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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nqbYvpPBP5mrKXDDggRGKxm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000500010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800510</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000032</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Qualidade de Vida de pacientes hipertensos e compara&#231;&#227;o entre dois instrumentos de medida de QVRS</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Michelle Adler Normando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Bispo Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Sarah Brito Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Luiz</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Maranh&#227;o</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>442</fpage>
      <lpage>451</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Medir Qualidade de Vida (QV) relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de auxilia na avalia&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia de um tratamento e identifica problemas de maior impacto na QV do paciente. No entanto, essas medidas s&#227;o mais seguras se avaliadas por instrumentos gen&#233;ricos e espec&#237;ficos conjuntamente, fazendo-se necess&#225;rio verificar se h&#225; compatibilidade entre esses e evitar repeti&#231;&#245;es e contradi&#231;&#245;es entre os dom&#237;nios. OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil de qualidade de vida de pacientes hipertensos e avaliar a compatibilidade de um instrumento espec&#237;fico (MINICHAL) e outro gen&#233;rico (SF-36). M&#201;TODOS: Cem pacientes hipertensos adultos em tratamento ambulatorial entrevistados. A m&#233;dia da QVRS medida pelo MINICHAL foi de 6,64 (DP 6,04) no estado mental e m&#233;dia de 5,03 (DP 4,11) no estado manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas. As m&#233;dias para o instrumento SF-36 foram por ordem de classifica&#231;&#227;o: limita&#231;&#227;o por aspectos f&#237;sicos 47,3 (DP 42,9), vitalidade 57,4 (DP 19,7), limita&#231;&#227;o por aspectos emocionais 58 (DP 44,7), capacidade funcional 58,7 (DP 27,8), dor 60,4 (DP 26,3), estado geral de sa&#250;de 60,7 (DP 22,7), sa&#250;de mental 66,8 (DP 22,1) e aspectos sociais 78 (DP 26,1). RESULTADOS: O MINICHAL apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa (p &lt; 0,001) com o SF-36 em todos os dom&#237;nios. CONCLUS&#195;O: O MINICHAL provou ser um instrumento &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o da QVRS em pacientes hipertensos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>pacientes ambulatoriais</kwd>
        <kwd>qualidade de vida</kwd>
        <kwd>question&#225;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Qualidade de Vida de pacientes hipertensos e compara&#231;&#227;o entre dois instrumentos de medida de QVRS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Michelle Adler Normando Carvalho; Isabela Bispo Santos Silva; Sarah Brito Pinheiro Ramos; Laura Fernandes Coelho; Isabela Dias Gon&#231;alves; Jos&#233; Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o - S&#227;o Luiz, MA - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Medir Qualidade de Vida (QV) relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de auxilia na avalia&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia de um tratamento e identifica problemas de maior impacto na QV do paciente. No entanto, essas medidas s&#227;o mais seguras se avaliadas por instrumentos gen&#233;ricos e espec&#237;ficos conjuntamente, fazendo-se necess&#225;rio verificar se h&#225; compatibilidade entre esses e evitar repeti&#231;&#245;es e contradi&#231;&#245;es entre os dom&#237;nios. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Descrever o perfil de qualidade de vida de pacientes hipertensos e avaliar a compatibilidade de um instrumento espec&#237;fico (MINICHAL) e outro gen&#233;rico (SF-36). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Cem pacientes hipertensos adultos em tratamento ambulatorial entrevistados. A m&#233;dia da QVRS medida pelo MINICHAL foi de 6,64 (DP 6,04) no estado mental e m&#233;dia de 5,03 (DP 4,11) no estado manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas. As m&#233;dias para o instrumento SF-36 foram por ordem de classifica&#231;&#227;o: limita&#231;&#227;o por aspectos f&#237;sicos 47,3 (DP 42,9), vitalidade 57,4 (DP 19,7), limita&#231;&#227;o por aspectos emocionais 58 (DP 44,7), capacidade funcional 58,7 (DP 27,8), dor 60,4 (DP 26,3), estado geral de sa&#250;de 60,7 (DP 22,7), sa&#250;de mental 66,8 (DP 22,1) e aspectos sociais 78 (DP 26,1). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O MINICHAL apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa (p &lt; 0,001) com o SF-36 em todos os dom&#237;nios. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O MINICHAL provou ser um instrumento &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o da QVRS em pacientes hipertensos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o, pacientes ambulatoriais, qualidade de vida, question&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Hipertens&#227;o Arterial (HA) &#233;, isoladamente, o fator de risco mais importante para as Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares (DCV), principal causa de mortalidade mundial. Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS)<sup>1</sup>, no Brasil, no total de &#243;bitos, 20% a 50% s&#227;o ocasionados por doen&#231;as cuja causa est&#225; associada &#224; HA. Sua preval&#234;ncia, com base em inqu&#233;ritos populacionais, varia de 22,3% a 43,9% da popula&#231;&#227;o acima de 18 anos<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estudos mostram que os efeitos secund&#225;rios do tratamento da HA est&#227;o associados a menor ader&#234;ncia e a abandono do tratamento medicamentoso, podendo interferir na Qualidade de Vida (QV) desses pacientes.</p>
    <p>A OMS<sup>3</sup> conceitua qualidade de vida como sendo "a percep&#231;&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo, de sua posi&#231;&#227;o na vida, no contexto da cultura e sistema de valores nos quais vive e em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus objetivos, expectativas, padr&#245;es e preocupa&#231;&#245;es".</p>
    <p>QV serve como indicador nos julgamentos cl&#237;nicos de doen&#231;as espec&#237;ficas, avalia o impacto f&#237;sico e psicossocial que as enfermidades podem acarretar para as pessoas acometidas, permitindo um melhor conhecimento acerca do paciente e de sua adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o de estar doente.</p>
    <p>Existe uma variedade de instrumentos para avaliar a Qualidade de Vida Relacionada &#224; Sa&#250;de (QVRS). Esses permitem avaliar o impacto de uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica sobre a vida do paciente e oferecem um tipo de resultado do tratamento baseado na percep&#231;&#227;o do pr&#243;prio indiv&#237;duo sobre seu estado geral de sa&#250;de<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um instrumento largamente utilizado com a finalidade de refletir a QV dos pacientes em uma ampla variedade de popula&#231;&#245;es, incluindo aspectos como fun&#231;&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o e bem-estar emocional e f&#237;sico, &#233; o SF-36 (The Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey)<sup>5-7</sup>. Os instrumentos espec&#237;ficos avaliam conceitos de sa&#250;de pr&#243;prios de uma doen&#231;a ou de uma interven&#231;&#227;o. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hipertens&#227;o, existe um instrumento validado no Brasil: Mini-Question&#225;rio de Qualidade de Vida em Hipertens&#227;o Arterial (MINICHAL)<sup>8,9</sup>. O uso simult&#226;neo de ambos os instrumentos (gen&#233;rico e espec&#237;fico) tem sido utilizado como estrat&#233;gia para medir de forma completa a QVRS<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer e mensurar a QV do paciente hipertenso em tratamento ambulatorial, utilizando dois instrumentos, um gen&#233;rico e outro espec&#237;fico, al&#233;m de verificar a concord&#226;ncia entre eles.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizou-se estudo observacional transversal com pacientes hipertensos acompanhados na Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Presidente Dutra, no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o a maio de 2009.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos independentemente do sexo a que pertencem, desde que maiores de 18 anos. A escolha dos pacientes foi por conveni&#234;ncia, sendo questionado a todos quais concordariam em participar da pesquisa. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico psiqui&#225;trico de doen&#231;a mental, pacientes com problemas associados ao uso de &#225;lcool ou outras drogas e mulheres gr&#225;vidas ou em per&#237;odo de lact&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>Foram convidados para participar da pesquisa 109 pacientes hipertensos: 9 recusaram-se a participar, ficando um total de 100 participantes, sendo 61 mulheres e 39 homens. </p>
    <p>Foram analisados dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos (idade, sexo, anos de estudo, estado civil e cor da pele, n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico) e cl&#237;nicos (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, tempo de diagn&#243;stico de HAS, levantamento de comorbidades e fatores de risco cardiovascular como diabetes, dislipidemia, hist&#243;rico de infarto, hist&#243;rico de AVC, depress&#227;o, obesidade e problema renal), que foram coletados por meio de entrevista estruturada e os pacientes relatavam suas comorbidades. Nos casos de d&#250;vida os dados eram confirmados no prontu&#225;rio do paciente. A medida do peso na faixa ideal foi obtida pelo &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), calculado a partir do peso e altura dos pacientes. A classifica&#231;&#227;o empregada foi da OMS<sup>10</sup>. A press&#227;o arterial foi medida tr&#234;s vezes consecutivas para cada paciente, com intervalo m&#237;nimo de 3 minutos entre as medidas. Foi utilizado o aparelho autom&#225;tico digital da marca OMRON HEM - 722C (OMRON Healthcare Inc., Kyoto, Jap&#227;o), validado pelos protocolos da Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation e British Hypertesion Society para pesquisas internacionais<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lises, os valores da PA foram estratificados conforme os est&#225;gios de HAS, seguindo as diretrizes brasileiras de hipertens&#227;o, em controlados (PA &lt; 140/90 mmHg), hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1 (PAS entre 140-159 e PAD entre 90-99); est&#225;gio 2 (PAS entre 160-179 e PAD entre 100-109) e est&#225;gio 3 (PAS <underline>&gt;</underline> 180 e PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 110)<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>O conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a foi avaliado mediante 10 perguntas, com respostas do tipo sim/n&#227;o, padronizado por Strelec e cols.<sup>13</sup> e utilizado em publica&#231;&#245;es nacionais<sup>8,14</sup>. O conhecimento considerado satisfat&#243;rio foi para os pacientes que obtinham notas <underline>&gt;</underline> a 7, e insatisfat&#243;rio, para aqueles que obtinham notas &lt; 7<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV foram administrados em uma &#250;nica entrevista para cada paciente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Question&#225;rios para medir a qualidade de vida relacionada a sa&#250;de</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da QVRS foram utilizados um instrumento espec&#237;fico de avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV em hipertens&#227;o (MINICHAL) e um instrumento gen&#233;rico para avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV (SF-36), ambos validados no Brasil. O MINICHAL foi desenvolvido na Espanha em 2001 e cont&#233;m 16 itens. Dez itens est&#227;o agrupados no dom&#237;nio estado mental, e seis itens, no dom&#237;nio manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas. O dom&#237;nio estado mental inclui as quest&#245;es de 1 a 9 e possui pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de 27 pontos. O dom&#237;nio manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas inclui as quest&#245;es de 10 a 16, com pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de 21 pontos<sup>15</sup>. Tanto a vers&#227;o original em espanhol como a brasileira incluem uma &#250;ltima quest&#227;o relativa ao impacto geral da HAS na QV do paciente.</p>
    <p>Na entrevista com os pacientes foi solicitado que respondessem baseando-se nos &#250;ltimos sete dias. A escala de pontua&#231;&#227;o &#233; do tipo Likert com quatro poss&#237;veis respostas (0 = n&#227;o, absolutamente; 1 = sim, um pouco; 2 = sim, bastante; 3 = sim, muito). Os pontos variam de 0 (melhor n&#237;vel de sa&#250;de) a 30 (pior n&#237;vel de sa&#250;de) para a dimens&#227;o estado mental e para a dimens&#227;o manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas variam de 0 (melhor n&#237;vel de sa&#250;de) a 18 (pior n&#237;vel de sa&#250;de)<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>O MINICHAL foi originalmente desenvolvido para ser autoadministrado; entretanto, neste estudo, em raz&#227;o da baixa escolaridade dos pacientes, o instrumento foi aplicado mediante entrevista estruturada.</p>
    <p>Por fim, foi utilizado o question&#225;rio gen&#233;rico SF-36 para avaliar aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos da QV dos pacientes<sup>6</sup>. Esse instrumento &#233; um question&#225;rio multidimensional formado por 36 itens, englobados em 8 escalas: capacidade funcional (10 itens), aspectos f&#237;sicos (4 itens), dor (2 itens), estado geral de sa&#250;de (5 itens), vitalidade (4 itens), aspectos sociais (2 itens), aspectos emocionais (3 itens), sa&#250;de mental (5 itens) e mais uma quest&#227;o de avalia&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de ocorridas no per&#237;odo de um ano e que, embora n&#227;o seja usado para pontuar nenhuma das oito escalas anteriores, &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia para o conhecimento da doen&#231;a do paciente.</p>
    <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o de seus resultados &#233; dado um escore para cada quest&#227;o, que posteriormente s&#227;o transformados numa escala de 0 a 100, onde zero corresponde a um pior estado de sa&#250;de e 100, a um melhor, analisando cada dimens&#227;o separadamente. Propositalmente, n&#227;o existe um &#250;nico valor que resuma toda a avalia&#231;&#227;o, traduzindo-se num estado geral de sa&#250;de melhor ou pior, justamente para que, numa m&#233;dia de valores, evite-se o erro e n&#227;o se identificar os verdadeiros problemas relacionados &#224; sa&#250;de do paciente ou mesmo de subestim&#225;-los<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Como o trabalho presente prop&#245;e-se a correlacionar o SF-36 com o question&#225;rio MINICHAL, &#233; necess&#225;rio fazer a descri&#231;&#227;o do SF-36 em dois componentes. Ware e cols.<sup>18</sup> propuseram a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos dom&#237;nios do SF-36 em dois grandes componentes: componente f&#237;sico envolve os dom&#237;nios capacidade funcional, aspectos f&#237;sicos, dor e estado geral de sa&#250;de; e componente mental envolvendo os dom&#237;nios sa&#250;de mental, aspectos emocionais, aspectos sociais e vitalidade. Os dom&#237;nios estado geral da sa&#250;de e vitalidade tamb&#233;m podem estar de forma indireta relacionados ao outro componente. Essa separa&#231;&#227;o tem por finalidade visualizar, de forma gen&#233;rica, esses dois grandes componentes que podem estar envolvidos de maneira distinta nas diversas doen&#231;as.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, inicialmente, foi feita a an&#225;lise descritiva (m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o, m&#225;ximo, m&#237;nimo, quartis, mediana) das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas, bem como tabelas de frequ&#234;ncia e gr&#225;ficos. Posteriormente, foi feita regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla entre as vari&#225;veis dependentes PAS e PAD e as vari&#225;veis independentes idade, sexo, tempo de diagn&#243;stico, comorbidades, fatores de risco e n&#250;mero de medicamentos. Foi feita an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) entre as vari&#225;veis PAS e PAD e, quando houvesse diferen&#231;as significativas (p &lt; 0,05), realizado teste de Turkey para comparar as m&#233;dias duas a duas. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi realizada entre os dom&#237;nios do MINICHAL e do SF-36. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica utilizado foi de 5%.</p>
    <p>A pesquisa foi submetida e aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o (HUUFMA), sendo realizada conforme as exig&#234;ncias da Resolu&#231;&#227;o CNS n&#186; 196/96, onde os sujeitos envolvidos assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), assegurando assim, sua participa&#231;&#227;o na pesquisa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram entrevistados 100 pacientes hipertensos em tratamento ambulatorial, sendo 39 homens e 61 mulheres. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref> encontra-se o perfil cl&#237;nico e sociodemogr&#225;fico desses pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0442-00032-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi de 61,7 anos (DP 12,4); variando de 20 a 82 anos, onde 59% da popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo eram idosos (<underline>&gt;</underline> 60 anos). A escolaridade foi em m&#233;dia 5,4 anos formais de estudo.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao tempo de diagn&#243;stico da HAS, a m&#233;dia foi de 9,39 anos (DP 7,32). A PAS apresentou m&#233;dia de 143,43 mmHg (DP 24,1) e a PAD, de 83,62 mmHg (DP 12,6). No que se refere ao controle da PA, 46% dos pacientes est&#227;o com a PA controlada. Quanto ao est&#225;gio da PA, 30% dos pacientes encontravam-se no est&#225;gio I; 17%, no est&#225;gio II; e 7%. no est&#225;gio III da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vari&#225;vel Conhecimento sobre a Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica, a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela 2</xref> traz os acertos obtidos para cada pergunta com suas frequ&#234;ncias.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0442-00032-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela 3</xref> est&#227;o relacionados os dom&#237;nios e os escores dos instrumentos SF-36 e MINICHAL.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0442-00032-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os n&#237;veis de PA e os dom&#237;nios que avaliam a QV pelos instrumentos SF-36 e MINICHAL.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vari&#225;vel sexo, houve diferen&#231;a significativa (p &lt; 0,05) no dom&#237;nio estado mental do MINICHAL e nos dom&#237;nios de capacidade funcional, dor, limita&#231;&#227;o por aspectos emocionais e sa&#250;de mental do SF-36 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0442-00032-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Dentre as comorbidades/fatores de risco CV: obesidade, depress&#227;o, hist&#243;rico de infarto, hist&#243;rico de AVC, insufici&#234;ncia renal em tratamento conservador, hist&#243;ria familiar de DCV, diabetes, dislipidemia e tabagismo, as que tiveram diferen&#231;a significativa (p &lt; 0,05) com a QV foram: depress&#227;o, obesidade e hist&#243;rico familiar de DCV. Os dados se encontram nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">tabelas 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab6">6</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab7">7</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0442-00032-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab6">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0442-00032-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab7">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0442-00032-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O MINICHAL e o SF-36 apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre si (p &lt; 0,001) em todos os dom&#237;nios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab8">tabela 8</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab8">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0442-00032-gt08.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliar a QV &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia, pois esse conceito serve como um indicador nos julgamentos cl&#237;nicos de doen&#231;as espec&#237;ficas, avalia o impacto f&#237;sico e psicossocial que as enfermidades podem acarretar para as pessoas acometidas, permitindo melhor conhecimento acerca do paciente e de sua adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o de estar doente. Roca-Cusachs e cols.<sup>19</sup> relataram que pacientes hipertensos possu&#237;am diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da QV quando comparados com normotensos.</p>
    <p>Nesse estudo, 46% dos pacientes est&#227;o com a PA controlada. A PAS apresentou m&#233;dia de 143,4 mmHg e a PAD, de 83,6 mmHg. No Brasil, estudos de preval&#234;ncia que relatam pacientes com PA controlada utilizando tratamento anti-hipertensivo apresentam taxa de varia&#231;&#227;o de 20% a 33%<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Observou-se que a amostra, apesar de apresentar baixo n&#237;vel de escolaridade, possu&#237;a conhecimento satisfat&#243;rio sobre a doen&#231;a. A maioria deles obteve acerto em sete ou mais quesitos no question&#225;rio espec&#237;fico para avalia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento da doen&#231;a. Resultado similar foi encontrado em outro estudo, realizado no sul do pa&#237;s, que tamb&#233;m apresentava uma amostra com n&#237;vel educacional baixo, o que sugere que o conhecimento da doen&#231;a n&#227;o &#233; afetado pela baixa escolaridade<sup>20</sup>. Em nosso caso, por se tratar de uma Liga Acad&#234;mica de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, existe uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o especial em fornecer ao paciente um grande n&#250;mero de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; Avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV pelo question&#225;rio gen&#233;rico SF-36, os dom&#237;nios tiveram os seguintes resultados:</p>
    <p><bold>Capacidade Funcional (CF)</bold>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos escores, o valor m&#233;dio para CF foi de 58,7 (DP 27,8). No estudo realizado por Silqueira<sup>7</sup>, a m&#233;dia para esse dom&#237;nio foi de 68,0. J&#225; no estudo de Lima<sup>21</sup>, a m&#233;dia para o dom&#237;nio CF foi de 75,0. Fazendo uma compara&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo com os demais citados, percebe-se que no nosso existe uma pior QV no dom&#237;nio CF, quando comparado a esses estudos, tais resultados podem ser atribu&#237;dos a alta preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades obtida em nossa amostra.</p>
    <p><bold>Limita&#231;&#227;o por Aspectos F&#237;sicos (AF). </bold>Esse dom&#237;nio foi o que apresentou o menor escore, revelando maiores dificuldades dos pacientes em raz&#227;o de limita&#231;&#245;es nos AF. O valor m&#233;dio encontrado foi de 47,2 (DP 42,9). Comparando esse resultado a outros estudos, o que obteve resultado aproximado foi o de Cavalcante<sup>5</sup>, com o valor m&#233;dio de 55,7. Nos estudos de Gusm&#227;o e Pierin<sup>22</sup>, Silqueira<sup>7</sup> e Magnobosco<sup>23</sup>, a m&#233;dia foi de 72. A presen&#231;a de comorbidades influencia tamb&#233;m negativamente as limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas dos pacientes<sup>7</sup>, o que pode justificar o baixo escore obtido nesse dom&#237;nio, j&#225; que nossa preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades &#233; similar &#224; obtida por Cavalcante<sup>5</sup>, 89% e 87%, respectivamente. O estudo de Silqueira<sup>7 </sup>excluiu pacientes com hist&#243;ria atual ou pregressa de patologias associadas.</p>
    <p><bold>Dor. </bold>O valor m&#233;dio desse dom&#237;nio foi de 60,4 (DP 26,3). Em outros estudos, a m&#233;dia dos resultados foi semelhante, variando de 56,64<sup>24</sup> a 69,0<sup>7</sup>. A HAS, apesar de ser uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, &#233; considerada silenciosa e assintom&#225;tica, pois a dor n&#227;o &#233; um sintoma que acompanha os pacientes hipertensos. Black e Matassarin-Jacobs<sup>24 </sup>discorrem que a dor, normalmente, aparece no paciente quando esse apresenta outras doen&#231;as, ou quando apresenta alguma outra complica&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Dessa forma, a alta preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades e fatores de risco CV na nossa amostra tamb&#233;m pode ter sido um agravante para um escore no dom&#237;nio da dor baixo.</p>
    <p><bold>Estado Geral de Sa&#250;de (EGS). </bold>O escore m&#233;dio encontrado foi de 60,7 (DP 22,7). No estudo de Silqueira<sup>7</sup>, o valor m&#233;dio encontrado foi de 77,8; no de Gusm&#227;o e Pierin<sup>22</sup> a m&#233;dia foi de 73,0; e no de Cavalcante<sup>5</sup>, o escore obtido foi de 72,0. No estudo de Brito e cols.<sup>25</sup>, o EGS foi o que obteve o menor escore, 53,5. Os autores acreditam que esse resultado provavelmente se deu em decorr&#234;ncia das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas relacionadas &#224; etiologia da HA e ao tratamento institu&#237;do; ainda segundo os autores, os pacientes perceberam a hipertens&#227;o como uma situa&#231;&#227;o grave; essa ideia &#233; corroborada no nosso estudo.</p>
    <p><bold>Vitalidade (VIT). </bold> Esse dom&#237;nio apresentou o segundo menor escore, com m&#233;dia de 57,3 (DP 19,7). No estudo de Lima<sup>21</sup>, o dom&#237;nio vitalidade apresentou o pior escore, com m&#233;dia 56,0. Um baixo escore em vitalidade aponta certo comprometimento dos pacientes hipertensos em rela&#231;&#227;o a &#226;nimo e disposi&#231;&#227;o para enfrentamento de situa&#231;&#245;es cotidianas<sup>7</sup>. No estudo de Gusm&#227;o e Pierin<sup>22</sup>, o resultado foi semelhante ao presente estudo, com m&#233;dia de 56,0. No estudo de Cavalcante<sup>5</sup>, esse dom&#237;nio obteve uma m&#233;dia de 68,8. O estudo que obteve o escore mais baixo foi o de Souza<sup>14</sup>, com m&#233;dia de 45,1. No estudo de Brito e cols.<sup>25</sup>, obteve-se o valor m&#233;dio de 63,3, os autores ainda sugerem que conviver com a hipertens&#227;o interfere na disposi&#231;&#227;o, ressalvados os coment&#225;rios relacionados &#224; fadiga ligada &#224; idade, tempo de doen&#231;a e outros.</p>
    <p><bold>Aspectos Sociais (AS). </bold> Dentre os demais, esse dom&#237;nio apresentou o maior escore, com valor m&#233;dio de 77,8 (DP 26,1), em concord&#226;ncia com outros estudos, nos quais esse dom&#237;nio tamb&#233;m apresentou o maior escore, com valores entre 69,3 a 77,0<sup>5,21,25</sup>. A influ&#234;ncia da HA nesse aspecto pode ser em raz&#227;o da necessidade de mudar o estilo de vida, incluindo o h&#225;bito alimentar, o que algumas vezes implica a aus&#234;ncia a reuni&#245;es familiares para evitar a ingest&#227;o de alimentos inadequados. Assim, a condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de sa&#250;de pode levar a diversas perdas nos relacionamentos sociais, nas atividades de lazer e de prazer, conduzindo o paciente ao comprometimento da QV<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p><bold>Aspectos Emocionais (AE).</bold> A m&#233;dia nesse dom&#237;nio foi de 58,3 (DP 44,7), indicando preju&#237;zo na QV dos pacientes. Conforme Maciel<sup>26</sup>, outro aspecto que se faz necess&#225;rio enfatizar &#233; a frequ&#234;ncia entre m&#233;dicos e pacientes de rotularem a doen&#231;a hipertensiva como "emocional" e "nervosa", evidenciando uma explica&#231;&#227;o reducionista da doen&#231;a. Dessa forma, os pacientes parecem se isentar da responsabilidade de controlar a press&#227;o, mantendo a cren&#231;a de que seu estado emocional depende dos outros. Isso, provavelmente, implicar&#225; o comprometimento da QV.</p>
    <p><bold>Sa&#250;de Mental (SM). </bold>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos escores encontrados, o valor m&#233;dio foi de 66,8 (DP 22,1). A HAS, por sua cronicidade, pode interferir diretamente em diversos aspectos da vida do paciente. A autoestima pode ser abalada levando a sentimentos negativos como depress&#227;o e ansiedade<sup>27</sup>. Apenas o fato de o indiv&#237;duo ser rotulado como hipertenso pode conduzi-lo a manifesta&#231;&#245;es de ansiedade e inseguran&#231;a, sendo o esclarecimento da doen&#231;a um ponto fundamental na redu&#231;&#227;o dessas manifesta&#231;&#245;es<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV pelo question&#225;rio espec&#237;fico MINICHAL, os resultados dos dom&#237;nios foram os seguintes:</p>
    <p><bold>Estado Mental (EM).</bold> Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos escores encontrados, o valor m&#233;dio foi de 6,6 (DP 6). Quando comparada ao resultado encontrado no estudo de Schulz e cols.<sup>15</sup>, m&#233;dia de 5,3, demonstra uma menor QV nos nossos pacientes. No estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o do MINICHAL na Espanha<sup>16</sup>, a m&#233;dia obtida foi de 6,8, similar &#224; encontrada neste estudo.</p>
    <p><bold>Estado Som&#225;tico (ES).</bold> O valor m&#233;dio foi 5,0 (DP 4,1). Outros estudos encontraram valores de 1,8<sup>19</sup> e de 2,8<sup>16</sup>, demonstrando que no estudo atual os pacientes apresentam um comprometimento maior na QV.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de PA e a QV avaliada pelos instrumentos SF-36 e MINICHAL, o que est&#225; em acordo com outros trabalhos realizados no Brasil<sup>8,23</sup>. Entretanto, esses resultados diferem de um estudo chin&#234;s<sup>29</sup> de base populacional, o qual verificou que em hipertensos com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos controlados a QV era superior &#224; daqueles com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos n&#227;o controlados.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vari&#225;vel sexo, houve diferen&#231;a significativa no dom&#237;nio estado mental do MINICHAL e nos dom&#237;nios de capacidade funcional, dor, limita&#231;&#227;o por aspectos emocionais e sa&#250;de mental do SF-36, demonstrando menor QV no sexo feminino. Esse resultado tamb&#233;m foi observado no estudo original do MINICHAL, no qual o sexo feminino obteve pior pontua&#231;&#227;o no dom&#237;nio estado mental<sup>16</sup>, assim como no estudo de tradu&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o do MINICHAL para o portugu&#234;s (Brasil)<sup>15</sup>. Um estudo condizente com a pesquisa atual foi o de Liberman<sup>30 </sup>que, utilizando o SF-36, demonstrou que os pacientes do sexo masculino apresentaram valores maiores, com diferen&#231;a significativa, em quase todos os dom&#237;nios desse instrumento.</p>
    <p>Mulheres referem mais frequentemente sentimentos de insatisfa&#231;&#227;o e frustra&#231;&#227;o, o que influi na QV, especialmente no dom&#237;nio psicol&#243;gico<sup>31</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, homens t&#234;m em geral melhor capacidade para tolerar doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas sem serem afetados emocionalmente<sup>32</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dentre as comorbidades e fatores de risco CV avaliados, as que estiveram associadas a uma menor QV foram: depress&#227;o, obesidade e hist&#243;ria familiar de DCV. Indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de depress&#227;o mostraram pior avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV tanto no SF-36 (nos dom&#237;nios capacidade funcional, estado geral de sa&#250;de, vitalidade, aspectos sociais e sa&#250;de mental) como nos dois dom&#237;nios do MINICHAL. Esse resultado &#233; semelhante ao estudo de Melchiors<sup>8</sup>, onde depress&#227;o foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel que influenciou significativamente no resultado da QVRS em todos os dom&#237;nios de ambos os instrumentos por ela utilizados (MINICHAL e WHOQOL-bref). Isso refor&#231;a o forte impacto da depress&#227;o na QVRS dos pacientes como j&#225; foi observado no Epidemiological Follow-up Study (NHEFS) of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I)<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; obesidade, os pacientes apresentaram pior avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV tanto no SF-36 (os dom&#237;nios vitalidade, aspectos sociais e sa&#250;de mental) como nos dois dom&#237;nios do MINICHAL. No estudo de Magnobosco<sup>23</sup>, obesidade e diabetes parecem influenciar a QVRS dos participantes. Os participantes que n&#227;o possu&#237;am nenhuma dessas comorbidades apresentaram m&#233;dias maiores dos escores em todos os dom&#237;nios do SF-36. Quanto &#224; obesidade isoladamente, apenas os dom&#237;nios aspectos f&#237;sicos, estado geral de sa&#250;de e aspectos emocionais apresentaram resultados estatisticamente significantes. No estudo de Melchiors<sup>8</sup>, pacientes obesos obtiveram um comprometimento na QV nos seguintes dom&#237;nios: estado mental e estado som&#225;tico (MINICHAL) e dom&#237;nio f&#237;sico (WHOQOL-bref). Alguns estudos mostram que obesos t&#234;m uma pior percep&#231;&#227;o da QV<sup>34</sup> e verificou-se que melhora na dieta dos pacientes e perda de peso estiveram relacionadas a melhor QV<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p>Indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;ria familiar de DCV apresentaram pior avalia&#231;&#227;o no SF-36 no dom&#237;nio aspectos f&#237;sicos, estado geral de sa&#250;de, aspectos sociais e limita&#231;&#227;o por aspectos emocionais. No MINICHAL, o estado som&#225;tico foi o &#250;nico afetado. No estudo de Melchiors<sup>8</sup>, indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;ria familiar de DCV apresentaram diferen&#231;a significativa para o dom&#237;nio psicol&#243;gico do instrumento gen&#233;rico WHOQOL-bref.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; an&#225;lise de validade concorrente do MINICHAL, por meio dos &#237;ndices de correla&#231;&#227;o, pode-se verificar que o MINICHAL apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com o SF-36 em todos os dom&#237;nios. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o dom&#237;nio estado mental (MINICHAL) e o componente mental (dom&#237;nios sa&#250;de mental, aspectos emocionais, aspectos sociais e vitalidade) do SF-36. Essa mesma correla&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi observada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao dom&#237;nio manifesta&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas (MINICHAL) e componente f&#237;sico (dom&#237;nios capacidade funcional, aspectos f&#237;sicos, dor e estado geral de sa&#250;de) do SF-36. O MINICHAL demonstrou ser um instrumento &#250;til para avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV em pacientes hipertensos, cujos resultados apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com o instrumento gen&#233;rico SF-36.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#201; necess&#225;rio enfatizar que os resultados obtidos neste trabalho possuem um diferencial por se tratar de pacientes que pertencem a uma Liga de Hipertens&#227;o de um Hospital Universit&#225;rio, onde provavelmente se encontrem mais informados e assistidos clinicamente, o que pode ter concorrido, por exemplo, para uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de pacientes com a PA controlada e um alto n&#237;vel do conhecimento da doen&#231;a. No entanto, apesar dessa melhor assist&#234;ncia, os pacientes apresentaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na QV, o que est&#225; de acordo com outros estudos que avaliaram QV em hipertensos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O MINICHAL apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com o SF-36 em todos os dom&#237;nios, demonstrando ser um instrumento &#250;til para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV em pacientes hipertensos, onde essas medidas de avalia&#231;&#227;o podem ser &#250;teis no aux&#237;lio da escolha do tratamento mais adequado para pacientes hipertensos e em estudos populacionais que visem avaliar a QV dessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
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    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">21. Lima JC. Tradu&#231;&#227;o para o portugu&#234;s e valida&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio espec&#237;fico para avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida em hipertensos de Bulpitt e Fletcher [disserta&#231;&#227;o]. S&#227;o Paulo: Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; 2002. </p>
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    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto &#149; </p>
        <p> Rua Rui Ribeiro Mesquita - Ed. Dom Gabriel, apto 402 - Calhau - 65075-260 - S&#227;o Luiz, MA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="jafneto@cardiol.br">jafneto@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jafneto@terra.com.br">jafneto@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 25/10/11, revisado recebido em 25/10/11; aceito em 21/01/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Quality of life of hypertensive patients and comparison of two instruments of HRQOL measure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Measuring health-related quality of life (QOL) helps evaluating the efficiency of a treatment and identifies problems with major impact on the patient's QOL. However, these measures are safer if assessed by generic and specific instruments together, where it is necessary to check for compatibility between these and avoid repetitions and contradictions between the domains. OBJECTIVE: To describe the quality of life of hypertensive patients and to evaluate the compatibility of a specific instrument (MINICHAL) and a generic instrument (SF-36). METHODS: One hundred adult hypertensive under outpatient care were interviewed. The mean HRQOL as measured by MINICHAL was 6.64 (SD 6.04) in mental status and average of 5.03 (SD 4.11) in the state of somatic manifestations. The means for the instrument SF-36 were in ranking order: limitation due to physical aspects 47.3 (SD 42.9), vitality 57.4 (SD 19.7), limitation due to emotional aspects 58 (SD 44.7), functional capacity 58.7 (SD 27.8), pain 60.4 (SD 26.3), general health condition 60.7 (SD 22.7), mental health 66.8 (SD 22.1) and social aspects 78 (SD 26.1). RESULTS: The MINICHAL significantly correlated (p &lt;0.001) with the SF-36 in all domains. CONCLUSION: The MINICHAL proved to be a useful tool in the assessment of HRQOL in patients with hypertension. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>outpatients</kwd>
        <kwd>quality of life</kwd>
        <kwd>questionnaires</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Quality of Life of hypertensive patients and comparison of two instruments of HRQOL measure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Michelle Adler Normando Carvalho; Isabela Bispo Santos Silva; Sarah Brito Pinheiro Ramos; Laura Fernandes Coelho; Isabela Dias Gon&#231;alves; Jos&#233; Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o - S&#227;o Luiz, MA - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Measuring health-related quality of life (QOL) helps evaluating the efficiency of a treatment and identifies problems with major impact on the patient's QOL. However, these measures are safer if assessed by generic and specific instruments together, where it is necessary to check for compatibility between these and avoid repetitions and contradictions between the domains.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To describe the quality of life of hypertensive patients and to evaluate the compatibility of a specific instrument (MINICHAL) and a generic instrument (SF-36).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> One hundred adult hypertensive under outpatient care were interviewed. The mean HRQOL as measured by MINICHAL was 6.64 (SD 6.04) in mental status and average of 5.03 (SD 4.11) in the state of somatic manifestations. The means for the instrument SF-36 were in ranking order: limitation due to physical aspects 47.3 (SD 42.9), vitality 57.4 (SD 19.7), limitation due to emotional aspects 58 (SD 44.7), functional capacity 58.7 (SD 27.8), pain 60.4 (SD 26.3), general health condition 60.7 (SD 22.7), mental health 66.8 (SD 22.1) and social aspects 78 (SD 26.1).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The MINICHAL significantly correlated (p &lt;0.001) with the SF-36 in all domains.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The MINICHAL proved to be a useful tool in the assessment of HRQOL in patients with hypertension. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Hypertension; outpatients; quality of life; questionnaires.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Arterial Hypertension (AH) is the single most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of mortality worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO)<sup>1</sup>, in Brazil, out of the total deaths, 20% to 50% are caused by diseases whose cause is associated with AH. Its prevalence, based on population surveys, ranges from 22.3% to 43.9% of the population over 18 years<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies show that the side effects of AH treatment are associated with lower rates of acceptance to follow the treatment and drug treatment abandonment, and may affect the quality of life (QOL) of these patients.</p>
      <p>The WHO<sup>3</sup> conceptualizes quality of life as "an individual's perception of their position in life, in the context of culture and system of values in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns."</p>
      <p>QOL serves as an indicator in clinical trials for specific diseases, assesses the physical and psychosocial impact that the disorders may have on affected individuals, allowing a better knowledge about the patient and their adaptation to their unhealthy condition.</p>
      <p>There is a variety of instruments to assess Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL). These allow us to evaluate the impact of a chronic illness on the patient's life and offer a type of treatment outcome based on the individual's own perception of their general health condition<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The SF-36 (The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey)<sup>5-7</sup> is a tool widely used to reflect the QOL of patients in a wide variety of populations, including aspects such as function, dysfunction and emotional and physical well-being. Specific instruments assess health concepts specific to a disease or an intervention. As for hypertension, there is a validated instrument in Brazil: Mini-Questionnaire of Quality of Life in Hypertension (MINICHAL)<sup>8,9</sup>. The simultaneous use of both instruments (generic and specific) has been used as a strategy to measure HRQOL<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to identify and measure the QOL of hypertensive patients in outpatient treatment, using two instruments, one generic and one specific, and check agreement between them.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We conducted a cross-sectional observational study in hypertensive patients followed up at the Hypertension League, at the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Presidente Dutra from March to May 2009.</p>
      <p>In this study, patients were included regardless of gender, as long as they were 18 years old. The choice of patients was for convenience. All of them were asked whether they would agree to participate in the study. The study excluded patients with a psychiatric diagnosis of mental illness, patients with problems associated with alcohol or other drugs and pregnant or breastfeeding women.</p>
      <p>One hundred and nine hypertensive patients were invited to participate in the study, nine of whom refused to participate, leaving a total of 100 participants, 61 women and 39 men.</p>
      <p>We analyzed demographic data (age, sex, years of education, marital status and ethnicity, socioeconomic status) and clinical data (systolic and diastolic pressure, time of diagnosis of hypertension, comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, history of myocardial infarction, history of stroke, depression, obesity and renal disease), which were collected through structured interviews and the patients reported their comorbidities. In doubtful cases, the data were confirmed in the patient's medical record. The measure of weight in the ideal range was obtained by Body Mass Index (BMI) based on the height and weight of patients. The classification employed was the one issued by the WHO<sup>10</sup>.Blood pressure was measured three consecutive times for each patient, with a minimum interval of 3 minutes between measurements. We used the digital automatic device OMRON HEM - 722C (Omron Healthcare Inc., Kyoto, Japan), validated by the protocols of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation and those of the British Hypertension Society for international research<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>For the analyses, BP values were stratified according to the stages of hypertension, according to the Brazilian guidelines on hypertension in controlled patients (BP &lt;140/90 mmHg), stage 1 hypertension (SBP 140-159 and DBP 90 - 99); stage 2 (SBP 160-179 and DBP 100-109) and stage 3 (SBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 180 and DBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 110)<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Knowledge about the disease was assessed by 10 questions, with answers such as yes/no, standardized by Strelec et al<sup>13</sup> and used in national publications<sup>8,14</sup>. The knowledge was considered satisfactory for those patients who obtained scores <underline>&gt;</underline> 7, and unsatisfactory for those who obtained scores &lt; 7<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The QOL assessment instruments were administered in a single interview for each patient.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Questionnaires to measure health-related quality of life</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For assessment of HRQOL, we used a specific instrument for assessing QOL in hypertension (MINICHAL) and a generic instrument for assessing QOL (SF-36), both validated in Brazil. The MINICHAL was developed in Spain in 2001 and contains 16 items. Ten items are grouped in the domain mental status, and six items in the domain somatic manifestations. The domain mental state includes questions 1-9 and has a maximum score of 27 points. The domain somatic manifestations includes questions 10 to 16, with a maximum score of 21 points<sup>15</sup>. Both the original version in Spanish and the Brazilian version include a final question on the overall impact of hypertension on the QOL of the patient.</p>
      <p>In the interviews, the patients were asked to respond based on the last seven days. The score scale is the Likert scale with four possible answers (0 = absolutely not; 1 = yes, a little; 2 = yes, very; 3 = yes, very much). The points range from 0 (best level of health) to 30 (worst level of health) for the domain mental state and for the domain somatic manifestations range from 0 (best level of health) to 18 (worst level of health)<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The MINICHAL was originally designed to be self-administered; however, in this study, due to the low education of patients, the instrument was administered through structured interviews.</p>
      <p>Finally, we used the generic questionnaire SF-36 to assess qualitative and quantitative aspects of patients' QOL<sup>6</sup>. This instrument is a multidimensional questionnaire consisting of 36 items, comprehending 8 scales: functional capacity (10 items), physical aspects (4 items), pain (two items), general health (5 items), vitality (4 items), social aspects (2 items), emotional aspects (3 items), mental health (5 items) and a question designed to assess changes in health during the period of one year and, although it is not used to score any of the eight previous scales, it is of paramount importance for understanding the patient's illness.</p>
      <p>For the evaluation of results, each question is score. The scores are then transformed into a scale of 0 to 100, where zero corresponds to the worst health condition and 100 the best health condition, considering each domain separately. Purposely, there is not a single value that summarizes the entire assessment, resulting in a better or worse general state of health in order to, on an average value, avoid error and avoid any failures to identify or even overestimate the real problems related to the patient's health<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>As this study intends to correlate with the SF-36 with the MINICHAL questionnaire, it is necessary to describe the SF-36 into two components. Ware et al<sup>18</sup> proposed a classification of the SF-36 domains into two major components: the physical component involves functional capacity, physical aspects, pain and general health; and the mental component involves mental health, emotional aspects, social aspects and vitality. The domains general health and vitality can also be indirectly related to another component. This separation is intended to display, in a general way, these two major components that may be differently involved in different diseases.</p>
      <p>A descriptive analysis was initially performed in the statistical analysis (mean, standard deviation, maximum, minimum, quartiles, median) of the numeric variables, as well as frequency tables and charts. Subsequently, multiple regression was performed between the dependent variables SBP and DBP and the independent variables age, sex, time of diagnosis, comorbidities, risk factors and number of medications. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was made between SBP and DBP, and when there were significant differences (p &lt;0.05), the Turkey test was performed to compare the means in pairs. The Pearson correlation was performed between the MINICHAL and SF-36 domains. The level of statistical significance was 5%.</p>
      <p>The research study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o (HUUFMA). It was conducted as required by Resolution CNS n &#186; 196/96, where the individuals involved signed an informed consent (IC), thereby ensuring their participation in the study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We interviewed 100 hypertensive outpatients, 39 men and 61 women. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the sociodemographic and clinical profile of these patients.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0442-00032-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The average age of patients was 61.7 years (SD 12.4), ranging from 20 to 82 years, where 59% of the population of this study were elderly (<underline>&gt;</underline> 60 years). Educational level was on average 5.4 years of formal study.</p>
      <p>As to the time of diagnosis of hypertension, the average was 9.39 years (SD 7.32). SBP averaged 143.43 mmHg (SD 24.1) and DBP, 83.62 mmHg (SD 12.6). With regard to BP control, 46% of patients have their BP under control. Regarding the stage of BP, 30% of patients were in stage I; 17% in stage II; and 7% in stage III of the disease.</p>
      <p>As for the variable Knowledge of Hypertension, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_3112tab2-body2">Table 2</xref> gives the correct answers for each question with their frequencies.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_3112tab2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0442-00032-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_3112tab3-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the domains and the scores of SF-36 and MINICHAL.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_3112tab3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0442-00032-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>There was no significant difference between BP levels and domains measuring QOL by the instruments SF-36 and MINICHAL.</p>
      <p>Concerning gender, significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) were observed in the domain mental state of MINICHAL and in the domains functional capacity, pain, limitation due to emotional aspects and mental health of SF-36 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_3112tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_3112tab4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0442-00032-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Among the comorbidities/CV risk factors: obesity, depression, history of myocardial infarction, history of stroke, renal failure in conservative treatment, family history of CVD, diabetes, dyslipidemia and smoking, those which had a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) with QOL were: depression, obesity and family history of CVD. The data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_3112tab5-body2">Tables 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_3112tab6-body2">6</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_3112tab7-body2">7</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_3112tab5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0442-00032-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_3112tab6-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0442-00032-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_3112tab7-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0442-00032-gt07-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>MINICHAL and SF-36 significantly correlated with each other (p &lt; 0.001) in all domains (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_3112tab8-body2">table 8</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_3112tab8-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0442-00032-gt08-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Assessing QOL is of essence, as this concept serves as an indicator in clinical trials for specific diseases, assesses the physical and psychosocial impact that the disorders may have on affected individuals, allowing a better knowledge about the patient and their adaptation to their unhealthy condition. Roca-Cusachs et al<sup>19</sup> reported that hypertensive patients had a significant reduction in QOL compared to normotensive patients.</p>
      <p>In this study, 46% of patients have their BP under control. SBP averaged 143.4 mmHg and DBP, 83.6 mmHg. In Brazil, prevalence studies report that patients with controlled BP under antihypertensive treatment present a variation rate of 20% to 33%<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>It was observed that the sample, despite a low level of education, had satisfactory knowledge about the disease. Most of them got seven or more questions right in the specific questionnaire to evaluate their knowledge of the disease. A similar result was found in another study conducted in the South of Brazil, which also had a sample with low educational level, which suggests that knowledge of the disease is not affected by low educational level<sup>20</sup>. In our case, because it is an Academic League of Hypertension, there is a particular concern in providing the patients with lots of information about the disease.</p>
      <p>Regarding the assessment of QOL through the generic questionnaire SF-36, the domains had the following results:</p>
      <p><bold>Functional Capacity (FC)</bold>. As to the scores, the average value for CF was 58.7 (SD 27.8). In the study by Silqueira<sup>7</sup>, the average for that domain was 68.0. In a study by Lima<sup>21</sup>, the average the FC domain was 75.0. Comparing our study with the others mentioned, it is clear that our study has a worse QOL in the domain CF compared to these studies. These results can be attributed to a high prevalence of comorbidities in our sample.</p>
      <p><bold>Limitation for Physical Aspects (FA). </bold>This domain was the one with the lowest score, revealing greater difficulties faced by the patients due to limitations in FA. The mean value was 47.2 (SD 42.9). Comparing this result with other studies, the one with an approximate result was by Cavalcante<sup>5</sup>, with a mean value of 55.7. In the studies by Gusm&#227;o and Pierin<sup>22</sup>, Silqueira<sup>7</sup> and Magnobosco<sup>23</sup>, the average was 72. The presence of comorbidities also negatively influences patients' physical limitations<sup>7</sup>, which may explain the low score achieved in this domain, since our prevalence of comorbidities is similar to that obtained by Cavalcante<sup>5</sup>, 89% and 87%, respectively. The study by Silqueira<sup>7</sup> excluded patients with current or previous history of associated diseases.</p>
      <p><bold>Pain</bold>. The mean value of this domain was 60.4 (SD 26.3). In other studies, the average of results were similar, ranging from 56.64<sup>24</sup> to 69.0.<sup>7</sup> Although SAH is a chronic disease, it is considered silent and asymptomatic, because pain is not a symptom that accompanies hypertensive patients. Black and Matassarin Jacobs<sup>24</sup> state that pain usually appears when the patient has other diseases or some other cardiovascular complication such as acute myocardial infarction. Thus, the high prevalence of comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors in our sample may also have been an aggravating factor for a low score in the pain domain.</p>
      <p><bold>General Health (GH). </bold>The mean score was found to be 60.7 (SD 22.7). In the study by Silqueira<sup>7</sup>, the average value found was 77.8; in the one by Gusm&#227;o and Pierin<sup>22</sup>, the average was 73.0; and in the one by Cavalcante<sup>5</sup>, the score was 72.0. In the study by Brito et al<sup>25</sup>, the GH had the lowest score, 53.5. The authors believe that this result probably occurred as a result of clinical manifestations related to the etiology of hypertension and the treatment administered. According to these authors, the patients perceived hypertension as a serious situation; this idea is confirmed in our study.</p>
      <p><bold>Vitality (VIT)</bold>. This domain had the second lowest score, with an average of 57.3 (SD 19.7). In the study by Lima<sup>21</sup>, the domain vitality had the lowest score, averaging 56.0. A low score indicates some impairment in the vitality of hypertensive patients in relation to mood and willingness to cope with daily situations<sup>7</sup>. In the study by Gusm&#227;o and Pierin<sup>22</sup>, the result was similar to this study, with an average of 56.0. In the study by Cavalcante<sup>5</sup>, this domain received an average of 68.8. The study that received the lowest score was the one by Souza<sup>14</sup>, averaging 45.1. In the study by Brito et al<sup>25</sup> we obtained the mean value of 63.3. The authors also suggest that living with hypertension interferes with physical condition, subject to the comments related to fatigue related to age, disease duration and others.</p>
      <p><bold>Social Aspects (SA). </bold> Among others, this domain had the highest score, with a mean value of 77.8 (SD 26.1), which is consistent with other studies in which this domain also had the highest score, with values ranging from 69.3 to 77.0<sup>5,21,25</sup>. The influence of HA in this aspect may be due to the need to change your lifestyle, including eating habits, which often involves absence from family gatherings to avoid inadequate food intake. Thus, chronic health condition may lead to various losses in social relationships, leisure activities and pleasure, leading the patient to an impairment in their QOL<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p><bold>Emotional Aspects (EA).</bold> The average in this domain was 58.3 (SD 44.7), indicating impairment in the patients' QOL. According to Maciel<sup>26</sup>, another aspect that is necessary to emphasize is that doctors and patients often label the hypertensive disease as "emotional" and "nervousness-related", which are reductionist explanations of the disease. Hence, patients seem to be unwilling to take on the responsibility for controlling the pressure, believing that their emotional state depends on others. This will probably lead to impairment in the QOL.</p>
      <p><bold>Mental Health (MH). </bold>As to the scores found, the average value was 66.8 (SD 22.1). Hypertension, due to its chronicity, may interfere directly with various aspects of the patient's life. Self-esteem can be undermined leading to negative feelings such as depression and anxiety<sup>27</sup>. Just the fact that the individual being labeled as hypertensive may lead them to manifestations of anxiety and insecurity. Elucidation of the disease is a key point in reducing these manifestations<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the assessment of QOL through the specific questionnaire MINICHAL, the results of domains were the following:</p>
      <p><bold>Mental State (MS)</bold>. As to the scores found, the average value was 6.6 (SD 6). Compared to the results found in the study by Schulz et al<sup>15</sup> an average of 5.3, shows a lower QOL in our patients. In the validation study by MINICHAL in Spain<sup>16</sup>, the average score was 6.8, similar to the one found in our study.</p>
      <p><bold>Somatic State (SE)</bold>. The mean value was 5.0 (SD 4.1). Other studies found values of 1.8<sup>19</sup> and 2.8<sup>16</sup>, showing that, in this study, patients have a greater impairment in QOL.</p>
      <p>There was no correlation between levels of BP and QOL assessed by the instruments SF-36 and MINICHAL, which is consistent with other studies conducted in Brazil<sup>8,23</sup>. However, these results differ from a Chinese population-based study<sup>29</sup>, which found that in hypertensive patients with controlled blood pressure levels, QOL was better than that of those with uncontrolled blood pressure levels.</p>
      <p>Concerning gender, significant differences were observed in the domain mental state of MINICHAL and in the domains functional capacity, pain, limitation due to emotional aspects and mental health of SF-36, revealing a worse QOL in the female sex. This result was also observed in the original study of MINICHAL, in which females had worse scores in the domain mental state<sup>16</sup>, as well as in the study of translation and validation of MINICHAL into Portuguese (Brazil)<sup>15</sup>. A study consistent with this one was conducted by Liberman<sup>30</sup>. By using the SF-36, it showed that male patients had higher values, with significant differences in almost all domains of this instrument.</p>
      <p>Women more often report feelings of dissatisfaction and frustration, which influences the QOL, especially in the psychological domain<sup>31</sup>. Furthermore, men are generally better able to tolerate chronic diseases and remain emotionally<sup>32</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors evaluated, those that were associated with a lower QOL were depression, obesity and family history of CVD. Individuals diagnosed with depression showed a worse QOL assessment in both the SF-36 (in functional capacity, general health, vitality, social aspects and mental health) and in the two domains of MINICHAL. This result is similar to the study by Melchiors<sup>8</sup> where depression was the only variable that significantly influenced the outcome of HRQOL in all domains of both instruments employed (MINICHAL and WHOQOL-bref). This reinforces the strong impact of depression on the HRQOL of patients, as observed in the Epidemiological Follow-up Study (NHEFS) of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I)<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>As for obesity, the patients had a poorer QOL assessment in both the SF-36 (in the domains vitality, social aspects and mental health) and in the two MINICHAL domains. In the study by Magnobosco<sup>23</sup>, obesity and diabetes appear to influence the HRQOL of participants. Those participants who did not have any of these comorbidities had higher average scores in all SF-36 domains. As to obesity alone, only the domains of physical aspects, general health and emotional aspects showed statistically significant results. In the study by Melchiors<sup>8</sup>, obese patients had an impaired QOL in the following domains: mental and somatic state (MINICHAL) and physical domain (WHOQOL-bref). Some studies show that obese patients have a worse perception of QOL<sup>34</sup> and it was found that improvements in patients' diet and weight loss were related to better QOL<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>Individuals with a family history of CVD had a worse assessment in SF-36 in the domain physical aspects, general health, social aspects and emotional aspects. In MINICHAL, the somatic state was the only one affected. In the study by Melchiors<sup>8</sup>, individuals with family history of CVD showed significant difference for the psychological domain in the generic instrument WHOQOL-bref.</p>
      <p>As to the analysis of concurrent validity for MINICHAL, through correlation coefficients, we observe that MINICHAL had a significant correlation with SF-36 in all domains. There was correlation between mental state (MINICHAL) and mental component (mental health, emotional aspects, social aspects and vitality) of the SF-36. The same correlation was also observed in somatic manifestations (MINICHAL) and the physical component (functional capacity, physical aspects, pain and general health) of SF-36. MINICHAL proved to be a useful instrument for assessing QOL in hypertensive patients, whose results significantly correlated with the generic instrument SF-36.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It should be emphasized that the results obtained in this study especially relate to patients who are part of a League of Hypertension of a University Hospital, where they are probably better informed and clinically assisted, which may have contributed, for example, to a greater frequency of patients with controlled BP and a high level of knowledge of the disease. However, despite this better care, the patients showed an impaired QOL, which is consistent with other studies that evaluated QOL in hypertensive patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>MINICHAL significantly correlated with SF-36 in all domains, proving to be a useful tool for the assessment of QOL in hypertensive patients, where these assessment measures may be useful in helping to choose the most appropriate treatment for hypertensive patients and population-based studies aimed at evaluating the QOL of this population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. 1999 World Health Organization - International Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension. Guidelines Subcommittee. J Hypertens. 2001;19(4):679-82. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Gus I, Harzheim E, Zaslavsky C, Medina C, Gus M. Prevalence, awareness, and control of systemic arterial hypertension in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004;83(5):429-33. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">3. Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. The WHOWOL Group. Psychol Med. 1998;28(3):551-8. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Diniz DP, Schor N. Qualidade de vida. S&#227;o Paulo: Manole; 2006. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">5. Cavalcante MA. Qualidade de vida de pacientes hipertensos em tratamento ambulatorial. [disserta&#231;&#227;o]. S&#227;o Paulo: Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo; 2007. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">6. Ciconelli RM. Tradu&#231;&#227;o para o portugu&#234;s e valida&#231;&#227;o do Question&#225;rio Gen&#233;rico de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade de vida "Medical outcomes study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36)" [tese]. S&#227;o Paulo: Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo; 1997. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">7. Silqueira SM. O question&#225;rio gen&#233;rico SF-36 como instrumento de mensura&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de de pacientes hipertensos [tese]. Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP: Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; 2005. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">8. Melchiors AC. Hipertens&#227;o arterial: an&#225;lise dos fatores relacionados com o controle press&#243;rico e a qualidade de vida [disserta&#231;&#227;o]. Curitiba: Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;; 2008. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">9. Schulz RB. Tradu&#231;&#227;o e Valida&#231;&#227;o do Mini Question&#225;rio de Qualidade de Vida em Hipertens&#227;o Arterial (MINICHAL) para o Portugu&#234;s (Brasil) [monografia]. Curitiba: Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;; 2006. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">10. World Health Organization - Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva: WHO, 1998. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">11. Coleman A, Freeman P, Steel S, Shennan A. Validation of the Omron 705it (HEM-759-E) oscillometric blood pressure monitoring device according to the British Hypertension Society protocol. Blood Press Monit. 2006;11(1):27-32. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">12. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia; Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o; Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. V Diretrizes brasileiras de hipertens&#227;o arterial. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;89(3):e24-79. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">13. Strelec MA, Pierin AM, Mion D Jr. The influence of patient's consciousness regarding high blood pressure and patient's attitude in face of disease controlling medicine intake. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003;81(4):349-54. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">14. Souza WA. Avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o ao tratamento e dos resultados cl&#237;nicos e human&#237;sticos na investiga&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente [tese]. Campinas, SP: Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2008. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">15. Schulz RB, Rossignoli P, Correr CJ, Fern&#225;ndez-Lim&#243;s F, Toni PM. Validation of the short form of Spanish hypertension quality of life questionnaire" (MINICHAL) for Portuguese (Brasil). Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008;90(2):127-31. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">16. Badia C, Roca-Cusachs A, Dalf&#243; A, Gasc&#243;n G, Abell&#225;n J, Lahoz R, et al. Validation of the short form of the Spanish Hypertension Quality of Life Questionnaire (MINICHAL). Clin Ther. 2002;24(12):2137-54. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">17. Ware JE Jr, Snow KK, Kosinski M, Gandek B. SF-36 Health survey: manual and interpretation guide. Boston: New England Medical Center; 1993. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">18. Ware JE Jr, Kosinski M, Bayliss MS, McHorney CA, Rogers WH, Raczec A. Comparison of methods for the scoring and statistical analysis of SF-36 health profile and summary measures: summary of results from the Medical Outcomes Study. Med Care. 1995;33(4 Suppl):AS264-79. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">19. Roca-Cusachs A, Dalf&#243; A, Badia X, Ar&#237;stegui I, Roset M. Relation between clinical and therapeutic variables and quality of life in hypertension. J Hypertens. 2001;19(10):1913-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">20. Melchiors AC, Correr CJ, Pontarolo R, Santos FO, Souza RA. Quality of life in hypertensive patients and concurrent validity of Minichal-Brazil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;94(3):337-44. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">21. Lima JC. Tradu&#231;&#227;o para o portugu&#234;s e valida&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio espec&#237;fico para avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida em hipertensos de Bulpitt e Fletcher [disserta&#231;&#227;o]. S&#227;o Paulo: Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; 2002. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">22. Gusm&#227;o JL, Pierin AM. Instrumento de avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida para hipertensos de Bulpitt e Fletcher. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2009;43(Esp):1034-43. </p>
      <p>23. Magnobosco P. Qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de do indiv&#237;duo com hipertens&#227;o arterial integrante de um grupo de conviv&#234;ncia [disserta&#231;&#227;o]. Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP: Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; 2007.</p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">24. Black JM, Matassarin-Jacobs L. Enfermagem m&#233;dico-cir&#250;rgica: uma abordagem psicofisiol&#243;gica. 4&#170;. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 1996. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">25. Brito DM, Araujo TL, Galv&#227;o MT, Moreira TM, Lopes MV. Qualidade de vida e percep&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a entre portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial. Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. 2008;24(4):933-40. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">26. Maciel CL. Emo&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;a e cultura: o caso da hipertens&#227;o essencial. In: Romano BW. A pr&#225;tica da psicologia nos hospitais. S&#227;o Paulo: Pioneira; 1994. p. 1-38. </p>
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      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">28. Moreira TM, Ara&#250;jo TL. Sistema interpessoal de Imogene King: as rela&#231;&#245;es entre pacientes com hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o aderentes ao tratamento e profissionais de sa&#250;de. Acta Paul Enferm. 2002;15(3):35-42. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">29. Gu D, Reynolds K, Wu C, Chen J, Duan X, Muntner P, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China. Hypertension. 2002;40(6):920-7. </p>
      <p>30. Liberman A. Estudo da qualidade de vida em pacientes com urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva [disserta&#231;&#227;o]. Campinas, SP: Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica; 2001.</p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">31. Hollis LA. Sex comparisons in life satisfaction and psychosocial adjustment scores with an older adult sample: examining the effect of sex role differences in older cohorts. J. Women Aging. 1998;10(3):59-77. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">32. Youssef RM, Moubarak II, Kamel MI. Factors affecting the quality of life of hypertensive patients. East Mediterr Health J. 2005;11(1-2):109-18. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">33. Gaynes BN, Burns BJ, Tweed DL, Erickson P. Depression and health-related quality of life. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2002;190(12):799-806. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">34. Fletcher AE, Bulpitt CJ, Tuomilehto J, Browne J, Bossini A, Kawecka-Jaszcz K, et al. Quality of life of elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension: baseline data from Syst-Eur trial. Syst-Eur Trial Investigators. J Hypertens. 1998;16(8):1117-24. </p>
      <p>35. Grimm RH Jr, Grandits GA, Cutler JA, Stewart AL, McDonald RH, Svendsen K, et al. Relationships of quality-of-life measures to long-term lifestyle and drug treatment in the treatment of mild hypertension study. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(6):638-48.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jos&#233; Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto &#149;</p>
          <p> Rua Rui Ribeiro Mesquita - Ed. Dom Gabriel, apto 402 - Calhau - 65075-260 - S&#227;o Luiz, MA - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="jafneto@cardiol.br">jafneto@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jafneto@terra.com.br">jafneto@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received October 25, 2011, revised manuscript received October 25, 2011; accepted January 21, 2012.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
