="table" rid="a35tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). No entanto, o n&#250;mero de culturas positivas para <italic>S. oralis </italic>no 7&#186; dia ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de PGB apresentou um aumento significativo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal (p = 0,04, <xref ref-type="table" rid="a35tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a35tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0452-00038-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es do n&#250;mero de UFC/mL na saliva dos pacientes no momento basal e no 7&#186; dia ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de PGB foram subdivididas em <italic>S. sanguinis</italic> e <italic>S. oralis</italic>.</p>
    <p>Os valores de UFC/mL referentes ao <italic>S. sanguinis</italic> e <italic>S. oralis</italic> na saliva n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as entre o momento basal e o 7&#186; dia ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de PGB (p = 0,68 e p = 0,80, respectivamente; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a35fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a35fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0452-00038-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>As concentra&#231;&#245;es inibit&#243;rias m&#237;nimas para penicilina G foram subdivididas em <italic>S. sanguinis </italic>e <italic>S. oralis</italic>. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica foi encontrada entre o momento basal e o 7&#186; dia ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de PGB sobre a CIM de <italic>S. sanguinis</italic> e <italic>S. oralis</italic> (p = NS; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a35fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a35fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0452-00038-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="a35tab02">Tabela 2</xref> mostra dados como CIM<sub>50</sub> e CIM<sub>90</sub>, que representa as concentra&#231;&#245;es inibit&#243;rias m&#237;nimas para penicilina G para inibir 50% e 90%, respectivamente, do <italic>Streptococcus sanguinis</italic> e <italic>Streptococcus oralis</italic> suscet&#237;veis &#224; penicilina G.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a35tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0452-00038-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este grupo de pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular est&#225; predisposto a endocardite infecciosa. Os resultados de endocardite infecciosa a partir da bacteremia muitas vezes estiveram relacionados com focos orais infecciosos. <italic>Viridans streptococci</italic> constituem o grupo predominante recuperados na EI, particularmente<italic> Streptococcus sanguinis </italic>e<italic> Streptococcus oralis.</italic> O efeito da PGB cr&#244;nica ainda n&#227;o foi estudado com a especificidade relacionada a esses pat&#243;genos.</p>
    <p>O estudo de coorte apresentou preval&#234;ncia do sexo feminino (62/100), possivelmente devido &#224; maior ocorr&#234;ncia geral de FR em mulheres<sup>17</sup>. Apesar da heterogeneidade de g&#234;nero, isto n&#227;o representa um vi&#233;s, pois n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica (p = NS) entre a ocorr&#234;ncia de <italic>S. sanguinis</italic> e <italic>S. oralis</italic> em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade e ao sexo dos pacientes quando foi aplicado o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre a taxa de c&#225;ries dent&#225;rias, perda de dentes, ou dentes com restaura&#231;&#245;es entre os sexos na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo<sup>18</sup>. Todos os pacientes tiveram suas cavidades orais inspecionadas de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de<sup>19</sup> para excluir a presen&#231;a de infec&#231;&#245;es orais, que poderiam afetar a microbiota oral<sup>16,20-22</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>S. sanguinis </italic>e<italic> S. oralis </italic>s&#227;o comensais comuns da cavidade oral presentes na forma&#231;&#227;o inicial de placa bacteriana dent&#225;ria, o que representa quase 80% de <italic>Streptococcus</italic> nesta fase<sup>20-23</sup>. A dose de PGB de 1.200.000 UI IM atua como um bactericida sobre o <italic>Streptococcus</italic>, sens&#237;vel na fase de multiplica&#231;&#227;o ativa, o que, hipoteticamente, poderia causar uma diminui&#231;&#227;o desses microrganismos na cavidade bucal neste grupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>O <italic>S. sanguinis</italic> tamb&#233;m foi observado em ambos os per&#237;odos, em um n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes, de forma semelhante ao observado por Bilavsky e cols.<sup>7</sup>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a (p = 0,62) de sua presen&#231;a nos grupos estudados. Isso mostrou que a PGB n&#227;o interferiu no crescimento das esp&#233;cies. No entanto, outros estudos relataram um maior n&#250;mero de amostras de <italic>S. sanguinis</italic><sup>20,21</sup>, talvez devido ao uso da metodologia cl&#225;ssica para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Streptococcus</italic> (com o uso de kits de identifica&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;veis comercialmente em conjunto com testes de triagem padr&#227;o para o g&#234;nero). No entanto, no presente estudo, a metodologia descrita por Ruoff e cols.<sup>16</sup> foi adotada, realizando-se testes bioqu&#237;micos com a adi&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s substratos fluorog&#234;nicos, aumentando assim a especificidade na identifica&#231;&#227;o das esp&#233;cies. Embora tenhamos utilizado a melhor metodologia dispon&#237;vel para a identifica&#231;&#227;o dessas esp&#233;cies, sabe-se que existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, uma vez que o sequenciamento gen&#233;tico certamente seria o melhor m&#233;todo a ser aplicado. No entanto, isto seria financeiramente invi&#225;vel devido ao tamanho da amostra, provavelmente levando a nenhuma diferen&#231;a no resultado do estudo.</p>
    <p>No que diz respeito &#224; obten&#231;&#227;o das amostras atrav&#233;s da saliva estimulada e n&#227;o da placa dent&#225;ria, isso se justifica por um conhecimento geral de que a saliva estimulada &#233; um m&#233;todo melhor de coleta devido &#224; sua homogeneidade e log&#237;stica em compara&#231;&#227;o com a coleta de amostras a partir da placa dent&#225;ria<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao <italic>S. oralis</italic>, observamos um n&#250;mero significativamente maior desses micro-organismos no 7&#186; dia de administra&#231;&#227;o de PGB vs. momento basal (<italic>P</italic> = 0,04, <xref ref-type="table" rid="a35tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). A amostra de saliva coletada no 7&#186; dia de administra&#231;&#227;o de PGB ocorreu durante o per&#237;odo de maior quantidade de concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de f&#225;rmacos de acordo com Decourt e cols.<sup>25</sup>. Esta &#233; uma evid&#234;ncia da falta de influ&#234;ncia da PGB sobre o microrganismo mais prevalente na placa bacteriana e um dos principais agentes etiol&#243;gicos da endocardite infecciosa<sup>20,21,26</sup>. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de UFC/mL de saliva (Figura 1, <italic>P</italic>=NS) e CIMs (CIM<sub>50</sub> e CIM<sub>90</sub>) de <italic>S. sanguinis </italic>e<italic> S. oralis</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a35tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>O uso cr&#244;nico de penicilina G benzatina no grupo de estudo n&#227;o alterou significativamente a susceptibilidade do<italic> S. sanguinis</italic> e <italic>S. oralis</italic> &#224; penicilina G, como visto anteriormente<sup>7</sup>. &#201; interessante notar a ocorr&#234;ncia de um aumento na resist&#234;ncia, ou nos valores de CIM, no Viridans <italic>Streptococcus</italic> e, portanto, um aumento no n&#250;mero de cepas resistentes a antibi&#243;ticos isoladas em hemoculturas positivas para EI. No entanto, estes pacientes estavam recebendo terapia com antibi&#243;ticos por via oral, e os intervalos de CIM diferem daqueles padronizados pelo CLSI para penicilina G<sup>7,27,28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nossos resultados sobre a identifica&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies corroboram os resultados de Bilavsky e cols.<sup>7</sup>. No entanto, discordamos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao aumento da resist&#234;ncia &#224; penicilina G do Viridans <italic>Streptococcus</italic>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo contribuiu para despertar questionamentos sobre o tratamento cl&#237;nico desses pacientes. Embora a American Heart Association (AHA) n&#227;o recomende mais a profilaxia com antibi&#243;ticos antes de procedimentos que causem bacteremia nesses pacientes, acreditamos que estudos adicionais sejam necess&#225;rios no &#226;mbito da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira a fim de conhecer a nossa realidade, e ent&#227;o adapt&#225;-la &#224;s mudan&#231;as sugeridas pela AHA. Enquanto aguardamos esses dados, seria prudente da continuidade &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes da AHA de 1997, em que a profilaxia para endocardite infecciosa &#233; recomendada para pacientes com doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica do cora&#231;&#227;o antes dos procedimentos que causam bacteremia no trato geniturin&#225;rio, trato respirat&#243;rio e sistema estomatogn&#225;tico.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo tamb&#233;m contribui para a interface entre medicina e odontologia, porque mostra que sob a a&#231;&#227;o prolongada da PGB n&#227;o h&#225; diminui&#231;&#227;o dos principais microrganismos envolvidos na etiologia da endocardite infecciosa e, portanto, a profilaxia com antibi&#243;ticos antes de procedimentos que causam bacteremia pode ser necess&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Assim, estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para verificar a necessidade de se estabelecer uma rotina especial para que esses pacientes possam passar por procedimentos odontol&#243;gicos que poderiam causar bacteremia no 7&#186; dia ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de PGB.</p>
    <p>Este estudo mostrou que a administra&#231;&#227;o de PGB a cada 3 semanas n&#227;o alterou a coloniza&#231;&#227;o por <italic>S. sanguinis</italic>; mas a PGB aumentou a coloniza&#231;&#227;o de <italic>S. oralis</italic> no 7&#186; dia seguinte ao da sua administra&#231;&#227;o e, finalmente, a susceptibilidade do <italic>Streptococcus sanguinis</italic> e <italic>Streptococcus oralis </italic>&#224; penicilina G n&#227;o foi alterada durante o ciclo da penicilina G.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O grupo gostaria de agradecer o Dr. Luiz Ant&#244;nio Machado C&#233;sar por sua contribui&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; coleta de dados. O grupo tamb&#233;m deseja agradecer ao Dr. Walter Niccoli Filho pela sua ajuda na prepara&#231;&#227;o deste manuscrito.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP e CNPq e parcialmente financiado pelo Instituto Fleury.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Andr&#233; Andrade de Aguiar pela Faculdade de Medicina da USP.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Andr&#233; Andrade de Aguiar </p>
        <p> Rua Botucatu, 572 - conjunto 31 - Vila Clementino </p>
        <p> 04023-061 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="drandreaguiar@yahoo.com.br">drandreaguiar@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 05/07/11 </p>
    <p> revisado recebido em 18/07/11 </p>
    <p> aceito em 01/12/11</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of penicillin G every three weeks on oral microflora by penicillin resistant Viridans Streptococci</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Benzathine penicillin G every 3 weeks is the standard protocol for secondary prophylaxis for recurrent rheumatic fever. OBJECTIVE: Assess the effect of Benzathine penicillin G on Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus oralis in patients with cardiac valvular disease due to rheumatic fever receiving secondary prophylaxis. METHODS: Oral streptococci were evaluated before (baseline) and after 7 days (day 7) with Benzathine penicillin G in 100 patients receiving routine secondary rheumatic fever prophylaxis. Saliva samples were evaluated for colony count and presence of S. sanguinis and S. oralis. Chewing-stimulated saliva samples were serially diluted and plated onto both nonselective and selective 5% sheep blood agar containing penicillin G. The species were identified using conventional biochemical tests. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined with the Etest. RESULTS: No statistical differences were found in the presence of S. sanguinis comparing baseline and day 7 (p = 0.62). However, the existing number of positive cultures of S. oralis on day 7 after Benzathine penicillin G presented a significant increase compared to baseline (p = 0.04). No statistical difference was found between baseline and day 7 concerning the number of S. sanguinis or S. oralis CFU/mL and median minimal inhibitory concentrations. CONCLUSION: This study showed that Benzathine penicillin G every 3 weeks did not change the colonization by S. sanguinis, but increased colonization of S. oralis on day 7 of administration. Therefore, susceptibility of Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus oralis to penicillin G was not modified during the penicillin G routine secondary rheumatic fever prophylaxis. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Penicilin G benzathine</kwd>
        <kwd>rheumatic fever</kwd>
        <kwd>heart valve diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>mouth</kwd>
        <kwd>verdidans streptococci</kwd>
        <kwd>streptococcus oralis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Effect of penicillin G every three weeks on oral microflora by penicillin resistant Viridans <italic><bold>Streptococci</bold></italic></p>
      <p>
        <bold>Andr&#233; Andrade de Aguiar<sup>I,II</sup>; Roney Orismar Sampaio<sup>I,II</sup>; Jorge Luiz de Mello Sampaio<sup>III</sup>; Guilherme Sobreira Spina<sup>I,II</sup>; Ricardo Sim&#245;es Neves<sup>I,IV</sup>; Luiz Felipe Pinho Moreira<sup>I,V</sup>; Max Grinberg<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Doen&#231;a Valvular &#150; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Fleury Medicina Diagn&#243;stica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Departmento de Odontologia &#150; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>V</sup>Departmento de Cirurgia Tor&#225;cica &#150; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Benzathine penicillin G every 3 weeks is the standard protocol for secondary prophylaxis for recurrent rheumatic fever.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Assess the effect of Benzathine penicillin G on Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus oralis in patients with cardiac valvular disease due to rheumatic fever receiving secondary prophylaxis.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Oral streptococci were evaluated before (baseline) and after 7 days (day 7) with Benzathine penicillin G in 100 patients receiving routine secondary rheumatic fever prophylaxis. Saliva samples were evaluated for colony count and presence of S. sanguinis and S. oralis. Chewing-stimulated saliva samples were serially diluted and plated onto both nonselective and selective 5% sheep blood agar containing penicillin G. The species were identified using conventional biochemical tests. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined with the Etest.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> No statistical differences were found in the presence of S. sanguinis comparing baseline and day 7 (p = 0.62). However, the existing number of positive cultures of S. oralis on day 7 after Benzathine penicillin G presented a significant increase compared to baseline (p = 0.04). No statistical difference was found between baseline and day 7 concerning the number of S. sanguinis or S. oralis CFU/mL and median minimal inhibitory concentrations.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> This study showed that Benzathine penicillin G every 3 weeks did not change the colonization by S. sanguinis, but increased colonization of S. oralis on day 7 of administration. Therefore, susceptibility of Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus oralis to penicillin G was not modified during the penicillin G routine secondary rheumatic fever prophylaxis. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Penicilin G benzathine/therapeutic use; rheumatic fever; heart valve diseases; mouth; verdidans streptococci; streptococcus oralis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Rheumatic fever (RF) is the leading cause of valvular heart disease in developing countries. RF causes significant morbidity and mortality, causing 90% of cardiac surgeries in children and over 30% of cardiac surgeries in adults. Secondary prophylaxis of 1,200,000 U benzathine penicillin G (BPG) every 3 weeks is the standard regimen for the prevention of recurrent rheumatic fever in developing countries. Valvular sequelae is the most dreadful consequence of acute rheumatic fever, and such cardiac lesions can also predispose a patient to infective endocarditis (IE), a morbid disease that worsens the prognosis of these patients<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>In spite of the widely recommended secondary prophylaxis of RF with BPG every 3 weeks<sup>2,5,6</sup>, very few studies have assessed the antibiotic susceptibility and frequency of Viridans<italic> Streptococci</italic> in the oral flora of patients receiving secondary prophylaxis after RF with BPG. Also, none of the studies have assessed this issue related to<italic> S. sanguinis</italic> and <italic>S. oralis</italic>, which are predominant species recovered in IE<sup>7,8</sup>. </p>
      <p>BPG prophylaxis protects valvular heart disease patients of new RF recurrences. However, no study has evaluated the oral flora with an expressive casuistic and specificity for these pathogens. </p>
      <p>Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate if there is an association between BPG prophylaxis and the colonization of oral cavity by penicillin resistant Viridans <italic>Streptococci</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cohort</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A hundred patients were selected and evaluated in 2 periods:</p>
      <p><bold>BPG baseline and day 7 &#150;</bold> One hundred RF patients previously receiving a secondary prophylaxis regimen with benzathine penicillin G 1,200,000 IU for at least 6 months before study admission. Patients with rheumatic activity or patients with diagnosis of infection were excluded.</p>
      <p>All patients were assessed clinically, and they underwent oral cavity inspection to avoid admission of patients with acute systemic or oral infection.</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the institutional ethics committee, and all study patients gave informed consent.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sample collection, transport, and culture</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Samples were collected at baseline (100 samples) and day 7 (100 samples) after BPG prophylactic dosage. Saliva samples were obtained from patients who chewed paraffin tablets<sup>9</sup> and were collected into a sterile disposable plastic vial. Approximately 1 mL was transferred to a vial containing 5.7 mL of G&#246;teborg viability medium, anaerobically prepared and sterilized (VMGA II S)<sup>10</sup>. Samples in transport medium were maintained at 2&#186;C to 8&#186;C before plating. Saliva samples were serially diluted tenfold in phosphate-buffered solution pH 7.2 before plating onto Columbia nalidixic agar plus 5% sheep blood (CNASB), CNASB plus penicillin G (0.25 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL)<sup>11</sup>, and amphotericin B (0.5 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL)<sup>12-15</sup>. Media were incubated at 35&#186;C in 5% CO<sub>2</sub> for 72 h and then analyzed for colony count for each colonial morphotypes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Species identification</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Each colony morphotype was subcultivated onto tryptic soy agar plus 5% sheep blood (SBA) and tested for catalase and Gram stain. Catalase negative Gram-positive cocci were subsequently evaluated for the following characteristics/substrate utilization: hemolysis, arginine, urea, L-pyrrolidonyl-&#946;-naphthylamide and esculin hydrolysis, &#946;-N-acetyl glycosidase, &#945;-D-glycosidase, &#946;-N-acetyl galactosidase, optochin susceptibility, Voges-Proskauer test, and acid production from inulin, mannitol, raffinose, and melibiose, as recommended<sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Susceptibility testing</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for penicillin G was determined using the Etest as recommended by the manufacturer (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden). Results were interpreted as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Logistic Regression model was used to check the group&#146;s association with the occurrence of <italic>S. sanguinis</italic> and <italic>S. oralis</italic> with age and sex corrections.</p>
      <p>The qualitative analysis was performed using the Mc Nemar nonparametric test.</p>
      <p>Quantitative analysis was performed with the use do the Wilcoxon nonparametric test.</p>
      <p>Statistical significance of 5% was applied for all tests.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The group studied was composed of 100 patients, 38 males, aged 10 to 53 years old (26.5 &#177; 8 years).</p>
      <p>In the group, 54 patients had mitral regurgitation, 27 had aortic regurgitation, 25 had mitral stenosis, and 14 had aortic stenosis. Eight patients had biological mitral prosthesis, 3 had biological aortic prosthesis, 2 had mechanical mitral prosthesis, and 1 had mechanical aortic prosthesis.</p>
      <p>There were no differences comparing the number of positive cultures existed for <italic>S. sanguinis</italic> at baseline and day 7 after BPG (p = 0.62, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a35tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). However, the existing number of positive cultures for <italic>S. oralis</italic> at day 7 after BPG presented a significant increase compared to baseline (p = 0.04, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a35tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a35tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0452-00038-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The assessments of the CFU/mL number in saliva of the patients at baseline and day 7 after BPG were subdivided into <italic>S. sanguinis</italic> and <italic>S. </italic>oralis.</p>
      <p>The CFU/mL values in saliva for <italic>S. sanguinis</italic> and <italic>S. oralis</italic> did not differ between baseline and day 7 after BPG (p = 0.68 and p = 0.80 respectively; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a35fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a35fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0452-00038-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The minimal inhibitory concentrations for penicillin G values were subdivided into <italic>S. sanguinis</italic> and <italic>S. oralis</italic>. No statistical difference was found between baseline and day 7 after BPG concerning the MIC of <italic>S. sanguinis</italic> and <italic>S. oralis</italic> (p = NS; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a35fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a35fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0452-00038-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a35tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows data as MIC<sub>50</sub> and MIC<sub>90</sub>, which represents the minimal inhibitory concentrations for penicillin G to inhibit 50% and 90%, respectively, of the susceptible <italic>Streptococcus sanguinis</italic> and <italic>Streptococcus oralis</italic> to penicillin G.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a35tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0452-00038-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This group of patients with valvular heart disease is predisposed to infective endocarditis. Infective endocarditis results from bacteremia, often related to oral infectious focuses. <italic>Viridans streptococci</italic> are the predominant group recovered in IE, particularly <italic>Streptococcus sanguinis</italic> and <italic>Streptococcus oralis</italic>. The effect of chronic BPG has not been studied with specificity to these pathogens yet.<sup>22,23</sup></p>
      <p>The study cohort had a prevalence of females (62/100), possibly due to the higher general occurrence of RF in women<sup>17</sup>. Despite the gender heterogeneity, it did not represent a bias because no statistical difference existed (p = NS) between the occurrence of <italic>S. sanguinis</italic> an <italic>S.oralis</italic> in relation to the patients age and sex when we applied the logistic regression model. Furthermore, no statistical difference existed among the rate of tooth cavities, loss of teeth, or teeth with fillings between sexes in the study population<sup>18</sup>. All patients had their oral cavities inspected according to the criteria of the World Health Organization<sup>19</sup> to exclude the presence of oral infections, which could affect the oral microbiota<sup>16,20-22</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>S. sanguinis</italic> and <italic>S. oralis</italic> are common commensals of the oral cavity present in the initial formation of dental bacterial plaque, representing nearly 80% <italic>Streptococcus</italic> in this phase<sup>20-23</sup>. The BPG 1,200,000 IU IM dose exercises as a bactericide effect on the <italic>Streptococcus,</italic> sensitive in the active multiplication phase, which, hypothetically, would cause a decrease in these microorganisms in the oral cavity in this group of patients.</p>
      <p><italic>S. sanguinis</italic> was also observed in both periods in a limited number of patients, similarly to that observed by Bilavsky et al<sup>7</sup>. No difference (<italic>P</italic>=0.62) of its presence was noticed in the study groups. This showed that BPG did not interfere with the species growth. However, other studies reported a greater number of samples of <italic>S. sanguinis</italic><sup>20,21</sup>, perhaps due to the use of classic methodology for <italic>Streptococcus</italic> identification (with the use of commercially available identification kits in conjunction with standard screening tests for the genre). Nevertheless, in this study the methodology described by Ruoff et al<sup>16</sup> was adopted, performing biochemical tests with the addition of 3 fluorogenic substrates, increasing the specificity in the identification of the species. Although we have used the best methodology available for the identification of these species, it is known that there are some limitations, since genetic sequencing would certainly be the best method to be applied. However, this would be financially impractical due to the sample size, probably leading to no difference in the result of the study.</p>
      <p>In regard to obtaining the samples through stimulated saliva and not from the dental plaque, this was due to an overall knowledge that stimulated saliva is a better collection method for its homogeneity and logistics compared to the collection of dental plaque samples<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>As for the <italic>S</italic>. <italic>oralis</italic>, we noticed a significantly higher number of these microorganisms in the BPG-day 7 vs. baseline (p = 0.04, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a35tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). The saliva sample collected from BPG- day 7 occurred during the time of the greatest amount of serum drug concentration according to Decourt et al<sup>25</sup>. This is evidence of the lack of BPG influence on the most prevalent microorganism in the bacterial plaque and one of the main Infectious Endocarditis etiological agents<sup>20,21,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, we found no statistical difference concerning saliva UFC/mL numbers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a35fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>, p = NS) and MICs (MIC<sub>50</sub> and MIC<sub>90</sub>) of <italic>S. sanguinis</italic> and <italic>S. oralis</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a35tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>The chronic use of benzathine penicillin G in the study group did not significantly alter <italic>S. sanguinis</italic> and <italic>S. oralis</italic> susceptibility to penicillin G, as seen previously<sup>7</sup>. It is interesting to note the occurrence of an increase in the resistance, or MIC values, in Viridans <italic>Streptococcus</italic> and, therefore, an increase in the number of strains resistant to antibiotics isolated into positive hemocultures for IE. However, these patients were receiving oral antibiotic therapy, and MIC intervals differ from those standardized by CLSI for penicillin G<sup>7,27,28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our findings regarding the identification of species corroborate the results of Bilavsky et al<sup>7</sup>. However, we disagree with the increased resistance to penicillin G of Viridans <italic>Streptococcus</italic>.</p>
      <p>This study contributed to awake a inquiry regarding the clinical treatment of these patients. Although the American Heart Association (AHA) no longer recommends antibiotic prophylaxis prior to procedures that cause bacteremia in these patients, we believe that further studies are required aimed at the Brazilian population to know our reality, and then adapt it to changes suggested by the AHA. While we are awaiting these data, it would be prudent to continue to implement the recommendations of the 1997 AHA guidelines, in which prophylaxis for infective endocarditis is recommended for patients with rheumatic heart disease prior to procedures that cause bacteremia in the genitourinary tract, respiratory tract and the stomatognathic system.</p>
      <p>Our study also contributes to the interface between medicine and dentistry, because it shows that under the prolonged action of PGB, there is no decrease of the main microorganisms involved in the etiology of infective endocarditis and, therefore, antibiotic prophylaxis prior to procedures that cause bacteremia may be necessary.</p>
      <p>Hence, additional studies are necessary to verify the need to establish a special routine so that these patients can undergo dental procedures that could cause bacteremia on the 7<sup>th</sup> day following the administration of BPG.</p>
      <p>This study showed that BPG every 3 weeks did not change the colonization by <italic>S. sanguinis</italic>; but BPG increased <italic>S. oralis</italic> colonization on day 7 following its administration and, finally, susceptibility of <italic>Streptococcus sanguinis</italic> and <italic>Streptococcus oralis</italic> to penicillin G was not altered during the penicillin G cycle.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The group wishes to thank Dr. Luiz Ant&#244;nio Machado C&#233;sar for his contribution regarding data collection. The group also wishes to thank Dr. Walter Niccoli Filho for his assistance in the preparation of this manuscript.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by FAPESO and CNPq and partially funded by Instituto Fleury.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Andr&#233; Andrade de Aguiar, from Faculdade de Medicina da USP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
