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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HJnwxHxFLq7vvMx6gdmYFjv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000500009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800509</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000035</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Utilidade cl&#237;nica da angiografia coronariana em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Morel Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Fran&#231;a Pessoa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Biselli</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Germano Emilio Concei&#231;&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>437</fpage>
      <lpage>441</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A realiza&#231;&#227;o da angiografia coronariana na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sem etiologia definida &#233; frequentemente justificada para avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Por&#233;m, o benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico dessa estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o &#233; conhecido. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica mediante crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida sem etiologia, assim como o seu impacto na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados pacientes ambulatoriais consecutivos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, que tiveram a angiografia coronariana indicada para esclarecimento etiol&#243;gico da cardiopatia, no per&#237;odo de 1&#186; de janeiro de 2009 a 31 de dezembro de 2010. Os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, sorologia positiva para doen&#231;a de Chagas, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, valvopatia grave ou pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos conforme a indica&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo. Grupo-1: Sintom&#225;ticos em raz&#227;o de angina ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria. Grupo-2: Presen&#231;a de &gt; 2 fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana RESULTADOS: Cento e sete pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos para an&#225;lise, sendo 51 (47,7%) pacientes pertencentes ao Grupo-1 e 56 (52,3%), ao Grupo-2. A preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica foi de 9,3% (10 pacientes), e todos pertenciam ao Grupo-1 (p = 0,0001). Durante o seguimento, apenas 4 (3,7%) tiveram indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; 3 (2,8%) pacientes apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento. CONCLUS&#195;O: Em nosso trabalho, a realiza&#231;&#227;o da angiografia coronariana em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica sem etiologia, apesar de embasada pelas atuais diretrizes, n&#227;o evidenciou benef&#237;cio quando indicada apenas pela presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Angiografia coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>isquemia mioc&#225;rdia</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Utilidade cl&#237;nica da angiografia coronariana em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rodrigo Morel Vieira de Melo; Eduardo Fran&#231;a Pessoa de Melo; Bruno Biselli; Germano Emilio Concei&#231;&#227;o Souza; Edimar Alcides Bocchi</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A realiza&#231;&#227;o da angiografia coronariana na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sem etiologia definida &#233; frequentemente justificada para avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Por&#233;m, o benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico dessa estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o &#233; conhecido. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica mediante crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida sem etiologia, assim como o seu impacto na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram avaliados pacientes ambulatoriais consecutivos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, que tiveram a angiografia coronariana indicada para esclarecimento etiol&#243;gico da cardiopatia, no per&#237;odo de 1&#186; de janeiro de 2009 a 31 de dezembro de 2010. Os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, sorologia positiva para doen&#231;a de Chagas, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, valvopatia grave ou pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos conforme a indica&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo. Grupo-1: Sintom&#225;ticos em raz&#227;o de angina ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria. Grupo-2: Presen&#231;a de <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Cento e sete pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos para an&#225;lise, sendo 51 (47,7%) pacientes pertencentes ao Grupo-1 e 56 (52,3%), ao Grupo-2. A preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica foi de 9,3% (10 pacientes), e todos pertenciam ao Grupo-1 (p = 0,0001). Durante o seguimento, apenas 4 (3,7%) tiveram indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; 3 (2,8%) pacientes apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Em nosso trabalho, a realiza&#231;&#227;o da angiografia coronariana em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica sem etiologia, apesar de embasada pelas atuais diretrizes, n&#227;o evidenciou benef&#237;cio quando indicada apenas pela presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Angiografia coron&#225;ria/uso, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, isquemia mioc&#225;rdia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica &#233; respons&#225;vel por aproximadamente dois ter&#231;os dos casos de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, nos Estados Unidos&#185;, sendo atualmente a principal etiologia tamb&#233;m no Brasil<sup>2,3</sup>. Essa diferencia&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica &#233; fundamental na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica por diversos motivos. Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de origem isqu&#234;mica apresentam um pior progn&#243;stico quando comparados a outras etiologias<sup>4</sup>. O potencial benef&#237;cio de procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e da farmacoterapia na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria da doen&#231;a cardiovascular tamb&#233;m &#233; fator fundamental que deve ser considerado na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica. </p>
    <p>Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o considerados portadores de etiologia isqu&#234;mica quando apresentam hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, de procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ou evid&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva, conforme publica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>M&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos para avaliar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica nessa popula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o de uso limitado, j&#225; que a presen&#231;a de d&#233;ficits perfusionais e altera&#231;&#245;es na mobilidade segmentar est&#227;o com frequ&#234;ncia presentes em pacientes com cardiopatias n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas<sup>6,7</sup>. Assim, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da anatomia coronariana por meio do cateterismo card&#237;aco &#233; considerada o procedimento de escolha para a investiga&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida sem etiologia definida<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>De acordo com as atuais diretrizes de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, deve-se considerar a realiza&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo card&#237;aco em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sem etiologia definida na presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria ou angina<sup>8</sup>. Contudo, a falta de dados na literatura sobre o rendimento diagn&#243;stico da estrat&#233;gia invasiva nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m do potencial para complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares relacionadas ao procedimento, torna a sua indica&#231;&#227;o incerta. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Objetivo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica mediante crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida sem etiologia definida de acordo com os diferentes crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o, assim como o seu impacto na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo de corte transversal seguido por coorte retrospectiva.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Analisaram-se os dados dos pacientes atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de tratamento cir&#250;rgico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em uma institui&#231;&#227;o terci&#225;ria de refer&#234;ncia para alta complexidade, entre 1&#186; de janeiro de 2009 e 31 de dezembro de 2010. Foram verificadas todas as angiografias coronarianas eletivas nesse per&#237;odo, sendo posteriormente acessadas de forma retrospectiva as caracter&#237;sticas da amostra. As vari&#225;veis coletadas inclu&#237;am: dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos entre um ano antes ou ap&#243;s o procedimento, com c&#225;lculo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pelo m&#233;todo de Teicholz; classe funcional da New York Heart Association; diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus, hipercolesterolemia (pacientes em uso de estatinas ou LDL &#150; colesterol &gt; 160 mg/dL), hist&#243;ria familiar prematura de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (homens &lt; 45 anos e mulheres &lt; 55 anos), doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (<italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina estimado &lt; 60 mL/min), tabagismo atual ou nos &#250;ltimos 10 anos e presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea). Avaliado ainda o resultado de sorologia para doen&#231;a de Chagas (m&#233;todo de imunofluorec&#234;ncia indireta e teste imunoenzim&#225;tico), presen&#231;a de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita ou valvopatia, al&#233;m das caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas.</p>
    <p>Foram selecionados apenas pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida que permaneciam sem etiologia definida ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica n&#227;o invasiva inicial. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o utilizados foram: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 45% e idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 anos. Os pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, sorologia positiva para doen&#231;a de Chagas, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, valvopatia grave ou submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos conforme os crit&#233;rios para indica&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo card&#237;aco. Grupo-1: Sintom&#225;ticos em raz&#227;o de angina ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria (i.e. classe funcional III ou IV a despeito do tratamento medicamentoso otimizado) independente do perfil de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria. Grupo-2: Pacientes sem angina e em classe funcional I ou II com presen&#231;a de <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (idade &gt; 45 anos para homens e 55 anos para mulheres; hipercolesterolemia; tabagismo; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, hist&#243;ria familiar prematura para doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou diabetes mellitus). Ap&#243;s o procedimento os pacientes foram classificados em portadores de etiologia isqu&#234;mica ou n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. Os crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos utilizados basearam-se nas defini&#231;&#245;es publicadas previamente por Felker e cols.<sup>5</sup> que consideraram como etiologia isqu&#234;mica os pacientes com les&#245;es obstrutivas (<underline>&gt;</underline> 75%) em dois ou mais vasos epic&#225;rdicos ou em tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda ou ramo descendente anterior proximal<sup>5</sup>. Os pacientes definidos como portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica foram avaliados quanto &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea no seguimento ambulatorial de acordo com o crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel pelo caso. A data inicial do seguimento foi o momento da angiografia coronariana e a &#250;ltima data do acompanhamento foi considerada o dia da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ou a &#250;ltima consulta ambulatorial registrada em prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e foram comparadas por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas por meio do teste exato de Fisher.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo do estudo foram avaliados 1.970 pacientes. Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial inicial e aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, apenas 107 (5,4%) pacientes apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de etiologia n&#227;o definida, sendo inclu&#237;dos para an&#225;lise. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos conforme a indica&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo est&#227;o expressos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03412tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop03412tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0437-00035-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Cinquenta e um pacientes pertenciam ao Grupo-1 e 56, ao Grupo-2. Os pacientes apresentavam em m&#233;dia 2,5 (&#177;1,3) fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, sendo 2,3 (&#177;1,4) no Grupo-1 e 2,7 (&#177;1,2) no Grupo-2 (p = 0,19).</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas compat&#237;veis com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica foi de 9,3% (10 pacientes) dentre os 107 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, todos pertencentes ao Grupo-1 (p = 0,0001). Durante o seguimento, apenas 4 (3,7%) tiveram indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03412tab02">tab. 2</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop03412tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0437-00035-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise dos pacientes do Grupo-1, 19 pacientes apresentavam angina e 32, sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria. A preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica nesses subgrupos foi de 26,3% (5 pacientes) e 15,6% (5 pacientes), respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s pacientes (2,8%) submetidos ao cateterismo apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento. Um paciente com oclus&#227;o aguda de art&#233;ria radial, outro com oclus&#227;o aguda de art&#233;ria braquial, e o terceiro com acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes estavam vivos at&#233; o final da an&#225;lise e nenhum perdeu o acompanhamento. O tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento foi de 15,6 meses (&#177; 7,6).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi o primeiro em nosso meio a investigar o impacto da angiografia coronariana como ferramenta diagn&#243;stica de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, assim como a sua influ&#234;ncia na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida sem etiologia definida. </p>
    <p>Conforme as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais das diretrizes de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, o cateterismo card&#237;aco deve ser considerado na investiga&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda na presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, angina, ou sintomas refrat&#225;rios de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo agrega valor a essa quest&#227;o por tratar-se da aplica&#231;&#227;o dessas recomenda&#231;&#245;es em uma amostra da vida real. </p>
    <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, a realiza&#231;&#227;o da angiografia coronariana confirmou a etiologia isqu&#234;mica da cardiopatia em 9,3% dos pacientes, por&#233;m em apenas 3,7% houve indica&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Na an&#225;lise separada por subgrupos, nenhum paciente, dentre os indicados apenas pela presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, apresentou crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos compat&#237;veis com cardiopatia de etiologia isqu&#234;mica. </p>
    <p>Trabalhos anteriores com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo card&#237;aco em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca demonstram uma preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica que varia entre 13% e 65%<sup>4,5,9</sup>. Esses resultados divergentes podem ser explicados pela aus&#234;ncia de uniformidade nos crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos para cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e pela diferen&#231;a nas caracter&#237;sticas na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. No presente estudo, foram inclu&#237;dos apenas pacientes que permaneciam sem diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico para a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, excluindo aqueles com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana j&#225; estabelecida. A inclus&#227;o de pacientes oligossintom&#225;ticos em classe funcional I e com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular discretamente reduzida tamb&#233;m pode ter contribu&#237;do para a baixa preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No Brasil existem poucos dados sobre preval&#234;ncia e etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida. Semelhante &#224;s casu&#237;sticas internacionais, a cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica &#233; a principal causa correspondendo a cerca de 32%<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que a defini&#231;&#227;o utilizada de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica nesse estudo foi desenvolvida a partir do conceito, amplamente aceito e citado na literatura, que a etiologia isqu&#234;mica apresenta uma pior sobrevida quando comparada a outras formas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida. Sendo assim, pacientes com les&#245;es uniarteriais e sem hist&#243;ria de infarto ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio s&#227;o classificados como n&#227;o isqu&#234;micos por apresentarem um melhor progn&#243;stico<sup>4,5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Dados da literatura mostram um taxa global de complica&#231;&#245;es baixa (1,7%) quando o cateterismo card&#237;aco &#233; realizado com finalidade diagn&#243;stica em pacientes n&#227;o selecionados oriundos de centros experientes<sup>10</sup>. Contudo, pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada ou com sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o de alto risco para complica&#231;&#245;es, aumentando o risco em 3,3 e 2,2 vezes, respectivamente<sup>11</sup>. A taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento na amostra estudada foi de 2,8%, enquanto apenas 3,7% dos pacientes foram beneficiados com uma interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica a partir das informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas com a angiografia coron&#225;ria. Dessa forma, a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es comparada com o potencial benef&#237;cio do procedimento deve ser considerada no momento da indica&#231;&#227;o do exame. </p>
    <p>Sabe-se que alguns pacientes que apresentam infarto do mioc&#225;rdio evoluem com recanaliza&#231;&#227;o parcial ou total da coron&#225;ria culpada pelo evento, levando a angiografia coronariana a classific&#225;-los erroneamente como causa n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica de cardiomiopatia. Em um estudo com uso de resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada e angiografia coron&#225;ria sem les&#245;es obstrutivas, 13% apresentavam padr&#245;es de realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio indistingu&#237;veis daqueles apresentados na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana assintom&#225;tica em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada, sem evid&#234;ncia de infarto pr&#233;vio ou mioc&#225;rdio hibernante, n&#227;o demonstra rela&#231;&#227;o de causalidade, especialmente quando outras etiologias para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#227;o presentes (hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, etilismo, miocardite). O desenvolvimento de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana grave foi demonstrado em um estudo com 55 pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-transplante de cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica<sup>13</sup>. Todos os pacientes apresentavam coron&#225;rias angiograficamente normais em um per&#237;odo de at&#233; 10 anos antes do transplante e n&#227;o tinham hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. O exame do cora&#231;&#227;o explantado revelou les&#245;es cr&#237;ticas em ao menos um segmento coron&#225;rio em 15 pacientes (27%) sem evid&#234;ncia de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. Achados similares foram demonstrados em um relato de 291 pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o biventricular e sem antecedentes de infarto que foram submetidos a angiografia coronariana e bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica por sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca progressiva. Sete (2,4%) apresentavam les&#245;es obstrutivas importantes, mas a bi&#243;psia em todos os casos evidenciava altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas com crit&#233;rios definitivos para miocardite<sup>14</sup>. Novamente, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel distinguir a etiologia predominante da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular desses pacientes. </p>
    <p>O atual avan&#231;o na tomografia computadorizada com m&#250;ltiplos detectores p&#244;de proporcionar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da anatomia coronariana sem a perda de especificidade dos outros m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos. Um recente estudo comparou o m&#233;todo com o cateterismo card&#237;aco em 93 pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada encontrando uma acur&#225;cia de 95% no diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica quando comparada ao cateterismo<sup>15</sup>. No entanto, esse m&#233;todo &#233; de aplica&#231;&#227;o recente nessa popula&#231;&#227;o necessitando de estudos maiores para definir a sua real utilidade.</p>
    <p>Por fim, o estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Trata-se de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva sujeita aos vieses inerentes a essa metodologia como a obten&#231;&#227;o de dados sobre a indica&#231;&#227;o da angiografia coron&#225;ria (vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o) ou a presen&#231;a de sintomas, por vezes subnotificados (vi&#233;s de aferi&#231;&#227;o). Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o fato de tratar-se de um trabalho unic&#234;ntrico com uma amostra referenciada a um ambulat&#243;rio de subespecialidade de hospital terci&#225;rio. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise foi relativamente reduzido.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em nosso trabalho, a realiza&#231;&#227;o da angiografia coronariana em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida sem etiologia definida, apesar de embasada pelas atuais diretrizes, n&#227;o evidenciou benef&#237;cio quando indicada apenas pela presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Dentre os pacientes com sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria ou angina, a angiografia coronariana se mostrou um instrumento de bom rendimento para o diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Entretanto, mesmo nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, poucos tiveram indica&#231;&#227;o de procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rodrigo Morel Vieira de Melo </p>
        <p> Rua Oscar Freire, 2040 &#150; Pinheiros </p>
        <p> 05409-011 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="vieirademelorm@gmail.com">vieirademelorm@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 03/09/11; revisado recebido em 03/09/11; aceito em 28/12/11.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical usefulness of coronary angiography in patients with left ventricular dysfunction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Performing a coronary angiography in patients with heart failure of unknown etiology is often justified by the diagnostic assessment of ischemic heart disease. However, the clinical benefit of this strategy is not known. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of ischemic heart disease by angiographic criteria in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction of unknown etiology, as well as its impact on therapy decisions. METHODS: Consecutive outpatients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction, who had an indication for coronary angiography to clarify the etiology of heart disease were assessed from 1 January 2009 to December 31, 2010. Patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease, positive serology for Chagas disease, congenital heart disease, valve disease or patients undergoing cardiac transplantation were excluded from the analysis. The sample was divided into two groups according to the indication for catheterization. Group-1: Symptomatic due to angina or heart failure. Group-2: Presence of &gt; 2 risk factors for coronary artery disease RESULTS: One hundred and seven patients were included in the analysis, with 51 (47.7%) patients in Group 1 and 56 (52.3%) in Group 2. The prevalence of ischemic heart disease was 9.3% (10 patients), and all belonged to Group 1 (p = 0.0001). During follow-up, only 4 (3.7%) were referred for CABG; 3 (2.8%) patients had procedure-related complications. CONCLUSION: In our study, coronary angiography in patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction of unknown etiology, although supported by current guidelines, did not show benefits when performed only due to the presence of risk factors for coronary artery disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular dysfunction, left</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Clinical usefulness of coronary angiography in patients with left ventricular dysfunction</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rodrigo Morel Vieira de Melo; Eduardo Fran&#231;a Pessoa de Melo; Bruno Biselli; Germano Emilio Concei&#231;&#227;o Souza; Edimar Alcides Bocchi</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Performing a coronary angiography in patients with heart failure of unknown etiology is often justified by the diagnostic assessment of ischemic heart disease. However, the clinical benefit of this strategy is not known.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the prevalence of ischemic heart disease by angiographic criteria in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction of unknown etiology, as well as its impact on therapy decisions.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Consecutive outpatients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction, who had an indication for coronary angiography to clarify the etiology of heart disease were assessed from 1 January 2009 to December 31, 2010. Patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease, positive serology for Chagas disease, congenital heart disease, valve disease or patients undergoing cardiac transplantation were excluded from the analysis. The sample was divided into two groups according to the indication for catheterization. Group-1: Symptomatic due to angina or heart failure. Group-2: Presence of <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 risk factors for coronary artery disease</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> One hundred and seven patients were included in the analysis, with 51 (47.7%) patients in Group 1 and 56 (52.3%) in Group 2. The prevalence of ischemic heart disease was 9.3% (10 patients), and all belonged to Group 1 (p = 0.0001). During follow-up, only 4 (3.7%) were referred for CABG; 3 (2.8%) patients had procedure-related complications.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In our study, coronary angiography in patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction of unknown etiology, although supported by current guidelines, did not show benefits when performed only due to the presence of risk factors for coronary artery disease. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Coronary angiography/utilization; ventricular dysfunction, left; myocardial ischemia; heart failure</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ischemic heart disease accounts for approximately two thirds of cases of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in the U.S.&#185;, being currently the main etiology also in Brazil<sup>2,3</sup>. This etiological differentiation is crucial in clinical practice for several reasons. Patients with heart failure of ischemic origin have a poorer prognosis when compared to other etiologies<sup>4</sup>. The potential benefit of myocardial revascularization procedures and pharmacotherapy in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease is also a key factor that should be considered in therapeutic decision-making. </p>
      <p>Patients with heart failure are considered as having ischemic etiology when they have a history of myocardial infarction, revascularization procedure, or angiographic evidence of obstructive coronary artery disease, as shown in a previous publication<sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>Noninvasive methods to assess myocardial ischemia in this population are of limited use, as the presence of perfusion deficits and alterations in segmental mobility are often present in patients with non-ischemic heart disease<sup>6,7</sup>. Thus, the assessment of the coronary anatomy by means of cardiac catheterization is considered the procedure of choice for the investigation of ischemic heart disease in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction of unknown etiology<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>According to current guidelines of chronic heart failure, one must consider the performance of cardiac catheterization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction of unknown etiology in the presence of risk factors for coronary artery disease, symptoms of heart failure or refractory angina<sup>8</sup>. However, due to the lack of literature data on the diagnostic yield of the invasive strategy in this population, in addition to the potential for vascular complications of the procedure, its indication becomes unclear.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Objective</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To evaluate the prevalence of ischemic heart disease using angiographic criteria in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction of unknown etiology according to different indication criteria, as well as its impact on treatment decision-making.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Design</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cross-sectional study followed by a retrospective cohort.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sample</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We analyzed data from patients treated at the outpatient clinic for surgical treatment of heart failure in a tertiary institution that is a referral for high complexity cases, between January 1 2009 and December 31, 2010. We verified all elective coronary angiographies performed during this period and, subsequently, the sample characteristics were retrospectively accessed. The collected variables included: echocardiographic data between one year before or after the procedure, with calculation of left ventricular ejection fraction by Teicholz method, New York Heart Association functional class; previous diagnosis of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia (patients on statins or LDL &#150; cholesterol &gt; 160 mg/dL), family history of early cardiovascular disease (men &lt; 45 years and women &lt; 55 years), chronic kidney disease (estimated creatinine clearance &lt; 60 mL / min), current smoker status or smoker in the past 10 years, presence of coronary artery disease (history of myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous intervention). </p>
      <p>We also assessed the serologic results for Chagas disease (indirect immunofluorescence method and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), presence of congenital or valvular heart disease, and demographic characteristics.</p>
      <p>We selected only patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction that persisted with an unknown etiology after initial non-invasive clinical assessment. Inclusion criteria were: left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 45% and age <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 years. Patients with coronary artery disease, positive serology for Chagas disease, congenital heart disease, or severe valvular disease and those submitted to heart transplantation were excluded from the analysis.</p>
      <p>The sample was divided into two groups according to the criteria for referral to cardiac catheterization. Group 1: Symptomatic due to angina or refractory heart failure (i.e., NYHA functional class III or IV despite optimal drug therapy), regardless of the profile of risk factors for coronary artery disease. Group 2: patients without angina and in functional class I or II with the presence of <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 risk factors for coronary artery disease (age &gt; 45 years for men and 55 for women, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, family history of premature cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus). </p>
      <p>After the procedure, patients were classified as patients with ischemic or nonischemic etiology. The angiographic criteria used were based on previously published definitions by Felker et al<sup>5</sup>, which considered as ischemic etiology patients with obstructive lesions (<underline>&gt;</underline> 75%) in two or more epicardial vessels or left main coronary artery or the proximal anterior descending branch<sup>5</sup>. Patients defined as having ischemic heart disease were evaluated for the indication for surgical or percutaneous revascularization during follow-up, according to the attending physician's discretion. The starting date of follow-up was the time of coronary angiography and the last date of follow-up was considered as the day of revascularization or the last outpatient visit recorded in electronic medical records. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Continuous variables were expressed as means &#177; standard deviation and were compared using the Student's <italic>t</italic> test. Categorical variables were compared using Fisher exact test. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 1970 patients were evaluated during the study period. After the initial outpatient evaluation and use of eligibility criteria, only 107 (5.4%) patients had heart failure with left ventricular systolic dysfunction of unknown origin and were included in the analysis. Demographic data according to the indication for catheterization are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop03412tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop03412tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0437-00035-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Fifty-one patients belonged to Group 1 and 56 to Group 2. Patients had a mean of 2.5 (&#177; 1.3) risk factors for coronary artery disease, with 2.3 (&#177; 1.4) in Group 1 and 2.7 (&#177; 1.2) in Group 2 (p = 0.19). </p>
      <p>The prevalence of angiographic alterations consistent with ischemic heart disease was 9.3% (10 patients) among the 107 patients included, all from Group 1 (p = 0.0001). During follow-up, only 4 (3.7%) were referred for percutaneous or surgical revascularization (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop03412tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop03412tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0437-00035-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>When analyzing patients from Group-1, 19 patients had angina and 32 had symptoms of heart failure. The prevalence of ischemic heart disease in these subgroups was 26.3% (5 patients) and 15.6% (5 patients), respectively.</p>
      <p>Three patients (2.8%) submitted to catheterization had procedure-related complications: one patient had acute occlusion of the radial artery, the second had acute occlusion of the brachial artery, and the third had ischemic cerebrovascular accident.</p>
      <p>All patients were alive at the end of the analysis and none were lost to follow-up. The mean follow-up was 15.6 months (&#177; 7.6). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study was the first in our country that investigated the impact of coronary angiography as a diagnostic tool for ischemic heart disease, as well as its influence on therapeutic decision for revascularization in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction of unknown etiology.</p>
      <p>According to the recommendations of current guidelines for chronic heart failure, cardiac catheterization should be considered in the etiological investigation of patients with left ventricular dysfunction in the presence of risk factors for coronary artery disease, angina, or refractory symptoms of heart failure<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study adds value to the literature on this subject as it deals with the use of these recommendations in a "real-life" sample of patients. </p>
      <p>In the population studied, the coronary angiography confirmed the ischemic etiology of heart disease in 9.3% of patients, but only 3.7% had indication for therapeutic intervention with coronary revascularization. In a separate analysis by subgroups, no patient among those who had an indication given only by the presence of risk factors for coronary artery disease, showed angiographic criteria consistent with ischemic heart disease. </p>
      <p>Previous work with cardiac catheterization in patients with heart failure have shown a prevalence of ischemic heart disease that varies between 13% and 65%<sup>4,5,9</sup>. These differing results may be explained by the lack of uniformity of the angiographic criteria for ischemic heart disease and the difference in the characteristics of the studied population. </p>
      <p>The present study included only patients who persisted with an unidentified etiology for ventricular dysfunction after the initial assessment, excluding those with already established coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>The inclusion of mildly symptomatic patients in functional class I and slightly reduced ventricular function may also have contributed to the low prevalence of ischemic heart disease in our population.</p>
      <p>In Brazil there are few data on the prevalence and etiology of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Similar to international case series, ischemic heart disease is the main cause, accounting for about 32% of cases<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is important to mention that the definition used for ischemic heart disease in this study was developed from the concept, widely accepted and quoted in the literature, that ischemic etiology has a worse survival when compared to other forms of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Thus, patients with single-vessel lesions and no history of myocardial infarction or revascularization are classified as nonischemic, as they have a better prognosis<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Literature data show a low overall rate of complications (1.7%) when cardiac catheterization is performed for diagnostic purposes in unselected patients from experienced centers<sup>10</sup>. However, patients with dilated cardiomyopathy or with symptoms of heart failure are at high risk for complications, having the risk increased by 3.3 and 2.2 times, respectively<sup>11</sup>. The rate of procedure-related complications in the study sample was 2.8%, whereas only 3.7% of patients benefited from a therapeutic intervention based on information obtained from the coronary angiography. Thus, the rate of complications compared with the potential benefit of the procedure should be considered at the moment when the indication for the examination is made. </p>
      <p>It is known that some patients with myocardial infarction develop partial or complete recanalization of the culprit coronary artery that caused the event, resulting in their misclassification as an important cause of ischemic cardiomyopathy by the coronary angiography. In a study using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary angiography without obstructive lesions, 13% showed patterns of late enhancement with gadolinium indistinguishable from those shown in coronary artery disease<sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, the presence of asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, with no evidence of previous infarction or hibernating myocardium, does not demonstrate causality, especially when other etiologies for heart failure are present (hypertension, alcoholism, myocarditis). The development of severe coronary obstruction was demonstrated in a study with 55 patients undergoing cardiac transplantation with a pre-transplant diagnosis of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy<sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>All patients had angiographically normal coronary arteries during a period of up to 10 years before transplantation and had no history of myocardial infarction. The examination of the explanted heart disclosed critical lesions in at least one coronary segment in 15 patients (27%) with no evidence of myocardial fibrosis. Similar findings were demonstrated in a report of 291 patients with biventricular dysfunction and no history of myocardial infarction that underwent coronary angiography and endomyocardial biopsy due to symptoms of progressive heart failure. Seven (2.4%) had significant obstructive lesions, but biopsy in all cases showed histological alterations with definitive criteria for myocarditis<sup>14</sup>. Once again, it was not possible to discriminate the predominant etiology of ventricular dysfunction in these patients. </p>
      <p>The current advances in computed tomography with multiple detectors provided a noninvasive assessment of coronary anatomy without loss of specificity of other noninvasive methods. A recent study compared the method with cardiac catheterization in 93 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and found a 95% accuracy in the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease when compared to catheterism<sup>15</sup>. However, the use of this method is relatively recent in this population, requiring further studies to establish its actual usefulness. </p>
      <p>Finally, the study has some limitations. This is a retrospective analysis, thus subject to biases inherent to this methodology such as obtaining data on the indication of coronary angiography (selection bias) or the presence of symptoms, which are sometimes underreported (measurement bias). Another limitation is the fact that it was a single-center study with a sample referred to a subspecialty outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital. Furthermore, the number of patients included in the analysis was relatively small. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In our study, the performance of coronary angiography in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction of unknown etiology, although supported by current guidelines, showed no benefits when indicated solely by the presence of risk factors for coronary artery disease. In patients with symptoms of refractory heart failure or angina, the coronary angiography showed to be a good tool for the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease. However, even in this population, few were referred for myocardial revascularization procedure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
