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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">z6SnS59Vb5WpKLPtPWxCZZM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000500007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800507</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000031</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Realce Tardio mioc&#225;rdico por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca pode identificar risco para Taquicardia Ventricular na Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mello</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Peixoto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Szarf</surname>
            <given-names>Gilberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schvartzman</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakano</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Minoru</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Espinosa</surname>
            <given-names>Mariano Martinez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Szejnfeld</surname>
            <given-names>Denis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Ver&#244;nica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cirenza</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo A.V. De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Baltimore</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Johns Hopkins Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia </institution>
        <country country="US">United States</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Radiologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cuiab&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Mato Grosso</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Matem&#225;tica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital e Pronto Socorro Municipal de Cuiab&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Paulo </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Eletrofisiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Paulo </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Radiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>421</fpage>
      <lpage>430</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Testes invasivos e n&#227;o invasivos t&#234;m sido usados para identificar risco para Taquicardia Ventricular (TV) em pacientes com Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica Cr&#244;nica (CCC). Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca (RMC) pela t&#233;cnica do Realce Tardio (RT) pode ser &#250;til para selecionar pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular global ou segmentar, com alto grau de fibrose e maior risco para TV cl&#237;nica. OBJETIVO: Melhorar a identifica&#231;&#227;o de elementos preditivos de TV em pacientes com CCC. M&#201;TODO: Quarenta e um pacientes com CCC foram pesquisados, sendo 30 (72%) do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 55,1 &#177; 11,9 anos. Vinte e seis pacientes apresentavam hist&#243;rico de TV (grupo TV), e 15 n&#227;o apresentavam TV (grupo NTV). Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos tinham RT e disfun&#231;&#227;o segmentar ventricular. Volume, porcentagem de comprometimento da espessura da parede ventricular em cada segmento, e distribui&#231;&#227;o de RT foi determinado em cada caso. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em termos de volume de RT entre os dois grupos: grupo TV = 30,0 &#177; 16,2%; grupo NTV = 21,7 &#177; 15,7%; p = 0,118. A probabilidade de TV foi maior se duas ou mais &#225;reas cont&#237;guas de fibrose transmural estivessem presentes, sendo um fator preditor de TV cl&#237;nica (RR 4,1; p = 0,04). A concord&#226;ncia entre os observadores foi de 100% nesse crit&#233;rio (p &lt; 0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: A identifica&#231;&#227;o de dois ou mais segmentos de RT transmural por RMC est&#225; associado com a ocorr&#234;ncia de TV cl&#237;nica em pacientes com CCC. Portanto, a RMC melhora a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Taquicardia ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>espectroscopia de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Realce Tardio mioc&#225;rdico por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca pode identificar risco para Taquicardia Ventricular na Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica Cr&#244;nica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ronaldo Peixoto de Mello<sup>I</sup>; Gilberto Szarf<sup>III</sup>; Paulo Roberto Schvartzman<sup>V</sup>; Edson Minoru Nakano<sup>III</sup>; Mariano Martinez Espinosa<sup>II</sup>; Denis Szejnfeld<sup>III</sup>; Ver&#244;nica Fernandes<sup>VI</sup>; Jo&#227;o A. C. Lima<sup>VI</sup>; Claudio Cirenza<sup>IV</sup>; Angelo A.V. De Paola<sup>IV</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Cardiologia - Hospital e Pronto Socorro Municipal de Cuiab&#225; </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Matem&#225;tica -+ Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiab&#225; </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Departamento de Radiologia - Hospital S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Departamento de Eletrofisiologia - Hospital S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p><sup>V</sup>Servi&#231;o de Radiologia - Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>VI</sup>Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, EUA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Testes invasivos e n&#227;o invasivos t&#234;m sido usados para identificar risco para Taquicardia Ventricular (TV) em pacientes com Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica Cr&#244;nica (CCC). Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca (RMC) pela t&#233;cnica do Realce Tardio (RT) pode ser &#250;til para selecionar pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular global ou segmentar, com alto grau de fibrose e maior risco para TV cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Melhorar a identifica&#231;&#227;o de elementos preditivos de TV em pacientes com CCC. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODO:</bold> Quarenta e um pacientes com CCC foram pesquisados, sendo 30 (72%) do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 55,1 &#177; 11,9 anos. Vinte e seis pacientes apresentavam hist&#243;rico de TV (grupo TV), e 15 n&#227;o apresentavam TV (grupo NTV). Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos tinham RT e disfun&#231;&#227;o segmentar ventricular. Volume, porcentagem de comprometimento da espessura da parede ventricular em cada segmento, e distribui&#231;&#227;o de RT foi determinado em cada caso. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em termos de volume de RT entre os dois grupos: grupo TV = 30,0 &#177; 16,2%; grupo NTV = 21,7 &#177; 15,7%; p = 0,118. A probabilidade de TV foi maior se duas ou mais &#225;reas cont&#237;guas de fibrose transmural estivessem presentes, sendo um fator preditor de TV cl&#237;nica (RR 4,1; p = 0,04). A concord&#226;ncia entre os observadores foi de 100% nesse crit&#233;rio (p &lt; 0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A identifica&#231;&#227;o de dois ou mais segmentos de RT transmural por RMC est&#225; associado com a ocorr&#234;ncia de TV cl&#237;nica em pacientes com CCC. Portanto, a RMC melhora a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Taquicardia ventricular, cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica, espectroscopia de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Taquicardia Ventricular (TV) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o comum da Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica Cr&#244;nica (CCC), como consequ&#234;ncia de fibrose e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>1-2</sup>.At&#233; 70% dos pacientes com CCC apresentam MCS (Morte Card&#237;aca S&#250;bita) (taxa de mortalidade anual entre 0,2% e 19,2%)<sup>1,3-5</sup>. Nesses, a recorr&#234;ncia da TV &#233; considerada a causa de morte<sup>2-3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Imagens de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca (RMC) usando a t&#233;cnica do Realce Tardio (RT) t&#234;m demonstrado ser um importante marcador de risco tanto na Cardiopatia Isqu&#234;mica (CI) quanto na Cardiopatia N&#227;o Isqu&#234;mica (CNI)<sup>6,7</sup>.Nesses doentes com cardiopatia estrutural, TV cl&#237;nica e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#8804; 40% s&#227;o dois importantes preditores independentes de morte card&#237;aca<sup>8-12</sup>.Por outro lado, testes n&#227;o invasivos e invasivos tais como o Estudo Eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) t&#234;m mostrado indutibilidade e reprodutibilidade insatisfat&#243;rias para identificar indiv&#237;duos com maior risco de TV<sup>13-15</sup>. Em contrapartida, as imagens fornecidas pela RMC usando a t&#233;cnica do RTpermitem delimitar e quantificar a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, estimar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>16-18</sup>, avaliar a movimenta&#231;&#227;o regional, com forte correla&#231;&#227;o com a fibrose anat&#244;mica<sup>19-21</sup>.Nesse contexto, a RMC pode ser uma importante ferramenta de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, identificando um grupo de pacientes portadores de alto grau de RT e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular com maior risco para TV e morte card&#237;aca arr&#237;tmica<sup>22</sup>. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que o padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o e a extens&#227;o do RT avaliado pela RMC podem ser &#250;teis na identifica&#231;&#227;o de elementos preditores para TV cl&#237;nica na CCC. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Analisamos prospectivamente 50 pacientes, com pelo menos 18 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, com sorologia positiva para infec&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via pelo <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> e portadores de CCC caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e/ou altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas t&#237;picas da doen&#231;a (BRD (bloqueio do ramo direito) associado a BDASE (bloqueio divisional &#226;ntero-superior esquerdo) encaminhados aos servi&#231;o entre abril de 2004 e novembro de 2007. Indiv&#237;duos com a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. O protocolo de estudo foi revisado e aprovado pela comiss&#227;o de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o local e todos os pacientes inscritos assinaram o termo de consentimento livre esclarecido. Pacientes atendidos na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia por TV cl&#237;nica e recuperados de MCS por TV foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo TV. Pacientes sem antecedente de eventos associados a TV, assintom&#225;ticos ou com sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo NTV (sem taquicardia ventricular). Pacientes com queixas de palpita&#231;&#245;es ou s&#237;ncope inexplicada foram avaliados por exames n&#227;o invasivos e submetidos a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico durante o qual n&#227;o houve indu&#231;&#227;o de TV tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo NTV. Cardiomiopatia Isqu&#234;mica (CMI) foi investigada em todos os pacientes por angiografia coronariana ou Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) de 64 canais multidetectores<sup>23,24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Daquele grupo inicial, seis pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos por claustrofobia ou por baixa qualidade da imagem, e tr&#234;s pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos por coronariopatia significativa. O grupo final totalizou 41 pacientes com anormalidade segmentar do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e RT positivo nas imagens de RMC. Vinte e seis pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo TV, e 15 pacientes no grupo NTV. Todos os pacientes do grupo TV foram referidos ao servi&#231;o por TV cl&#237;nica, para realiza&#231;&#227;o de abla&#231;&#227;o de TV por radiofrequ&#234;ncia e/ou preven&#231;&#227;o de MCS por Cardiodesfibrilador Implant&#225;vel (CDI). Dezessete participantes apresentavam queixas de palpita&#231;&#245;es (13 no grupo TV e 4 no grupo NTV) e 15 pacientes apresentavam sintomas de dispneia (9 no grupo TV e 6 no grupo NTV). Cinco pacientes do grupo NTV eram assintom&#225;ticos. As caracter&#237;sticas ou vari&#225;veis dos pacientes est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop02712tab1pt">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop02712tab1pt">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0421-00031-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RMC</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes do estudo foram submetidos a RMC para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise do RT ap&#243;s infus&#227;o intravenosa de 0,2 mmol/kg de &#225;cido gadol&#237;nio tetra-azociclododecano-tetra-ac&#233;tico (Dotarem&#174;, acido gadoterico, Gerbet Produtos M&#233;dicos, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) para detectar &#225;reas de fibrose. Os procedimentos foram realizados em aparelho de 1,5 Tesla (Sonata, Siemens, Erlanger, Alemanha) com o paciente na posi&#231;&#227;o de supina. As imagens foram registradas em duas etapas utilizando sequ&#234;ncias repetidas de 10-20 segundos de apneia. Imagens de eixo longo e curto foram obtidas do &#225;pice para a base para o estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca usando os seguintes par&#226;metros: tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o 3,0 ms; tempo de eco 1,5 ms, imagem matricial 256 x 128; campo de vis&#227;o 300-400 mm; espessura do corte 8 mm; espa&#231;amento de 2,0 mm, &#226;ngulo de deflex&#227;o 60&#176; . As imagens de RT foram realizadas em eixo curto com 8 mm de espessura, da base para o &#225;pice do VE ap&#243;s 5-20 minutos ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o do gadol&#237;nio usando os seguintes par&#226;metros: tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o de dois intervalos RR; tempo de excita&#231;&#227;o 4 a 4,8 ms; imagem da matriz 256 x 192; campo de vis&#227;o 300-400 mm; espa&#231;amento 2,0 mm; &#226;ngulo de deflex&#227;o 30&#176; ; tempo de invers&#227;o 200-300 ms ajustados caso a caso com o objetivo de anular o sinal do mioc&#225;rdio normal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise das imagens </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados foram analisados por uma esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho <italic>off-line</italic> (Leonardo, Siemens Inc, Berlin). A parede do mioc&#225;rdio foi planimetrada em todas as imagens de eixo curto para determinar o volume, di&#226;metro, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e massa (densidade = 1,05 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) do VE. RMC determinou o tamanho do infarto por imagens de RT e isso foi demonstrado como a porcentagem da massa ventricular esquerda (%VE); essa distribui&#231;&#227;o da medida segmentar e transmural tamb&#233;m foi registrada. As imagens foram analisadas por dois observadores independentes separadamente de forma cega para os dados cl&#237;nicos. O VE foi dividido em 17 segmentos utilizando um m&#233;todo padr&#227;o<sup>25</sup>. As imagens de RT foram classificadas por t&#233;cnicas de visualiza&#231;&#227;o usando os eixos curtos e longos. O protocolo de RT foi visualmente classificado como subendoc&#225;rdico, endoc&#225;rdico, subepic&#225;rdico ou transmural. A massa total foi estimada utilizando dois m&#233;todos: escore e planimetria. Primeiramente, para facilitar a extens&#227;o do RT transmural, calculamos a massa de fibrose utilizando o m&#233;todo de escore descrito por Comte e cols.<sup>26</sup>. Cada segmento foi alocado em um grau de 0 a 4 de acordo com a extens&#227;o transmural de RT: 0 = 0%; 1 = 1% - 25%; 2 = 26% - 50%; 3 = 51% - 75%; 4 = 76% - 100%. RT transmural foi definida pela presen&#231;a de RT em 75% do segmento card&#237;aco. O escore resultante foi a soma das notas encontrados em cada segmento. O escore m&#225;ximo poss&#237;vel entre os participantes desse estudo foi 68. O escore total de RT para cada paciente foi posteriormente dividido por 68 e multiplicado por 100, fornecendo a porcentagem de fibrose ventricular. Posteriormente, foi tamb&#233;m aplicada a segunda t&#233;cnica de quantifica&#231;&#227;o do realce pela planimetria em todas as imagens de eixo curto. Imagens din&#226;micas da cine foram utilizadas para determinar ou excluir a presen&#231;a de fibrose em &#225;pice. Em consequ&#234;ncia, imagens em realce tardio foram avaliadas em eixo longo para melhor visualiza&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fibrose em &#225;pice e somadas ao resultado da planimetria padr&#227;o. Por fim, o resultado final foi expresso automaticamente em gramas pelo programa e convertido manualmente para percentagem em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; massa ventricular total. Os resultados das massas de RT foram posteriormente comparados estatisticamente. Paralelamente, consideramos a distribui&#231;&#227;o e extens&#227;o das les&#245;es transmurais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estat&#237;sticas descritivas s&#227;o apresentadas para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas e qualitativas, sendo utilizadas a m&#233;dia &#177; Desvio Padr&#227;o (DP) para o caso quantitativo e percentagens para o caso qualitativo ou vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Diferen&#231;as entre grupos para o caso quantitativo foram avaliadas por an&#225;lises da vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA). O teste de qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) e exato de Fisher foram considerados para os dados categ&#243;ricos. A t&#233;cnica de regress&#227;o linear foi utilizada para avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre os observadores na quantifica&#231;&#227;o do RT, enquanto a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos da planimetria e escore foi executada pela an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman. As vari&#225;veis foram ajustadas usando o modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada para determinar os preditores independentes para ocorr&#234;ncia de TV. Posteriormente, taxas de risco para cada fator significante foram calculadas e isso foi expresso como Taxa de Risco (TR); com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC). O valor de P &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante para a an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Os autores obtiveram acesso total e tiveram total responsabilidade pela integridade dos dados. Todos os autores leram e concordaram com o texto escrito. N&#227;o houve financiamento para o estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos participantes deste estudo s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop02712tab1pt">tabela 1</xref>. Dos 41 pacientes com CHD, 30 (73,2%) eram homens, a idade m&#233;dia foi 55,1 &#177; 11,9 anos. Vinte e nove (70,7%) pacientes exibiram a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional I da New York Heart Association (NYHA-CF). No grupo TV 22 (82%) pacientes referia antecedente de s&#237;ncope enquanto que no grupo NTV apenas 5 (33%); nesses &#250;ltimos um estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) foi negativo (sem efeitos antiarr&#237;tmicos) em todos os casos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Achados RMC</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes apresentaram &#225;reas de RT. O volume de RT n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos: grupo TV = 30,0 &#177; 16,2%; grupo NTV = 21,7 &#177; 15,7%; p = 0,118. Realce tardio n&#227;o correlacionou com o alargamento QRS, bloqueio do ramo direito ou bloqueio divisional anterior esquerdo (BRD ou BRE) no eletrocardiograma (ECG) em repouso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop02712tab1pt">tab. 1</xref>). Foi encontrada uma diferen&#231;a na FEVE: grupo TV = 36,2 &#177; 14,5%; grupo NTV = 45,5 &#177; 12,7%; p = 0,046. Um t&#237;pico ECG em repouso e morfologia de TV cl&#237;nica para CCC &#233; mostrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop02712fig1pt">figura 1</xref>. Um estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico foi realizado em 23 (88%) pacientes do grupo TV. Por&#233;m, em apenas 5 (19%) casos foi poss&#237;vel confirmar por mapeamento que o s&#237;tio de origem da TV era coincidente com a les&#227;o transmural. Nos demais casos n&#227;o houve estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica suficiente que permitisse mapeamento adequado do sitio de origem da TV. Volumes de RT determinados pelos m&#233;todos de escore (R2 = 0,40; p &lt; 0,001) e planimetria (R2 = 0,74; p &lt; 0,001) foram compat&#237;veis entre os dois observadores. A an&#225;lise Bland-Altman mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos de planimetria e escore: (R2 = 0,46; p &lt; 0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop02712fig2pt">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop02712fig1pt">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0421-00031-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop02712fig2pt">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0421-00031-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Distribui&#231;&#227;o do RT</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Encontros t&#237;picos na distribui&#231;&#227;o do RT na nossa s&#233;rie est&#227;o exemplificadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop02712fig3pt">figura 3</xref>. Realce tardio foi predominante em ambos os segmentos &#237;nfero-lateral basal e apical do VE em 29 (70,1%) pacientes. No grupo TV, RT foi apical em 5 (19%) e em 21 (81%) nos segmentos basais, enquanto no grupo NTV RT localizava-se &#225;pice em 6 (23,1%) e em 20 (76,9%) nos segmentos basais. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o da RT com TV cl&#237;nica (p = 0,251). Analisamos 646 segmentos e encontramos 270 (39%) segmentos ventriculares comprometidos. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi encontrada nem na an&#225;lise de localiza&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop02712fig4pt">fig. 4</xref>) nem na transmuralidade RT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop02712fig5pt">fig. 5</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop02712fig3pt">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0421-00031-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop02712fig4pt">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0421-00031-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop02712fig5pt">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0421-00031-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise simult&#226;nea segmentar e transmural e eventos no segmento cl&#237;nico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Les&#245;es transmurais foram mais prevalentes no grupo TV (n = 70, 79%) do que no grupo NTV (n = 19, 21%), p = 0,082. Todos os pacientes do grupo TV apresentavam les&#245;es transmurais. Criamos uma vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica adicional composta pela uma an&#225;lise combinada da transmuralidade e a segmenta&#231;&#227;o caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de dois ou mais segmentos cont&#237;nuos contendo les&#245;es transmurais. Na an&#225;lise univariada essa nova vari&#225;vel foi significativamente correlacionada com a ocorr&#234;ncia de TV cl&#237;nica. Esse padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada em 19 pacientes (73,1%) grupo TV e 6 (40,0%) do grupo NTV (p = 0.036). O modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada ajustado pela FEVE &#8804; 40%, idade, sexo e porcentagem RT mostrou que dois ou mais segmentos transmurais foram preditores da ocorr&#234;ncia de TV (RR 4,1; CI 1,06 - 15,68; p = 0,04; <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop02712tab2pt">tab. 2</xref>). Os observadores concordaram com a presen&#231;a ou a aus&#234;ncia desse padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o em 41 (100%) pacientes com significante reprodutibilidade (p &lt; 0,001). Esse padr&#227;o cont&#237;guo e compacto de distribui&#231;&#227;o de RT e fibrose transmural esteve presente no &#225;pice em 13 pacientes (50,0%) grupo TV e 5 (33,3%) do grupo NTV; e nos segmentos &#237;nfero-lateral basal em 10 pacientes (38,5%) grupo TV e 8 (53,3%) do grupo NTV (p = 0,385). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop02712fig6pt">figura 6</xref> resume a frequ&#234;ncia e a distribui&#231;&#227;o preferencial das les&#245;es transmurais dos pacientes no estudo. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop02712tab2pt">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0421-00031-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop02712fig6pt">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0421-00031-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Durante uma m&#233;dia de 500 &#177; 303 dias de acompanhamento os pacientes do grupo NTV sem les&#245;es transmurais e aqueles com menos de 6% de fibrose no mioc&#225;rdio de segmentos ventriculares n&#227;o apresentaram eventos. Contudo, 3 pacientes desse mesmo grupo que apresentavam pelo menos uma les&#227;o transmural apresentaram MCS no segmento cl&#237;nico, e dois deles eram totalmente assintom&#225;ticos. O terceiro paciente tinha realizado um estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico durante o qual n&#227;o houve indu&#231;&#227;o de TV.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O resultado do nosso estudo demonstra que a presen&#231;a de dois ou mais segmentos cont&#237;guos com fibrose transmural foi um preditor independente de TV em CCC. Esse achado foi associado com 4,1 vezes de maior risco para desenvolvimento de TV. Isso indica que RMC com a t&#233;cnica do RT pode melhorar a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com CCC e alto risco para TV. Pelo nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a comparar a extens&#227;o transmural por segmentos e a ocorr&#234;ncia de TV.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise de substrato</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Ventricular (FV) e TV s&#227;o considerados as mais comuns causas de MCS na CCC<sup>1,3</sup>. Fibrose e reentrada s&#227;o respectivamente os mais importantes substratos e mecanismos para TV nesse grupo<sup>2,27</sup>.A RMC pela t&#233;cnica de RT oferece uma excelente correla&#231;&#227;o com a fibrose<sup>18,19</sup>, incluindo a identifica&#231;&#227;o de processo inflamat&#243;rio pela CCC via biopsia endoc&#225;rdica<sup>28</sup>.Aqueles encontros suportam a hip&#243;tese de que a RMC pode ser uma importante ferramenta na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fibrose na ccc. A aplicabilidade da RMC para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica tem sido estudada por outros autores. Na CMI, Wu e cols.<sup>29</sup> demonstraram aumento de eventos com o aumento e maior extens&#227;o do RT em pacientes com mais de 18% de RT. Kwong e cols.<sup>8</sup> mostraram que, na CMI, mesmo em pacientes com baixo volume de RT (m&#233;dia de 1,4 &#177; 1,1%), houve incremento de sete vezes na taxa de eventos quando comparados a pacientes sem RT. O volume de RT &gt; 15% e &#225;rea de infarto &gt; 100 cm<sup>2</sup><sup>30</sup> e RT envolvendo 26% a 75% da espessura do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular<sup>31 </sup>foi preditor de indutibilidade de TV. </p>
    <p>Em contrapartida, no caso especifico da CCC, &#225;reas de fibrose transmural parecem ser necess&#225;rias para a ocorr&#234;ncia de TV cl&#237;nica. Rochitte e cols.<sup>6</sup> estudaram 51 pacientes pela RMC e envolveram pacientes com a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a. Naquele estudo, 68% dos pacientes tinham RT e esse foi mais exuberante nos pacientes do grupo TV. </p>
    <p>O presente estudo incluiu apenas pacientes com fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, anormalidade segmentar, comparando pacientes com e sem TV cl&#237;nica. Cem por cento dos pacientes tinham RT detect&#225;vel e foi encontrado que todos os pacientes com TV apresentavam les&#227;o transmural confirmando os dados de Rochitte e cols.<sup>6</sup>. Em adi&#231;&#227;o, um padr&#227;o t&#237;pico de RT expresso pela presen&#231;a de dois ou mais segmentos transmurais cont&#237;guos foi significantemente associado com TV.Aqueles achados demonstraram que a an&#225;lise do RT, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e a identifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es transmurais, em especial quando essas les&#245;es s&#227;o coalescentes formando placas extensas de fibrose ocupando pelo menos dois segmentos cont&#237;guos, podem selecionar um grupo com maior risco de TV.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Impacto cl&#237;nico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>At&#233; a presente data, nenhum teste diagn&#243;stico isoladamente foi capaz de identificar pacientes com alto risco para ocorr&#234;ncia de TV. Sabemos que TV cl&#237;nica e FEVE &#8804; 40% s&#227;o os mais importantes preditores independentes de morte card&#237;aca<sup>9-12</sup>. Recentemente, um novo m&#233;todo de escore para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco t&#234;m sido validado para identificar pacientes com alto risco de morte usando dados cl&#237;nicos como NYHA-CF &gt; II, g&#234;nero masculino, anormalidades da mobilidade da parede pelo ecocardiograma, presen&#231;a de TV n&#227;o sustentada no Holter de 24h, cardiomegalia na radiografia de t&#243;rax e baixa voltagem no ECG de repouso<sup>32</sup>. Por outro lado, testes invasivos tais como o EEF t&#234;m mostrado baixo poder de indutibilidade, reprodutibilidade e Valor Preditivo Positivo (VPP)<sup>13,33,34</sup>.Em um estudo com pacientes com CCC, o EEF registrou VPP e VPN de 24% e 98% para TV cl&#237;nica, respectivamente. A indutibilidade teve VPP e VPN de 46% e 85% para mortalidade card&#237;aca<sup>35</sup>. Em outro estudo, a indutibilidade de TV sustentada n&#227;o tolerada (TV) em paciente com CCC ap&#243;s impregna&#231;&#227;o previa com antiarr&#237;tmico classe III (amiodarona e/ou sotalol) teve VPP e VPN 49% e 94% para MCS, respectivamente<sup>36</sup>.</p>
    <p>RMC melhora a identifica&#231;&#227;o de paciente com FEVE reduzida, mais extensa e compacta fibrose para quem um tratamento individualizado poderia ser indicado<sup>37,38</sup>, haja vista que pacientes com CCC s&#227;o habitualmente mais jovens<sup>1,31</sup> do que aqueles com CMI<sup>37 </sup>e nesses pacientes a MCS pode ser o primeiro evento<sup>1,31</sup>.O m&#233;todo visual usado neste estudo pode ser facilmente aplic&#225;vel e reprodut&#237;vel. Al&#233;m disso, o alto &#237;ndice de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os observadores no que tange &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o de mais compacta, transmural e extensa fibrose indica que esse m&#233;todo pode ser rotineiramente aplic&#225;vel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo dever&#227;o ser citadas. Primeiro, a impossibilidade de provar que a TV cl&#237;nica origina-se do mesmo local da les&#227;o transmural. Um modo eletrofisiol&#243;gico para provar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre TV e fibrose anat&#244;mica deveria ser requerido. Por outro lado, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es durante TV e sua origem &#233; baixa. </p>
    <p>Segundo, pacientes com s&#237;ncope inexplicada e palpita&#231;&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo NTV ap&#243;s investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva e um EEF sem indu&#231;&#227;o de TV. Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; m&#233;todo capaz de excluir TV com seguran&#231;a e de forma definitiva em pacientes com cardiopatia estrutural. </p>
    <p>Terceiro, les&#245;es em &#225;pice s&#227;o frequentemente vistas em pacientes com CCC. Aqueles segmentos n&#227;o s&#227;o facilmente vis&#237;veis em eixo curto, e por esse motivo n&#227;o podem ser adequadamente planimetrados em eixo curto, impondo mudan&#231;a na t&#233;cnica de quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fibrose<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Quarto, o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes arrolados no estudo, associado a um intervalo de confian&#231;a muito amplo na determina&#231;&#227;o do risco relativo e a caracter&#237;stica especifica envolvendo pacientes muito graves com mais de 50% dos indiv&#237;duos com antecedente de TV e 100% contendo RT, nos leva a concluir que o VPP e o risco relativo dessa s&#233;rie encontram-se superestimados. O m&#233;todo atual, se aplicado a uma popula&#231;&#227;o maior e assintom&#225;tica, poder&#225; evidenciar um VPP e um RR menores para a ocorr&#234;ncia de TV. Por&#233;m, nossos achados est&#227;o de acordo com os da literatura. </p>
    <p>Quinto, nenhuma an&#225;lise de eventos foi poss&#237;vel em raz&#227;o do tamanho da amostra no grupo NTV e da baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos em curto prazo na CCC. Novos estudos ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar nossos encontros. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo indica que a RMC melhora a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes com CCC e identifica pacientes com maior suscetibilidade para TV. Neste grupo, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de dois ou mais segmentos cont&#237;guos de RT transmural est&#225; associada a maior probabilidade de TV cl&#237;nica. Tal resultado evidencia a RMC como uma importante ferramenta para identificar pacientes portadores de CCC com maior risco de TV, caracterizados pela presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e extensa &#225;rea de fibrose transmural ocupando pelo menos dois segmentos coalescentes. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para corroborar esses encontros e devem incluir pacientes assintom&#225;ticos em longo tempo de segmento clinico. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o</bold>
        </label>
        <p>Ronaldo Peixoto de Mello </p>
        <p> Rua Diogo Domingos Ferreira, 234, Apto 101, </p>
        <p> Bandeirantes, 78010090, Cuiab&#225;, MT, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: <email xlink:href="peixotomello@cardiol.br">peixotomello@cardiol.br</email>, <email xlink:href="peixotomello@uol.com.br">peixotomello@uol.com.br</email></p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 17/04/11; </p>
    <p> revisado recebido em 09/08/11; </p>
    <p> aceito em 01/11/11</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Delayed enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance Imaging can identify the risk for ventricular tachycardia in chronic Chagas' heart disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Invasive and non-invasive tests have been used to identify the risk of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease (CCHD). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) using the delayed enhancement (DE) technique can be useful to select patients with global or segmentary ventricular dysfunction, with high degree of fibrosis and at higher risk for clinical VT. OBJECTIVE: To improve the identification of predictors of VT in patients with CCHD. METHOD: This study assessed 41 patients with CCHD [30 (72%) males; mean age, 55.1 &#177; 11.9 years]. Twenty-six patients had history of VT (VT group), and 15 had no VT (NVT group). All patients enrolled had DE and segmentary ventricular dysfunction. In each case, the following variables were determined: left ventricular volume; percentage of ventricular wall thickness impairment in each segment; and DE distribution. RESULTS: No statistical difference regarding the DE volume between both groups was observed: VT group = 30.0 &#177; 16.2%; NVT group = 21.7 &#177; 15.7%; p = 0.118. The probability of VT was greater in the presence of two or more contiguous transmural fibrosis areas, and that was a predictive factor of clinical VT (RR 4.1; p = 0,04). Agreement between observers was 100% regarding that criterion (p &lt; 0.001). CONCLUSION: The identification of two or more segments of transmural DE by use of CMRI is associated with the occurrence of clinical VT in patients with CCHD. Thus, CMRI improved risk stratification in the population studied. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Tachycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>chagas' cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>magnetic resonance</kwd>
        <kwd>spectroscopy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Delayed enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can identify the risk for ventricular tachycardia in chronic Chagas' heart disease</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ronaldo Peixoto de Mello<sup>I</sup>; Gilberto Szarf<sup>III</sup>; Paulo Roberto Schvartzman<sup>V</sup>; Edson Minoru Nakano<sup>III</sup>; Mariano Martinez Espinosa<sup>II</sup>; Denis Szejnfeld<sup>III</sup>; Ver&#244;nica Fernandes<sup>VI</sup>; Jo&#227;o A. C. Lima<sup>VI</sup>; Claudio Cirenza<sup>IV</sup>; Angelo A.V. De Paola<sup>IV</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p> Departamento de Cardiologia - Hospital e Pronto Socorro Municipal de Cuiab&#225;<sup>I</sup>; Departamento de Matem&#225;tica -+ Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso<sup>II</sup>, Cuiab&#225;; Departamento de Radiologia - Hospital S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina<sup>III</sup>; Departamento de Eletrofisiologia - Hospital S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina<sup>IV</sup>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP; Servi&#231;o de Radiologia - Hospital Moinhos de Vento<sup>V</sup>, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Johns Hopkins<sup>VI</sup>, Baltimore, EUA</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Background:</bold> Invasive and non-invasive tests have been used to identify the risk of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease (CCHD). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) using the delayed enhancement (DE) technique can be useful to select patients with global or segmentary ventricular dysfunction, with high degree of fibrosis and at higher risk for clinical VT.</p>
      <p><bold>Objective:</bold> To improve the identification of predictors of VT in patients with CCHD.</p>
      <p><bold>Methods:</bold> This study assessed 41 patients with CCHD [30 (72%) males; mean age, 55.1 &#177; 11.9 years]. Twenty-six patients had history of VT (VT group), and 15 had no VT (NVT group). All patients enrolled had DE and segmentary ventricular dysfunction. In each case, the following variables were determined: left ventricular volume; percentage of ventricular wall thickness impairment in each segment; and DE distribution. </p>
      <p><bold>Results:</bold> No statistical difference regarding the DE volume between both groups was observed: VT group = 30.0 &#177; 16.2%; NVT group = 21.7 &#177; 15.7%; p = 0.118. The probability of VT was greater in the presence of two or more contiguous transmural fibrosis areas, and that was a predictive factor of clinical VT (RR 4.1; p = 0,04). Agreement between observers was 100% regarding that criterion (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> The identification of two or more segments of transmural DE by use of CMRI is associated with the occurrence of clinical VT in patients with CCHD. Thus, CMRI improved risk stratification in the population studied. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Tachycardia, ventricular; chagas' cardiomyopathy; magnetic resonance; spectroscopy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a common complication of chronic Chagas' heart disease (CCHD), resulting from ventricular fibrosis and dysfunction<sup>1-2</sup>. Up to 70% of the patients with CCHD have sudden cardiac death (SCD) (annual mortality rate between 0.2% and 19.2%)<sup>1,3-5. In such patients, recurrence of VT is considered the cause of death2-3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) using the technique of delayed enhancement (DE) has proved to be an important marker of risk in both ischemic (IHD) and non-ischemic (NIHD) heart disease<sup>6,7</sup>.In such patients with structural heart disease, clinical VT and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8804; 40% are two important independent predictors of cardiac death<sup>8-12</sup>.On the one hand, non-invasive and invasive tests, such as electrophysiological study (EPS), have shown unsatisfactory inducibility and reproducibility to identify individuals at a higher risk for VT<sup>13-15</sup>. On the other hand, the images provided by CMRI using the DE technique allow delimitating and quantifying myocardial fibrosis, estimating ventricular function<sup>16-18</sup>, and assessing regional wall motility, with a strong correlation with anatomical fibrosis<sup>19-21.</sup> In this context, CMRI can be an important tool for risk stratification, identifying a group of patients with a high degree of DE and ventricular dysfunction, who are at a higher risk for VT and arrhythmic cardiac death<sup>22</sup>. Our hypothesis is that the distribution pattern and extension of DE assessed by use of CMRI can be useful to identify predictors of clinical VT in CCHD. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Method</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study prospectively assessed 50 patients (minimum age of 18 years, both sexes) with positive serology for previous <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> infection and CCHD characterized by the presence of ventricular dysfunction and/or typical electrocardiographic alterations of the disease [right bundle branch block (RBBB) associated with left anterior hemiblock (LAHB)], referred to the service between April 2004 and November 2007. Individuals with the undetermined form of the disease were excluded from the study. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of the local institution and all patients provided written informed consent. Patients cared for at the emergency unit due to clinical VT and resuscitated from SCD due to VT were included in the VT group. Patients with no history of events associated with VT, asymptomatic or with symptoms of heart failure, were included in the group without VT (NVT). Patients complaining of either unexplained palpitations or syncope were assessed by use of non-invasive tests and underwent EPS. Those who showed no VT induction were also included in the NVT group. Ischemic heart disease was investigated in all patients by use of coronary angiography or 64-slice multidetector computed tomography (CT)<sup>23,24</sup>.</p>
      <p>From the initial sample, six patients were excluded due to claustrophobia or poor-quality imaging, and three others were excluded due to significant coronary artery disease. The final sample comprised 41 patients with segmentary abnormality of the left ventricle (LV) and positive DE in CMRI. Twenty-six patients comprised the VT group, and 15 patients the NVT group. All VT group patients were referred to our service due to clinical VT for VT radiofrequency ablation and/or prevention of SCD by use of implantable cardiodefibrillator (ICD). Seventeen patients complained of palpitations (13 in the VT group and four in the NVT group) and 15 patients had dyspnea (nine in the VT group and six in the NVT group). Five patients in the NVT group were asymptomatic. The patients' characteristics and variables are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop02712tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop02712tab1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0421-00031-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>CMRI</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patients in this study underwent CMRI for functional assessment and DE analysis after intravenous infusion of 0.2 mmol/kg of gadolinium tetraazacyclododecane-tetraacetic acid (Dotarem&#174;, gadoteric acid, Guerbet Produtos M&#233;dicos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) to detect areas of fibrosis. The procedures were performed on a 1.5 Tesla system (Sonata, Siemens, Erlanger, Germany) with the patient in the supine position. Images were recorded in two steps by using repeated 10-20-second sequences of apnea. Images of long and short axes were obtained from the apex to the base for the cardiac function study by using the following parameters: repetition time, 3.0 ms; echo time, 1.5 ms; imaging matrix, 256 x 128; field of view, 300-400 mm; slice thickness, 8 mm; slice spacing, 2.0 mm; and flip angle, 60&#176; . The DE images were performed with 8 mm of thickness on a short axis, from the LV base to the apex, 5-20 minutes after the administration of gadolinium using the following parameters adjusted for each case aiming at nullifying the normal myocardial signal: repetition time, two RR intervals; excitation time, 4 to 4.8 ms; imaging matrix, 256 x 192; field of view, 300-400 mm; slice spacing, 2.0 mm; flip angle, 30&#176; ; and inversion time, 200-300 ms.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of the images </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data were analyzed in an off-line work station (Leonardo, Siemens Inc, Berlin). The myocardial wall underwent planimetry on all short-axis images to determine LV volume, diameter, ejection fraction, and mass (density = 1.05 g/cm<sup>3</sup>). The CMRI determined the size of infarction by use of the DE images, and that was demonstrated as the percentage of LV mass (%LV). That distribution of the segmentary and transmural measure has also been recorded. The images were analyzed by two independent observers separately and blinded to clinical data. The LV was divided into 17 segments by using a standard method<sup>25</sup>. The DE images were classified by use of visualization techniques with short and long axes. The DE protocol was visually classified as subendocardial, endocardial, subepicardial or transmural. The total mass was estimated by using two methods: score and planimetry. At first, to facilitate the extension of the transmural DE, the mass of fibrosis was calculated by use of the score method described by Comte et al<sup>26</sup>. Each segment was attributed a degree (from 0 to 4) according to the transmural DE extension as follows: 0 = 0%; 1 = 1% - 25%; 2 = 26% - 50%; 3 = 51% - 75%; 4 = 76% - 100%. Transmural DE was defined as the presence of DE in 75% of the cardiac segment. The resulting score was the sum of the degrees attributed to each segment. The maximum possible score of the participants in this study was 68. The total DE score for each patient was later divided by 68 and multiplied by 100, providing the percentage of ventricular fibrosis. Later, the second technique of enhancement quantification by use of planimetry was also applied to all short-axis images. Dynamic images of cine MRI were used to determine or exclude the presence of apical fibrosis. Consequently, DE images were assessed on the long axis for better visualization and quantification of apical fibrosis, and added to the result of the standard planimetry. Finally, the final result was automatically expressed in grams by the program and manually converted to percentage in relation to total ventricular mass. The results of the DE masses were later statistically compared. In parallel, the distribution and extension of transmural lesions were considered.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Descriptive statistics are presented for quantitative and qualitative variables as follows: mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) for quantitative variables, and percentages for qualitative or categorical variables. Regarding the quantitative variables, differences between the groups were assessed by use of analysis of variance (ANOVA). The chi-square (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) and Fisher exact tests were considered for the categorical data. Linear regression was used to assess the agreement between observers in quantifying DE, while the planimetry and score methods were compared by use of the Bland-Altman analysis. The variables were adjusted by using the multivariate regression model to determine the independent predictors for the occurrence of VT. Then, the hazard rates (HR) for each significant factor were calculated with 95% confidence interval (CI). The statistical significance level adopted was P &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>The authors had full access to data and were responsible for their integrity. All authors read the written text and agreed with it. No funding was provided to this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical characteristics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The clinical characteristics of the participants in this study are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop02712tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>. Of the 41 patients with CCHD, 30 (73.2%) were men and the mean age was 55.1 &#177; 11.9 years. Twenty-nine (70.7%) patients were grade I of the New York Heart Association functional classification (NYHA-FC). Syncope was reported by 22 (82%) patients in the VT group, and by only five (33%) patients in the NVT group. In those NVT five patients, the EPS was negative (no antiarrhythmic effects).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Findings of CRMI</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All patients had areas of DE. The DE volume showed no significant difference between both groups: VT group, 30.0 &#177; 16.2%; NVT group, 21.7 &#177; 15.7%; p = 0.118. On rest electrocardiography (ECG), the DE showed no correlation with the following: QRS prolongation; RBBB; LAHB; and left bundle branch block (LBBB) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop02712tab1-body2">tab. 1</xref>). A difference was found in LVEF: VT group, 36.2 &#177; 14.5%; NVT group, 45.5 &#177; 12.7%; p = 0.046. A typical rest ECG and morphology of clinical VT for CCHD are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop02712fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref>. An EPS was performed in 23 (88%) VT group patients. However, in only five (19%) patients, mapping could confirm that the site of VT origin coincided with the transmural lesion. In the other cases, no hemodynamic stability was sufficient to allow appropriate mapping of the VT origin site. The measurements of the DE volumes determined by the two observers using the score (R2 = 0.40; p &lt; 0.001) and planimetry (R2 = 0.74; p &lt; 0.001) methods were compatible. The Bland-Altman analysis showed correlation between the planimetry and score methods (R2 = 0.46; p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop02712fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop02712fig1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0421-00031-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop02712fig2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0421-00031-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Distribution of DE </bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop02712fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref> shows the typical findings of the DE distribution in our case series. Delayed enhancement predominated in both inferolateral basal and apical segments of the LV in 29 (70.1%) patients. In the VT group, DE was apical in five (19%) patients and basal in 21 (81%) patients, while in the NVT group, DE was apical in six (23.1%) patients and basal in 20 (76.9%). No association between DE distribution and clinical VT (p = 0.251) was observed. We analyzed 646 segments and found 270 (39%) impaired ventricular segments. Difference was found in neither the localization analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop02712fig4-body2">fig. 4</xref>) nor the DE transmurality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop02712fig5-body2">fig. 5</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop02712fig3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0421-00031-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop02712fig4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0421-00031-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop02712fig5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0421-00031-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Simultaneous segmentary and transmural analysis and events in clinical follow-up</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Transmural lesions were more prevalent in the VT group (n = 70, 79%) than in the NVT group (n = 19, 21%), p = 0.082. All VT group patients had transmural lesions. We created an additional categorical variable composed of a combined analysis of transmurality and the segmentation characterized by the presence of two or more continuous segments containing transmural lesions. On univariate analysis, that new variable significantly correlated with the occurrence of clinical VT. Such pattern of distribution was found in 19 VT group patients (73.1%) and six NVT group patients (40.0%) (p = 0.036). The multivariate regression model adjusted for LVEF &#8804; 40%, age, sex, and DE percentage showed that two or more transmural segments were predictors of VT (RR 4.1; 95% CI: 1.06 - 15.68; p = 0.04; <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop02712tab2-body2">table 2</xref>). The observers agreed regarding the presence or absence of that distribution pattern in 41 (100%) patients with significant reproducibility (p &lt; 0.001). This contiguous and compact distribution pattern of DE and transmural fibrosis was present in the apical segment of 13 VT group patients (50.0%) and five NVT group patients (33.3%), and in the infero-lateral basal segments of ten VT group patients (38.5%) and eight NVT group patients (53.3%) (p = 0.385). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop02712fig6-body2">Figure 6</xref> depicts the frequency and preferential distribution of the transmural lesions of the patients studied. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop02712tab2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0421-00031-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop02712fig6-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0421-00031-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>For a mean 500 &#177; 303-day follow-up, NVT group patients with no transmural lesions and those with less than 6% of ventricular segments myocardial fibrosis showed no events. However, three patients of that same group with at least one transmural lesion had SCD during clinical follow-up, and two of them were totally asymptomatic. The third patient had undergone EPS, during which no VT was induced.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The result of our study shows that the presence of two or more contiguous segments with transmural fibrosis was an independent predictor of VT in CCHD. Such finding was associated with a 4.1-fold greater risk of developing VT. This indicates that CMRI with the DE technique can improve the identification of patients with CCHD and at high risk for VT. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing the transmural extension by segments and the occurrence of VT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Substrate analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ventricular fibrillation and VT are considered the most common causes of SCD in CCHD<sup>1,3</sup>. Fibrosis and reentry are the most important substrates and mechanisms for VT in that group, respectively<sup> 2,27</sup>.The CMRI with the DE technique provides an excellent correlation with fibrosis<sup>18,19</sup>, including the identification of the inflammatory process due to CCHD via endocardial biopsy<sup>28</sup>.Such findings support the hypothesis that CMRI can be an important tool for assessing fibrosis in ccHD. The applicability of CMR for risk stratification in clinical practice has been studied by other authors. In IHD, Wu et al<sup>29</sup> have shown an increase in the occurrence of events with an increase and greater extension of DE in patients with more than 18% of DE. In IHD, Kwong et al<sup>8</sup> have shown, even in patients with low DE volumes (mean of 1.4 &#177; 1.1%), a seven-fold increment in the rate of events as compared to that of patients without DE. A DE volume &gt; 15%, infarction area &gt; 100 cm<sup>2</sup><sup>30</sup> and DE involving 26% to 75% of the ventricular myocardial thickness<sup>31 </sup>were predictors of VT inducibility. </p>
      <p>However, specifically in CCHD, transmural fibrosis areas seem to be necessary for the occurrence of clinical VT. Rochitte et al<sup>6</sup> have studied 51 patients with Chagas' disease by use of CMRI and included patients with the undetermined form of the disease. In that study, 68% of the patients had DE, which was more marked in VT group patients. </p>
      <p>The present study included only patients with myocardial fibrosis, segmentary abnormality, and compared patients with and without clinical VT. One hundred per cent of the patients had detectable DE, and all patients with VT had transmural lesion, confirming the findings by Rochitte et al<sup>6</sup>. In addition, one typical pattern of DE, expressed by the presence of two or more contiguous transmural segments was significantly associated with VT.Such findings have shown that the DE analysis, myocardial fibrosis quantification, and identification of transmural lesions, especially when such lesions are coalescent, forming extensive fibrosis plaques that occupy at least two contiguous segments, can identify a group at higher risk for VT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical impact</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Until the present date, no diagnostic test in isolation has been able to identify patients at high risk for the occurrence of VT. Clinical VT and LVEF &#8804; 40% are known to be the most important independent predictors of cardiac death<sup>9-12</sup>. Recently, a new score method for risk stratification has been validated to identify patients at high risk for death by using the following clinical data: NYHA-FC &gt; II; male sex; abnormalities of wall motility on echocardiography; presence of non-sustained VT on 24-h Holter; cardiomegaly on chest radiography; and low voltage on rest ECG<sup>32</sup>. On the other hand, invasive tests, such as EPS, have shown a low power of inducibility, reproducibility, and positive predictive value (PPV)<sup>13,33,34</sup>.In a study with patients with CCHD, the EPS showed PPV and negative predictive value (NPV) of 24% and 98% for clinical VT, respectively. Inducibility had PPV and NPV of 46% and 85% for cardiac mortality, respectively<sup>35</sup>. In another study, inducibility of non-tolerated sustained VT in a patient with CCHD after previous impregnation with class III antiarrhythmic drugs (amiodarone and/or sotalol) had PPV and NPV of 49% and 94% for SCD, respectively<sup>36</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging improves the identification of patients with reduced LVEF and extensive and compact fibrosis, for whom an individualized treatment could be indicated<sup>37,38</sup>, considering that patients with CCHD are usually younger<sup>1,31</sup> than those with IHD<sup>37</sup>, and, in such patients, SCD can be the first event<sup>1,31</sup>.The visual method used in this study can be easily applicable and reproducible. In addition, the high correlation index between observers regarding the identification of more compact, transmural and extensive fibrosis indicates that the method can be routinely used in clinical practice. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Some study limitations should be reported. First, the impossibility to prove that clinical VT originates from the same site of the transmural lesion. An electrophysiological method to prove the relation between VT and anatomical fibrosis should be required. However, the correlation between the 12-lead ECG during VT and its origin is low. </p>
      <p>Second, patients with unexplained syncope and palpitations were included in the NVT group after non-invasive investigation and an EPS without VT induction. However, no method can safely and definitively exclude VT in patients with structural heart disease. </p>
      <p>Third, apical lesions are frequently seen in patients with CCHD. Such segments are not easily visualized on the short axis, and, thus, cannot properly undergo short-axis planimetry, representing a change in the technique of fibrosis quantification<sup>26</sup>. </p>
      <p>Fourth, the small number of patients enrolled in the study, in addition to a very wide CI for determining the relative risk and the specific characteristic of involving severely ill patients (more than 50% with history of VT and 100% with DE), leads to the conclusion that the PPV and the relative risk of this series are overestimated. The current method, if applied to a larger and asymptomatic population, can evidence lower PPV and relative risk for the occurrence of VT. However, our findings are in accordance with those of the literature.</p>
      <p>Fifth, no analysis of events could be performed due to the sample size of the NVT group and the low incidence of short-term events in CCHD. Further studies are required to confirm our findings. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study indicates that CMRI improves risk stratification of patients with CCHD and identifies those more susceptible to VT. In this group, the identification of two or more contiguous segments of transmural DE is associated with greater probability of clinical VT. Such finding evidences CMRI as an important tool to identify patients with CCHD at higher risk for VT, characterized by the presence of ventricular dysfunction and an extensive area of transmural fibrosis occupying at least two coalescent segments. Further studies are required to confirm such findings and should include asymptomatic patients in the long-term clinical follow-up.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
