<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PwR5cpLTrhpcbKK9wTFND4z</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000500006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800506</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000033</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos associados a baixo &#237;ndice cronotr&#243;pico em pacientes n&#227;o idosos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Secundo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Fernando Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Fernandes de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Secundo J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Alves</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Joiciane B&#225;rbara da</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Ribeiro de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faro</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Baptista de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto- Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>413</fpage>
      <lpage>420</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Apesar das in&#250;meras evid&#234;ncias de aumento da morbimortalidade, a incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica (IC) ainda n&#227;o &#233; um diagn&#243;stico rotineiro e bem definido nos protocolos de avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica e sua import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica ainda &#233; subestimada. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos associados &#224; IC em pacientes n&#227;o idosos submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico (EEF). M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados 1.798 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 48,4 &#177; 7,5 anos submetidos &#224; EEF entre Janeiro/2000 e Agosto/2009. Pacientes com &#237;ndice cronotr&#243;pico menor que 0,8 foram considerados incompetentes cronotr&#243;picos e comparados aos competentes quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. RESULTADOS: A dura&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico foi em m&#233;dia de 9,3 &#177; 2,4 minutos. Duzentos e setenta (15%) pacientes eram incompetentes cronotr&#243;picos. O &#237;ndice cronotr&#243;pico de tal grupo foi de 0,7 &#177; 0,1 vs. 1,0 &#177; 0,1 para os competentes. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada identificou os seguintes par&#226;metros como independentemente associados &#224; IC: dispneia no exame [odds ratio (OR) = 4,27; p &lt; 0,0001], dor tor&#225;cica pr&#233;via na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica (OR = 1,51; p = 0,0111), maiores valores de &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo nos incompetentes (IMVE) (OR = 1,16; p = 0,0001), equivalentes metab&#243;licos (METs) (OR = 0,70; p = 0,0001), infradesnivelamento do segmento ST (OR = 0,58; p = 0,0003) e eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (&#916;PAS) (OR = 0,87; p = 0,0011). Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o se associou &#224; IC. CONCLUS&#195;O: A IC est&#225; associada a par&#226;metros funcionais, tais como: dispneia ao esfor&#231;o, hist&#243;ria de dor tor&#225;cica e menores valores de METS. Est&#225; tamb&#233;m associada ao par&#226;metro estrutural &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Al&#233;m disso, incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica n&#227;o parece aumentar a chance de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes n&#227;o idosos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>teste de esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia sob estresse</kwd>
        <kwd>toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos associados a baixo &#237;ndice cronotr&#243;pico em pacientes n&#227;o idosos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paulo Fernando Carvalho Secundo; Bruno Fernandes de Oliveira Santos; Jos&#233; Alves Secundo J&#250;nior; Joiciane B&#225;rbara da Silva; Adriana Ribeiro de Souza; Gustavo Baptista de Almeida Faro; Jos&#233; Augusto Barreto- Filho; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa; Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira</bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Sergipe </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia da Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas - ECOLAB</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Apesar das in&#250;meras evid&#234;ncias de aumento da morbimortalidade, a incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica (IC) ainda n&#227;o &#233; um diagn&#243;stico rotineiro e bem definido nos protocolos de avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica e sua import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica ainda &#233; subestimada. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos associados &#224; IC em pacientes n&#227;o idosos submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico (EEF). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram avaliados 1.798 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 48,4 &#177; 7,5 anos submetidos &#224; EEF entre Janeiro/2000 e Agosto/2009. Pacientes com &#237;ndice cronotr&#243;pico menor que 0,8 foram considerados incompetentes cronotr&#243;picos e comparados aos competentes quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A dura&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico foi em m&#233;dia de 9,3 &#177; 2,4 minutos. Duzentos e setenta (15%) pacientes eram incompetentes cronotr&#243;picos. O &#237;ndice cronotr&#243;pico de tal grupo foi de 0,7 &#177; 0,1 vs. 1,0 &#177; 0,1 para os competentes. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada identificou os seguintes par&#226;metros como independentemente associados &#224; IC: dispneia no exame [odds ratio (OR) = 4,27; p &lt; 0,0001], dor tor&#225;cica pr&#233;via na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica (OR = 1,51; p = 0,0111), maiores valores de &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo nos incompetentes (IMVE) (OR = 1,16; p = 0,0001), equivalentes metab&#243;licos (METs) (OR = 0,70; p = 0,0001), infradesnivelamento do segmento ST (OR = 0,58; p = 0,0003) e eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (&#916;PAS) (OR = 0,87; p = 0,0011). Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o se associou &#224; IC. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A IC est&#225; associada a par&#226;metros funcionais, tais como: dispneia ao esfor&#231;o, hist&#243;ria de dor tor&#225;cica e menores valores de METS. Est&#225; tamb&#233;m associada ao par&#226;metro estrutural &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Al&#233;m disso, incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica n&#227;o parece aumentar a chance de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes n&#227;o idosos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, teste de esfor&#231;o, ecocardiografia sob estresse, toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A atenua&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) ao exerc&#237;cio, conhecida como incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica (IC), tem sido associada &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e DAC mesmo em pacientes saud&#225;veis<sup>1-5</sup>. Apesar disso, ainda n&#227;o &#233; um diagn&#243;stico rotineiro e bem definido nos protocolos de avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica, sendo seus mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos desconhecidos e suas implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas subestimadas.</p>
    <p>O teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) apresenta-se como uma metodologia bem estabelecida no diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco dos pacientes com DAC<sup>6,7</sup>. Os pacientes incapazes de atingir a FC subm&#225;xima s&#227;o classificados como incompetentes do ponto de vista cronotr&#243;pico e qualificam o teste como "ineficaz", mas n&#227;o necessariamente anormal, j&#225; que a n&#227;o eleva&#231;&#227;o da FC pode limitar o aparecimento das altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST, o que constitui uma limita&#231;&#227;o potencial deste m&#233;todo<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico (EEF) &#233; uma metodologia n&#227;o invasiva, bem estabelecida no diagn&#243;stico da isquemia e viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e progn&#243;stico da DAC<sup>10</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, est&#225; demonstrado que apresenta acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica superior &#224; do TE, sobretudo nos pacientes com IC<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, a ecocardiografia sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico tem seu valor bem estabelecido<sup>12-16</sup>. Contudo, estudos sobre a EEF s&#227;o escassos. J&#225; foi demonstrado, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o selecionada, incluindo portadores de DAC pr&#233;via, que IC est&#225; associada a uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; EEF<sup>11</sup>. Os mesmos autores estudaram apenas os idosos e encontraram que a IC nesse grupo tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada &#224; maior frequ&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis e adiciona valor preditivo positivo &#224; EEF ao identificar pacientes com DAC obstrutiva<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Visto que a popula&#231;&#227;o geral e a de idosos j&#225; foram analisadas quanto a fatores associados &#224; IC, sobretudo isquemia, este estudo objetiva avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas independentemente associadas &#224; IC em pacientes n&#227;o idosos, sem DAC pr&#233;via e sem uso de betabloqueadores e antagonistas do c&#225;lcio, submetidos &#224; EEF.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo: </italic>Foram considerados potenciais eleg&#237;veis para an&#225;lise os pacientes com idade inferior a 60 anos submetidos &#224; EEF no Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia da Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas (Aracaju, SE) entre janeiro de 2000 e agosto de 2009. Foram exclu&#237;dos os que apresentavam: incapacidade para atingir o segundo est&#225;gio do protocolo de Bruce padr&#227;o; manifesta&#231;&#227;o anginosa t&#237;pica durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o da EEF; uso de betabloqueador, nitrato e/ou antagonista dos canais de c&#225;lcio; DAC pr&#233;via comprovada (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e/ou interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea), valvopatias, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita e/ou bloqueio do ramo esquerdo do feixe de His. Fadiga muscular e dispneia &#224; EEF n&#227;o exclu&#237;ram pacientes por se tratarem de limita&#231;&#245;es caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento. Nos casos em que houve repeti&#231;&#227;o de exames durante o referido per&#237;odo, apenas o primeiro exame foi considerado para an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Estavam aptos a participar da an&#225;lise 1.798 pacientes. Os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos que regem a experimenta&#231;&#227;o humana foram cuidadosamente seguidos, e todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento informado. O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
    <p><italic>Incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica:</italic> Para evitar vieses de idade, capacidade f&#237;sica e FC de repouso de cada indiv&#237;duo, a incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do &#237;ndice cronotr&#243;pico. Segundo Wilkoff<sup>18,19</sup>, o &#237;ndice &#233; descrito como a raz&#227;o entre a FC de reserva consumida e a reserva metab&#243;lica utilizada durante o pico m&#225;ximo de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>Para qualquer est&#225;gio do exerc&#237;cio, o percentual de FC de reserva alcan&#231;ado &#233;:</p>
    <p>[(FC<sub>est&#225;gio</sub> - FC<sub>repouso</sub>) / (220 - idade - FC<sub>repouso</sub>)] x 100</p>
    <p>J&#225; o percentual de reserva metab&#243;lica &#233;:</p>
    <p>[(METs<sub>est&#225;gio</sub> - METs<sub>repouso</sub>) / (METs<sub>pico</sub> - METs<sub>repouso</sub>)] x 100</p>
    <p>Onde METs se referem aos equivalentes metab&#243;licos medidos pela an&#225;lise de gases, est&#225;gio refere-se a qualquer est&#225;gio do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e pico refere-se ao pico m&#225;ximo do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>Quando se considera o &#237;ndice cronotr&#243;pico no pico, por defini&#231;&#227;o, a taxa de reserva metab&#243;lica nesse est&#225;gio tem valor de um (100% da reserva metab&#243;lica). Nessas condi&#231;&#245;es, o &#237;ndice deve-se &#224; taxa da FC de reserva utilizada, baseada apenas nas vari&#225;veis FC de repouso, FC de pico e idade. &#205;ndice cronotr&#243;pico menor que 0,8 define incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica<sup>18-21</sup>. Com base nesse &#237;ndice, os pacientes foram divididos em: grupo incompetente (GI) e grupo competente (GC).</p>
    <p><italic>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas:</italic> Os dados cl&#237;nicos foram colhidos e registrados atrav&#233;s de entrevistas realizadas antes do procedimento. Foi utilizado um question&#225;rio estruturado que investigava peso, altura, sintomas, medica&#231;&#245;es, fatores de risco para DAC, hist&#243;rico de cardiopatia. Definiu-se obesidade como &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea maior que 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Ademais, os resultados de exames laboratoriais pr&#233;vios foram registrados.</p>
    <p>Definiu-se hipercolesterolemia como n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de colesterol total superior a 200 mg/dL (ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas) e hipertrigliceridemia como n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de triglic&#233;rides superior a 150 mg/dL (ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas) ou uso de agente antilipid&#234;mico (estatinas e/ou fibratos). Considerou-se hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica quando os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos aferidos no membro superior, em repouso, eram maiores ou iguais a 140 x 90 mmHg, ou quando faziam uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva.</p>
    <p>O diabetes melito foi definido pela presen&#231;a de glicemia em jejum, acima de 126 mg/dL, ou pelo uso de insulina ou agentes hipoglicemiantes orais.</p>
    <p>Definiu-se infarto do mioc&#225;rdio antigo por meio de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e/ou exames complementares pr&#233;vios, como eletrocardiograma (ECG), ecocardiograma e/ou cineangiocoronariografia.</p>
    <p><italic>Teste Ergom&#233;trico:</italic> Primeiramente, o protocolo consistiu na realiza&#231;&#227;o de ECG de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es e ecocardiograma de repouso ap&#243;s a investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Em seguida, realizou-se o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico em esteira rolante e, logo ap&#243;s, procedeu-se novamente a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao protocolo padr&#227;o de Bruce durante o teste ergom&#233;trico. Foi realizada monitora&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da FC, e os pacientes, encorajados a alcan&#231;ar o seu pico m&#225;ximo de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. Para c&#225;lculos metab&#243;licos, o volume de oxig&#234;nio inspirado no pico do exerc&#237;cio (VO<sub>2max</sub>) foi obtido indiretamente atrav&#233;s da seguinte f&#243;rmula: VO<sub>2max</sub> = 14,76 - 1,379t + 0,451t<sup>2</sup> - 0,012t<sup>3</sup>, em que t &#233; a dura&#231;&#227;o em minutos do teste<sup>22</sup>. A carga foi expressa em equivalentes metab&#243;licos, em que 1 MET corresponde a 3,5 mL/kg&#183;min de VO<sub>2</sub> inspirado, referente ao repouso<sup>21</sup>. Durante o teste, os indiv&#237;duos foram continuamente monitorados com ECG de tr&#234;s deriva&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Foram denominadas altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas isqu&#234;micas ao exerc&#237;cio a ocorr&#234;ncia de infradesnivelamento do segmento ST horizontal ou descendente <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 mm para homens e <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,5 mm para mulheres a 0,08 segundo do ponto J<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse pelo Esfor&#231;o F&#237;sico: </italic>Para registro ecocardiogr&#225;fico em repouso e imediatamente ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, os pacientes eram acomodados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo para realiza&#231;&#227;o da leitura ecocardiogr&#225;fica em janelas ac&#250;sticas paraesternais e apicais. As imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram obtidas atrav&#233;s do equipamento Hewlett Packard/Phillips SONOS 5500 com transdutor de 2,5 mHz e gravadas em videocassete ou <italic>Display Video Digital</italic>. Adotaram-se t&#233;cnicas cl&#225;ssicas descritas por Schiller e cols.<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>A motilidade regional da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi acessada semiquantitativamente por ecocardiografista experiente, com n&#237;vel III de treinamento, conforme preconizado pela Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia. A motilidade no repouso e em exerc&#237;cio foi graduada de 1 a 5 (1 = normal), de acordo com o modelo de 16 segmentos<sup>23</sup>. O &#237;ndice de escore da motilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IEM) foi determinado em repouso e imediatamente ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio e expresso como a soma do escore dos segmentos dividida pelo n&#250;mero de segmentos visualizados.</p>
    <p>Ademais, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda tamb&#233;m foi estudada. Com base no IEM, os pacientes eram classificados em normais (igual a 1), com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular leve (entre 1,01 e 1,6), com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular moderada (entre 1,61 e 2) e com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave (maior que 2).</p>
    <p>O desenvolvimento de altera&#231;&#245;es de motilidade segmentar induzida pelo esfor&#231;o foi considerado indicador de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica:</italic> As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas atrav&#233;s do teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) ou teste exato de Fisher (conforme indicado). Para as cont&#237;nuas, utilizou-se o teste t de Student. Considerou-se valor de p &lt; 0,05 como estatisticamente significante.</p>
    <p>Para identificar os par&#226;metros independentemente associados com a incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica, determinou-se um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Vari&#225;veis que apresentavam valor p &lt; 0,25 na an&#225;lise univariada foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise multivariada. Foi utilizado procedimento <italic>backward</italic> de sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis. Adotou-se o valor p &lt; 0,05 como crit&#233;rio de perman&#234;ncia de vari&#225;veis no modelo. A capacidade de discrimina&#231;&#227;o do modelo final entre competentes e incompetentes foi avaliada atrav&#233;s da &#225;rea sob a curva de um recebedor operador de caracter&#237;sticas (AUC), e a adequa&#231;&#227;o do modelo foi avaliada pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow (p &gt; 0,05). Todos os c&#225;lculos foram realizados com aux&#237;lio do <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> na vers&#227;o 17 (SPSS 17, Chicago IL).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</italic>: Foram estudados 867 (48,2%) homens e 931 (51,8%) mulheres com idade m&#233;dia de 48,4 &#177; 7,5 anos (variando de 21 a 59 anos). Dentre os 1.798 pacientes eleg&#237;veis para o estudo, o GI era composto de 270 (15%) pacientes e o GC de 1.528 (85%).</p>
    <p>Quando comparados os grupos (GI <italic>vs.</italic> GC), algumas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas demonstraram uma maior frequ&#234;ncia no GI. Dentre elas, podemos citar a dor tor&#225;cica pr&#233;via e fatores de risco coronarianos, como hipertens&#227;o sist&#234;mica, tabagismo, antecedentes familiares e obesidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0413-00033-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Teste Ergom&#233;trico: </italic>A dura&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico foi em m&#233;dia de 9,3 &#177; 2,4 min. &#201; importante ratificar que apenas pacientes que atingiram o segundo est&#225;gio do protocolo de Bruce participaram do estudo. Enquanto que a m&#233;dia do &#237;ndice cronotr&#243;pico foi de 0,9 &#177; 0,1.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a relevante da FC de repouso, hipertens&#227;o reativa e arritmias entre os grupos. Entretanto, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (&#916;PAS) durante o pico do esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico foi maior no GC (p &lt; 0,001). Esses pacientes foram capazes de atingir, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, uma maior velocidade e um maior est&#225;gio de Bruce. Esse mesmo grupo apresentou tamb&#233;m maior frequ&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas isqu&#234;micas (p &lt; 0,001) durante o teste que o GI. Por outro lado, o GI apresentou maior frequ&#234;ncia de dispneia que o GC (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0413-00033-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse pelo Esfor&#231;o F&#237;sico:</italic> O exame foi positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em 151 pacientes (8,4%). Observou-se maior preval&#234;ncia de isqu&#234;micos entre os pacientes incompetentes (15,2% vs. 7,2%, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>As motilidades de parede, que definiram o IEM, revelaram um maior &#237;ndice no GI em ecocardiografia realizada imediatamente ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o (p &lt; 0,001). Quanto &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), apenas disfun&#231;&#227;o leve foi identificada entre os isqu&#234;micos. Ademais, observou-se um maior &#237;ndice de massa nesses pacientes (p &lt; 0,001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante na espessura relativa do VE entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0413-00033-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos apenas nas altera&#231;&#245;es de parede inferior e de septo inferior do VE, com maior frequ&#234;ncia destas em pacientes incompetentes (p &lt; 0,001 e p = 0,003, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0413-00033-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise de Regress&#227;o Log&#237;stica:</italic> Depois de realizado teste para contemplar os poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o no modelo, apenas seis vari&#225;veis estiveram independentemente associados &#224; IC. N&#227;o houve intera&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis analisadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab5">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0413-00033-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Ao teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow, foi observado p = 0,531, sendo, portanto, o modelo final considerado adequado. Apresentou tamb&#233;m AUC de 0,78 (IC 95% 0,75 - 0,81, p &lt; 0,001), sendo a capacidade de discrimina&#231;&#227;o do modelo final considerada razo&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3012gra1">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig3012gra1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0413-00033-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, avaliaram-se os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos associados &#224; IC, segundo o &#237;ndice cronotr&#243;pico, em pacientes n&#227;o idosos. Dos 1.798 avaliados, 270 (15%) eram incompetentes cronotr&#243;picos. Hist&#243;ria de dor tor&#225;cica pr&#233;via, dispneia ao exame e maiores valores de &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IMVE) demonstraram-se independentemente associados &#224; maior chance de IC. Maiores valores de METs e de &#916;PAS e infradesnivelamento do segmento ST revelaram-se independentemente associados &#224; menor chance de IC.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia da IC varia conforme a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e o crit&#233;rio definidor de incompet&#234;ncia. Neste estudo, encontrou-se uma preval&#234;ncia de IC similar aos dados de estudos pr&#233;vios em que a preval&#234;ncia variou de 15 a 25%<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada identificou dispneia ao esfor&#231;o como um par&#226;metro associado &#224; IC. A presen&#231;a desse sintoma confere ao paciente uma chance quatro vezes maior de ser incompetente (p &lt; 0,0001). Ao avaliar os pacientes com IC, os estudos na literatura relatam o sintoma, mas n&#227;o analisam sua associa&#231;&#227;o de forma independente quanto &#224; anormalidade da FC. A manifesta&#231;&#227;o de dispneia durante testes de estresse para avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; de enorme relev&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica. A presen&#231;a desse sintoma no esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico se associa com um risco de morte por causas card&#237;acas quatro vezes maior em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes assintom&#225;ticos e duas vezes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos que manifestam angina t&#237;pica, como foi demonstrado em uma extensa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com hist&#243;ria desconhecida de DAC <sup>25,26</sup>.</p>
    <p>No que se refere &#224; capacidade f&#237;sica, foi observada uma menor toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o nos indiv&#237;duos incompetentes. Para cada incremento de tr&#234;s unidades no METs, a chance de incompet&#234;ncia &#233; reduzida em 66% (p &lt; 0,0001). Resultados semelhantes foram encontrados por outros estudos, que corroboram a rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre presen&#231;a de incompet&#234;ncia e capacidade f&#237;sica<sup>11,18,20,21,27,28</sup>. Num trabalho comparativo entre usu&#225;rios de marca-passo com taxa ventricular fixa e taxa vari&#225;vel ao exerc&#237;cio, observou-se que o primeiro grupo, que se comporta como pacientes com IC, apresentou pior toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico<sup>29</sup>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da depress&#227;o do segmento ST permanece como grande marco definidor da isquemia card&#237;aca induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio<sup>30,31</sup>. No entanto, a acur&#225;cia do TE em pacientes com IC tem sido questionada, sendo o exame frequentemente caracterizado como ineficaz ou n&#227;o diagn&#243;stico<sup>8,9</sup>. Apesar de ser descrita a associa&#231;&#227;o entre incompet&#234;ncia e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>11</sup>, o desequil&#237;brio oferta-consumo de oxig&#234;nio em pacientes incompetentes n&#227;o seria t&#227;o estimulado a ponto de desenvolver altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas sugestivas de isquemia, como normalmente ocorre em competentes, o que diminuiria a sensibilidade do TE em pacientes incompetentes. No presente estudo, maior frequ&#234;ncia de infradesnivelamento de ST se associou a menor chance de IC (OR = 0,58; p = 0,0003), de forma semelhante ao que foi descrito por Cay e cols.<sup>32</sup>. Maddox e cols.<sup>33</sup> encontraram isquemia ao ECG em apenas 17% dos incompetentes, e Dresing e cols.<sup>27</sup>, em 52% contra 65% dos competentes. Oliveira e cols.<sup>11</sup> descreveram 30% de altera&#231;&#245;es no grupo incompetente contra 43% no grupo competente (p &lt; 0,0001). Dessa forma, esses dados n&#227;o devem ser interpretados como uma tentativa de estudo da associa&#231;&#227;o entre isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e IC, mas como um reflexo da interfer&#234;ncia da pr&#243;pria IC na manifesta&#231;&#227;o do marcador de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica do TE (depress&#227;o do segmento ST). De maneira que h&#225; uma menor frequ&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o do segmento ST entre os incompetentes n&#227;o por causa de uma menor frequ&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica neste grupo, mas devido a uma menor frequ&#234;ncia da manifesta&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica em quest&#227;o no grupo incompetente. Portanto, o eletrocardiograma de esfor&#231;o n&#227;o parece ser um bom par&#226;metro para avaliar isquemia em pacientes incompetentes, mesmo n&#227;o idosos.</p>
    <p>A &#916;PAS durante o TE tem sido relacionada ao desempenho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>34</sup>. Pacientes com bom desempenho ventricular apresentaram menor chance de apresentar IC (OR = 0,87, p = 0,001). A cada incremento de 10 mmHg, a chance de o paciente ser incompetente &#233; reduzida em 13%. De forma semelhante, Elhendy e cols.<sup>18</sup> descreveram uma menor &#916;PAS em pacientes incompetentes (35 &#177; 30 vs. 50 &#177; 24; p = 0,0001). Em outros estudos, foi avaliada a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica no pico do exerc&#237;cio, que tamb&#233;m se revelou menor nesses pacientes<sup>11,20,21,27,28,35</sup>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o apenas vari&#225;veis funcionais estiveram associadas &#224; IC. Os maiores valores do IMVE associaram-se com a resposta cronotr&#243;pica inadequada ao exerc&#237;cio mesmo ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada. Por ser uma medida no repouso, sugere-se que pacientes incompetentes, mesmo n&#227;o idosos, t&#234;m altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas estruturais, e n&#227;o simplesmente altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais, como menor capacidade de elevar a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no esfor&#231;o. A cada incremento de 10 g/m<sup>2</sup> no IMVE, a chance de o paciente ser incompetente &#233; aumentada em 16% (p = 0,0001). Tais resultados foram tamb&#233;m encontrados por Lauer e cols.<sup>36</sup> em indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade, assintom&#225;ticos, onde a massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo aumentada e a dilata&#231;&#227;o desta c&#226;mara card&#237;aca representavam maior probabilidade de resposta cronotr&#243;pica reduzida ao exerc&#237;cio. Outro estudo descreveu um &#237;ndice de massa do VE maior em pacientes incompetentes com tend&#234;ncia &#224; signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,06)<sup>20</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda j&#225; esteve associada a uma menor probabilidade de atingir a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca predita para a idade em homens e mulheres<sup>37</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora, em an&#225;lise univariada isolada, o &#237;ndice de escore da motilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, que representa a isquemia &#224; EEF, tenha sido maior em pacientes com IC, este n&#227;o se associou de forma independente a IC em pacientes n&#227;o idosos. Apesar disso, na literatura, h&#225; relatos de IC como importante fator associado &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e morte cardiovascular<sup>11,18,21,25,27,35</sup>. No entanto, essas pesquisas ou se valeram de an&#225;lise univariada, ou n&#227;o realizaram multivariada com controle para as vari&#225;veis utilizadas no presente estudo, sobretudo aquelas referentes ao teste de esfor&#231;o.</p>
    <p>Apesar de a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o estar independentemente associado &#224; IC na presente pesquisa, em an&#225;lise multivariada, a presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica pr&#233;via elevou em 51% a chance de incompet&#234;ncia (p = 0,0111). H&#225; outros relatos semelhantes na literatura: Elhendy e cols.<sup>18</sup> descreveram a maior presen&#231;a de angina t&#237;pica em pacientes incompetentes (25% vs. 13%; p &lt; 0,001), assim como Oliveira e cols.<sup>11</sup> (18% vs. 7%; p &lt; 0,0001). Essa atenua&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o exerc&#237;cio pode ser, por meios fisiopatol&#243;gicos desconhecidos, um mecanismo de prote&#231;&#227;o com a inten&#231;&#227;o de diminuir a demanda mioc&#225;rdica por oxig&#234;nio. Dessa forma, IC estaria associada &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica sintom&#225;tica (pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica) e n&#227;o a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica <italic>per se</italic>. Mais estudos com controle para fatores de confus&#227;o s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para elucidar a suposta associa&#231;&#227;o entre IC e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes n&#227;o idosos.</p>
    <p>Dentre as limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo est&#225; a avalia&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica realizada atrav&#233;s de m&#233;todo indireto do c&#225;lculo do VO<sub>2max</sub>. Em estudos futuros, seria necess&#225;rio avaliar os pacientes atrav&#233;s da ergoespirometria para confirmar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre IC e menor toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. Por tratar-se de estudo transversal, os achados n&#227;o permitem conclus&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas e preditivas. Portanto, estudos adicionais de desenho longitudinal abordando a IC s&#227;o necess&#225;rios. Como foi analisada uma amostra altamente selecionada, deve-se ter cautela ao estender os resultados aqui encontrados para outras popula&#231;&#245;es, como pacientes idosos, com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou DAC estabelecida.</p>
    <p>A IC ainda &#233; um diagn&#243;stico subestimado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica com significado ainda pouco claro, podendo ser, inclusive, multifatorial. O presente trabalho identificou alguns fatores associados &#224; IC no subgrupo de pacientes n&#227;o idosos, podendo servir de ponto de partida para novos estudos de enfoque fisiopatol&#243;gico ou at&#233; mesmo progn&#243;sticos. Por&#233;m, o mais interessante para o cl&#237;nico frente a um paciente n&#227;o idoso com incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica &#233; consider&#225;-lo como um indiv&#237;duo com poss&#237;vel &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo alterado, com a cl&#237;nica de dor tor&#225;cica e dispneia aos esfor&#231;os; portanto, acompanh&#225;-lo de forma mais minuciosa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A IC est&#225; associada ao par&#226;metro estrutural &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e aos par&#226;metros funcionais, tais como: dispneia ao esfor&#231;o, hist&#243;ria de dor tor&#225;cica e menores valores de METS. Al&#233;m disso, incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica n&#227;o parece aumentar a chance de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes n&#227;o idosos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira &#149; </p>
        <p> Pra&#231;a Graccho Cardoso, 76/402 - S&#227;o Jos&#233; - 49015-180 - Aracaju, SE - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="jlobelem@cardiol.br">jlobelem@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="joselinasergipe@ig.com.br">joselinasergipe@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 07/10/11; revisado recebido em 07/10/11; aceito em 27/01/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Bruce RA, Gey GO Jr, Cooper MN, Fisher LD,    Peterson DR. The Seattle Heart Watch: initial clinical, circulatory and electrocardiographic    responses to maximal exercise. Am J Cardiol. 1974;33(4):459-69.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Seattle Heart Watch: initial clinical, circulatory and electrocardiographic responses to maximal exercise</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1974</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>459</fpage>
          <lpage>69</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bruce</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gey Jr</surname>
              <given-names>GO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peterson</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Bruce RA, Fisher LD, Cooper MN, Gey GO. Separation    of effects of cardiovascular disease and age on ventricular function with maximal    exercise. Am J Cardiol. 1974;34(7):757- 63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Separation of effects of cardiovascular disease and age on ventricular function with maximal exercise</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1974</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>757</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bruce</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gey</surname>
              <given-names>GO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Chin CF, Messenger JC, Greenberg PS, Ellestad    MH. Chronotropic incompetence in exercise testing. Clin Cardiol. 1979;2(1):12-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Chronotropic incompetence in exercise testing</article-title>
          <source>Clin Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1979</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>12</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chin</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Messenger</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenberg</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ellestad</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Hinkle LE Jr, Carver ST, Plakun A. Slow heart    rates and increased risked cardiac death in middle-aged men. Arch Intern Med.    1972;129(5):732-48.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Slow heart rates and increased risked cardiac death in middle-aged men</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1972</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>732</fpage>
          <lpage>48</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>129</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hinkle Jr</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carver</surname>
              <given-names>ST</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plakun</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Ellestad MH, Wan MK. Predictive implications    of stress testing. Follow-up of 2700 subjects after maximum treadmill stress    testing. Circulation. 1975;151(2):363-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Predictive implications of stress testing: Follow-up of 2700 subjects after maximum treadmill stress testing</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1975</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>363</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>151</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ellestad</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wan</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, Chaitman    BR, Fletcher GF, Froelicher VF, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise    testing: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American    Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the    1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines)." Circulation. 2002;106(14):1883-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines)."</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1883</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gibbons</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balady</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bricker</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaitman</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fletcher</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Froelicher</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Mathias Junior W, Stella U, Baruta F, Cordovil    A, Andrade JL, Carvalho AC, et al. [Prognostic value of stress echocardiography    by dobutamine combined with atropine]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1997;69(2):95-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>[Prognostic value of stress echocardiography by dobutamine combined with atropine]: Arq Bras</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>95</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mathias Junior</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stella</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baruta</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cordovil</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Wiens RD, Lafia P, Marder CM, Evans RG, Kennedy    HL. Chronotropic incompetence in clinical exercise testing. Am J Cardiol. 1984;54(1):74-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Chronotropic incompetence in clinical exercise testing</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1984</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>74</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wiens</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lafia</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marder</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evans</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kennedy</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Gauri AJ, Raxwal VK, Roux L, Fearon WF, Froelicher    VF. Effects of chronotropic incompetence and beta-blocker use on the exercise    treadmill test in men. Am Heart J. 2001;142(1):136-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of chronotropic incompetence and beta-blocker use on the exercise treadmill test in men</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>136</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>142</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gauri</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raxwal</surname>
              <given-names>VK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roux</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fearon</surname>
              <given-names>WF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Froelicher</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Oliveira JLM, Barreto MA, Silva ABA, Sousa    ACS. Stress echocardiography in coronary artery disease. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc.    2004;19(1):55-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Stress echocardiography in coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>55</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>JLM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>ABA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>ACS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Oliveira JL, Goes TJ, Santana TA, Travassos    TF, Teles LD, Anjos-Andrade FD, et al. Chronotropic incompetence and a higher    frequency of myocardial ischemia in exercise echocardiography. Cardiovasc Ultrasound.    2007;5:38.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Chronotropic incompetence and a higher frequency of myocardial ischemia in exercise echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Ultrasound</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>38</fpage>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goes</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santana</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Travassos</surname>
              <given-names>TF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teles</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anjos-Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>FD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Ferreira PA, de Lima VC, Campos-Filho O,    Gil MA, Cordovil A, Machado CV, et al. Feasibility, safety and accuracy of dobutamine/atropine    stress echocardiography for the detection of coronary artery disease in renal    transplant candidates. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;88(1):45-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Feasibility, safety and accuracy of dobutamine/atropine stress echocardiography for the detection of coronary artery disease in renal transplant candidates</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>45</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Lima</surname>
              <given-names>VC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gil</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cordovil</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>CV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Almeida MC, Markman-Filho B. Prognostic value    of dipyridamole stress echocardiography in women. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;96(1):31-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognostic value of dipyridamole stress echocardiography in women</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>31</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Markman-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Abdel-Salam Z, Nammas W. Predictors of viability    in patients with negative low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography. Arq Bras    Cardiol. 2011;96(3):188-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Predictors of viability in patients with negative low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>188</fpage>
          <lpage>95</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abdel-Salam</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nammas</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. de Oliveira JJ, Silva SR. Diagnostic value    of exercise testing in the diagnosis of silent myocardial ischemia in elderly    patients with systolic hypetension. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1997;69(1):25-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diagnostic value of exercise testing in the diagnosis of silent myocardial ischemia in elderly patients with systolic hypetension</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>25</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>de Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Markman Filho B, Almeida MC, Markman M, Chaves    A, Moretti MA, Ramires JA, et al. Stratifying the risk in unstable angina with    dobutamine stress echocardiography. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;87(3):294-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Stratifying the risk in unstable angina with dobutamine stress echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>294</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Markman Filho</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Markman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaves</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moretti</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramires</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Oliveira JL, G&#243;es TJ, Santana TA,    Silva IS, Travassos TF, Teles LD, et al. Exercise stress echocardiography in    the identification of coronary artery disease in the elderly with chronotropic    incompetence. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;89(2):100-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exercise stress echocardiography in the identification of coronary artery disease in the elderly with chronotropic incompetence</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>100</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#243;es</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santana</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Travassos</surname>
              <given-names>TF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teles</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Elhendy A, Mahoney DW, Khandheria BK, Burger    K, Pellikka PA. Prognostic significance of impairment of heart rate response    to exercise: impact of left ventricular function and myocardial ischemia. J    Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(5):823-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognostic significance of impairment of heart rate response to exercise: impact of left ventricular function and myocardial ischemia</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>823</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Elhendy</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahoney</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khandheria</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burger</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellikka</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Wilkoff BL, Miller RE. Exercise testing for    chronotropic assessment. Cardiol Clin. 1992;10(4):705-17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exercise testing for chronotropic assessment</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Clin</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>705</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wilkoff</surname>
              <given-names>BL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Lauer MS, Mehta R, Pashkow FJ, Okin PM, Lee    K, Marwick TH. Association of chronotropic incompetence with echocardiography    ischemia and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32(5):1280-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Association of chronotropic incompetence with echocardiography ischemia and prognosis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1280</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lauer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehta</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pashkow</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okin</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marwick</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Lauer MS, Francis GS, Okin PM, Pashkow FJ,    Snader CE, Marwick TH. Impaired chronotropic response to exercise stress testing    as a predictor of mortality. JAMA. 1999;281(6):524-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Impaired chronotropic response to exercise stress testing as a predictor of mortality</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>524</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>281</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lauer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francis</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okin</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pashkow</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Snader</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marwick</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Whaley MH, Brubaker PH, Otto R. (eds.). ACSM's    guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 7<sup>th</sup> ed. Philadelphia:    Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins; 2007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Whaley</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brubaker</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Otto</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Schiller NB, Shah PM, Crawford M, DeMaria    A, Devereux R, Feigenbaum H, et al. Recommendations for quantitation of the    left ventricle by two- dimensional echocardiography. American Society of Echocardiography    Committee on Standards, Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms.    J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1989;2(5):358-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two- dimensional echocardiography: American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards, Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>358</fpage>
          <lpage>67</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schiller</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeMaria</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feigenbaum</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Lauer MS. Heart rate response in stress testing:    clinical implications. ACC Current Journal Review. 2001;10:16-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Heart rate response in stress testing: clinical implications</article-title>
          <source>ACC Current Journal Review</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>16</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lauer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Savonen KP, Lakka TA, Laukkanen JA, Rauramaa    TH, Salonen JT, Rauramaa R. Usefulness of chronotropic incompetence in response    to exercise as a predictor of myocardial infarction in middle-aged men without    cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101(7):992-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Usefulness of chronotropic incompetence in response to exercise as a predictor of myocardial infarction in middle-aged men without cardiovascular disease</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>992</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Savonen</surname>
              <given-names>KP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lakka</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laukkanen</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rauramaa</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salonen</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rauramaa</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Abidov A, Rozanski A, Hachamovitch R, Hayes    SW, Aboul-Enein F, Cohen I et al. Prognostic significance of dyspnea in patients    referred for cardiac stress testing. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(18):1889-98.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognostic significance of dyspnea in patients referred for cardiac stress testing</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1889</fpage>
          <lpage>98</lpage>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <volume>353</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abidov</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rozanski</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hachamovitch</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayes</surname>
              <given-names>SW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aboul-Enein</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Dresing TJ, Blackstone EH, Pashkow FJ, Snader    CE, Marwick TH, Lauer MS. Usefulness of impaired chronotropic response to exercise    as a predictor of mortality, independent of the severity of coronary artery    disease. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86(6):602-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Usefulness of impaired chronotropic response to exercise as a predictor of mortality, independent of the severity of coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>602</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dresing</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blackstone</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pashkow</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Snader</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marwick</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lauer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Brener SJ, Pashkow FJ, Harvey SA, Marwick    TH, Thomas JD, Lauer MS. Chronotropic response to exercise predicts angiographic    severity in patients with suspected or stable coronary artery disease. Am J    Cardiol. 1995;76(17):1228-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Chronotropic response to exercise predicts angiographic severity in patients with suspected or stable coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1228</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brener</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pashkow</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harvey</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marwick</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lauer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Tani M, Fujiki A, Asanoi H, Mizumaki K, Yoshida    S, Tsuji H, et al. Effects of chronotropic responsive cardiac pacing on ventilatory    response to exercise in patients with bradycardia. J Cardiol. 1992;22(2-3):503-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of chronotropic responsive cardiac pacing on ventilatory response to exercise in patients with bradycardia</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>503</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
          <issue>2-3</issue>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fujiki</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asanoi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mizumaki</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshida</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsuji</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Bartel AG, Behar VS, Peter RH, Orgain ES,    Kong Y. Graded exercise stress tests in angiographically documented coronary    artery disease. Circulation. 1974;49(2):348-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Graded exercise stress tests in angiographically documented coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1974</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>348</fpage>
          <lpage>56</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bartel</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Behar</surname>
              <given-names>VS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peter</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orgain</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kong</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Martin CM, McConahay DR. Maximal treadmill    exercise electrocardiography. Correlations with coronary arteriography and cardiac    hemodynamics. Circulation. 1976;46(5):956-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Maximal treadmill exercise electrocardiography: Correlations with coronary arteriography and cardiac hemodynamics</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1976</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>956</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McConahay</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Cay S, Ozturk S, Biyikoglu F, Yildiz A, Cimen    T, Uygur B, et al. Association of heart rate profile during exercise with the    severity of coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2009;10(5):394-400.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Association of heart rate profile during exercise with the severity of coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown)</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>394</fpage>
          <lpage>400</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cay</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozturk</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biyikoglu</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yildiz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cimen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uygur</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Maddox TM, Ross C, Ho PM, Masoudi FA, Magid    D, Daugherty SL, et al. The prognostic importance of abnormal heart rate recovery    and chronotropic response among exercise treadmill test patients. Am Heart J.    2008;156(4):736-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The prognostic importance of abnormal heart rate recovery and chronotropic response among exercise treadmill test patients</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>736</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>156</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maddox</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ross</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ho</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masoudi</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magid</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daugherty</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Salles AF, Machado CV, Cordovil A, Leite    WA, Mois&#233;s VA, Almeida DR, et al. Increase in systolic blood pressure    during exercise testing after heart transplantation: correlation with the clinical    condition and ventricular function assessed by dobutamine stress echocardiography.    Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;87(5):628-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Increase in systolic blood pressure during exercise testing after heart transplantation: correlation with the clinical condition and ventricular function assessed by dobutamine stress echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>628</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salles</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>CV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cordovil</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leite</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mois&#233;s</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Khan MN, Pothier CE, Lauer MS. Chronotropic    incompetence as a predictor of death among patients with normal electrograms    taking beta blockers (metoprolol or atenolol). Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(9):1328-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Chronotropic incompetence as a predictor of death among patients with normal electrograms taking beta blockers (metoprolol or atenolol)</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1328</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pothier</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lauer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Lauer MS, Larson MG, Evans JC, Levy D. Association    of left ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy with chronotropic incompetence    in the Framingham Heart study. Am Heart J. 1999;137(5):903-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Association of left ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy with chronotropic incompetence in the Framingham Heart study</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>903</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>137</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lauer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evans</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <mixed-citation>37. Lauer MS, Okin PM, Anderson KM, Levy D. Impact    of echocardiographic left ventricular mass on mechanistic implications of exercise    testing parameters. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76(12):952-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Impact of echocardiographic left ventricular mass on mechanistic implications of exercise testing parameters</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>952</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lauer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okin</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical and echocardiographic parameters associated with low chronotropic index in non-elderly patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Despite abundant evidence of increased morbidity and mortality, chronotropic incompetence (CI) is not a routine diagnosis well defined in protocols of cardiac evaluation and its clinical importance is still underestimated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and echocardiographic parameters associated with HF in non-elderly patients submitted to stress echocardiography (SE). METHODS: One thousand seven hundred ninety-eight patients with a mean age of 48.4 &#177; 7.5 years, who underwent SE between January/2000 and August/2009 were evaluated. Patients with chronotropic index smaller than 0.8 were considered chronotropic incompetent as compared to competent patients as to clinical and echocardiographic characteristics. RESULTS: The duration of the exercise was 9.3 &#177; 2.4 minutes on average. Two hundred and seventy (15%) patients were chronotropic incompetent. The chronotropic index of this group was 0.7 &#177; 0.1 vs. 1.0 &#177; 0.1 for competent patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified the following parameters as independently associated with HF: dyspnea on examination [odds ratio (OR) = 4.27, p &lt;0.0001], previous chest pain on medical history (OR = 1.51; p = 0.0111), higher left ventricular mass rate in incompetent patients (LVMI) (OR = 1.16, p = 0.0001), metabolic equivalents (METs) (OR = 0.70, p = 0 , 0001), ST segment depression (OR = 0.58, p = 0.0003) and high systolic blood pressure (&#916;SBP) (OR = 0.87, p = 0.0011). Myocardial ischemia was not associated with HF. CONCLUSION: HF is associated with functional parameters, such as dyspnea on exertion, history of chest pain and lower METS. It is also associated with structural benchmark index of left ventricular mass. In addition, chronotropic incompetence does not appear to increase the chance of myocardial ischemia in non-elderly patients. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Physical exertion</kwd>
        <kwd>heart rate</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise test</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography, stress</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise tolerance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Clinical and echocardiographic parameters associated with low chronotropic index in non-elderly patients</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Paulo Fernando Carvalho Secundo; Bruno Fernandes de Oliveira Santos; Jos&#233; Alves Secundo J&#250;nior; Joiciane B&#225;rbara da Silva; Adriana Ribeiro de Souza; Gustavo Baptista de Almeida Faro; Jos&#233; Augusto Barreto- Filho; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa; Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Sergipe</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia da Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas - ECOLAB</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Despite abundant evidence of increased morbidity and mortality, chronotropic incompetence (CI) is not a routine diagnosis well defined in protocols of cardiac evaluation and its clinical importance is still underestimated.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the clinical and echocardiographic parameters associated with HF in non-elderly patients submitted to stress echocardiography (SE).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> One thousand seven hundred ninety-eight patients with a mean age of 48.4 &#177; 7.5 years, who underwent SE between January/2000 and August/2009 were evaluated. Patients with chronotropic index smaller than 0.8 were considered chronotropic incompetent as compared to competent patients as to clinical and echocardiographic characteristics.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The duration of the exercise was 9.3 &#177; 2.4 minutes on average. Two hundred and seventy (15%) patients were chronotropic incompetent. The chronotropic index of this group was 0.7 &#177; 0.1 vs. 1.0 &#177; 0.1 for competent patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified the following parameters as independently associated with HF: dyspnea on examination [odds ratio (OR) = 4.27, p &lt;0.0001], previous chest pain on medical history (OR = 1.51; p = 0.0111), higher left ventricular mass rate in incompetent patients (LVMI) (OR = 1.16, p = 0.0001), metabolic equivalents (METs) (OR = 0.70, p = 0 , 0001), ST segment depression (OR = 0.58, p = 0.0003) and high systolic blood pressure (&#916;SBP) (OR = 0.87, p = 0.0011). Myocardial ischemia was not associated with HF.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> HF is associated with functional parameters, such as dyspnea on exertion, history of chest pain and lower METS. It is also associated with structural benchmark index of left ventricular mass. In addition, chronotropic incompetence does not appear to increase the chance of myocardial ischemia in non-elderly patients. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Physical exertion; heart rate; exercise test; echocardiography, stress; exercise tolerance.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Attenuation of increase in heart rate (HR) during exercise, known as chronotropic incompetence (CI), has been associated with myocardial ischemia and CAD even in healthy patients<sup>1-5</sup>. Nevertheless, it is not a routine diagnosis well defined in cardiac evaluation protocols. Its pathophysiological mechanisms are unknown and clinical implications are underestimated.</p>
      <p>The exercise testing (ET) is presented as a well established methodology in the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with CAD<sup>6,7</sup>. Patients unable to reach submaximal HR are classified as incompetent in chronotropic terms and qualify the test as "ineffective", but not necessarily abnormal, since no increase in HR may limit the appearance of ST segment changes, which constitutes a potential limitation of this method<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Stress echocardiography (SE) is a noninvasive method well established in the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia and viability, risk stratification and prognosis of CAD<sup>10</sup>. Moreover, it is confirmed to present diagnostic accuracy superior to that of the ET, especially in patients with HF<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, the value of pharmacological stress echocardiography is well defined<sup>12-16</sup>. However, studies on SE are scarce. It has been demonstrated in an unselected population, including patients with prior CAD, that HF is associated with an increased frequency of myocardial ischemia on SE<sup>11</sup>. The same authors studied only the elderly and found that HF in this group is also associated with higher frequency of contractile alterations and adds to a positive predictive value to SE in identifying patients with obstructive CAD<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Since the general population and the elderly have been analyzed for factors associated with HF, particularly ischemia, this study aims to evaluate the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics independently associated with HF in nonelderly patients without previous CAD and under no use of beta-blockers and calcium antagonists submitted to SE.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Study population: </italic>Patients under the age of 60 years who underwent SE in the Echocardiography Laboratory of Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas (Aracaju, SE) between January 2000 and August 2009 were deemed potentially eligible for analysis. We excluded those who had: inability to reach the second stage of the standard Bruce protocol; typical angina manifestation during SE; use of beta-blockers, nitrates and/or calcium channel antagonist; confirmed previous CAD (acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass grafting and/or percutaneous coronary intervention), valvular heart disease, heart failure, congenital heart disease and/or left bundle branch block. Muscle fatigue and dyspnea on SE did not exclude patients, as these limitations are characteristic of the procedure. Where there were repeated examinations during this period, only the first examination was used for analysis.</p>
      <p>One thousand seven hundred ninety-eight patients were able to participate in the analysis. The ethical principles governing human experimentation were followed closely, and all patients signed an informed consent. The study was approved by the Ethics and Research of the Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
      <p><italic>Chronotropic incompetence:</italic> To avoid biases in age, physical ability and resting HR of each individual, chronotropic incompetence was assessed by the chronotropic index. According to Wilkoff<sup>18,19</sup>, the index is described as the ratio between reserve HF and the metabolic reserve used during peak exercise.</p>
      <p>For any stage of the exercise, the percentage of reserve HR reached is:</p>
      <p>[(stage HR - resting HR)/(220 - age - resting HR)] x 100</p>
      <p>The percentage of metabolic reserve is:</p>
      <p>[(stage METs - resting METs) / (peak METs - resting METs)] x 100</p>
      <p>Where METs refer to metabolic equivalents measured by gas analysis, stage refers to any stage of exercise, and peak refers to the peak of exercise.</p>
      <p>When considering the chronotropic index at peak, by definition, the metabolic reserve rate at this stage has a value of one (100% of the metabolic reserve). Under these conditions, the index should be at the rate of reserve HR used, based only on variables of resting HR, peak HR and age. Chronotropic index smaller than 0.8 defines chronotropic incompetence<sup>18-21</sup>. Based on this index, patients were divided into incompetent group (IG) and competent group (CG).</p>
      <p><italic>Clinical characteristics:</italic> Clinical data were collected and recorded through interviews held before the procedure. We used a structured questionnaire investigating weight, height, symptoms, medications, risk factors for CAD, history of heart disease. We defined obesity as body mass index greater than 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Moreover, the results of previous laboratory tests were recorded.</p>
      <p>Hypercholesterolemia was defined as total serum cholesterol above 200 mg/dL (after fasting for 12 hours) and hypertriglyceridemia as serum triglycerides above 150 mg/dL (after fasting for 12 hours) or use of antilipidemic agent (statins and/or fibrates). We considered hypertension when blood pressure levels measured in the upper limb at rest were greater than or equal to 140 x 90 mmHg, or when making use of antihypertensive medication.</p>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus was defined by fasting glucose above 126 mg/dL, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents.</p>
      <p>We defined old myocardial infarction by clinical history and/or previous exams, such as electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram and/or coronary artery angiography.</p>
      <p><italic>Stress test:</italic> First, the protocol consisted of twelve-lead ECG and echocardiography at rest after the clinical investigation. Then, physical exertion was made on a treadmill, and soon after, echocardiographic images were taken.</p>
      <p>All patients underwent a standard Bruce protocol exercise testing. We performed continuous monitoring of HR, and patients were encouraged to reach their peak physical effort. For metabolic calculations, the volume of inspired oxygen at peak exercise (VO<sub>2max</sub>) was obtained indirectly using the following formula: VO<sub>2max</sub> = 14.76 to 1.379 t + 0.451t<sup>2</sup> - 0.012t<sup>3</sup>, where t is the duration in minutes<sup>22</sup>. The load was expressed as metabolic equivalents, in which 1 MET corresponds to 3.5 mL/kg&#183;min VO<sub>2</sub> inspired, referring to rest<sup>21</sup>. During testing, the individuals were continuously monitored with three-lead ECG.</p>
      <p>Ischemic electrocardiographic abnormalities on exercise were considered to be horizontal or downsloping ST segment depression <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 mm for men and <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.5 mm for women at 0.08 second from the J point<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Stress Echocardiography: </italic>To record echocardiography at rest and immediately after exercise, patients were accommodated in the left lateral position for echocardiographic reading on parasternal and apical acoustic windows. Echocardiographic images were obtained through the equipment Hewlett Packard/Phillips SONOS 5500 with 2.5 MHz transducer and recorded on VCR or Digital Video Display. The classic techniques described by Schiller et al<sup>23</sup> were adopted.</p>
      <p>The left ventricular wall motion was accessed semiquantitatively by an experienced echocardiographer with level III training as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography. Wall motion at rest and on exercise was scored 1-5 (1 = normal) according to the 16-segment model<sup>23</sup>. Left ventricular wall motion score index (MSI) was determined at rest and immediately after exercise and expressed as the sum score of segments divided by the number of segments viewed.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, left ventricular systolic function was also studied. Based on the MSI, patients were classified as normal (equal to 1), with mild ventricular dysfunction (between 1.01 and 1.6), with moderate ventricular dysfunction (between 1.61 and 2) and severe ventricular dysfunction (greater than 2).</p>
      <p>The development of segmental wall motion abnormalities induced by stress was considered an indicator of myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis:</italic> Categorical variables were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square test (&#967;2) or Fisher's exact test (as indicated). For continuous variables, we used the Student t test. We considered p &lt;0.05 as statistically significant.</p>
      <p>To identify the parameters independently associated with chronotropic incompetence, a logistic regression model was determined. Variables that presented p &lt;0.25 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis. A variable selection backward procedure was used. p &lt;0.05 was adopted as a criterion for keeping variables in the model. The capacity to discriminate the final model between competent and incompetent patients was evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC) of a receiver operating characteristic, and model fit was assessed by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (p&gt; 0.05). All calculations were carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 17 (SPSS 17, Chicago IL).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical characteristics: We studied 867 (48.2%) men and 931 (51.8%) women with a mean age of 48.4 &#177; 7.5 years (ranging between 21-59 years). Among the 1798 patients eligible for the study, the IG was composed of 270 (15%) patients and the CG, 1528 (85%).</p>
      <p>Comparing the groups (IG vs. CG), some clinical variables showed a higher frequency in IG. These variables include history of chest pain and coronary risk factors, such as systemic hypertension, smoking, family history and obesity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_3012tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_3012tab1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0413-00033-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Stress test: </italic>The duration of the exercise was 9.3 &#177; 2.4 min on average. It is important to ratify that only patients who reached the second stage of the Bruce protocol participated in the study. The average chronotropic index was 0.9 &#177; 0.1.</p>
      <p>There was no significant difference in resting HR, reactive hypertension and arrhythmias between the groups. However, the elevation of systolic blood pressure (&#916;SBP) during peak exercise was higher in the CG (p &lt; 0.001). These patients were able to achieve, with statistical significance, a higher speed and a greater Bruce stage. This same group also showed higher frequency of ischemic electrocardiographic abnormalities (p &lt; 0.001) during the test than the IG. On the other hand, the GI presented a higher frequency of dyspnea than the GC (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_3012tab2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_3012tab2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0413-00033-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Stress Echocardiography:</italic> The test was positive for myocardial ischemia in 151 patients (8.4%). There was a higher prevalence of ischemic individuals among incompetent patients (15.2% vs. 7.2%, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>Wall motions, which defined the MSI, revealed a higher rate in IG on echocardiography performed immediately after exercise (p &lt; 0.001). With regard to left ventricular (LV) systolic function, only a mild dysfunction was observed among ischemic individuals. Furthermore, there was a greater mass index in these patients (p &lt; 0.001). There was no significant difference in LV relative wall thickness among the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_3012tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_3012tab3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0413-00033-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>There were differences between the groups only on changes in the inferior wall and LV inferior septum, with greater frequency in incompetent patients (p &lt;0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_3012tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_3012tab4-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0413-00033-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Logistic Regression Analysis:</italic> After performing the test to account for the possible confounding factors in the model, only six variables were independently associated with HF. There were no interactions between the variables analyzed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_3012tab5-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_3012tab5-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0413-00033-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>On the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, p = 0.531 was observed, therefore, the final model was considered appropriate. AUC of 0.78 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.81, p &lt; 0.001) was observed, and the capacity of discrimination of the final model was considered reasonable (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_3012qua1-body2">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_3012qua1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0413-00033-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study evaluated the clinical and echocardiographic parameters associated with HF, according to the chronotropic index in nonelderly patients. Out of the 1798 patients evaluated, 270 (15%) were chronotropic incompetent. Prior history of chest pain, dyspnea on examination and higher left ventricular mass indexes (LVMI) were shown to be independently associated with increased odds of HF. Higher values of METs and &#916;PAS and ST segment depression were independently associated with lower odds of HF.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of HR varies according to the population studied and the defining criterion of incompetence. In this study, we found a prevalence of HR similar to data from previous studies in which the prevalence ranged from 15 to 25%<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified dyspnea on exertion as a parameter associated with HF. The presence of this symptom represents four-fold greater odds of being incompetent (p &lt;0.0001). When evaluating patients with HF, studies in the literature report the symptom but do not examine its independent association regarding the abnormality of HR. The manifestation of dyspnea during stress testing for cardiac evaluation is of great prognostic relevance. The presence of this symptom on exertion is associated with a risk of death from cardiac causes four times higher than in asymptomatic patients and two-fold higher compared to those presenting typical angina, as demonstrated in a large population of patients with unknown history of CAD<sup>25,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>With regard to physical capacity, incompetent individuals had a lower tolerance to stress. For each increment of three units in the METs, the odds of incompetence is reduced by 66% (p &lt;0.0001). Similar results were found by other studies that confirm the inverse relationship between the presence of incompetence and physical capacity<sup>11,18,20,21,27,28</sup>. In a comparative study among users of pacemaker with fixed ventricular rate and variable rate during exercise, it was observed that the first group, which behaves like HF patients, presented worse tolerance to exertion<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <p>The analysis of ST segment depression is still a major marker of ischemia induced by exercise<sup>30,31</sup>. However, the accuracy of ST in patients with HF has been questioned; the examination is often characterized as ineffective or not diagnostic<sup>8,9</sup>. Although there is an association between incompetence and myocardial ischemia<sup>11</sup>, the imbalance between oxygen supply-consumption in incompetent patients would not be so encouraged to the point of developing electrocardiographic abnormalities suggesting ischemia, as typically occurs in competent patients, which would decrease the sensitivity of ST in incompetent patients. In this study, the higher incidence of ST-segment depression was associated with lower odds of HF (OR = 0.58; p = 0.0003), similar to what was described by Cay et al<sup>32</sup>. Maddox et al<sup>33</sup> found ischemia on ECG in only 17% of incompetent patients, and Dresing al<sup>27</sup>, in 52% versus 65% of competent patients. Oliveira et al<sup>11</sup> described 30% of abnormalities in the incompetent group versus 43% in the competent group (p &lt;0.0001). Thus, these data should not be interpreted as an attempt to study the association between myocardial ischemia and heart failure, but as a reflection of the interference of HF in the manifestation of the marker of myocardial ischemia on ST (ST segment depression). Hence, there is a lower incidence of ST segment depression among incompetent patients not because of a lower frequency of myocardial ischemia in this group, but due to a lower frequency of electrocardiographic manifestation in the incompetent group. Therefore, stress electrocardiogram does not seem to be a good parameter to assess ischemia in incompetent patients, even in non-elderly patients.</p>
      <p>&#916;SBP during ET has been related to left ventricular performance<sup>34</sup>. Patients with good ventricular function were less likely to have HF (OR = 0.87, p = 0.001). At each increment of 10 mmHg, the odds of being incompetent are reduced by 13%. Similarly, Elhendy et al<sup>18</sup> described a smaller &#916;SBP in incompetent patients (35&#177;30 vs. 50 &#177; 24, p = 0.0001). In other studies, we evaluated the systolic pressure at peak exercise, which also proved lower in these patients<sup>11,20,21,27,28,35</sup>.</p>
      <p>Not only functional variables were associated with HF. The highest values of LVMI were associated with inadequate chronotropic response on exercise even after multivariate analysis. Because it is a measure at rest, it is suggested that incompetent patients, even the non-elderly ones, have structural cardiac changes, rather than simply functional changes, such as a smaller capacity to raise heart rate on exertion. At each increment of 10 g/m<sup>2</sup> in LVMI, the odds of being incompetent is increased by 16% (p = 0.0001). These results were also found by Lauer et al<sup>36</sup> in middle-aged asymptomatic individuals, where increased left ventricular mass and dilation of this heart chamber represented greater likelihood of reduced chronotropic response to exercise. Another study described a higher LV mass index in incompetent patients with a trend towards statistical significance (p = 0.06)<sup>20</sup>. In addition, left ventricular hypertrophy has been associated with a decreased probability of reaching the heart rate predicted for age in men and women<sup>37</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although in the univariate analysis alone the index score of left ventricular wall motion, which represents ischemia on SE, was higher in patients with HF, this was not independently associated with HF in nonelderly patients. Nevertheless, in the literature, there are reports of HF as an important factor associated with myocardial ischemia and cardiovascular death<sup>11,18,21,25,27,35</sup>. However, these surveys either relied on univariate analysis or did not perform multivariate analysis with control for the variables used in this study, especially those related to the stress test.</p>
      <p>Although myocardial ischemia is not independently associated with HF in this study, on multivariate analysis, the presence of previous chest pain raised 51% the odds of incompetence (p = 0.0111). There are other similar reports in the literature: Elhendy et al<sup>18</sup> described the increased presence of typical angina in incompetent patients (25% vs. 13%; p &lt;0.001), as well as Oliveira et al<sup>11</sup> (18% vs. 7%, p &lt;0.0001). This attenuation of heart rate increase during exercise may be, through unknown pathophysiological means, a protection mechanism intended to reduce myocardial oxygen demand. Thus, HF would be associated with symptomatic ischemia (patients with chest pain) rather than myocardial ischemia per se. Further studies with control for confounding factors are needed to elucidate the presumed association between heart failure and myocardial ischemia in non-elderly patients.</p>
      <p>The limitations of this study include the metabolic evaluation performed using the indirect method of calculation VO<sub>2max</sub>. In future studies, we would need to evaluate patients by cardiopulmonary exercise testing to confirm the association between HF and reduced exercise tolerance. Because it is a cross-sectional study, the findings do not allow diagnostic and predictive conclusions. Therefore, additional studies addressing the longitudinal design of HF are needed. As a highly selected sample was analyzed, we must be cautious in extrapolating the results found to other populations, such as elderly patients or patients with established CAD.</p>
      <p>HF is still an underestimated diagnosis in clinical practice whose significance remains unclear, and may even be multifactorial. This study identified some factors associated with HF in the subgroup of nonelderly patients and may serve as a starting point for further pathophysiological or prognostic studies. But the most interesting point of attention for clinicians facing a non-elderly patient with chronotropic incompetence is to consider him/her as an individual with a potentially abnormal left ventricular mass index with chest pain and dyspnea on exertion and therefore monitoring him/her in greater detail.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>HF is associated with the structural parameter of left ventricular mass index and functional parameters, such as dyspnea on exertion, history of chest pain and lower values of METS. In addition, chronotropic incompetence does not appear to increase the chance of myocardial ischemia in non-elderly patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
