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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QPFC6kpxQ6WCQxbCqMwKyHJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000400009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800409</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000025</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desenvolvimento e valida&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o em portugu&#234;s da Escala de Barreiras para Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghisi</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Lima de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaella Zulianello dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schveitzer</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Lange</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Recchia</surname>
            <given-names>Thais Lunardi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oh</surname>
            <given-names>Paul</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benetti</surname>
            <given-names>Magnus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grace</surname>
            <given-names>Sherry L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Toronto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Physical Education and Health </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Exercise Sciences</institution>
        <country country="CA">Canada</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Santa Catarina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Toronto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University Health Network</institution>
        <country country="CA">Canada</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">York University</institution>
        <country country="CA">Canada</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>344</fpage>
      <lpage>352</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares possuem alta incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia no Brasil, por&#233;m a participa&#231;&#227;o na Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca (RC) &#233; limitada e pouco investigada no pa&#237;s. A Escala de Barreiras para Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca (CRBS) foi desenvolvida para avaliar as barreiras &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o e ader&#234;ncia &#224; RC. OBJETIVO: Traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e validar psicometricamente a CRBS para a l&#237;ngua portuguesa do Brasil. M&#201;TODOS: Duas tradu&#231;&#245;es iniciais independentes foram realizadas. Ap&#243;s a tradu&#231;&#227;o reversa, ambas vers&#245;es foram revisadas por um comit&#234;. A vers&#227;o gerada foi testada em 173 pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (48 mulheres, idade m&#233;dia = 63 anos). Desses, 139 (80,3%) participantes de RC. A consist&#234;ncia interna foi avaliada pelo alfa de Cronbach, a confiabilidade teste-reteste pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (ICC) e a validade de construto por an&#225;lise fatorial. Testes-T foram utilizados para avaliar a validade de crit&#233;rio entre participantes e n&#227;o participantes de RC. Os resultados da aplica&#231;&#227;o em fun&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes (g&#234;nero, idade, estado de sa&#250;de e grau de escolaridade) foram avaliados. RESULTADOS: A vers&#227;o em portugu&#234;s da CRBS apresentou alfa de Cronbach de 0,88, ICC de 0,68 e revelou cinco fatores, cuja maioria apresentou-se internamente consistente e todos definidos pelos itens. O escore m&#233;dio para pacientes em RC foi 1,29 (desvio padr&#227;o = 0,27) e para pacientes do ambulat&#243;rio 2,36 (desvio padr&#227;o = 0,50) (p &lt; 0,001). A validade de crit&#233;rio foi apoiada tamb&#233;m por diferen&#231;as significativas nos escores totais por sexo, idade e n&#237;vel educacional. CONCLUS&#195;O: A vers&#227;o em portugu&#234;s da CRBS apresenta validade e confiabilidade adequadas, apoiando sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em estudos futuros.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>coopera&#231;&#227;o do paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>resultado de tratamento</kwd>
        <kwd>participa&#231;&#227;o do paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>question&#225;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Desenvolvimento e valida&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o em portugu&#234;s da Escala de Barreiras para Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gabriela Lima de Melo Ghisi<sup>I,II</sup>; Rafaella Zulianello dos Santos<sup>IV</sup>; Vanessa Schveitzer<sup>IV</sup>; Aline Lange Barros<sup>IV</sup>; Thais Lunardi Recchia<sup>IV</sup>, Paul Oh<sup>II</sup>; Magnus Benetti<sup>IV</sup>; Sherry L. Grace<sup>II,III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>University of Toronto - Faculty of Physical Education and Health - Department of Exercise Sciences </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention Program </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>York University and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Universidade Estadual de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de e do Esporte, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares possuem alta incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia no Brasil, por&#233;m a participa&#231;&#227;o na Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca (RC) &#233; limitada e pouco investigada no pa&#237;s. A Escala de Barreiras para Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca (CRBS) foi desenvolvida para avaliar as barreiras &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o e ader&#234;ncia &#224; RC. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e validar psicometricamente a CRBS para a l&#237;ngua portuguesa do Brasil. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Duas tradu&#231;&#245;es iniciais independentes foram realizadas. Ap&#243;s a tradu&#231;&#227;o reversa, ambas vers&#245;es foram revisadas por um comit&#234;. A vers&#227;o gerada foi testada em 173 pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (48 mulheres, idade m&#233;dia = 63 anos). Desses, 139 (80,3%) participantes de RC. A consist&#234;ncia interna foi avaliada pelo alfa de Cronbach, a confiabilidade teste-reteste pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (ICC) e a validade de construto por an&#225;lise fatorial. Testes-T foram utilizados para avaliar a validade de crit&#233;rio entre participantes e n&#227;o participantes de RC. Os resultados da aplica&#231;&#227;o em fun&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes (g&#234;nero, idade, estado de sa&#250;de e grau de escolaridade) foram avaliados. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A vers&#227;o em portugu&#234;s da CRBS apresentou alfa de Cronbach de 0,88, ICC de 0,68 e revelou cinco fatores, cuja maioria apresentou-se internamente consistente e todos definidos pelos itens. O escore m&#233;dio para pacientes em RC foi 1,29 (desvio padr&#227;o = 0,27) e para pacientes do ambulat&#243;rio 2,36 (desvio padr&#227;o = 0,50) (p &lt; 0,001). A validade de crit&#233;rio foi apoiada tamb&#233;m por diferen&#231;as significativas nos escores totais por sexo, idade e n&#237;vel educacional. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A vers&#227;o em portugu&#234;s da CRBS apresenta validade e confiabilidade adequadas, apoiando sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em estudos futuros. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares / reabilita&#231;&#227;o, coopera&#231;&#227;o do paciente, resultado de tratamento, participa&#231;&#227;o do paciente, question&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de morte no mundo, al&#233;m de contribuir significantemente com altas taxas de morbidade<sup>1</sup> e elevados custos governamentais com sa&#250;de<sup>2</sup>. A Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca (RC) - programa multidisciplinar de tratamento com foco na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria<sup>3</sup> - diminui efetivamente o risco card&#237;aco, reduz significantemente a recorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos, aumenta a qualidade de vida dos pacientes<sup>4</sup> e reduz a mortalidade em 25%<sup>5</sup>. Apesar de esses benef&#237;cios serem conhecidos, a reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; pouco utilizada, com a participa&#231;&#227;o de pacientes variando entre 7,5% e 29%<sup>6-7</sup> e baixa ader&#234;ncia, com taxas de desist&#234;ncia variando entre 40% e 55%<sup>8-9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os motivos apontados para a baixa participa&#231;&#227;o e ader&#234;ncia aos programas de RC s&#227;o descritos na literatura como barreiras e podem ter car&#225;ter pessoal (paciente), profissional (equipe multidisciplinar) ou p&#250;blico (sistema)<sup>10,11</sup>. Entre eles, podemos citar: o processo de encaminhamento para os programas de RC<sup>11-14</sup>, fatores psicossociais e pessoais dos pacientes<sup>10,13,15</sup>, fatores log&#237;sticos<sup>16</sup>, percep&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes<sup>10,15</sup>, sexo<sup>10,16-18</sup>, idade<sup>10,16,19,20</sup>, <italic>status</italic> funcional e comorbidades associadas<sup>10,21</sup>, n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico<sup>10,21</sup> e fumo<sup>10,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>O Brasil possui um peculiar sistema de sa&#250;de, cujos programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca podem ser p&#250;blicos e privados. O fato de essa caracter&#237;stica ser diferente dos pa&#237;ses onde as barreiras &#224; RC foram estudados, associado &#224; falta de conhecimento na &#225;rea, torna urgente a necessidade de instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o das barreiras, o que possibilita melhor planejamento dos programas, aperfei&#231;oamento do treinamento cl&#237;nico e aumento da participa&#231;&#227;o e ader&#234;ncia dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Por meio de uma busca na literatura encontramos tr&#234;s escalas (validadas psicometricamente) que avaliam barreiras tanto na participa&#231;&#227;o quanto na ader&#234;ncia &#224; RC: uma inglesa (Cren&#231;as sobre a Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca)<sup>23</sup>, uma australiana (CREO - Cardiac Rehabilitation Enrolment Obstacles)<sup>24</sup> e uma canadense (CRBS - Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale)<sup>25</sup>. A escala que avalia as cren&#231;as<sup>23</sup> incorpora apenas algumas barreiras apontadas pela literatura e &#233; aplicada apenas &#224; ader&#234;ncia, e n&#227;o &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o na RC. A escala que avalia os obst&#225;culos<sup>24</sup>, al&#233;m de possuir baixa validade, foi testada com uma amostra de pacientes ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea e, portanto, seu uso em outros grupos de coronarianos n&#227;o &#233; testado e conhecido. </p>
    <p>A Escala de Barreiras para Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca (CRBS) foi desenvolvida no Canad&#225; e validada em duas l&#237;nguas (ingl&#234;s<sup>25</sup> e franc&#234;s<sup>26</sup>), com o objetivo de avaliar as barreiras &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o e ader&#234;ncia aos programas de RC em rela&#231;&#227;o a fatores do paciente, do profissional de sa&#250;de e do sistema. A escala CRBS pode ser utilizada para examinar os motivos que levam os pacientes com problemas cardiovasculares a n&#227;o utilizarem a RC, mesmo quando esse tratamento &#233; indicado por profissionais de sa&#250;de<sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e validar a escala CRBS para o portugu&#234;s do Brasil.</p>
    <p>M&#233;todos </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Participantes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Participaram da pesquisa pacientes de ambos os sexos, portadores de alguma doen&#231;a/comorbidade que necessitasse do tratamento de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, participantes ou n&#227;o desses programas, sendo os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o no estudo: 1) idade inferior a 18 anos; 2) indiv&#237;duos analfabetos; 3) qualquer condi&#231;&#227;o visual, cognitiva ou psiqui&#225;trica que impedisse o sujeito de responder o instrumento.</p>
    <p>Os dados foram coletados entre mar&#231;o e junho de 2011, sendo selecionados pacientes em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e ambulat&#243;rios, p&#250;blicos e privados, na regi&#227;o da Grande Florian&#243;polis, no Estado de Santa Catarina. A aplica&#231;&#227;o foi feita por meio de autoadministra&#231;&#227;o supervisionada. Os pesquisadores mantiveram uma postura neutra durante a administra&#231;&#227;o, respondendo perguntas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; pesquisa e incentivando os participantes a responderem o total de perguntas. </p>
    <p>Os participantes foram caracterizados de acordo com o g&#234;nero, a idade, o seu estado de sa&#250;de (diagn&#243;stico, comorbidades associadas, eventos agudos e realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos), o grau de escolaridade e o tipo de tratamento (reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e ambulat&#243;rio; p&#250;blico e privado). As caracter&#237;sticas foram coletadas com o consentimento dos pacientes, por meio de seus prontu&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>A pesquisa foi conduzida dentro dos padr&#245;es exigidos pela Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina (n&#250;mero 020/2011), de acordo com a resolu&#231;&#227;o CNS 196/96. Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram informados sobre os objetivos da pesquisa, confidencialidade dos dados, e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Escala de Barreiras para Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca (CRBS)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A CRBS avalia a percep&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s barreiras de n&#237;vel pessoal (paciente), profissional (profissional de sa&#250;de) e institucional (sistema) que afetam a participa&#231;&#227;o e a ader&#234;ncia aos programas de RC. Um exemplo do n&#237;vel do paciente &#233; o item: &#168;Porque eu acho exerc&#237;cio cansativo ou doloroso&#168;; do n&#237;vel profissional: &#168;Porque o meu m&#233;dico n&#227;o achou que fosse necess&#225;rio&#168;; e, do n&#237;vel do sistema: &#168;Porque eu acho que fui encaminhado, mas o programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o entrou em contato comigo&#168;. A escala pode ser aplicada em pacientes em consultas em ambulat&#243;rio, internados ou participantes de programas de RC.</p>
    <p>A escala &#233; baseada em um estudo piloto que resultou em uma vers&#227;o revisada de 21 itens, validados psicometricamente por Shanmugasegaram e cols.<sup>25</sup> em ingl&#234;s. Os itens est&#227;o divididos em quatro subescalas, cada uma relacionada a um grupo de barreiras: necessidades percebidas/fatores de cuidado &#224; sa&#250;de (9 itens), fatores log&#237;sticos (5 itens), conflitos de trabalho/tempo (3 itens) e comorbidades/estado funcional (4 itens)<sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p>Participantes de estudos envolvendo a CRBS s&#227;o solicitados a classificar seu grau de concord&#226;ncia com os itens, atrav&#233;s de uma escala Likert de 5 pontos que varia de 1 = discordo plenamente a 5 = concordo plenamente. Escores elevados indicam grandes barreiras para a participa&#231;&#227;o ou ader&#234;ncia aos programas de RC<sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tradu&#231;&#227;o e adapta&#231;&#227;o cultural</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O processo inicial - tradu&#231;&#227;o e adapta&#231;&#227;o cultural - foi realizado para disponibilizar a CRBS para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, de forma equivalente &#224;s diferen&#231;as culturais. Essa etapa de tradu&#231;&#227;o da escala do ingl&#234;s para o portugu&#234;s seguiu normas precisas, autorizadas pela autora, e foi realizada com base no protocolo proposto por Guillemin e cols.<sup>27</sup>: tradu&#231;&#227;o inicial, tradu&#231;&#227;o reversa e revis&#227;o por um comit&#234; de especialistas na &#225;rea.</p>
    <p>A tradu&#231;&#227;o inicial da escala (em ingl&#234;s) para a l&#237;ngua-alvo (portugu&#234;s do Brasil) foi realizada por dois profissionais da sa&#250;de independentes, fluentes na l&#237;ngua inglesa, tendo como l&#237;ngua m&#227;e o portugu&#234;s. Os tradutores estavam cientes dos objetivos e conceitos subjacentes ao estudo e procuraram detectar as ambiguidades e os significados inesperados nos itens originais. </p>
    <p>Com as duas tradu&#231;&#245;es em m&#227;os, os pesquisadores reuniram-se para gerar a vers&#227;o 1 do instrumento. Na segunda fase, a vers&#227;o 1 foi retraduzida ao ingl&#234;s por um tradutor nativo, que desconhecia os objetivos iniciais do estudo e a vers&#227;o original, gerando a vers&#227;o 2. Ap&#243;s esse processo, um comit&#234; de avalia&#231;&#227;o, formado por pesquisadores bil&#237;ngues especialistas na &#225;rea, avaliou a vers&#227;o 2 e o instrumento original, a fim de verificar a equival&#234;ncia sem&#226;ntica, idiom&#225;tica, cultural e conceitual. Por meio desse processo foi gerada a vers&#227;o 3, submetida &#224; fase seguinte de valida&#231;&#227;o, sendo aplicada aos participantes do estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Valida&#231;&#227;o psicom&#233;trica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O programa estat&#237;stico SPSS - Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - vers&#227;o 17.0 foi utilizado para armazenamento, triagem e an&#225;lise dos dados. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para todos os testes foi de 0.05. Quando mais de 20% dos itens n&#227;o foram preenchidos pelo participante, seus dados foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Foram realizadas an&#225;lises psicom&#233;tricas com o objetivo de avaliar a validade (do constructo e de crit&#233;rio), a consist&#234;ncia interna e a confiabilidade da vers&#227;o em portugu&#234;s da CRBS. </p>
    <p>A validade do constructo foi analisada por meio da an&#225;lise fatorial explorat&#243;ria. Os testes de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) e de Esfericidade de Bartlett foram realizados para indicar o grau de suscetibilidade dos dados &#224; an&#225;lise fatorial. A extra&#231;&#227;o dos fatores foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo de componentes principais, considerando apenas aqueles com <italic>eigenvalues </italic>superiores a 1.0. Selecionados os fatores, foi gerada uma matriz correlacional utilizando-se o m&#233;todo com rota&#231;&#227;o varim&#225;x com normaliza&#231;&#227;o Kaiser, na qual foram observadas as rela&#231;&#245;es entre os itens e fatores, por meio das cargas fatoriais, sendo consideradas aquelas maiores do que 0,3<sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para estimar a consist&#234;ncia interna do instrumento foi calculado o <italic>Alpha</italic> de Cronbach da escala e das subescalas. Nessa an&#225;lise, valores de <italic>Alpha</italic> superiores a 0,60 foram considerados aceit&#225;veis, refletindo a correla&#231;&#227;o dos itens entre si e com o escore total<sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
    <p>A confiabilidade foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (ICC) usando um teste-reteste com intervalo de dois meses e meio entre as aplica&#231;&#245;es, em 17 participantes da pesquisa.</p>
    <p>Para avaliar a validade de crit&#233;rio do CRBS, testes t verificaram diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias dos escores totais da escala e das subescalas, em participantes de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e n&#227;o participantes.</p>
    <p>Para verificar os resultados da aplica&#231;&#227;o da escala em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes (g&#234;nero, idade, estado de sa&#250;de e grau de escolaridade) utilizaram-se an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de 1 entrada e teste Qui-quadrado, ap&#243;s confirmar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal dos dados (p &gt; 0,1) atrav&#233;s do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov<sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
    <p>Resultados </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra foi composta por 173 pacientes, sendo 48 mulheres. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento, 139 eram participantes de programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e 34, pacientes de ambulat&#243;rio. A idade variou entre 38 e 85 anos (m&#233;dia = 63,01; desvio padr&#227;o = 9,5). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estado de sa&#250;de, 50,9% apresentavam diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), 31,2% sofreram um Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (IAM) e 28,9% submeteram-se ao procedimento de angioplastia (ATC).</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau de escolaridade, foi observado que a maioria da amostra apresentou ensino superior completo (54,3%). Quando avaliado em raz&#227;o dos tratamentos, 65,4% dos pacientes em reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca possuem ensino superior completo e 58,8% dos pacientes em tratamento ambulatorial possuem ensino fundamental incompleto. </p>
    <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio levou entre 15 e 20 minutos.</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a02212tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a02212tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0344-00025-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tradu&#231;&#227;o e adapta&#231;&#227;o cultural</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No processo de tradu&#231;&#227;o e adapta&#231;&#227;o, verificou-se que todas as quest&#245;es poderiam ser usadas na realidade brasileira, sendo a vers&#227;o em portugu&#234;s da CRBS composta tamb&#233;m por 21 itens. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="a02112tab02">tabela 2</xref> apresenta os itens da CRBS traduzidos para o portugu&#234;s.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a02112tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0344-00025-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Valida&#231;&#227;o psicom&#233;trica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A validade de constructo foi avaliada por meio da an&#225;lise fatorial explorat&#243;ria. O valor de signific&#226;ncia do teste de Esfericidade de Bartlett (menor que 0,0001) e KMO (0,845) mostrou-se adequado &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise fatorial para o tratamento dos dados. Atrav&#233;s da rota&#231;&#227;o varim&#225;x com normaliza&#231;&#227;o Kaiser foram obtidos cinco fatores, extra&#237;dos pelo m&#233;todo de componentes principais. Tais fatores, em seu conjunto, respondem por 63% da vari&#226;ncia total dos dados, e o fator 1 &#233; respons&#225;vel por 36% da vari&#226;ncia. Todos os fatores foram definidos pelos itens e tr&#234;s foram considerados consistentes internamente (<italic>Alpha</italic> de Cronbach superior a 0,6)<sup>28</sup>. O primeiro fator reflete itens relacionados a comorbidades e estado funcional (<italic>Alpha</italic> = 0,876). O segundo fator compreende itens relacionados a necessidades percebidas (<italic>Alpha</italic> = 0,812). O terceiro fator reflete problemas pessoais e familiares (<italic>Alpha</italic> = 0,625). O quarto fator refere-se aos itens que abordam viagem e conflitos de trabalho (<italic>Alpha</italic> = 0,554). O quinto e &#250;ltimo fator corresponde aos itens relacionados a acesso (<italic>Alpha</italic> = 0,567). </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a02112tab03">tabela 3</xref> s&#227;o apresentadas as cargas fatoriais de cada quest&#227;o nos cinco fatores levantados, considerando que cargas fatoriais abaixo de 0,3 s&#227;o pouco significativas<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a02112tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0344-00025-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O <italic>Alpha</italic> de Cronbach tamb&#233;m foi usado para estimar a consist&#234;ncia interna do instrumento, sendo o valor encontrado 0,88.</p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (ICC) foi extra&#237;do para avaliar a confiabilidade do instrumento em portugu&#234;s, atrav&#233;s do teste-reteste com intervalo de dois meses e meio entre as aplica&#231;&#245;es, em 17 participantes da pesquisa. O ICC encontrado foi de 0,68.</p>
    <p>A validade de crit&#233;rio foi avaliada atrav&#233;s das diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias dos escores totais da escala e das subescalas, entre participantes de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e n&#227;o participantes. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s m&#233;dias dos escores totais, as barreiras &#224; reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foram significantemente maiores entre os pacientes ambulatoriais do que entre os pacientes j&#225; em RC (p &lt; 0,001), conforme esperado<sup>13,14,16,25</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes do ambulat&#243;rio apresentaram m&#233;dias de escores estatisticamente maiores (p &lt; 0,001) em quatro dos cinco fatores da CRBS em portugu&#234;s (comorbidades/estado funcional, necessidades percebidas, problemas pessoais/familiares, viagem/conflitos de trabalho), quando comparados com o grupo em RC. Esses resultados est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="a02112tab04">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a02112tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0344-00025-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Quando analisadas as m&#233;dias dos itens em raz&#227;o dos grupos (pacientes em reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e tratamento ambulatorial), observaram-se diferen&#231;as significativas em todos os itens, e o grupo de pacientes em tratamento ambulatorial apresentou as maiores m&#233;dias (ou, conforme descrito, maiores barreiras). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="a02112tab05">tabela 5</xref> traz os resultados das m&#233;dias dos escores de cada item, na amostra geral e nos grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a02112tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0344-00025-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes em raz&#227;o das m&#233;dias dos escores totais, observaram-se diferen&#231;as significativas entre as categorias de idade (p = 0,01), grau de escolaridade (p &lt; 0,001) e sexo (p &lt; 0,001). Idosos apresentaram barreiras significantemente maiores do que indiv&#237;duos mais jovens. Pacientes com baixos graus de escolaridade tamb&#233;m apresentaram maiores barreiras &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o na RC. Mulheres apresentaram barreiras significantemente menores do que os homens, o que pode estar relacionado &#224; baixa percep&#231;&#227;o sobre seu estado de sa&#250;de apontada em estudos<sup>17,18</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O processo de tradu&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o de um instrumento na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de requer um esfor&#231;o maior do que somente a an&#225;lise idiom&#225;tica e sem&#226;ntica. &#201; necess&#225;rio adaptar a linguagem sob os pontos de vista cultural e conceitual, buscando aproxim&#225;-la ao m&#225;ximo da realidade da popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo<sup>30</sup>. No Brasil, particularmente, as diferen&#231;as regionais, sociais e culturais fazem dessa tarefa algo ainda mais dif&#237;cil<sup>31</sup>. Esses aspectos foram levados em considera&#231;&#227;o na realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo. </p>
    <p>Este estudo procurou validar a escala CRBS que avalia barreiras &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o e ader&#234;ncia aos programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, em m&#250;ltiplos n&#237;veis, podendo ser aplicada em sujeitos participantes desses programas ou n&#227;o. A an&#225;lise fatorial revelou cinco fatores, chamados comorbidades/estado funcional, necessidades percebidas, problemas pessoais/ familiares, viagem/conflitos de trabalho e acesso. Todos os fatores foram definidos pelos itens e tr&#234;s foram considerados consistentes internamente (<italic>Alpha</italic> de Cronbach superior a 0,6)<sup>28</sup>. Os escores da escala mostraram-se significantemente relacionados &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o nos programas de RC, tal que a validade de crit&#233;rio foi estabelecida. Finalmente, a consist&#234;ncia interna do instrumento foi estabelecida (<italic>Alpha</italic> = 0,88) e a confiabilidade do instrumento checada por meio do teste-reteste.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m da l&#237;ngua portuguesa, a escala CRBS foi validada em ingl&#234;s (valida&#231;&#227;o original<sup>25</sup>) e traduzida para o franc&#234;s e o punjabi. Por&#233;m, este foi o primeiro estudo no qual a escala foi aplicada fora do Canad&#225; e, al&#233;m de traduzida e validada psicometricamente, foi adaptada &#224; cultura brasileira. </p>
    <p>Resultados deste estudo s&#227;o consistentes com os apresentados na valida&#231;&#227;o original<sup>25</sup>, particularmente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de itens (21 em cada vers&#227;o) e &#224; validade de crit&#233;rio (maiores barreiras apontadas por aqueles n&#227;o participantes de RC). Ainda, a confiabilidade da CRBS em ingl&#234;s foi demonstrada por um ICC de 0,64. </p>
    <p>A valida&#231;&#227;o original<sup>25</sup> apresentou quatro fatores (necessidades percebidas/fatores de cuidado &#224; sa&#250;de, fatores log&#237;sticos, conflitos de trabalho/hor&#225;rio e comorbidades/estado funcional). Em contrapartida em nosso estudo foram levantados cinco fatores, descritos anteriormente. As diferen&#231;as entre o n&#250;mero de fatores podem estar ligadas a diferentes realidades entre os pa&#237;ses cuja valida&#231;&#227;o original (Canad&#225;) e a portuguesa (Brasil) foram realizadas. Segundo Daly e cols.<sup>10</sup>, o ambiente social, a tradi&#231;&#245;es, as vari&#225;veis m&#233;dias e sociodemogr&#225;ficas de cada regi&#227;o e seus sistemas de sa&#250;de podem modificar a identifica&#231;&#227;o e a organiza&#231;&#227;o das barreiras &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o e ader&#234;ncia aos programas de RC. Neste estudo, apesar de dois fatores n&#227;o serem considerados consistentes internamente, a solu&#231;&#227;o de cinco fatores foi considerada adequada, pois apresentou maior consist&#234;ncia interna entre os itens. </p>
    <p>Na valida&#231;&#227;o da CRBS em portugu&#234;s, o fator &#168;comorbidades e estado funcional&#168; apresentou um n&#250;mero maior de itens (n = 7) quando comparado ao instrumento original. Estudos revelam que pacientes com maior n&#250;mero de comorbidades e baixo estado funcional s&#227;o menos prov&#225;veis a participarem da RC<sup>21,32</sup>, particularmente quando geram altos gastos para hospitais e sistemas de sa&#250;de<sup>33</sup>. O fator &#168;acesso&#168; foi criado para suprir alguns itens de fatores log&#237;sticos e que abrangiam as barreiras de car&#225;ter p&#250;blico (sistema). O fator "problemas pessoais e familiares" foi criado para abranger fatores voltados a responsabilidades familiares e quest&#245;es pessoais, como o item "Porque eu posso controlar o meu problema de cora&#231;&#227;o". O fator "necessidades percebidas" foi diferenciado do fator no instrumento original "necessidades percebidas/fatores de cuidado &#224; sa&#250;de", sendo os itens de cuidado &#224; sa&#250;de distribu&#237;dos no fator "comorbidades e estado funcional". Tamb&#233;m foi diferenciado o fator "viagem e conflitos de trabalho", chamado no instrumento original de "conflitos de trabalho/hor&#225;rio".</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes, observaram-se diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias dos escores em rela&#231;&#227;o a sexo, idade e grau de escolaridade. Apesar de participarem menos dos programas de RC, em geral as mulheres possuem baixa percep&#231;&#227;o das barreiras para a participa&#231;&#227;o aos programas de RC, quando comparadas aos homens<sup>17,18</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a natureza de suas barreiras difere, principalmente entre n&#227;o participantes<sup>17</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, o fato de os pacientes idosos estarem menos cientes dos benef&#237;cios da RC e possu&#237;rem outras queixas e comorbidades faz com que possuam maiores barreiras &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o desse tratamento<sup>19,20</sup>. O grau de escolaridade - caracterizando o n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico neste estudo - mostrou-se relacionado &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o nos programas de RC, conforme descrito em outros estudos. Indiv&#237;duos com elevados graus de escolaridade apresentaram escores m&#233;dios menores e maior participa&#231;&#227;o na RC<sup>10,34</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma das implica&#231;&#245;es da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do CRBS em pesquisas, embora sua constru&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o tenham fins de pesquisa, &#233; seu uso para fins cl&#237;nicos e pol&#237;ticos, conforme descrito na valida&#231;&#227;o do instrumento original<sup>25</sup>. O uso dessa escala pode facilitar a identifica&#231;&#227;o das barreiras entre diferentes regi&#245;es e diferentes organiza&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de, al&#233;m de servir como um &#168;di&#225;rio&#168;, descrevendo diferentes barreiras em diferentes est&#225;gios do processo de tratamento do paciente.</p>
    <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo apresentam rela&#231;&#227;o principalmente as caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o pesquisada: maior n&#250;mero de pacientes em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e com elevado grau de escolaridade. Outro ponto &#233; o fato de os pacientes estarem reportando as barreiras n&#227;o somente de n&#237;vel pessoal, mas no n&#237;vel do profissional e do sistema, o que pode gerar erros. Ainda, quando s&#227;o avaliados, &#233; importante descrever em qual est&#225;gio do tratamento os pacientes est&#227;o, para a identifica&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo no qual as barreiras s&#227;o adquiridas. Assim como no instrumento original, este estudo foi conduzido em uma regi&#227;o espec&#237;fica (sul do Brasil) e estes resultados generalizam apenas pacientes dessa &#225;rea, havendo a necessidade de estudos em outros locais do pa&#237;s.</p>
    <p>Apesar de o objetivo deste estudo ser a valida&#231;&#227;o do instrumento para o portugu&#234;s do Brasil, futuras pesquisas s&#227;o sugeridas no sentido de comparar as barreiras &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o e ader&#234;ncia aos programas RC com diferentes n&#237;veis socioecon&#244;micos e est&#225;gios de tratamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar de existirem outras escalas avaliando as barreiras para participa&#231;&#227;o e ader&#234;ncia aos programas de RC, a CRBS &#233; a primeira que avalia essas barreiras em n&#237;veis m&#250;ltiplos (pessoal, profissional e p&#250;blico), para participantes ou n&#227;o desses programas. Os resultados apresentados neste artigo indicam que a CRBS em portugu&#234;s apresenta &#237;ndices de confiabilidade e validade adequados. Seu uso permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o de barreiras que podem ser utilizadas no estabelecimento de estrat&#233;gias para aumentar a participa&#231;&#227;o e ader&#234;ncia aos programas de RC, centradas nas necessidades reais dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Para acessar o instrumento e obter maiores informa&#231;&#245;es visite o endere&#231;o eletr&#244;nico: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.yorku.ca/sgrace/crbarriersscale.html"><underline>http://www.yorku.ca/sgrace/crbarriersscale.html</underline></ext-link>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Gabriela Lima de Melo Ghisi </p>
        <p> 35 Charles Street West </p>
        <p> Yorkville - M4Y 1R6 </p>
        <p> Toronto </p>
        <p> ON - Canada </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><ext-link xlink:href="mailto:gaby_melo@hotmail.com" ext-link-type="email"><underline>gaby_melo@hotmail.com</underline></ext-link>, </p>
        <p>
          <ext-link xlink:href="mailto:gabriela.ghisi@gmail.com" ext-link-type="email">
            <underline>gabriela.ghisi@gmail.com</underline>
          </ext-link>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 22/07/11; revisado recebido em 22/07/11; aceito em 01/12/11.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Development and validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases show high incidence and prevalence in Brazil; however, participation in Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) is limited and has been poorly investigated in the country. The Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale (CRBS) was developed to assess the barriers to participation and adherence to CR. OBJECTIVE: To translate, cross-culturally adapt and psychometrically validate CRBS to Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS: Two independent initial translations were performed. After the reverse translation, both versions were reviewed by a committee. The new version was tested in 173 patients with coronary artery disease (48 women, mean age = 63 years). Of these, 139 (80.3%) participated in CR. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha, test-retest reliability by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and construct validity by factor analysis. T-tests were used to assess criterion validity between participants and non-participants in CR. The applied test results were evaluated regarding patient characteristics (gender, age, health status and educational level). RESULTS: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the CRBS had Cronbach's alpha of 0.88, ICC of 0.68 and disclosed five factors, most of which showed to be internally consistent and all were defined by the items. The mean score for patients in CR was 1.29 (SD = 0.27) and 2.36 for ambulatory patients (SD = 0.50) (p &lt;0.001). Criterion validity was also supported by significant differences in total scores by gender, age and educational level. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese version of CRBS has shown adequate validity and reliability, which supports its use in future studies.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>patient compliance</kwd>
        <kwd>treatment outcome</kwd>
        <kwd>patient participation</kwd>
        <kwd>questionnaires</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="top-body2"/>Development and validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Gabriela Lima de Melo Ghisi<sup>I,II</sup>; Rafaella Zulianello dos Santos<sup>IV</sup>; Vanessa Schveitzer<sup>IV</sup>; Aline Lange Barros<sup>IV</sup>; Thais Lunardi Recchia<sup>IV</sup>; Paul Oh<sup>II</sup>; Magnus Benetti<sup>IV</sup>; Sherry L. Grace<sup>II,III</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>University of Toronto - Faculty of Physical Education and Health - Department of Exercise Sciences</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention Program</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>York University and University Health Network</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Toronto, ON, Canada; Universidade Estadual de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de e do Esporte, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Cardiovascular diseases show high incidence and prevalence in Brazil; however, participation in Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) is limited and has been poorly investigated in the country. The Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale (CRBS) was developed to assess the barriers to participation and adherence to CR. </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To translate, cross-culturally adapt and psychometrically validate CRBS to Brazilian Portuguese. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Two independent initial translations were performed. After the reverse translation, both versions were reviewed by a committee. The new version was tested in 173 patients with coronary artery disease (48 women, mean age = 63 years). Of these, 139 (80.3%) participated in CR. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha, test-retest reliability by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and construct validity by factor analysis. T-tests were used to assess criterion validity between participants and non-participants in CR. The applied test results were evaluated regarding patient characteristics (gender, age, health status and educational level). </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The Brazilian Portuguese version of the CRBS had Cronbach's alpha of 0.88, ICC of 0.68 and disclosed five factors, most of which showed to be internally consistent and all were defined by the items. The mean score for patients in CR was 1.29 (SD = 0.27) and 2.36 for ambulatory patients (SD = 0.50) (p &lt;0.001). Criterion validity was also supported by significant differences in total scores by gender, age and educational level.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The Brazilian Portuguese version of CRBS has shown adequate validity and reliability, which supports its use in future studies.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Cardiovascular diseases / rehabilitation; patient compliance; treatment outcome; patient participation; questionnaires.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, in addition to significantly contributing with high morbidity rates<sup>1</sup> and high governmental health costs<sup>2</sup>. Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) - a multidisciplinary treatment program that focus on secondary prevention<sup>3</sup> - effectively decreases cardiac risk, significantly reduces the recurrence of cardiac events, increases the quality of life of patients<sup>4</sup> and reduces mortality by 25%<sup>5</sup>. Although these benefits are known, cardiac rehabilitation is not widely used, with patient participation ranging between 7.5% and 29%<sup>6-7</sup> with low adherence and dropout rates ranging between 40% and 55%<sup>8-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The reasons for the low participation and adherence to CR programs are described in the literature as barriers and may have personal (patient), professional (multidisciplinary team) or public (system) features<sup>10,11</sup>. Among them we can mention: the process of referral to CR programs<sup>11-14</sup>, patients' psychosocial and personal factors<sup>10,13,15</sup>, logistic factors<sup>16</sup>, patients' perception<sup>10,15</sup>, sex<sup>10,16-18</sup>, age<sup>10,16,19,20</sup>, functional status and associated comorbidities<sup>10,21</sup>, socioeconomic level<sup>10,21</sup> and smoking<sup>10,22</sup>. </p>
      <p>Brazil has a peculiar health system, of which cardiac rehabilitation programs may be public or private. The fact that this feature is different from countries where barriers to CR were studied, associated with lack of knowledge in the area, makes it necessary to have instruments to assess barriers, allowing better planning of programs, improvement of clinical training and increase participation and adherence of patients. </p>
      <p>A literature search showed three scales (psychometrically validated) that evaluate barriers both in participation and adherence to CR: an English one (Beliefs on Cardiac Rehabilitation)<sup>23</sup>, an Australian one (CREO - Cardiac Rehabilitation Enrollment Obstacles)<sup>24</sup> and a Canadian one (CRBS - Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale)<sup>25</sup>. The scale that assesses the beliefs<sup>23</sup> incorporates only some barriers identified by the literature and is applied only to adherence, and not to participation in CR. The scale that assesses the obstacles<sup>24</sup>, in addition to having low validity, was tested with a sample of patients after percutaneous coronary intervention, and therefore its use in other groups of patients with coronary disease has not been tested and is not known.</p>
      <p>The Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale (CRBS) was developed in Canada and validated in two languages &#8203;&#8203;(English<sup>25</sup> and French<sup>26</sup>), in order to assess the barriers to participation and adherence to CR programs in relation to the patient, healthcare professional and health system factors. The CRBS can be used to assess the reasons why patients with heart problems do not to use RC, even when such treatment is indicated by health professionals<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt and validate the CRBS to Brazilian Portuguese. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Participants</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The participants were patients of both sexes, with any disease/comorbidity that required cardiac rehabilitation treatment, who participated or not in these programs. The following exclusion criteria were used in the study: 1) age younger than 18 years; 2) illiterate individuals; 3) any visual, cognitive or psychiatric condition that would prevent the individual from answering the instrument. </p>
      <p>Data were collected between March and June 2011 and patients were selected from cardiac rehabilitation programs and outpatient clinics, both public and private, in the metropolitan region of the city of Florian&#243;polis, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The instrument was applied through monitored self-administration. The researchers maintained a neutral stance during the administration, answering questions about the research and encouraging participants to answer all questions. </p>
      <p>Participants were categorized according to gender, age, health status (diagnosis, associated comorbidities, acute events and surgical procedures performed), educational level and type of treatment (cardiac rehabilitation and outpatient clinic, public and private). The characteristics were collected after patients had given their consent, through their medical records. </p>
      <p>The research was carried out according to the standards required by the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina (#020/2011), in accordance with CNS Resolution #196/96. All subjects were informed about the research objectives, data confidentiality and signed the free and informed consent form.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale (CRBS) </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The CRBS assesses patients' perception of barriers in relation to the personal level (patient), professional (healthcare professional) and institutional (system) that affect participation and adherence to CR programs. One example of the patient's level is the item: "Because I find exercise tiring or painful"; of the professional level: "Because my doctor did not feel it was necessary", and of the system level: "Because I think I was referred, but the rehab program didn't contact me". The scale can be applied to patients in outpatient consultations, to inpatients or those participating in CR programs. </p>
      <p>The scale is based on a pilot study that resulted in a revised version with 21 items, psychometrically validated by Shanmugasegaram e cols. <sup>25</sup> in English. The items are divided into four subscales, each related to a group of barriers: perceived needs / health care factors (9 items), logistic factors (5 items), conflicts with work schedule/time (3 items), and comorbidities/functional status (4 items)<sup>25</sup>. </p>
      <p>Participants in studies involving the CRBS are asked to rate their level of agreement with the items through a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree. High scores indicate strong barriers to the participation or adherence to CR programs<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Translation and cultural adaptation </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The initial process - translation and cultural adaptation - was carried out to provide the CRBS for the Brazilian population, as equivalent to cultural differences. This step of the translation of the scale from English to Portuguese followed strict norms approved by the author and was based on the protocol proposed by Guillemin et al<sup>27</sup>: initial translation, back translation and review by a committee of experts.</p>
      <p>The initial translation of the scale (in English) to the target language (Brazilian Portuguese) was performed by two independent health professionals, both fluent in English, whose mother tongue is Brazilian Portuguese. The translators were aware of the objectives and concepts underlying the study and sought to detect ambiguities and unexpected meanings in the original items. </p>
      <p>After the two translations had been performed, the researchers met to create the first version of the instrument. In the second phase, the first version was retranslated into English by a native translator, blinded to the initial objectives of the study and the original version, generating the second version. After this process, an evaluation committee, consisting of bilingual researchers in the field, evaluated the second version and the original instrument in order to verify the semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalence. Through this process the third version was created and submitted to the next stage of validation, being applied to study participants. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Psychometric Validation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Sciences - release 17.0 was used for storing, sorting and analyzing data. The level of significance for all tests was set at 0.05. When more than 20% of the items were not completed by the participant, their data were excluded from the analysis.</p>
      <p>Psychometric analyses were performed to assess the validity (of the construct and the criterion), the internal consistency and reliability of the Brazilian Portuguese version of CRBS.</p>
      <p>The construct validity was assessed through exploratory factorial analysis. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett Sphericity tests were performed to indicate the degree of susceptibility data to factorial analysis. The factor extraction was performed using the method of main components, considering only those with eigenvalues &#8203;&#8203;greater than 1.0. After the factors were selected, a correlation matrix was generated using the method of varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization, which showed the relationships between items and factors, by means of factorial loads, considering those &gt; 0.3<sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
      <p>To estimate the internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha of the scale and subscales was calculated. In this analysis, Alpha values &#8203;&#8203;greater than 0.60 were considered acceptable, reflecting the correlation of the items among themselves and with the total score of <sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
      <p>Reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) using a test-retest with an interval of two and a half months between applications in 17 study participants. </p>
      <p>To assess the criterion validity of the CRBS, <italic>t</italic> tests verified differences between the means of the total scores of the scale and subscales in cardiac rehabilitation participants and nonparticipants.</p>
      <p>To verify the results of applying the scale in relation to patient characteristics (gender, age, health status and educational level) we used one-way analysis of variance and chi-square test, after confirming the normal distribution of data (p&gt; 0.1) using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test<sup>28,29</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Characteristics of the participants</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample comprised 173 patients, of which 48 were women. Regarding treatment, 139 were participants in cardiac rehabilitation programs and 34 were outpatients. Age ranged from 38 to 85 years (mean = 63.01, SD = 9.5). In relation to health status, 50.9% had a diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD), 31.2% had had a previous acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 28.9% had undergone Percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty Procedure (PTCA) .</p>
      <p>Regarding the degree of schooling, it was observed that the majority of the sample had finished College/University (54.3%). When evaluated regarding the treatments, 65.4% of the patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation have a university degree and 58.8% of the outpatients had only elementary education.</p>
      <p>The questionnaire took between 15 and 20 minutes to be completed and the characteristics of participants are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a02212tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a02212tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0344-00025-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Translation and cultural adaptation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During the process of translation and cultural adaptation, it was observed that all questions could be used for the Brazilian context, and the Portuguese version of the CRBS also consisted of 21 items. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a02212tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the items of CRBS translated into Portuguese. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a02212tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0344-00025-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Psychometric Validation </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Construct validity was assessed by means of exploratory factorial analysis. The significance values of Bartlett's Sphericity (&lt; 0.0001) and KMO (0.845) tests were appropriate for the use of factorial analysis in data processing. Through varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization, five factors were obtained, extracted by the method of main components. These factors, considered together, account for 63% of the total variance and factor 1 is responsible for 36% of the variance. All factors were defined by items and three were considered internally consistent (Cronbach's alpha &gt; 0.6)<sup>28</sup>. The first factor reflects items related to comorbidities and functional status (Alpha = 0.876). The second factor includes items related to perceived needs (Alpha = 0.812). The third factor reflects personal and family problems (Alpha = 0.625). The fourth factor refers to items that address travel and conflicts with work schedule (Alpha = 0.554). The fifth and last factor corresponds to the items related to access (Alpha = 0.567). </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a02212tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the factor loading of each question in the five raised factors, whereas factor loadings &lt; 0.3 are not significant<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a02212tab03-body2">
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      <p>Cronbach's alpha was also used to estimate the internal consistency of the instrument, and value was calculated at 0.88.</p>
      <p>The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was extracted to assess the reliability of the instrument in Brazilian Portuguese, through test-retest, with a two and a half-month interval between applications on 17 study participants. The ICC found was 0.68.</p>
      <p>Criterion validity was assessed through the differences between the means of the total scores of the scale and subscales between cardiac rehabilitation participants and nonparticipants. Regarding the means of the total scores, the barriers to cardiac rehabilitation were significantly higher among outpatients than among patients already in CR (p &lt; 0.001), as expected<sup>13,14,16,25</sup>. Furthermore, outpatients had statistically higher mean scores (p &lt; 0.001) in four of the five factors of CRBS in Portuguese (comorbidities/functional status, perceived needs, family/personal problems, travel/conflicts with work schedule), when compared with the CR group. These results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a02212tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>. </p>
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      <p>When the means of the items are analyzed according to the groups (patients in cardiac rehabilitation and outpatient treatment), there were significant differences in all items, and the group of patients undergoing outpatient treatment had the highest means (or, as described, the biggest barriers). <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a02212tab05-body2">Table 5</xref> shows the results of the means of the scores of each item in the overall sample and in the groups. </p>
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      <p>Regarding the characteristics of the participants according to the means of the total scores, there were significant differences between the categories of age (p = 0.01), schooling (p &lt; 0.001) and sex (p &lt; 0.001). The elderly had significantly higher barriers than younger individuals. Patients with low levels of education also had higher barriers to participate in CR. Women had significantly lower barriers than men, which may be related to the low perception of their health status as shown in certain studies<sup>17,18</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The process of translation and validation of an instrument in the health area requires a greater effort than simply idiomatic and semantic analysis. It is necessary to adapt the language from the cultural and conceptual points of view, aiming at bringing it as close as possible to the reality of the target population<sup>30</sup>. In Brazil, particularly, regional, social and cultural differences make this task somewhat even more difficult<sup>31</sup>. These aspects were all considered in this study.</p>
      <p>This study sought to validate the CRBS scale assessing barriers to participation and adherence to cardiac rehabilitation programs, on multiple levels, and can be applied to subjects participating in these programs or not. The factorial analysis revealed five factors, called comorbidities/functional status, perceived needs, personal/family problems, travel/ conflicts with work schedule and access. All factors were defined by items and three were considered internally consistent (Cronbach's alpha &gt; 0.6)<sup>28</sup>. The scale scores were significantly related to participation or not in CR programs, so that the criterion validity was established. Finally, the instrument's internal consistency was established (alpha = 0.88) and instrument reliability was verified by test-retest. </p>
      <p>In addition to the Portuguese language, the CRBS has been validated in English (original validation<sup>25</sup>) and translated into French and Punjabi. However, this was the first study in which the scale was applied outside Canada and, in addition to being translated and psychometrically validated, the instrument was adapted to the Brazilian culture.</p>
      <p>The results of this study are consistent with those presented in the original validation<sup>25</sup>, particularly in relation to the number of items (21 in each version) and criterion validity (the biggest barriers cited by those not participating in CR). Also, the reliability of the CRBS in English was demonstrated by an ICC of 0.64.</p>
      <p>The original validation<sup>25</sup> had four factors (perceived needs / health care factors, logistic factors, conflicts with work schedule/ time and comorbidities / functional status). However in our study five factors were identified, which were described earlier. The difference between the number of factors may be associated with different realities between the countries where the original validation (Canada) and the Brazilian Portuguese one (Brazil) were performed. According to Daly et al<sup>10</sup>, the social environment, the traditions, mean and sociodemographic variables of each region and their health systems can modify the identification and organization of the barriers to participation and adherence to CR programs. In this study, although two factors are not considered internally consistent, the solution of five factors was considered adequate, as it showed greater internal consistency among the items.</p>
      <p>When validating the CRBS in Portuguese, the factor "comorbidities and functional status" had a greater number of items (n = 7) compared to the original instrument. Studies show that patients with more comorbidities and lower functional status are less likely to participate in CR<sup>21,32</sup>, particularly when they generate high costs for hospitals and health systems<sup>33</sup>. The factor "access" was created to supply certain items of logistic factors encompassing the barriers of public character (system). The factor "personal and family problems" was created to encompass factors directed at family and personal matters, such as the item "Because I can manage my heart problem on my own." The factor "perceived needs" was differentiated from the original instrument's "perceived needs/healthcare factors", with the healthcare items distributed in the factor "comorbidities and functional status." Also differentiated was the factor "travel and conflicts with work schedule," called in the original instrument of "conflicts of work schedule/ time." </p>
      <p>Regarding the characteristics of the participants, we observed differences between the means of scores by gender, age and educational level. Although the participated less often in CR programs, overall women have a low perception of barriers to participate in these programs, when compared to men<sup>17,18</sup>. Moreover, the nature of their barriers differs, especially among non-participants<sup>17</sup>. Regarding age, the fact that elderly patients are less aware of the benefits of CR and have other complaints and comorbidities result in more barriers to the treatment<sup>19,20</sup>. The level of schooling - characterizing the socioeconomic level in this study - showed to be related to participation in CR programs, as described in other studies. Individuals with higher levels of education had lower mean scores and higher participation in CR programs<sup>10,34</sup>. </p>
      <p>One of the consequences of using CRBS in research, although its construction and validation have research purposes, is its use for clinical and political purposes, as described in the original validation<sup>25</sup>. The use of this scale may facilitate the identification of barriers between different regions and different health organizations, and works as a "dairy", describing different barriers in different stages of patient care.</p>
      <p>The limitations of this study are related mainly to the characteristics of the studied population: higher number of patients in cardiac rehabilitation programs and higher degree of schooling. Another point is the fact that patients were reporting barriers not only of a personal level, but at the professional and system levels, which can generate errors. Also, when they are evaluated, it is important to describe at what stage of treatment the patients are, in order to identify the period in which barriers are acquired. As in the original instrument, this study was conducted in a specific region (southern Brazil) and these results generalize only patients from this area and it is necessary to perform further studies in other regions of the country. </p>
      <p>Although the objective of this study is the validation of the instrument into Brazilian Portuguese, future researches are suggested in order to compare the barriers to participation and adherence to CR programs with different socioeconomic levels and stages of treatment. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Although there are other scales to assess barriers to participation and adherence to CR programs, the CRBS is the first that evaluates these barriers at multiple levels (personal, professional and public) in participants and nonparticipants of these programs. The results presented here indicate that the CRBS in Brazilian Portuguese has adequate indices of reliability and validity. Its use allows the identification of barriers that can be used to establish strategies to increase participation and adherence to CR programs, focusing on the actual needs of patients.</p>
      <p>To access the instrument and obtain more information, visit the electronic address: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.yorku.ca/sgrace/crbarriersscale.html">http://www.yorku.ca/sgrace/crbarriersscale.html</ext-link>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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