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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mrZLBLV7PQLGjZjZJKgrLmj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000500002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000037</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Polimorfismos beta1-adren&#233;rgico associados com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Sist&#243;lica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Costa do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina Bernardez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Georgina Severo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>384</fpage>
      <lpage>389</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico apresenta grande import&#226;ncia na patog&#234;nese da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de polimorfismos no gene ADBR1 do receptor beta1-adren&#233;rgico representa um importante passo no conhecimento dessa patog&#234;nese. OBJETIVO: Este estudo analisou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os dois polimorfismos funcionais do gene ADBR1 do receptor beta1-adren&#233;rgico, Ser49Gly e Arg389Gly, e a presen&#231;a da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo caso-controle com 144 pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica, dos quais 24 com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (casos) e 120 sem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (controles). O DNA gen&#244;mico foi extra&#237;do de leuc&#243;citos do sangue perif&#233;rico e os gen&#243;tipos dos polimorfismos Ser49Gly e Arg389Gly foram identificados em todos os indiv&#237;duos por PCR/RFLP (polymerase chain reaction / restriction fragment length polymorphism). RESULTADOS: A m&#233;dia et&#225;ria foi 59 &#177; 13 anos, 70% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino, 42% apresentavam causa isqu&#234;mica e 74% apresentavam hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Os gen&#243;tipos Ser49Ser e Arg389Arg apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (p = 0,005 e p = 0,01; respectivamente). Por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, ambos ajustados para o tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo e idade, mantiveram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa (Arg389Arg - odds ratios: 2,78; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% = 1,02 - 7,56 e Ser49Ser - odds ratios: 8,02; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% = 1,02 - 63,82). CONCLUS&#195;O: Ambos os gen&#243;tipos associaram-se com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial nos pacientes estudados, por&#233;m apenas o polimorfismo Ser49Gly apresentava-se em equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>polimorfismo gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>gen&#243;tipo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Polimorfismos beta1-adren&#233;rgico associados com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Sist&#243;lica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Bruno Costa do Nascimento; Sabrina Bernardez Pereira; Georgina Severo Ribeiro; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico apresenta grande import&#226;ncia na patog&#234;nese da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de polimorfismos no gene ADBR1 do receptor beta1-adren&#233;rgico representa um importante passo no conhecimento dessa patog&#234;nese. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Este estudo analisou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os dois polimorfismos funcionais do gene ADBR1 do receptor beta1-adren&#233;rgico, Ser49Gly e Arg389Gly, e a presen&#231;a da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo caso-controle com 144 pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica, dos quais 24 com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (casos) e 120 sem fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (controles). O DNA gen&#244;mico foi extra&#237;do de leuc&#243;citos do sangue perif&#233;rico e os gen&#243;tipos dos polimorfismos Ser49Gly e Arg389Gly foram identificados em todos os indiv&#237;duos por PCR/RFLP (polymerase chain reaction / restriction fragment length polymorphism). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A m&#233;dia et&#225;ria foi 59 &#177; 13 anos, 70% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino, 42% apresentavam causa isqu&#234;mica e 74% apresentavam hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Os gen&#243;tipos Ser49Ser e Arg389Arg apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (p = 0,005 e p = 0,01; respectivamente). Por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, ambos ajustados para o tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo e idade, mantiveram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa (Arg389Arg &#150; odds ratios: 2,78; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% = 1,02 &#150; 7,56 e Ser49Ser &#150; odds ratios: 8,02; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% = 1,02 &#150; 63,82). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Ambos os gen&#243;tipos associaram-se com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial nos pacientes estudados, por&#233;m apenas o polimorfismo Ser49Gly apresentava-se em equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial / gen&#233;tica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca / complica&#231;&#245;es, polimorfismo gen&#233;tico, gen&#243;tipo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA) e a Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Sist&#243;lica (ICS) frequentemente coexistem, em raz&#227;o dos fatores de risco em comum e do processo patog&#234;nico semelhante<sup>1,2</sup>. A elevada incid&#234;ncia de FA nos pacientes com ICS pode ser influenciada por in&#250;meros fatores, dentre eles: (i) efeitos hemodin&#226;micos, sobretudo a dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial e a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; (ii) ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-humoral; e (iii) inflama&#231;&#227;o e estresse oxidativo. A FA pode causar ICS (taquicardiomiopatia) ou ser respons&#225;vel por sua deterioriza&#231;&#227;o. A coexist&#234;ncia de FA e ICS est&#225; associada com progn&#243;stico adverso, como: progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, maior n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, acidente vascular cerebral e &#243;bito<sup>3-6</sup>. </p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre FA e ICS tem sido intensamente estudada. No entanto, o conhecimento fisiopatol&#243;gico ainda permanece incompleto, e necessita de novas descobertas sobre alguns aspectos ainda obscuros. Atualmente, a gen&#233;tica prop&#245;e que para um consider&#225;vel n&#250;mero de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, a suscetibilidade est&#225; relacionada, em parte, aos polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos, particularmente &#224;queles relacionados aos receptores de neurotransmissores. Tendo em vista as altera&#231;&#245;es que as varia&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas do receptor beta1-adren&#233;rgico podem causar na fun&#231;&#227;o do sistema adren&#233;rgico e seu impacto na predisposi&#231;&#227;o &#224;s enfermidades, esses polimorfismos t&#234;m sido relacionados a propens&#227;o, evolu&#231;&#227;o e desfecho de diversas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, entre elas a IC<sup>7</sup>. O papel central do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e de seus receptores na IC torna o estudo dos polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos desses receptores (Arg389Gly e Ser49Gly) um importante passo rumo ao melhor entendimento dessa patog&#234;nese<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos associam o gen&#243;tipo Arg389Arg &#224; maior resposta adren&#233;rgica em estados fisiol&#243;gicos e em est&#225;gios agudos de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Al&#233;m disso, est&#225; associado &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de taquicardia ventricular<sup>10-15</sup>. O gen&#243;tipo Ser49Ser est&#225; associado a menor <italic>down-regulation </italic>dos receptores beta1-adren&#233;rgico e, com isso, demonstra altos n&#237;veis de express&#227;o agonista em doen&#231;as com eleva&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da atividade adren&#233;rgica, como a IC. Al&#233;m disso, esse gen&#243;tipo est&#225; associado a resultados adversos em pacientes com IC<sup>15-19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo avaliamos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os polimorfismos do gene ADBR1 e a presen&#231;a de FA em pacientes com ICS. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizamos um estudo observacional, do tipo caso-controle, em pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica, provenientes da cl&#237;nica de IC da Universidade Federal Fluminense. O grupo dos casos foi constitu&#237;do por 24 pacientes portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e o grupo dos controles, por 120 sem a arritmia. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os gen&#243;tipos Arg389Arg e Ser49Ser e a FA nos pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo no momento em que foram admitidos no ambulat&#243;rio de IC. O estudo envolveu as seguintes etapas: (i) registro dos dados cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos dos casos e dos controles; (ii) coleta de sangue para a an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica dos receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos; e (iii) an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e dos gen&#243;tipos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos dos casos e dos controles. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 anos; pacientes com hist&#243;ria e exame f&#237;sico compat&#237;veis com IC e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) <underline>&lt;</underline> 50% pelo m&#233;todo ecocardiogr&#225;fico de Simpson. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o ou submetidos a ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; miocardite ativa; epis&#243;dio de morte s&#250;bita abortada ou presen&#231;a de desfibrilador; e indica&#231;&#227;o de angioplastia ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>Amostra de sangue perif&#233;rico foi extra&#237;da para isolamento de DNA e genotipagem. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos registrados foram: sexo, idade e etnia autodeclarada. Os dados cl&#237;nicos avaliados foram: presen&#231;a de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabete melito, Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC) e uso de medica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Pacientes com hist&#243;ria de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, angioplastia coronariana, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, coronariopatia confirmada por coronariografia e testes provocativos positivos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica foram considerados portadores de DAC. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados funcionalmente de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da New York Heart Association (NYHA). Exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizado na admiss&#227;o do estudo por dois ecocardiografistas experientes, de acordo com o <italic>guidelines</italic> da European Society of Cardiology<sup>20</sup>. As an&#225;lises realizadas foram: (i) di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico finais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; (ii) dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE); e (iii) FEVE pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson. (Vivid 3, GE Medical Systems Ultrasound, Wisconsin USA). O ritmo card&#237;aco foi registrado por meio de eletrocardiograma padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es na admiss&#227;o dos pacientes para diagnosticar FA. </p>
    <p>As amostras eram submetidas a lise celular com 1000&#181;L de Tris-1 (Tris-HCl 10mM pH 8,0, KCl 10mM, MgCl<sub>2</sub> 10mM, EDTA 2mM pH 8,0) contendo Triton X-100 a 2,5%. Ap&#243;s centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a 5.000 rpm por 5 minutos em centr&#237;fuga Beckman<sup>&#174;</sup>, os n&#250;cleos celulares eram lisados com 200&#181;L de Tris-2 contendo SDS a 1%. As prote&#237;nas eram removidas por precipita&#231;&#227;o salina com 100&#181;L de NaCl 5M. O DNA presente no sobrenadante era isolado por precipita&#231;&#227;o etan&#243;lica e, finalmente, ressuspenso em 100&#181;L de TE (Tris-HCl 10mM e 1mM EDTA, pH 8,0) e mantidos a -20&#176;C o momento do uso. Ap&#243;s a extra&#231;&#227;o, a integridades das amostras de DNA eram analisadas por sistema de eletroforese (BIO RAD eletroforese) em gel de agarose a 0,8% em tamp&#227;o de TBE 1X (Tris-HCl 90mM, &#225;cido b&#243;rico 90mM e EDTA 2mM), corados com brometo et&#237;dio. Os polimorfismos do gene ADBR1 (Arg389Gly e Ser49Gly) do receptor beta1-adren&#233;rgico eram analisados por PCR/RFLP (polymerase chain reaction/ restriction fragment length polymorphism)<sup>21,22</sup>. A rea&#231;&#227;o de PCR foi realizada em um volume total de 25 &#181;L, sendo utilizado: 50 &#150; 100 ng de DNA gen&#244;mico, ap&#243;s ajuste da concentra&#231;&#227;o, 1U de Taq DNA polimerase Fermentas, tamp&#227;o de rea&#231;&#227;o (KCl 50mM, MgCl2 1,5mM, Tris-HCl 10mM), 200 M de cada desoxinucleot&#237;deo (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP) e 15 pmol de cada oligonucleot&#237;deo. As condi&#231;&#245;es de amplifica&#231;&#227;o e digest&#227;o para identifica&#231;&#227;o dos polimorfismos est&#227;o detalhadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03212tab01">tabela 1</xref>. O alelo selvagem foi definido de acordo com frequ&#234;ncia do alelo da popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop03212tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0384-00037-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi processada pelo <italic>software</italic> estat&#237;stico SPSS, vers&#227;o 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). Os dados cont&#237;nuos foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; o desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em n&#250;meros absolutos e percentagem. O teste do qui-quadrado foi realizado para an&#225;lise do desvio de Hardy-Weinberg em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos dos polimorfismos dos receptores beta-1-adren&#233;rgico e para verificar se existe associa&#231;&#227;o desses com a presen&#231;a de FA. A Lei de Hardy-Weinberg descreve o princ&#237;pio do equil&#237;brio gen&#233;tico em uma popula&#231;&#227;o. Esse equil&#237;brio se dar&#225; se, em uma dada popula&#231;&#227;o no decorrer das gera&#231;&#245;es, tanto as frequ&#234;ncias al&#233;licas como as frequ&#234;ncias genot&#237;picas permanecerem na mesma propor&#231;&#227;o. Para que isso ocorra n&#227;o deve haver for&#231;as que possam favorecer a forma&#231;&#227;o de outro gameta, tais como: migra&#231;&#227;o, muta&#231;&#227;o ou sele&#231;&#227;o natural. Com o objetivo de verificar se existe rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e dos polimorfismos (Arg389Arg e Ser49Ser) com a FA foram aplicados os seguintes m&#233;todos: (i) para compara&#231;&#245;es de dados categ&#243;ricos foi aplicado o teste do qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) ou o teste exato de Fisher; e (ii) para compara&#231;&#227;o de dados num&#233;ricos foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes ou pelo teste de Mann-Whitney (n&#227;o param&#233;trico). A homogeneidade da vari&#226;ncia foi testada pelo teste de Levene. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada para identificar as vari&#225;veis independentes significativas que se associam com FA. O crit&#233;rio de determina&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi o n&#237;vel de 5%; </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi realizado em conformidade com os princ&#237;pios da declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. O protocolo foi aprovado por um comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa e todos os pacientes assinaram um consentimento livre e esclarecido antes de participarem do estudo, para o qual n&#227;o houve fonte de financiamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03212tab02">tabela 2</xref>. Cento e quarenta e quatro pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. O grupo dos casos, portadores de FA, foi formado por 24 pacientes (17%). A m&#233;dia et&#225;ria foi de 59 &#177; 13 anos, 70% eram do sexo masculino e 50% eram n&#227;o negros. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s comorbidades, DAC ocorreu em 42% dos pacientes, hipertens&#227;o arterial em 74% e diabete melito em 34%. Todos os pacientes eram sintom&#225;ticos na admiss&#227;o, sendo 25% deles apresentando-se em classe funcional III ou IV segundo a NYHA. Noventa e quatro por cento eram tratados com um inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o de angiotensina ou um bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; 58%, com um antagonista da aldosterona; 72%, com um betabloqueador; e 3%, com amiodarona. Os ecocardiogramas realizados na inclus&#227;o do estudo demonstraram a preval&#234;ncia de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave do VE (FEVE m&#233;dia = 35,3% &#177; 9,3) e com AE aumentado (4,7 &#177; 1,2 cm).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop03212tab02">
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    <p>Os dados das distribui&#231;&#245;es al&#233;licas e das frequ&#234;ncias genot&#237;picas est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03212tab03">tabela 3</xref>. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo estava em equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg em rela&#231;&#227;o ao polimorfismo Ser49Gly. No entanto, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao polimorfismo Arg389Gly, a popula&#231;&#227;o estava em desequil&#237;brio, o que pode ter sido causado pelo fato de os pacientes j&#225; apresentarem uma doen&#231;a (IC) que por si s&#243; pode t&#234;-lo gerado. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop03212tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0384-00037-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Apenas os gen&#243;tipos Ser49Ser e Arg389Arg, a idade e o tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com o grupo dos casos (FA) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles (sem FA). N&#227;o existiu diferen&#231;a significativa, ao n&#237;vel de 5%, na propor&#231;&#227;o das demais vari&#225;veis entre os dois grupos.</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, a chance de o gen&#243;tipo Ser49Ser estar associado com FA foi maior do que a chance dos gen&#243;tipos Ser49Gly e Gly49Gly (<italic>odds ratios </italic>= 11,07 e intervalo de confian&#231;a = 1,44 &#150; 85,02). Ap&#243;s regress&#227;o log&#237;stica levando em conta a idade e o tamanho do AE, a chance permaneceu alta (<italic>odds ratios</italic> = 8,02 e intervalo de confian&#231;a = 1,02 &#150; 63,82). A chance de o gen&#243;tipo Arg389Arg estar associado com FA tamb&#233;m foi maior do que a chance dos gen&#243;tipos Arg389Gly e Gly389Gly (<italic>odds ratios </italic>= 3,21 e intervalo de confian&#231;a = 1,29 &#150; 8,04). Ap&#243;s regress&#227;o log&#237;stica levando em conta a idade e o tamanho do AE, a chance permaneceu alta (<italic>odds ratios</italic> = 2,79 e intervalo de confian&#231;a = 1,02 &#150; 7,56). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop03212tab04">tabela 4</xref> fornece os dados de forma simplificada com valores de <italic>odds ratios</italic> (OR) e intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop03212tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0384-00037-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O principal achado deste estudo foi a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os gen&#243;tipos Ser49Ser e Arg389Arg, que est&#227;o envolvidos em estados de exacerba&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica<sup>10-19</sup>, e a FA nos pacientes portadores de ICS. A presen&#231;a da FA em pacientes com ICS &#233; multifatorial. O sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e os fatores gen&#233;ticos a ele relacionados, como os polimorfismos do receptor beta1-adren&#233;rgico, apresentam-se como mais uma vari&#225;vel a ser considerada na tentativa de explicar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a FA e a ICS. </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, assim como em outras s&#233;ries, a FEVE n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com FA em pacientes com ICS, o que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o ocorreu em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; classe funcional NYHA<sup>23-25</sup>. Os par&#226;metros que apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com FA foram: a idade, o tamanho do AE, o gen&#243;tipo Ser49Ser e o gen&#243;tipo Arg389Arg. </p>
    <p>O aumento do AE est&#225; classicamente relacionado com remodelamento card&#237;aco e com a fisiopatologia da FA em pacientes com ICS, de forma que contribui de modo direto para o surgimento de FA na ICS. Al&#233;m disso, a ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica que est&#225; significativamente elevada em pacientes com ICS tamb&#233;m contribui na patog&#234;nese do remodelamento el&#233;trico e mec&#226;nico que culmina com o surgimento da FA<sup>26</sup>. Outro fato a ser analisado &#233; que o tempo de perman&#234;ncia da FA tamb&#233;m pode, por si s&#243;, gerar remodelamento atrial e causar o crescimento dessa cavidade. Como o tempo de in&#237;cio da arritmia n&#227;o p&#244;de ser obtido, ela pode ter contribu&#237;do para o crescimento do AE.</p>
    <p>A idade tem sido descrita como um fator relacionado &#224; FA<sup>23</sup>. No presente estudo, quanto maior a idade, maior a chance de associa&#231;&#227;o com FA; entretanto, a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica dessa vari&#225;vel com a FA foi lim&#237;trofe (p = 0,06). </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos polimorfismos do receptor beta1-adren&#233;rgico, os gen&#243;tipos Ser49Ser e Arg389Arg apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com a FA. Fisiopatologicamente, a FA e a IC est&#227;o relacionadas &#224; maior atividade adren&#233;rgica. Alguns estudos citados anteriormente relacionam esses gen&#243;tipos com estados de exacerba&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica<sup>10-19</sup>, o que sustenta a ideia de esses gen&#243;tipos estarem realmente envolvidos na fisiopatologia da IC e da FA.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo evidenciou uma chance maior de o gen&#243;tipo Arg389Arg estar relacionado com FA do que os gen&#243;tipos Arg389Gly e Gly389Gly. No entanto, a amostra estava em desequil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg, que pode ter sido causado pelo fato de os pacientes j&#225; apresentarem uma doen&#231;a (IC) que por si s&#243; pode t&#234;-lo gerado. Esse fato enfraquece o valor da associa&#231;&#227;o encontrada neste estudo. </p>
    <p>O achado envolvendo o gen&#243;tipo Ser49Ser, entretanto, foi mais expressivo do que o primeiro. A chance de esse gen&#243;tipo estar associado com FA foi oito vezes maior do que a dos outros dois gen&#243;tipos, mesmo ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, e al&#233;m disso, a amostra estava em equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg. </p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o de FA com IC est&#225; relacionada com progn&#243;stico adverso. Recentemente, uma meta-an&#225;lise envolvendo mais de 50 mil pacientes demonstrou que a presen&#231;a de FA em pacientes com IC est&#225; associada, de forma independente, a maior mortalidade<sup>27</sup>. A identifica&#231;&#227;o do alto risco de desenvolvimento de FA nos pacientes com IC possui import&#226;ncia vital. O momento certo para utilizar agentes antitromb&#243;ticos ou anticoagulantes, e com isso reduzir os eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, e ainda o uso de novos agentes antiarr&#237;tmicos para evitar a exacerba&#231;&#227;o de sintomas da IC provocados pela presen&#231;a da FA s&#227;o exemplos que traduzem essa import&#226;ncia<sup>28</sup>. A acelera&#231;&#227;o da tecnologia gen&#233;tica tem proporcionado maior entendimento das consequ&#234;ncias das varia&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas. A descoberta dos polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos dos receptores adren&#233;rgicos e suas intera&#231;&#245;es representam uma parcela significativa desse avan&#231;o, contribuindo para maior compreens&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o FA-IC, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico, &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o e ao tratamento<sup>29</sup>. A g&#234;nese dessas cardiopatias est&#225; envolvida em um complexo mecanismo que tamb&#233;m pode se relacionar com fatores gen&#233;ticos. Com isso, os polimorfismos aqui estudados, especialmente o Ser49Gly, que apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com FA em pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica, podem contribuir para o melhor entendimento dessas doen&#231;as.</p>
    <p>Existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es em nosso estudo: primeiro, os pacientes estudados s&#227;o provenientes de um &#250;nico centro, em uma &#225;rea geograficamente espec&#237;fica; segundo, o n&#250;mero de pacientes estudados poderia ter sido maior; terceiro, o estudo n&#227;o permite estabelecer causa e efeito entre as vari&#225;veis; e, quarto, como o diagn&#243;stico da FA foi realizado exclusivamente por ECG durante a consulta de admiss&#227;o, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel identificar as crises parox&#237;sticas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossos dados enriquecem o conhecimento sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre FA em pacientes com ICS e gen&#243;tipos dos receptores beta1-adren&#233;rgico. Embora a associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o prove causalidade, existe plausibilidade biol&#243;gica no mecanismo entre a FA e os polimorfismos do receptor beta1-adren&#233;rgico. Se esse achado for confirmado em grandes estudos, esses dados dever&#227;o contribuir na melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para o desenvolvimento de FA no contexto da ICS, e com isso preveni-la. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Bruno Costa do Nascimento pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Bruno Costa do Nascimento </p>
        <p> Rua Madre Maria Vit&#243;ria, 1, bloco 3, apto 304 &#150; Charitas </p>
        <p> 24370-035 &#150; Niter&#243;i, RJ &#150; Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="brcnascimento@gmail.com">brcnascimento@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 30/04/11; revisado recebido em 03/05/11; aceito em 20/01/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Beta1-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms associated with atrial fibrillation in systolic heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The sympathetic nervous system is of great importance in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation in systolic heart failure. The identification of polymorphisms in the beta1-adrenergic receptor gene (ADBR1) represents an important step in understanding this pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the association between the two functional polymorphisms of the beta1-adrenergic receptor gene (ADBR1), Ser49Gly and Arg389Gly, and the presence of atrial fibrillation in patients with systolic heart failure. METHODS: Case-control study with 144 patients with systolic heart failure, including 24 with atrial fibrillation (cases) and 120 without atrial fibrillation (controls). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and the genotypes of Ser49Gly and Arg389Gly polymorphisms were identified in all individuals by PCR/RFLP (polymerase chain reaction / restriction fragment length polymorphism). RESULTS: Mean age was 59 &#177; 13 years, 70% of patients were males, 42% had ischemic causes and 74% had hypertension. Genotypes Ser49Ser and Arg389Arg were significantly associated with atrial fibrillation (p = 0.005 and p = 0.01, respectively). After logistic regression, both adjusted for left atrial size and age, the significant association persisted (Arg389Arg - odds ratios: 2.78, 95% confidence interval = 1.02 to 7.56 and Ser49Ser - odds ratios: 8.02, 95% confidence interval = 1.02 to 63.82). CONCLUSION: Both genotypes were associated with atrial fibrillation in patients; however, only Ser49Gly polymorphism was is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>polymorphism, genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>genotype</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="top-body2"/>Beta1-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms associated with Atrial Fibrillation in Systolic Heart Failure</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Bruno Costa do Nascimento; Sabrina Bernardez Pereira; Georgina Severo Ribeiro; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The sympathetic nervous system is of great importance in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation in systolic heart failure. The identification of polymorphisms in the beta1-adrenergic receptor gene (ADBR1) represents an important step in understanding this pathogenesis.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> This study assessed the association between the two functional polymorphisms of the beta1-adrenergic receptor gene (ADBR1), Ser49Gly and Arg389Gly, and the presence of atrial fibrillation in patients with systolic heart failure.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Case-control study with 144 patients with systolic heart failure, including 24 with atrial fibrillation (cases) and 120 without atrial fibrillation (controls). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and the genotypes of Ser49Gly and Arg389Gly polymorphisms were identified in all individuals by PCR/RFLP (polymerase chain reaction / restriction fragment length polymorphism).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Mean age was 59 &#177; 13 years, 70% of patients were males, 42% had ischemic causes and 74% had hypertension. Genotypes Ser49Ser and Arg389Arg were significantly associated with atrial fibrillation (p = 0.005 and p = 0.01, respectively). After logistic regression, both adjusted for left atrial size and age, the significant association persisted (Arg389Arg - odds ratios: 2.78, 95% confidence interval = 1.02 to 7.56 and Ser49Ser - odds ratios: 8.02, 95% confidence interval = 1.02 to 63.82).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Both genotypes were associated with atrial fibrillation in patients; however, only Ser49Gly polymorphism was is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Atrial fibrillation / genetics; heart failure / complications; polymorphism, genetic; genotype.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) and Systolic Heart Failure (SHF) frequently coexist because of common risk factors and similar pathogenic process<sup>1,2</sup>. The high incidence of AF in patients with SHF may be influenced by numerous factors, including: (i) the hemodynamic effects, especially atrial dilation and diastolic dysfunction, (ii) neurohumoral activation, and (iii) inflammation and oxidative stress. AF can cause SHF (tachycardiomyopathy) or be responsible for its deterioration. The coexistence of AF and SHF is associated with adverse prognosis, such as disease progression, more hospitalizations, cerebrovascular accidents and death<sup>3-6</sup>. </p>
      <p>The association between FA and SHF has been extensively studied. However, the pathophysiological knowledge remains incomplete and some aspects need further investigation. Currently, the study of genetics proposes that for a considerable number of cardiovascular diseases, susceptibility is related, in part, to genetic polymorphisms, particularly those related to neurotransmitter receptors. Considering the alterations that genetic variations of the beta1-adrenergic receptor can cause in the adrenergic system functions and the impact on predisposition to disease, these polymorphisms have been linked to propensity, evolution and outcome of several heart diseases, including HF<sup>7</sup>. The central role of the sympathetic nervous system and its receptors in HF makes the study of genetic polymorphisms of these receptors (Arg389Gly and Ser49Gly) an important step towards a better understanding of this pathogenesis<sup>8,9</sup>. </p>
      <p>Some studies have associated the genotype Arg389Arg to higher adrenergic response in physiological states and in acute stages of cardiovascular disease. Moreover, it is associated with increased incidence of ventricular tachycardia10-15. Ser49Ser The genotype is associated with lower down-regulation of beta1-adrenergic receptors and, therefore, shows high levels of expression agonist in chronic diseases with increased adrenergic activity, such as HF. Furthermore, this genotype is associated with adverse events in patients with HF<sup>15-19</sup>. </p>
      <p>Our study evaluated the association between ADBR1 gene polymorphisms and presence of AF in patients with SHF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We conducted an observational, case-control study in patients with systolic HF, from the HF clinic of Universidade Federal Fluminense. The case group consisted of 24 patients with atrial fibrillation and the control group, of 120 without the arrhythmia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between genotypes Arg389Arg and Ser49Ser and AF in patients with systolic HF.</p>
      <p>Patients were included when they were admitted at the HF outpatient clinic. The study involved the following steps: (i) registration of clinical and demographic data of cases and controls, (ii) blood sampling for genetic analysis of beta-adrenergic receptors, and (iii) analysis of demographic, clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic data and genotypes in relation to groups of cases and controls.</p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria were age <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 years, patients with history and physical examination compatible with HF and ejection fraction (LVEF) <underline>&lt;</underline> 50% by the echocardiographic method of Simpson. Exclusion criteria were patients with indication of or undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy, active myocarditis, episode of aborted sudden death or presence of defibrillator and indication for angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery. </p>
      <p>Peripheral blood samples were obtained for DNA isolation and genotyping. Demographic data were recorded: sex, age and self-reported ethnicity. Clinical data were assessed: presence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease (CAD) and use of cardiovascular medication. </p>
      <p>Patients with a history of acute myocardial infarction, coronary angioplasty, CABG, coronary artery disease confirmed by coronary angiography and positive provocative test for myocardial ischemia were considered as having CAD. All patients were functionally evaluated according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA). Echocardiographic assessment was performed at baseline by two experienced echocardiographists, according to the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology<sup>20</sup>. The analyses performed were: (i) systolic and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (ii) size of the left atrium (LA), and (iii) LVEF by Simpson's method (Vivid 3, GE Medical Systems Ultrasound, Wisconsin, USA). Heart rate was recorded by means of standard 12-lead electrocardiogram at patient admission to diagnose AF. </p>
      <p>The samples were submitted to lysis with 1000 mL of Tris-1 (Tris-HCl 10mM pH 8.0, KCl 10mM, MgCl2 10mM, EDTA 2mM pH 8.0) containing Triton X-100 at 2.5%. After centrifugation at 5,000 rpm for 5 minutes in a centrifuge Beckman<sup>&#174;</sup> the cell nuclei were lysed with 200 ml of Tris-2 containing SDS at 1%. Proteins were removed by saline precipitation with 100 ml of 5M NaCl. The DNA present in the supernatant was isolated by ethanol precipitation, and finally resuspended in 100 &#181;L of TE (Tris-HCl 10mM and 1mM EDTA, pH 8.0) and kept at -20 &#176; C until the time of use. After extraction, the integrity of the DNA samples was analyzed by an electrophoresis system (BIO RAD electrophoresis) in agarose gel at 0.8% in TBE 1X buffer (Tris-HCl 90mm, boric acid 90mm and 2mM EDTA) and stained with ethidium bromide. ADBR1 gene polymorphisms (Arg389Gly and Ser49Gly) of the beta1-adrenergic receptor were analyzed by PCR/RFLP (polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism)<sup>21,22</sup>. </p>
      <p>The PCR reaction was performed in a total volume of 25 &#181;L and the following was used: 50-100 ng of genomic DNA, after concentration adjustment, 1U of Fermentas Taq DNA polymerase, reaction buffer (KCl 50mM, MgCl2 1,5mM, Tris-HCl 10mM), 200 mM of each deoxynucleotide (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP) and 15 pmol of each oligonucleotide. The amplification and digestion conditions for the identification of polymorphisms are detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop03212tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. The wild-type allele was defined according to the frequency of the study population. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop03212tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0384-00037-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical software, release 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). Continuous data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and categorical variables as absolute numbers and percentage. The chi-square test was performed to analyze the deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium regarding the distribution of genotypes of beta-1-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and to investigate their association with the presence of AF. The Hardy-Weinberg Law describes the principle of genetic equilibrium in a population. This equilibrium will occur if in a given population, over the generations, both allele frequencies and genotype frequencies remain at the same proportion. For that to occur there must be forces that will favor the formation of another gamete, such as migration, mutation or natural selection.</p>
      <p>To verify whether there is a significant association between clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic variables and those of polymorphisms (Arg389Arg and Ser49Ser) with AF, the following methods were applied: (i) the chi-square test (<sup>2</sup>) or Fisher's exact test was applied for comparisons of categorical data; and (ii) Student's <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples or the Mann-Whitney test (nonparametric) were used to compare numerical data. The homogeneity of variance was tested using Levene test.</p>
      <p>The logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the significant independent variables that are associated with AF. The criterion for determining significance was set at 5%.</p>
      <p>This study was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was approved by a research ethics committee and all patients signed a free and informed consent form before enrolling in the study, for which there was no funding source.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical characteristics of patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop03212tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. One hundred and forty-four patients were included in the study. The group of cases, patients with AF, consisted of 24 patients (17%). The mean age was 59 &#177; 13 years, 70% were males and 50% were non-Blacks. Regarding comorbidities, CAD occurred in 42% of patients, hypertension in 74% and diabetes mellitus in 34%. All patients were symptomatic at baseline, 25% of them presenting in functional class III or IV according to NYHA. Ninety-four percent were treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin-receptor blocker; 58%, with an aldosterone antagonist, 72%, with a beta-blocker and 3%, with amiodarone. The echocardiograms included in the study showed a prevalence of patients with severe systolic LV dysfunction (mean LVEF = 35.3 &#177; 9.3%) and enlarged left atrium (4.7 &#177; 1.2 cm). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop03212tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0384-00037-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The data on allelic and genotype frequencies are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop03212tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. The study population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in relation to the polymorphism Ser49Gly. However, in relation to the polymorphism Arg389Gly, the population was not in equilibrium, which may be due to the fact that the patients already had a disease (HF) that may have generated it.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop03212tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0384-00037-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Only the genotypes Ser49Ser and Arg389Arg, age and left atrial size were significantly associated with the group of cases (AF) compared to controls (without AF). There was no significant difference, at 5% level, in the proportion of the remaining variables between the two groups. </p>
      <p>Initially, the chance of the genotype Ser49Ser being associated with AF was greater than the chance of Ser49Gly and Gly49Gly genotypes (odds ratio = 11.07, confidence interval = 1.44 to 85.02). After logistic regression analysis taking into account age and LA size, the chance remained high (odds ratio = 8.02, confidence interval = 1.02 to 63.82). The chance of the genotype Arg389Arg being associated with AF was also greater than the chance of Gly389Gly and Arg389Gly genotypes (odds ratio = 3.21, confidence interval = 1.29 to 8.04). After logistic regression analysis, taking into account age and LA size, the chance remained high (odds ratio = 2.79, confidence interval = 1.02 to 7.56). <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop03212tab04-body2">Table 4</xref> shows simplified data with odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) values.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop03212tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-05-0384-00037-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main finding of this study was the association between genotypes Ser49Ser and Arg389Arg, which are involved in states of adrenergic exacerbation<sup>10-19</sup> and AF in patients with SHF. The presence of AF in patients with SHF is multifactorial. The sympathetic nervous system and genetic factors related to it, such as beta1-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms, present as an additional variable to be considered in order to explain the association between AF and SHF.</p>
      <p>In our study, as well as in other series, the LVEF was not associated with AF in patients with SHF, which did not occur in relation to NYHA functional class, either<sup>23-25</sup>.</p>
      <p>The parameters that were significantly associated with AF were age, LA size, genotype Ser49Ser and genotype Arg389Arg.</p>
      <p>The LA increase is classically associated with cardiac remodeling and the physiopathology of AF in patients with SHF, so that it directly contributes to the onset of AF in SHF. Moreover, sympathetic activation that is significantly elevated in patients with SHF also contributes to the pathogenesis of electrical and mechanical remodeling that culminates with the onset of AF<sup>26</sup>. Another fact to be considered is that the time of permanence of the AF can also, by itself, generate atrial remodeling and cause the enlargement of this cavity. As the start time of the arrhythmia onset could not be obtained, it may have contributed to the increase in the LA. </p>
      <p>Age has been described as a factor related to AF<sup>23</sup>. In this study, the older the age, the greater the chance of its association with AF; however, the statistical significance of this variable with the AF was borderline (p = 0.06). </p>
      <p>Regarding the beta1-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms, the Arg389Arg and Ser49Ser genotypes were significantly associated with AF. Physiopathologically, AF and HF are related to greater adrenergic activity. Some aforementioned studies associated these genotypes with states of adrenergic exacerbation<sup>10-19</sup>, supporting the idea that these genotypes are actually involved in the physiopathology of HF and AF.</p>
      <p>The present study showed there is a greater chance of genotype Arg389Arg being related to AF than Arg389Gly and Gly389Gly genotypes. However, the sample lacked Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which may have been due to the fact that the patients already had a disease (HF) that may have generated it. This fact weakens the value of the association found in this study.</p>
      <p>The finding involving genotype Ser49Ser, however, was more significant than the first one. The chance of this genotype to be associated with atrial fibrillation was eight times higher than the other two genotypes, even after multivariate analysis, and additionally, the sample was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. </p>
      <p>The association of AF with heart failure is associated with adverse prognosis. Recently, a meta-analysis involving more than 50,000 patients showed that the presence of AF in patients with HF is independently associated with increased mortality<sup>27</sup>. The identification of a high risk of developing AF in patients with HF is crucial. The right time to use antithrombotic agents or anticoagulants, and thereby reduce thromboembolic events, and even the use of new antiarrhythmic agents to prevent the exacerbation of HF symptoms caused by the presence of AF are examples of this importance<sup>28</sup>. The acceleration of gene technology has provided greater understanding of the consequences of genetic variations.</p>
      <p>The discovery of genetic polymorphisms of adrenergic receptors and their interactions represent a significant part of this development, contributing to greater understanding of the AF-HF association, concerning the diagnosis, prevention and treatment<sup>29</sup>. The genesis of these heart diseases is involved in a complex mechanism that may also be related to genetic factors. Thus, the polymorphisms studied here, especially Ser49Gly, which was associated with AF in patients with systolic HF, may contribute to a better understanding of these diseases. </p>
      <p>There are some limitations in our study: first, the studied patients are from a single center, in a specific geographical area; second, the number of patients studied could have been higher; third, the study does not allow establishing cause and effect between variables and four, as the diagnosis of AF was carried out only by ECG during the admission consultation, it was not possible to identify the paroxysmal attacks.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our data add to knowledge about the association between AF in patients with SHF and genotypes of the beta 1-adrenergic receptors. Although the association does not prove causality, there is biological plausibility in the mechanism between the AF and beta 1-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms. If this finding is confirmed in larger studies, these data should contribute to better risk stratification for the development of AF in the context of SHF, and thus, prevent it.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Bruno Costa do Nascimento, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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