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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QFF9zRgrgqRGPDGqsRrKYFN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000500004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800504</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000027</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ativa&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica alterada se associa &#224; recupera&#231;&#227;o anormal da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Messias</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Angela M. de Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Marina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jader Cunha de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gava</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Ambr&#243;sio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mar&#243;stica</surname>
            <given-names>Elisabeth</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>398</fpage>
      <lpage>405</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca de Recupera&#231;&#227;o (RFC) reflete a capacidade do sistema cardiovascular de reverter a supress&#227;o vagal ocasionada pelo exerc&#237;cio. A cintilografia com metaiodobenzilguanidina (I&#185;&#178;&#179; MIBG) avalia a inerva&#231;&#227;o e ativa&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre esses dois m&#233;todos n&#227;o est&#225; bem esclarecida. OBJETIVO: Avaliar associa&#231;&#227;o entre RFC e Taxa de "Washout" (WO) de I&#185;&#178;&#179; MIBG em pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC). M&#201;TODOS: Vinte e cinco pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 45% realizaram teste ergom&#233;trico, sendo analisada a varia&#231;&#227;o da RFC do 1&#186; ao 8&#186; minuto p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o. Submetidos a I&#185;&#178;&#179; MIBG foram separados em grupos pela WO: G1) &lt; 27% e G2) &gt; 27%. Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi utilizado teste U de Mann Whitney e o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. RESULTADOS: G2 demonstrou uma varia&#231;&#227;o mais lenta da RFC: 1&#186; minuto: G1: 21,5 (16,12 - 26,87) vs G2: 11,00 (8,5 - 13,5) bpm, p = 0,001; 2&#186; minuto: G1: 34 (29 - 39) vs G2: 20 (14 - 26) bpm, p = 0,001; 3&#186; minuto: G1: 46 (37,8 - 54,1) vs G2: 30 (22 - 38) bpm, p = 0,005; 5&#186; minuto: G1: 51,5 (42 - 61) vs G2: 39 (31,5 - 46,5) bpm, p = 0,013; e no 8&#186; minuto: G1: 54,5 (46,5 - 62,5) vs G2: 43 (34 - 52) bpm, p = 0,037. A RFC no 1&#186; (r = -0,555; p = 0,004), e 2&#186; minuto (r = -0,550; p = 0,004) apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com WO. CONCLUS&#195;O: Pacientes com IC e WO elevado apresentaram uma RFC anormal em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com WO normal. Tais achados sugerem que a ativa&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica pode influenciar na RFC.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>volume sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Ativa&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica alterada se associa &#224; recupera&#231;&#227;o anormal da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca?</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Leandro Rocha Messias<sup>I</sup>; Maria Angela M. de Queiroz Carreira<sup>I</sup>; Sandra Marina Miranda<sup>I</sup>; Jader Cunha de Azevedo<sup>I</sup>; Isabela Ambr&#243;sio Gava<sup>I</sup>; Ronaldo Campos Rodrigues<sup>I</sup>; Elisabeth Mar&#243;stica<sup>I</sup>; Claudio Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Procard&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#150; Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca de Recupera&#231;&#227;o (RFC) reflete a capacidade do sistema cardiovascular de reverter a supress&#227;o vagal ocasionada pelo exerc&#237;cio. A cintilografia com metaiodobenzilguanidina (I&#185;&#178;&#179; MIBG) avalia a inerva&#231;&#227;o e ativa&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre esses dois m&#233;todos n&#227;o est&#225; bem esclarecida. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar associa&#231;&#227;o entre RFC e Taxa de "Washout" (WO) de I&#185;&#178;&#179; MIBG em pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Vinte e cinco pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o <underline>&lt;</underline> 45% realizaram teste ergom&#233;trico, sendo analisada a varia&#231;&#227;o da RFC do 1&#186; ao 8&#186; minuto p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o. Submetidos a I&#185;&#178;&#179; MIBG foram separados em grupos pela WO: G1) &lt; 27% e G2) <underline>&gt;</underline> 27%. Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi utilizado teste U de Mann Whitney e o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> G2 demonstrou uma varia&#231;&#227;o mais lenta da RFC: 1&#186; minuto: G1: 21,5 (16,12 &#150; 26,87) vs G2: 11,00 (8,5 &#150; 13,5) bpm, p = 0,001; 2&#186; minuto: G1: 34 (29 &#150; 39) vs G2: 20 (14 &#150; 26) bpm, p = 0,001; 3&#186; minuto: G1: 46 (37,8 &#150; 54,1) vs G2: 30 (22 &#150; 38) bpm, p = 0,005; 5&#186; minuto: G1: 51,5 (42 &#150; 61) vs G2: 39 (31,5 &#150; 46,5) bpm, p = 0,013; e no 8&#186; minuto: G1: 54,5 (46,5 &#150; 62,5) vs G2: 43 (34 &#150; 52) bpm, p = 0,037. A RFC no 1&#186; (r = -0,555; p = 0,004), e 2&#186; minuto (r = -0,550; p = 0,004) apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com WO. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Pacientes com IC e WO elevado apresentaram uma RFC anormal em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com WO normal. Tais achados sugerem que a ativa&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica pode influenciar na RFC. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, volume sist&#243;lico, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, cora&#231;&#227;o/cintilografia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (FC) aumenta durante exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico din&#226;mico em raz&#227;o da inibi&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica e da ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica<sup>1</sup>. O per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio &#233; acompanhado por mudan&#231;as din&#226;micas no t&#244;nus auton&#244;mico que ocorrem para que haja retorno gradual da FC para valores pr&#243;ximos do repouso<sup>2</sup>. Esse per&#237;odo &#233; caracterizado pela reativa&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica e retirada simp&#225;tica<sup>3</sup>. Reflete a capacidade do sistema cardiovascular em reverter &#224; supress&#227;o vagal ocasionada pelo exerc&#237;cio<sup>4,5</sup>, e &#233; um excelente m&#233;todo para avalia&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico<sup>6</sup>. A lenta Recupera&#231;&#227;o da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (RFC) no p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o reflete um inadequado retorno da atividade vagal card&#237;aca, e tem-se mostrado um bom marcador de eventos cardiovasculares tanto em cardiopatas quanto em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis<sup>7-11</sup>. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre RFC e progn&#243;stico cardiovascular parece ser independente dos sintomas<sup>12</sup>, da Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda (FEVE)<sup>13</sup> e da severidade das les&#245;es coronarianas &#224; cineangiocoronariografia<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A atividade e a inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;ticas card&#237;acas podem ser avaliadas pela cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com metaiodobenzilguanidina marcada com iodo 123 (I<sup>123</sup> MIBG)<sup>15,16</sup>. Estudos demonstraram<sup>16-19</sup> que a imagem precoce representa a integridade dos terminais nervosos pr&#233;-sin&#225;pticos, e a densidade dos receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos. A capta&#231;&#227;o neuronal pr&#233;-sin&#225;ptica contribui para a imagem tardia, combinando informa&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o neural, incluindo capta&#231;&#227;o, libera&#231;&#227;o e estocagem da noradrenalina nas ves&#237;culas pr&#233;-sin&#225;pticas. A taxa de "washout" (WO) avalia o grau de atividade simp&#225;tica. Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca podem apresentar: (1) reduzida capta&#231;&#227;o do tra&#231;ador devido &#224; perda de neur&#244;nios simp&#225;ticos e/ou dist&#250;rbios na capta&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de noradrenalina; e (2) aumento da WO, refletindo o derramamento de noradrenalina para a corrente sangu&#237;nea<sup>15,17,20-22</sup>. A WO com valor maior que 27% tem sido descrita como forte preditora de menor sobrevida em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias se altera&#231;&#245;es da cintilografia I<sup>123</sup> MIBG se associam com uma altera&#231;&#227;o da RFC no p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o. O objetivo desse estudo &#233; avaliar associa&#231;&#227;o entre RFC e WO de I&#185;&#178;&#179; MIBG em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, comparando o comportamento da RFC de pacientes com WO normal e alterado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizamos um estudo observacional e transversal, selecionando 25 pacientes consecutivos atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio especializado em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os pacientes selecionados apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (diagnosticado pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de Framingham<sup>24</sup>) e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda (FEVE) menor ou igual a 45% mensurada por meio da ecocardiografia pela t&#233;cnica de Simpson. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo os pacientes que apresentavam: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, diab&#233;ticos, valvopatas, portadores de dispositivo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular, endocrinopatias, doen&#231;a de Parkinson, mulheres gr&#225;vidas ou em per&#237;odo de amamenta&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foi suspensa nenhuma medica&#231;&#227;o para realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Os volunt&#225;rios assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido concordando em fazer parte do projeto. O projeto foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da universidade, sob o n&#250;mero 011/09.</p>
    <p>Para classifica&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, utilizamos os seguintes crit&#233;rios: isqu&#234;mica (historia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, ou presen&#231;a de zona inativa no eletrocardiograma, ou cineangiocoronariografia evidenciando les&#227;o de troco de coron&#225;ria esquerda maior ou igual a 50%, ou les&#227;o maior ou igual a 70% em um dos tr&#234;s sistemas principais &#150; descendente anterior, circunflexa e coron&#225;ria direita<sup>25</sup>), hipertensiva (hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o e aus&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios para etiologia isqu&#234;mica) e outras (essa &#250;ltima envolvendo pacientes que n&#227;o foram classificados nem como etiologia isqu&#234;mica, nem como hipertensiva: por exemplo; miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica, p&#243;s-miocardite, peripartum). </p>
    <p>Os pacientes realizaram a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com I&#185;&#178;&#179; MIBG, para avaliar a inerva&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca, mediante a capta&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador, com estudo da rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino (C/M) para as imagens precoces (30 minutos) e tardias (4 horas), al&#233;m do c&#225;lculo da WO {<italic>WO = [(C/M precoce - C/M tardia) / (C/M precoce)] x 100}</italic><sup>14</sup>. Todos os exames cintilogr&#225;ficos foram realizados em c&#226;mara de cintila&#231;&#227;o tipo <italic>Anger</italic> tomogr&#225;fica digital (<italic>Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography</italic>) da marca <italic>Siemens</italic>, modelo <italic>E-Cam</italic> de detector duplo, com colimador de baixa energia e alta resolu&#231;&#227;o. Baseado no estudo de Ogita e cols.<sup>26</sup>, que avaliaram a WO como preditora de sobrevida na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (G1); WO &lt; 27% (grupo normal); Grupo 2 (G2); WO <underline>&gt;</underline> 27% (grupo com WO alterado).</p>
    <p>Os pacientes realizaram teste ergom&#233;trico sintoma limitado (<italic>"software" </italic>ErgoPC 13 vers&#227;o 2.2) em esteira, marca Imbramed, devidamente calibrada conforme orienta&#231;&#245;es do fabricante, em protocolo de Rampa. Para determina&#231;&#227;o da exaust&#227;o m&#225;xima, utilizamos a escala de BORG modificado<sup>27</sup> e s&#243; participaram do estudo os pacientes que terminaram o exame por exaust&#227;o m&#225;xima (BORG 10). Foram avaliados a varia&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de recupera&#231;&#227;o (RFC) no 1&#186; ao 8&#186; minutos p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o (&#916; RFC = FC no pico do esfor&#231;o menos RFC do 1&#186;, ao 8&#186; minutos). A medida da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi feita por meio do intervalo RR do tra&#231;ado do ECG por meio do pr&#243;prio <italic>software</italic>. O protocolo de recupera&#231;&#227;o foi uniforme a todos os pacientes: 2 minutos em recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa com velocidade de 1,6 km/h sem inclina&#231;&#227;o, e 6 minutos de recupera&#231;&#227;o passiva em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica. </p>
    <p>Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi utilizado o <italic>software</italic> SPSS vers&#227;o 15. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis qualitativas foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi utilizado teste <italic>U</italic> de Mann-Withney por causa da distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica dos dados. Foi utilizado o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o da RFC com a WO. Foi realizada an&#225;lise multivariada para avaliar quais as vari&#225;veis melhor se correlacionam com a WO. Foi considerado com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica o valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos na idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, FEVE, e uso de medica&#231;&#245;es, rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino precoce e tardia.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0398-00027-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas no repouso. Na FC no pico de esfor&#231;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre o G1 e o G2, este &#250;ltimo apresentando um menor valor absoluto. Na recupera&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas nos valores absolutos da RFC, por&#233;m o G2 apresentou uma menor varia&#231;&#227;o da RFC (&#916; RFC) do 1&#186; ao 8&#186; minuto, conforme observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> compara a varia&#231;&#227;o da RFC p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o entre os grupos. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0398-00027-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0398-00027-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Quando avaliamos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a WO e a varia&#231;&#227;o da RFC, utilizando o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman, observamos uma significativa correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a WO e a &#916; RFC 1&#186; minuto (r = -0,555; p = 0,004) e a &#916; RFC 2&#186; minuto (r = -0,550; p = 0,004), e n&#227;o sendo observada signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica no 3&#186; ao 8&#186; minutos da recupera&#231;&#227;o. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref> demonstra o gr&#225;fico da correla&#231;&#227;o entre WO e &#916;RFC 1&#186; minuto, enquanto a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figura 3</xref>, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre WO e &#916;RFC 2&#186; minuto. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0398-00027-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0398-00027-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Em decorr&#234;ncia de poss&#237;veis fatores influenciarem o comportamento da RFC (por exemplo: etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e uso de medica&#231;&#245;es), realizamos uma an&#225;lise multivariada, colocando a WO como vari&#225;vel dependente. Verificamos que a &#916; RFC 2&#186; minuto foi a vari&#225;vel que obteve a melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com a WO: r = 0,246; p = 0,012.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo procuramos avaliar ambos os componentes do sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico, sabendo que a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; marcada por um aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica, supress&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica e reduzida toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio<sup>28</sup>. Essas caracter&#237;sticas s&#227;o decorrentes da atividade neuro-humoral envolvida na sua fisiopatologia<sup>28</sup>. Avaliamos o parassimp&#225;tico atrav&#233;s da RFC<sup>3,7</sup>, e o simp&#225;tico pela da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com I<sup>123</sup> MIBG<sup>16</sup>. Ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do exerc&#237;cio ocorre reativa&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica (mecanismo imediato), e posteriormente com a supress&#227;o progressiva do simp&#225;tico, para que haja retorno da FC para n&#237;veis semelhantes ao in&#237;cio do exerc&#237;cio<sup>3</sup>. J&#225; est&#225; demonstrado em estudos pr&#233;vios o valor progn&#243;stico da RFC na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>8,29</sup>, e que as principais causas de uma atenua&#231;&#227;o da RFC nessa popula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o: o aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica, queda da atividade parassimp&#225;tica e uma regula&#231;&#227;o anormal do barorreflexo cardiopulmonar<sup>30</sup>. Ao analisarmos a hiperatividade adren&#233;rgica utilizando como marcador a WO do I<sup>123</sup> MIBG. podemos observar que os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e WO alterado apresentaram com uma menor varia&#231;&#227;o da RFC na fase precoce e na tardia, demonstrando que ambos os componentes do sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico est&#227;o alterados no p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o, e uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre essas duas vari&#225;veis de grande import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica<sup>26,29</sup>. A presen&#231;a de uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a WO e a RFC do 1&#186; ao 2&#186; minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o nos leva a concordar que o aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica em repouso (determinada pela WO alterada) contribui para altera&#231;&#245;es da RFC, principalmente no 2&#186; minuto, conforme observado ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, cujos mecanismos respons&#225;veis s&#227;o a reentrada parassimp&#225;tica juntamente com supress&#227;o simp&#225;tica<sup>1,30,31</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em um estudo anterior, avaliamos, na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a influ&#234;ncia da hiperatividade adren&#233;rgica nas vari&#225;veis durante o exerc&#237;cio, demonstrando que pacientes WO alterado apresentavam uma menor capacidade funcional, e menor resposta cronotr&#243;pica e inotr&#243;pica durante o exerc&#237;cio, quando comparados a pacientes com WO normal<sup>32</sup>. N&#227;o h&#225;, at&#233; o presente momento, descri&#231;&#227;o na literatura da associa&#231;&#227;o entre esse comportamento anormal da RFC p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio e altera&#231;&#245;es na inerva&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca pelo I<sup>123</sup> MIBG. </p>
    <p>O tratamento com betabloqueador tem como vantagem melhora da hiperatividade simp&#225;tica<sup>33</sup>, por&#233;m alguns pacientes ainda apresentam resist&#234;ncia a terapia betabloqueadora, perpetuando esse estado de hiperatividade adren&#233;rgica. Em nosso estudo, observamos que os pacientes em uso de betabloqueador ainda em estado de hiperatividade adren&#233;rgica t&#234;m uma RFC alterada se comparados com pacientes sem essa caracter&#237;stica. Um programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico supervisionado poderia ser uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica alternativa para esse grupo de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que se encontram em hiperatividade adren&#233;rgica mesmo em uso de betabloqueador. O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico din&#226;mico melhora a atividade vagal e a hiperatividade adren&#233;rgica<sup>7,34</sup>. </p>
    <p>Outros grupos de pesquisa<sup>35-37 </sup>estudaram ambos os componentes do sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, utilizando cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com I<sup>123</sup> MIBG, e a variabilidade RR (vari&#225;vel que reflete a a&#231;&#227;o do simp&#225;tico e do parassimp&#225;tico sobre o nodo sinusal)<sup>7,35</sup>. Yamada e cols.<sup>35 </sup>compararam o valor progn&#243;stico do I<sup>123</sup> MIBG com variabilidade RR. Como a variabilidade RR depende da transmiss&#227;o p&#243;s-sin&#225;ptica refletindo a resposta final do nodo sinusal ao est&#237;mulo recebido, e a imagem card&#237;aca atrav&#233;s do I<sup>123</sup> MIBG promove informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o e a integridade pr&#233;-sin&#225;ptica das termina&#231;&#245;es nervosas simp&#225;ticas, uma vari&#225;vel complementaria a outra. Por esse racioc&#237;nio, os autores demonstraram que, apesar da imagem card&#237;aca com I<sup>123</sup> MIBG ter sido mais forte preditor que a variabilidade RR, a associa&#231;&#227;o das duas vari&#225;veis promove informa&#231;&#245;es complementares a ambas, melhorando a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Em nosso estudo utilizamos como marcador de atividade parassimp&#225;tica a RFC, e houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre WO e RFC. Segundo o estudo de Tamaki e cols.<sup>36 </sup>a WO foi o melhor preditor de morte s&#250;bita. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre WO de I<sup>123 </sup>MIBG e morte s&#250;bita poderia ser explicada pela hiperatividade simp&#225;tica que pode modular mecanismos de reentrada e hiperautomatismo que poderiam ser o gatilho para arritmias fatais. No estudo de Koutelou e cols.<sup>37 </sup>a WO teve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com o n&#250;mero de arritmias ventriculares complexas, detectadas pelo estudo do CDI, implantado em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>O teste ergom&#233;trico &#233; um exame simples, amplamente dispon&#237;vel e pode promover importantes informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica que testes de imagem, mais complexos e menos dispon&#237;veis, t&#234;m sido empregados para avaliar. Uma importante sugest&#227;o seria utilizar o teste ergom&#233;trico como m&#233;todo de triagem para avaliar quais pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ter&#227;o maior probabilidade de apresentarem inerva&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica alterada, para selecionar os pacientes que mais se beneficiar&#227;o com a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia com I<sup>123 </sup>MIBG. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi o n&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes. Por&#233;m, mediante um estudo piloto com 16 pacientes, foi realizado um c&#225;lculo amostral e o n&#250;mero de 11 pacientes por grupo tem um poder estat&#237;stico de 90% para identificar 47,6% de diferen&#231;a na RFC no 1&#186; minuto, e um poder estat&#237;stico de 90% para identificar 39,93% de diferen&#231;a na RFC no 2&#186; minuto, entre os grupos. </p>
    <p>Outra significativa limita&#231;&#227;o foi n&#227;o termos realizado teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) para aferir que os pacientes realizaram teste m&#225;ximo, por&#233;m, conforme descrito anteriormente, s&#243; participaram do estudo os pacientes que terminaram o teste por exaust&#227;o (nota 10 na escala de percep&#231;&#227;o de cansa&#231;o de BORG modificado). N&#227;o foi realizado o TCPE, pois n&#227;o disp&#250;nhamos deste equipamento na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o na &#233;poca da realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo. </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da RFC no p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o, entretanto, pode ser feita com o TE convencional e n&#227;o requer complexas metodologias para an&#225;lise. Como o TE &#233; uma ferramenta simples e ub&#237;qua, acreditamos que as informa&#231;&#245;es derivadas desse exame possam ser &#250;teis para os cardiologistas envolvidos com a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, uma vez que as informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas nesse simples exame se correlacionaram com a sofisticada an&#225;lise da inerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e WO alterado apresentaram RFC mais lenta que pacientes com WO normal, tanto na fase inicial quanto na fase tardia. Essa recupera&#231;&#227;o lenta nos pacientes com estado de hiperatividade adren&#233;rgica em repouso sugere que altera&#231;&#245;es simp&#225;ticas em repouso, t&#237;picas da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, podem contribuir para as altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas observadas na fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Leandro Rocha Messias </p>
        <p> Rua Noronha Torrez&#227;o, 46, Apto 805, Santa Rosa </p>
        <p> 24240-182 &#150; Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lmessias@cardiol.br">lmessias@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="leandromess@gmail.com">leandromess@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 28/09/11; revisado recebido em 28/09/11; aceito em 26/12/11.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Is abnormal adrenergic activation associated with abnormal Heart Rate Recovery?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Heart Rate Recovery (HRR) reflects the capacity of the cardiovascular system to reverse the vagal withdrawal caused by exercise. Scintigraphy with metaiodobenzylguanidine (I&#185;23 MIBG) evaluates innervation and cardiac adrenergic activation. The association of these two methods is not well established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between HRR and washout rate (WO) of I&#185;&#178;&#179; MIBG in patients with heart failure (HF). METHODS: wenty-five patients with ejection fraction &lt; 45% underwent exercise testing, and analysis of the variation of HRR from the 1st to the 8th minute after exertion. Submitted to I&#185;&#178;&#179; MIBG, they were separated into groups by WO: G1) &lt;27% and G2) &gt; 27%. For the statistical analysis Mann-Whitney's U test and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used. RESULTS: G2 showed a slower variation of HRR: 1st minute: G1: 21.5 (16.12 to 26.87) vs. G2: 11.00 (8.5 to 13.5) bpm, p = 0.001; 2nd minute: G1: 34 (29-39) vs. G2: 20 (14 - 26) bpm, p = 0.001; 3rd minute: G1: 46 (37.8 - 54.1) vs. G2: 30 (22 - 38) bpm, p = 0.005; 5th minute: G1: 51.5 (42 - 61) vs. G2: 39 (31.5 to 46.5) bpm, p = 0.013, and in the 8th minute: G1: 54.5 (46.5 - 62.5) vs. G2: 43 (34 - 52) bpm, p = 0.037. HRR in the 1st (r = -0.555, p = 0.004), and in the 2nd minute (r = -0.550, p = 0.004) were negatively correlated with WO. CONCLUSION: Patients with high HF and WO showed an abnormal HRR compared with patients with normal WO. These findings suggest that adrenergic activation may influence the HRR.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart rate</kwd>
        <kwd>stroke volume</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>heart</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="title-body2"/>Is abnormal adrenergic activation associated with abnormal Heart Rate Recovery?</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Leandro Rocha Messias<sup>I</sup>; Maria Angela M. de Queiroz Carreira<sup>I</sup>; Sandra Marina Miranda<sup>I</sup>; Jader Cunha de Azevedo<sup>I</sup>; Isabela Ambr&#243;sio Gava<sup>I</sup>; Ronaldo Campos Rodrigues<sup>I</sup>; Elisabeth Mar&#243;stica<sup>I</sup>; Claudio Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Procard&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#150; Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Heart Rate Recovery (HRR) reflects the capacity of the cardiovascular system to reverse the vagal withdrawal caused by exercise. Scintigraphy with metaiodobenzylguanidine (I&#185;<sup>23</sup> MIBG) evaluates innervation and cardiac adrenergic activation. The association of these two methods is not well established.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the association between HRR and washout rate (WO) of I&#185;&#178;&#179; MIBG in patients with heart failure (HF).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> wenty-five patients with ejection fraction <underline>&lt;</underline> 45% underwent exercise testing, and analysis of the variation of HRR from the 1<sup>st</sup> to the 8<sup>th</sup> minute after exertion. Submitted to I&#185;&#178;&#179; MIBG, they were separated into groups by WO: G1) &lt;27% and G2) <underline>&gt;</underline> 27%. For the statistical analysis Mann-Whitney's U test and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> G2 showed a slower variation of HRR: 1<sup>st</sup> minute: G1: 21.5 (16.12 to 26.87) vs. G2: 11.00 (8.5 to 13.5) bpm, p = 0.001; 2<sup>nd</sup> minute: G1: 34 (29-39) vs. G2: 20 (14 - 26) bpm, p = 0.001; 3<sup>rd</sup> minute: G1: 46 (37.8 &#150; 54.1) vs. G2: 30 (22 &#150; 38) bpm, p = 0.005; 5<sup>th</sup> minute: G1: 51.5 (42 - 61) vs. G2: 39 (31.5 to 46.5) bpm, p = 0.013, and in the 8<sup>th</sup> minute: G1: 54.5 (46.5 &#150; 62.5) vs. G2: 43 (34 &#150; 52) bpm, p = 0.037. HRR in the 1<sup>st</sup> (r = -0.555, p = 0.004), and in the 2<sup>nd</sup> minute (r = -0.550, p = 0.004) were negatively correlated with WO.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Patients with high HF and WO showed an abnormal HRR compared with patients with normal WO. These findings suggest that adrenergic activation may influence the HRR. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart rate; stroke volume; heart failure; heart/radionuclide imaging</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Heart Rate (HR) increases during dynamic exercise due to parasympathetic inhibition and sympathetic activation<sup>1</sup>. The recovery period after exercise is accompanied by dynamic changes in autonomic tone that occur so that there is a gradual return of HR to values &#8203;&#8203;near resting<sup>2</sup>. This period is characterized by parasympathetic and sympathetic withdrawal<sup>3</sup>. It reflects the ability of the cardiovascular system to reverse the vagal withdrawal caused by exercise<sup>4,5</sup>, d is an excellent method to evaluate the parasympathetic nervous system<sup>6</sup>. Slow Heart Rate Recovery (HRR) post-exercise reflects an inadequate return of cardiac vagal activity, and has proved to be a good marker of cardiovascular events in both heart disease and in healthy individuals<sup>7-11</sup>. The relationship between HRR and cardiovascular prognosis seems to be independent of symptoms<sup>12</sup>, of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)<sup>13</sup> and the severity of coronary lesions on coronary angiography<sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>Cardiac activity and sympathetic innervation can be assessed by myocardial scintigraphy with metaiodobenzylguanidine labeled with iodine 123 (I<sup>123</sup> MIBG)<sup>15,16</sup>. Studies have shown<sup>17-19</sup> that early imaging is the integrity of presynaptic nerve terminals, and the density of the beta-adrenergic receptors. The presynaptic neuronal uptake contributes to a later imaging, combining information of neural function, including capture, storage and release of norepinephrine in the presynaptic vesicles. The washout rate (WO) assesses the degree of sympathetic activity. Patients with heart failure may have: (1) reduced tracer uptake due to loss of sympathetic neurons and/or disorders in primary uptake of noradrenalin; and (2) increased WO, reflecting the shedding of noradrenalin to the blood stream<sup>15,17,20-22</sup>. WO rates greater than 27% have been described as a strong predictor of shorter survival in patients with cardiac failure<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>So far, there is no evidence that abnormalities found in I<sup>123</sup> MIBG scintigraphy are associated with abnormalities in HRR post-exercise. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between HRR and WO of I&#185;&#178;&#179; MIBG in patients with heart failure, comparing the behavior of HRR in patients with normal and abnormal WO.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We conducted an observational and transversal study, selecting 25 consecutive patients treated in outpatient care specializing in heart failure. The selected patients had heart failure (diagnosed by the use of Framingham<sup>24</sup> criteria) and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) smaller than or equal to 45% measured by echocardiography by Simpson's technique. The study excluded patients who had atrial fibrillation, diabetes, heart valve disease, patients with ventricular stimulation device, endocrine disorders, Parkinson's disease, pregnant or breastfeeding women. No medication was suspended for this study. Volunteers signed a consent form agreeing to be part of the project. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the University, under number 011/09. </p>
      <p>To classify the etiology of heart failure, we have used the following criteria: ischemic (history of myocardial infarction, or presence of inactive zone on electrocardiogram, or coronary angiography showing left coronary artery damage greater than or equal to 50%, or damage greater than or equal 70% in one of three main systems - anterior descending, circumflex and right coronary artery<sup>25</sup>), hypertension (history of hypertension and absence of criteria for ischemic etiology) and others (the latter involving patients who were neither classified as ischemic, nor as hypertensive: for example, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, post-myocarditis, peripartum).</p>
      <p>Patients underwent myocardial scintigraphy with I&#185;&#178;&#179; MIBG to assess cardiac adrenergic innervation upon uptake of radiotracer, with study of the heart to mediastinum ratio (H/M) for early images (30 minutes) and late images (4 hours) besides the calculation of WO {WO = [(early H-M - late H-M) / (early H-M)] x 100}<sup>14</sup>. All scintigraphic examinations were performed in Anger type digital tomographic scintillation camera (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography), Siemens E-Cam dual detector model with low-energy high-resolution collimator. Based on the study of Ogita et al<sup>26</sup>, who evaluated the WO as a predictor of survival in heart failure, patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (G1); WO &lt;27% (normal group), Group 2 (G2), WO <underline>&gt;</underline> 27% (group with abnormal WO). </p>
      <p>Patients underwent symptom-limited exercise test (software ErgoPC<sup>13</sup> version 2.2) on an Imbramed treadmill properly calibrated according to manufacturer's guidelines on Ramp protocol. To determine maximal exhaustion, we used the modified Borg scale<sup>27</sup> and only those patients who completed examination by maximal exhaustion (Borg 10) participated in the study. We evaluated the variation of heart rate recovery (HRR) in the 1<sup>st</sup> to the 8<sup>th</sup> minute post-exercise (&#916; HR = HRR at peak exercise less HRR from the 1<sup>st</sup> to the 8<sup>th</sup> minute). The heart rate measurement was performed by the RR interval of the ECG trace through the software itself. The recovery protocol was uniform for all patients: 2 minutes of active recovery at a speed of 1.6 km/h without inclination and 6 minutes of passive recovery in orthostatic position. </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the software SPSS version 15. To evaluate the qualitative variables, we used the chi-square test. To evaluate the quantitative variables, Mann-Whitney's U test was used because of nonparametric distribution of data. We used the Spearman's correlation coefficient to evaluate the association of HRR with WO. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess which variables best correlated with the WO. P value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patient characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en026tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. There were no significant differences between groups in age, sex, body mass index, etiology of heart failure, LVEF, and use of medication, early and late heart / mediastinum ratio. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en026tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0398-00027-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The groups had no significant differences at rest. In HR at peak exercise there was no significant difference between G1 and G2, the latter showing a lower absolute value. In recovery, there were no significant differences in the absolute values &#8203;&#8203;of HRR, but the G2 had a smaller variation of HRR (&#916; HRR) from the 1<sup>st</sup> to the 8<sup>th</sup> minute, as observed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en026tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en026fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> compares the variation of HRR post-exertion between the groups. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en026tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0398-00027-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en026fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0398-00027-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>When we evaluated the association between WO and the variation of HRR using the correlation coefficient of Spearman, we observed a significant negative correlation between the WO and 1<sup>st</sup> minute &#916; HRR (r = -0.555; p = 0.004) and 2<sup>nd</sup> minute &#916; HRR (r = -0.550, p = 0.004). No statistical significance was observed in the 3<sup>rd</sup> to the 8<sup>th</sup> minute of recovery. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en026fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the correlation between WO and 1<sup>st</sup> minute &#916;HRR, while <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en026fig03-body2">figure 3</xref> shows the correlation between WO and 2<sup>nd</sup> minute &#916;HRR.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en026fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0398-00027-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en026fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0398-00027-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Because of possible factors influencing the behavior of HRR (e.g., heart failure etiology and drug administration), we performed a multivariate analysis, putting the WO as the dependent variable. We found that the 2<sup>nd</sup> minute &#916; HRR was the variable that best correlated with WO: r = 0.246, p = 0.012.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In our study, we evaluate both components of the autonomic nervous system, knowing that heart failure is marked by an increase in sympathetic, parasympathetic withdrawal and reduced tolerance to exercise<sup>28</sup>. These characteristics are due to neurohumoral activity involved in its physiopathology<sup>28</sup>. We evaluated the parasympathetic system through HRR<sup>3,7</sup>, and the sympathetic system through myocardial scintigraphy with I<sup>123</sup> MIBG<sup>16</sup>. After the exercise, parasympathetic reactivation occurs (immediate mechanism), and later, the progressive withdrawal of the sympathetic system, so that HR may return to levels similar to the beginning of exercise<sup>3</sup>. Previous studies reveal the prognostic value of HRR in heart failure<sup>8,29</sup>, and that the main causes of attenuation of HRR in this population are: increased sympathetic activity, decreased parasympathetic activity and abnormal regulation of the cardiopulmonary baroreflex<sup>30</sup>. By analyzing the adrenergic hyperactivity using the WO of I<sup>123</sup> MIBG as a marker, we observe that patients with heart failure and abnormal WO had a smaller variation of early and late HRR, demonstrating that both components of the autonomic nervous system are altered after exercise, and an association between these two major variables of great prognostic importance<sup>26,29</sup>. The presence of a negative correlation between the WO and the HRR from the 1<sup>st</sup> to the 2<sup>nd</sup> minute of recovery leads us to agree that increased sympathetic activity at rest (determined by abnormal WO) contributes to changes in HRR, especially in the 2<sup>nd</sup> minute, as observed after a multivariate analysis whose mechanisms are the parasympathetic re-entry along with sympathetic withdrawal<sup>1,30,31</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a previous study, we evaluated, in heart failure, the influence of adrenergic hyperactivity in the variables during exercise, showing that patients with abnormal WO had a lower functional capacity, and lower inotropic and chronotropic response during exercise compared to patients with normal WO<sup>32</sup>. To date, there is no description in the literature of the association between the abnormal behavior of HRR post-exercise and abnormalities in cardiac adrenergic innervation by I<sup>123</sup> MIBG.</p>
      <p>Treatment with beta-blockers improves sympathetic hyperactivity<sup>33</sup>, but some patients are resistant to beta-blocker therapy, perpetuating this state of adrenergic hyperactivity. In our study, we found that patients on beta-blockers still in a state of adrenergic hyperactivity have an abnormal HRR compared to patients without this characteristic. A program of supervised exercise could be a therapeutic option for this group of patients with heart failure who have adrenergic hyperactivity even on use of beta-blockers. The dynamic exercise improves vagal activity and adrenergic hyperactivity<sup>7,34</sup>.</p>
      <p>Other groups of research<sup>35-37</sup> studied both components of the autonomic nervous system in patients with heart failure using myocardial scintigraphy with I<sup>123</sup> MIBG, and RR variability (variable that reflects the sympathetic and parasympathetic action on the sinus node)<sup>7.35</sup>. Yamada et al<sup>35</sup> compared the prognostic value of I<sup>123</sup> MIBG with RR variability. As the RR variability depends on postsynaptic transmission reflecting the final response of the sinus node to the stimulus received, and cardiac imaging through I<sup>123</sup> MIBG promotes information about the presynaptic function and integrity of sympathetic nerve endings, these variables would complement each other. Following this reasoning, the authors showed that although cardiac imaging with I<sup>123</sup> MIBG has been a stronger predictor than the RR variability, the association of these two variables promotes additional information on both, thus improving risk stratification in heart failure. In our study, we used HRR as a marker of parasympathetic activity, and there was association between WO and HRR. According to the study of Tamaki et al<sup>36</sup>, WO was the best predictor of sudden death. The relationship between I<sup>123</sup> MIBG WO and sudden death could be explained by the sympathetic hyperactivity that can modulate mechanisms of reentry and hyperautomatism, which could be the trigger for fatal arrhythmias. In the study of Koutelou et al<sup>37</sup>, WO had a positive correlation with the number of complex ventricular arrhythmias detected by studying the ICD implanted in patients with heart failure.</p>
      <p>Exercise testing is a simple test widely available that can promote important information about the autonomic function of more complex and less available imaging tests that have been employed to evaluate. An important suggestion would be to use exercise testing as a screening method to assess which patients with heart failure will be more likely to have altered adrenergic innervation to select patients who will most benefit from I<sup>123</sup> MIBG scintigraphy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations of the study</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main limitation of this study was the small number of patients. However, through a pilot study with 16 patients, a sample size calculation was performed and the number of 11 patients per group has a 90% statistical power to identify 47.6% difference in 1<sup>st</sup> minute HRR, and a statistical power of 90% to identify 39.93% difference in 2<sup>nd</sup> minute HRR between groups.</p>
      <p>Another significant limitation was that we failed to perform cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to attest that the patients performed maximal testing. However, as described above, only those patients who completed the test to exhaustion participated in the study (grade 10 in the BORG's modified rating of perceived fatigue). CPET was not performed because we did not have this device in our institution at the time of this study.</p>
      <p>The evaluation of post-exercise HRR, however, can be made with conventional ET and does not require complex methodologies for analysis. Since the ET is a simple and ubiquitous tool, we believe that information derived from this examination may be useful for cardiologists involved in clinical practice for patients with heart failure, since the information obtained from this simple test correlated with the sophisticated analysis of cardiac innervation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with heart failure and abnormal WO had slower HRR than normal WO patients, both in early and late phases. This slow recovery in patients with adrenergic hyperactivity state at rest suggests that sympathetic changes at rest, typical of heart failure, may contribute to the autonomic changes observed during recovery after exertion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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