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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LcSvMPx8NmSxSBTq3KGtMfB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000400007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800407</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000018</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial em Adventistas do S&#233;timo Dia da capital e do interior paulista</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Leilane Bagno Eleut&#233;rio da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Stael Silvana Bagno Eleut&#233;rio da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marc&#237;lio</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pierin</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ngela Maria Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>329</fpage>
      <lpage>337</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Sabe-se que h&#225;bitos de vida inadequados favorecem a hipertens&#227;o, e os adventistas preconizam h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o nos adventistas do s&#233;timo dia na capital e no interior paulistas. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 264 adventistas (41,17 &#177; 15,27 anos, 59,8% mulheres, com alto n&#237;vel de religiosidade avaliada pela escala Duke-DUREL). A medida da press&#227;o arterial foi realizada com aparelho autom&#225;tico validado. N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi p &lt; 0,05. Resultados: A preval&#234;ncia total de hipertens&#227;o foi 22,7%, (27,4% no interior e 15% na capital). Os adventistas da capital diferiram dos do interior (p &lt; 0,05), respectivamente, quanto: escolaridade superior (62% vs 36,6%); ter v&#237;nculo empregat&#237;cio (44%) vs aut&#244;nomos (40,9%); renda familiar (8,39 &#177; 6,20 vs 4,59 &#177; 4,75 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos) e renda individual (4,54 &#177; 5,34 vs 6,35 &#177; 48 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos); casal respons&#225;vel pela renda familiar (35% vs 39,6%); vegetarianismo (11% vs 3%); press&#227;o arterial (115,38 &#177; 16,52/68,74 &#177; 8,94 vs 123,66 &#177; 19,62/74,88 &#177; 11,85 mmHg); etnia branca (65% vs 81,1%); casados (53% vs 68,9%); menor apoio social no dom&#237;nio material (15,7 &#177; 5,41 vs 16,9 &#177; 4,32) e lembrar da &#250;ltima vez que mediu a press&#227;o arterial (65% vs 48,8%). A an&#225;lise multivariada associou hipertens&#227;o com: 1) vegetarianismo (OR 0,051, IC95% 0,004-0,681), 2) escolaridade (OR 5,317, IC95% 1,674-16,893), 3) lembrar quando mediu a press&#227;o (OR 2,725, IC95% 1,275-5,821), 4) aposentado (OR 8,846, IC95% 1,406-55,668), 5) respons&#225;vel pela renda familiar (OR 0,422, IC95% 0,189-0,942). CONCLUS&#195;O: A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o dos adventistas foi menor se comparada com estudos nacionais, sendo menor na capital em rela&#231;&#227;o ao interior possivelmente por melhores condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas e h&#225;bitos de vida.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>protestantismo</kwd>
        <kwd>h&#225;bitos alimentares</kwd>
        <kwd>estilo de vida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial em Adventistas do S&#233;timo Dia da capital e do interior paulista</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Leilane Bagno Eleut&#233;rio da Silva; Stael Silvana Bagno Eleut&#233;rio da Silva; Amanda Garcia Marc&#237;lio; &#194;ngela Maria Geraldo Pierin</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold>Sabe-se que h&#225;bitos de vida inadequados favorecem a hipertens&#227;o, e os adventistas preconizam h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o nos adventistas do s&#233;timo dia na capital e no interior paulistas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 264 adventistas (41,17 &#177; 15,27 anos, 59,8% mulheres, com alto n&#237;vel de religiosidade avaliada pela escala Duke-DUREL). A medida da press&#227;o arterial foi realizada com aparelho autom&#225;tico validado. N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi p &lt; 0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>Resultados: </bold>A preval&#234;ncia total de hipertens&#227;o foi 22,7%, (27,4% no interior e 15% na capital). Os adventistas da capital diferiram dos do interior (p &lt; 0,05), respectivamente, quanto: escolaridade superior (62% <italic>vs</italic> 36,6%); ter v&#237;nculo empregat&#237;cio (44%) <italic>vs</italic> aut&#244;nomos (40,9%); renda familiar (8,39 &#177; 6,20 <italic>vs</italic> 4,59 &#177; 4,75 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos) e renda individual (4,54 &#177; 5,34 <italic>vs</italic> 6,35 &#177; 48 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos); casal respons&#225;vel pela renda familiar (35% <italic>vs</italic> 39,6%); vegetarianismo (11% <italic>vs</italic> 3%); press&#227;o arterial (115,38 &#177; 16,52/68,74 &#177; 8,94 <italic>vs</italic> 123,66 &#177; 19,62/74,88 &#177; 11,85 mmHg); etnia branca (65% <italic>vs</italic> 81,1%); casados (53% <italic>vs</italic> 68,9%); menor apoio social no dom&#237;nio material (15,7 &#177; 5,41 <italic>vs</italic> 16,9 &#177; 4,32) e lembrar da &#250;ltima vez que mediu a press&#227;o arterial (65% <italic>vs</italic> 48,8%). A an&#225;lise multivariada associou hipertens&#227;o com: 1) vegetarianismo (OR 0,051, IC95% 0,004-0,681), 2) escolaridade (OR 5,317, IC95% 1,674-16,893), 3) lembrar quando mediu a press&#227;o (OR 2,725, IC95% 1,275-5,821), 4) aposentado (OR 8,846, IC95% 1,406-55,668), 5) respons&#225;vel pela renda familiar (OR 0,422, IC95% 0,189-0,942). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o dos adventistas foi menor se comparada com estudos nacionais, sendo menor na capital em rela&#231;&#227;o ao interior possivelmente por melhores condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas e h&#225;bitos de vida.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o, preval&#234;ncia, protestantismo, h&#225;bitos alimentares, estilo de vida.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS), "nas pr&#243;ximas duas d&#233;cadas, ser&#227;o as doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas que, dentre as afec&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o comunic&#225;veis, ocupar&#227;o a lideran&#231;a das causas de incapacidades. As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por 30% das mortes no mundo"<sup>1</sup>. Dentro desse contexto, destaca-se a hipertens&#227;o arterial como um dos principais fatores de risco cardiovascular. A hipertens&#227;o &#233; altamente prevalente em nosso meio, estimando-se que acometa cerca de 30% dos adultos, duplicando esse valor nos idosos<sup>2</sup>. Por&#233;m, o controle da doen&#231;a ainda &#233; muito baixo, apesar da comprova&#231;&#227;o de medidas efetivas do tratamento medicamentoso e n&#227;o medicamentoso.</p>
    <p>As VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o<sup>2</sup> preconizam a ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos e estilos de vida saud&#225;veis n&#227;o s&#243; como forma de tratamento, mas tamb&#233;m na preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Dentre eles destacam-se controle de peso corporal, estilo alimentar, redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de sal, abstin&#234;ncia de fumo, modera&#231;&#227;o na ingest&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica e atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
    <p>Membros da Igreja Adventista do S&#233;timo Dia j&#225; foram alvos de v&#225;rios estudos internacionais<sup>3,4</sup> em raz&#227;o das pr&#225;ticas de sa&#250;de distintas que possuem. Eles s&#227;o orientados por seus l&#237;deres religiosos a adotarem uma dieta saud&#225;vel, preferencialmente vegetariana (isenta do consumo de produtos de origem animal), abstin&#234;ncia de tabagismo e etilismo, como forma de express&#227;o da sua religiosidade baseado no princ&#237;pio b&#237;blico de que "o corpo humano &#233; o templo (morada) do Esp&#237;rito Santo de Deus", conforme escrito em I Cor&#237;ntios 6:19. Embora orientados, observa-se que o n&#250;mero de vegetarianos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; maior que o de ovolactovegetarianos (n&#227;o consomem carnes, mas consomem leite e ovos) e on&#237;voros (consomem alimentos de origem animal, inclusive produtos industrializados).</p>
    <p>Considerando a possibilidade de a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial ser influenciada pelos h&#225;bitos alimentares e estilos de vida e pela falta de pesquisas desse tipo no Brasil, os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial em membros batizados da Igreja Adventista do S&#233;timo Dia na cidade da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo e no interior de S&#227;o Paulo e identificar vari&#225;veis associadas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Tratou-se de um estudo comparativo, transversal, de campo, descritivo e de abordagem quantitativa, com 264 membros das Igrejas Adventistas do S&#233;timo Dia (100 da capital e 164 membros do interior paulista). Para o c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra utilizou-se a estimativa da preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o de 25%, varia&#231;&#227;o de 8%, 5% de erro tipo I, e 80% de poder do teste. Com esses par&#226;metros o tamanho da amostra estabelecido foi de 242 participantes.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: ter 18 anos ou mais; ser membro batizado e frequente &#224;s atividades religiosas; saber ler e escrever; e assinar o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE). Na capital paulista, as igrejas sorteadas pertenciam &#224; regi&#227;o sul da cidade, por se tratar da zona urbana com maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de adventistas por habitante, de acordo com dados fornecidos pela Associa&#231;&#227;o Paulista Sul da Igreja Adventista. As escolhidas foram: Santo Amaro e Campo Limpo. No interior, as igrejas sorteadas pertenciam &#224; Associa&#231;&#227;o Paulista Sudoeste (sede em Sorocaba). As cidades englobadas no estudo foram Itapeva e Itarar&#233;, cujas caracter&#237;sticas socioecon&#244;micas e das igrejas s&#227;o bastante semelhantes permitindo a equipara&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos da pesquisa. Foram inclu&#237;das todas as igrejas nos dois munic&#237;pios. A sele&#231;&#227;o dos participantes tamb&#233;m foi feita mediante sorteio aleat&#243;rio, por computador, utilizando-se a lista de membros batizados fornecida pela secretaria de cada igreja. Ap&#243;s o sorteio, os indiv&#237;duos foram convidados pessoalmente a participar do estudo assinando o TCLE. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica sob n&#186; 803/2009.</p>
    <p>Foram avaliadas as vari&#225;veis bio-s&#243;cio-econ&#244;micas incluindo idade, sexo, estado civil, etnia (autorreferida), ocupa&#231;&#227;o, moradia, tempo de batismo na Igreja, renda pessoal e familiar. Em estilos de vida foram contemplados: tipo de alimenta&#231;&#227;o (vegetariano ou n&#227;o), tabagismo, ingest&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica e atividade f&#237;sica. O aspecto social foi avaliado pela Escala de Apoio Social<sup>5</sup> composta por 19 quest&#245;es com cinco dom&#237;nios: material, afetivo, emocional, informa&#231;&#227;o e intera&#231;&#227;o social positiva. Para cada resposta, s&#227;o atribu&#237;dos escores que variam de 1 (nunca) a 5 (sempre), efetuando-se, em seguida, a soma dos pontos obtidos em cada pergunta. O total de pontos poss&#237;veis variou entre 19 pontos (m&#237;nimo) e 95 pontos (m&#225;ximo). Ap&#243;s o c&#225;lculo da mediana, a m&#233;dia de pontos ficou estabelecida em 38, sendo considerado baixo apoio social os participantes que obtiveram de 19 a 38 pontos, e alto apoio social os que obtiveram de 39 a 95 pontos.</p>
    <p>O peso (em kilograma) foi verificado com o uso de balan&#231;a digital (Tanita Solar Scale HS 301) e a altura (em cent&#237;metros) foi mensurada com o uso de fita m&#233;trica n&#227;o distens&#237;vel, posicionada formando um &#226;ngulo de 90&#186; com o ch&#227;o, numa parede sem rodap&#233;, a um 1 (um) metro do ch&#227;o. Solicitou-se ao participante a retirada do sapato, p&#233;s unidos contra a parede a fim de apoiar os cinco pontos do corpo (calcanhar, panturrilha, gl&#250;teos, esc&#225;pulas e a cabe&#231;a) e que mantivesse seu corpo ereto olhando para o horizonte. Utilizando-se r&#233;gua de 30 cm posicionada no alto da cabe&#231;a foi realizada a leitura da medida da altura. Tais medidas possibilitaram o c&#225;lculo do &#205;ndice de Massa Corp&#243;rea (IMC) (peso/altura<sup>2</sup>), classificado de acordo com a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) @[sigla j&#225; explicitada. Usar aqui apenas a sigla: OMS]@ em: normal (&lt;25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), sobrepeso (25 a 29,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e obeso (&#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>6</sup>. Por ser um forte preditor de eventos cardiovasculares, foi verificada a medida da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e classificada de acordo com a Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira para o Estudo da Obesidade e da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica<sup>7</sup>, sendo o limite considerado normal em homens &lt; 95 cm e em mulheres &lt; 80 cm.</p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi verificada no sal&#227;o de reuni&#245;es da pr&#243;pria igreja, utilizando-se aparelho autom&#225;tico validado (OMROM HEM 705CP), segundo as orienta&#231;&#245;es das VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o2 sendo: tr&#234;s medidas consecutivas com intervalo de 1 minuto entre elas; descanso pr&#233;vio de, pelo menos, 5 minutos; posi&#231;&#227;o sentada; costas apoiadas e pernas descruzadas; uso de manguito adequado ao tamanho do bra&#231;o; bexiga urin&#225;ria vazia; n&#227;o ter fumado e/ou ingerido bebidas alco&#243;licas, caf&#233; e alimentos h&#225;, pelo menos, 30 minutos. Para a an&#225;lise foi considerada a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas medidas, classificando os indiv&#237;duos como hipertensos quando os valores da press&#227;o estivessem &#8805; 140 e/ou &#8805; 90 mmHg. A preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o referida foi identificada pelo preenchimento afirmativo da pergunta "algum profissional da sa&#250;de j&#225; disse que voc&#234; tem press&#227;o alta?".</p>
    <p>A religiosidade foi avaliada pela Escala de Religiosidade Duke (Durel)<sup>8</sup>, composta por cinco quest&#245;es que avaliam as dimens&#245;es organizacional, n&#227;o organizacional e religiosidade intr&#237;nseca, que mais se relacionam com o desfecho da sa&#250;de. As pontua&#231;&#245;es nas tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es foram analisadas separadamente e seus escores n&#227;o foram somados em um escore total, segundo orienta&#231;&#227;o dos autores que validaram o instrumento no Brasil. Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica utilizou-se o software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) vers&#227;o 18, com aux&#237;lio de assessor estat&#237;stico. As vari&#225;veis classificat&#243;rias descritivas s&#227;o apresentadas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas (n) e relativas (%) e os dados cont&#237;nuos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. Os testes Qui-quadrado e o exato de Fischer foram usados quando pertinentes. O valor de p &lt; 0,05 </p>
    <p> foi considerado estatisticamente significante. As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram signific&#226;ncia na an&#225;lise univariada foram submetidas &#224; regress&#227;o log&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos 264 participantes mostrou que o tempo m&#233;dio de batismo na Igreja Adventista foi de 19,53 &#177; 14,97 anos, predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino, morando em casa pr&#243;pria e com m&#233;dia de idade de 41,17 &#177; 15,27 anos. Os participantes da capital foram significativamente diferentes (p &lt; 0,05) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao interior, respectivamente, nas seguintes vari&#225;veis: etnia branca (65% <italic>vs</italic> 81,1%), casados (53% <italic>vs </italic>68,9%), escolaridade superior (62% <italic>vs</italic> 36,6%), ter v&#237;nculo empregat&#237;cio (44%) <italic>vs</italic> aut&#244;nomos (40,9%), casal respons&#225;vel pela renda familiar (35% <italic>vs</italic> 39,6%), renda individual (4,54 s.m <italic>vs </italic>6,35 s.m) e renda familiar (8,39 s.m <italic>vs</italic> 4,59 s.m) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a02112tab01">tab. 1</xref>). Verificaram-se, ainda, menores n&#237;veis tensionais nos indiv&#237;duos da capital quando comparados aos do interior, e maior &#237;ndice de massa corporal e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal nos participantes do interior, tanto nas mulheres quanto nos homens (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a02212tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a02112tab01">
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    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a02212tab02">
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    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a h&#225;bitos e estilos de vida, houve comportamento distinto (p &lt; 0,05) da capital em rela&#231;&#227;o ao interior, respectivamente, quanto a maior propor&#231;&#227;o de vegetarianos (11% <italic>vs </italic>3%), e menor de ovolactovegetarianos (9% <italic>vs</italic> 15,9%). Ressalta-se que a maioria referiu nunca ter sido tabagista e praticar atividades f&#237;sicas regularmente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a02212tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a02212tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0329-00018-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial identificada foi de 22,7%, sendo estatisticamente menor (p &lt; 0,05) na capital em rela&#231;&#227;o ao interior (15%<italic> vs</italic> 27,4%), o mesmo ocorrendo com a preval&#234;ncia referida (13% <italic>vs</italic> 20,1%). A maioria (60,6%) referiu n&#227;o ter o h&#225;bito de medir a press&#227;o. Entretanto, entre os que mediam houve diferen&#231;a significativa (p &lt; 0,05) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao local de medida. A maior parte dos participantes do interior media em unidade b&#225;sica de sa&#250;de (45,9% <italic>vs</italic> 20,9%) enquanto os da capital mediam em casa (39,5% <italic>vs</italic> 21,3%). Quanto a se lembrarem de quando foi realizada a &#250;ltima medida da press&#227;o, os participantes da capital se lembravam mais, diferindo-se significativamente dos participantes do interior (65% <italic>vs</italic> 48,8%, p &lt; 0,05%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a02212tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do apoio social, os participantes do interior apresentaram apoio significativamente maior no dom&#237;nio material quando comparados aos participantes da capital (16,9 &#177; 4,32 <italic>vs </italic>15,7 &#177; 5,41) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a02112fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a02112fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0329-00018-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; religiosidade, n&#227;o houve comportamento distinto entre os participantes da capital e do interior. No aspecto organizacional e n&#227;o organizacional, respectivamente, a maioria referiu frequentar a igreja, templo ou encontro religioso mais do que uma vez por semana (68,2%) e a maior parte se dedicar &#224;s atividades religiosas individuais uma vez por semana (47,3%). Quanto &#224; religiosidade intr&#237;nseca, a maioria relatou ser totalmente verdade a afirma&#231;&#227;o: "em minha vida, eu sinto a presen&#231;a de Deus (ou do Esp&#237;rito Santo)" (90,5%); "as minhas cren&#231;as religiosas est&#227;o realmente por tr&#225;s de toda a minha maneira de viver" (77,3%) e "eu me esfor&#231;o muito para viver a minha religi&#227;o em todos os aspectos da vida" (80,6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a02212tab04">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a02212tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0329-00018-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica as vari&#225;veis que se mantiveram no modelo de associa&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial foram: ser vegetariano, em rela&#231;&#227;o a n&#227;o ser vegetariano (OR 0,051, IC95% 0,004-0,681) e ser o casal respons&#225;vel pela renda familiar, quando comparado ao participante como respons&#225;vel (OR 0,422, IC95% 0,189-0,942) tiveram efeito protetor para a hipertens&#227;o. Em contrapartida, ter baixa escolaridade, quando comparado a ter ensino superior; ser aposentado, em rela&#231;&#227;o a ter v&#237;nculo empregat&#237;cio e n&#227;o lembrar quando mediu a press&#227;o, aumentou, respectivamente, em 5,3 vezes, 8,8 vezes e 2,75 vezes a chance de ter hipertens&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a02212tab05">tab. 5</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a02212tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0329-00018-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Inqu&#233;ritos populacionais nacionais realizados nas duas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas indicam que a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial vem aumentando, com &#237;ndices acima de 30%2 e o principal achado do presente estudo mostrou que a preval&#234;ncia total identificada (22,7%) foi um pouco menor. Comparando-se as preval&#234;ncias obtidas nas cidades estudadas do interior do estado de S&#227;o Paulo (Itapeva e Itarar&#233;) com a da capital, o percentual mais elevado no interior (27,4%) aproximou-se do estimado para o pa&#237;s, enquanto na capital (15%) ficou bem abaixo dos achados nacionais. Destaca-se a menor preval&#234;ncia na capital paulista, pois acreditava-se que a alta exposi&#231;&#227;o a agentes estressores e maior possibilidade de estilos e h&#225;bitos de vida inadequados, pr&#243;prios de uma cidade grande, poderiam contribuir para uma maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o. Estudos nacionais apontam maiores preval&#234;ncias de hipertens&#227;o em cidades maiores, como as capitais dos Estados de Goi&#225;s (36,4%)<sup>9</sup>, Mato Grosso do Sul (41,4%)<sup>10</sup> e Bras&#237;lia (37.9%)<sup>11</sup> quando comparadas &#224;s cidades menores, como Sinop no interior do Mato Grosso (23,2%)<sup>12</sup>, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto no Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (25,2%)<sup>13</sup>, e Luzerna em Santa Catarina (14,7%)<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o no interior paulista pode estar associada &#224; presen&#231;a de fatores socioecon&#244;micos desfavor&#225;veis, que foram distintos da capital, como baixa escolaridade, menor renda familiar e ocupa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o qualificada. Estudos evidenciam a rela&#231;&#227;o entre baixa renda e escolaridade com a hipertens&#227;o<sup>15,16 </sup>bem como sua influ&#234;ncia no processo de ades&#227;o ao tratamento9<sup>,17</sup>. A escolaridade foi uma vari&#225;vel t&#227;o importante que se manteve no modelo final de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para a hipertens&#227;o arterial, pois os que sabiam ler/escrever e com primeiro grau tiveram mais chances de apresentar a doen&#231;a, quando comparados aos de n&#237;vel superior. Menor poder aquisitivo e menor escolaridade dos participantes do interior poderiam ser agentes dificultadores para a ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos e estilos de vida saud&#225;veis, detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da doen&#231;a e, consequentemente, o tratamento anti-hipertensivo. Provavelmente, os adventistas da capital, por possu&#237;rem escolaridade mais elevada e ocupa&#231;&#227;o com predom&#237;nio de v&#237;nculo empregat&#237;cio, garantiam maior renda familiar mensal. A condi&#231;&#227;o de ser aposentado entre os adventistas estudados elevou em quase nove vezes mais a chance de apresentar hipertens&#227;o arterial em rela&#231;&#227;o aos que tinham v&#237;nculo empregat&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m de fatores socioecon&#244;micos desfavor&#225;veis que contribu&#237;ram para a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o, merece destaque a influ&#234;ncia do h&#225;bito alimentar, pois na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica a alimenta&#231;&#227;o vegetariana teve efeito protetor para a hipertens&#227;o. Considera-se o padr&#227;o alimentar dos adventistas um diferencial dos demais grupos religiosos por sua abstin&#234;ncia e/ou uso reduzido de alimentos de origem animal, al&#233;m de serem abst&#234;mios de bebida alco&#243;lica e fumo de qualquer esp&#233;cie. A expressiva maioria dos estudos internacionais envolvendo os adventistas enfatiza quest&#245;es alimentares, pois essas est&#227;o ligadas &#224;s orienta&#231;&#245;es promovidas pela Igreja para serem adotadas por seus membros. Acredita-se que essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es alimentares interfiram nos resultados encontrados nos estudos. Investiga&#231;&#227;o<sup>18</sup> com adventistas afro-americanos mostrou que a press&#227;o arterial foi significativamente maior nos n&#227;o vegetarianos. Da mesma forma, outros estudos<sup>19,20 </sup>mostraram que tanto homens quanto mulheres que consomem carne apresentaram maiores valores press&#243;ricos, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, colesterol e triglic&#233;rides quando comparados aos vegetarianos.</p>
    <p>A lembran&#231;a da &#250;ltima vez que mediu a press&#227;o arterial &#233; um forte indicador de que os hipertensos estariam preocupados e possivelmente mais envolvidos com o tratamento, j&#225; que essa vari&#225;vel permaneceu no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Um dos grandes desafios relacionados &#224; hipertens&#227;o &#233; a falta de controle dos n&#237;veis tensionais dos hipertensos. Considera-se que apenas cerca de 30%<sup>21,22 </sup>dos hipertensos estejam com sua press&#227;o arterial controlada (PA&#8804; 140/90 mmHg) e grande parte do problema relaciona-se &#224; falta de ades&#227;o ao tratamento. O comparecimento a um servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de para consulta, recebimento dos medicamentos, no caso das Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de, ou at&#233; mesmo somente para medida da press&#227;o arterial denotariam maior envolvimento com sua sa&#250;de e consequentemente ades&#227;o ao tratamento.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o tamb&#233;m pode ser influenciada pela etnia, apesar de os dados do presente estudo mostrarem que no interior predominou a cor branca. Estudos realizados em nosso meio<sup>23,24</sup> mostraram que, em geral, os n&#227;o brancos s&#227;o mais hipertensos que os brancos. Entre adventistas americanos<sup>25</sup> verificou-se que 33,6% dos negros eram hipertensos, enquanto a preval&#234;ncia nos brancos foi de 25,4% (p &lt; 0,05). Al&#233;m dos maiores n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial nos negros, pardos e mulatos, verifica-se ainda menor controle e ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Tal situa&#231;&#227;o poderia ser explicada pelo contexto menos favor&#225;vel de condi&#231;&#245;es de vida a que essas pessoas est&#227;o sujeitas. Outra vari&#225;vel que revelou diferen&#231;as entre os grupos do interior e da capital refere-se ao estado civil. Em ambos os grupos predominou ser casado e o casal como respons&#225;vel pela renda familiar, este &#250;ltimo exercendo a&#231;&#227;o protetora para a hipertens&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, o suporte familiar oferecido n&#227;o s&#243; pelo c&#244;njuge, mas pelos demais membros da fam&#237;lia serviria como apoio para o hipertenso, motivando-o no envolvimento do seu tratamento e no entendimento de sua doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao apoio social, os participantes do interior indicaram ter mais apoio no dom&#237;nio material. Apesar dessa vari&#225;vel n&#227;o ter permanecido no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica esse fato &#233; relevante. O alto envolvimento dos membros dessa comunidade religiosa com as atividades da Igreja e, portanto, a conserva&#231;&#227;o de estreitos la&#231;os sociais pode ajudar na manuten&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de. Ressalta-se que embora n&#227;o tenha havido diferen&#231;a entre a capital e o interior, a religiosidade avaliada dos adventistas mostrou-se elevada em todos os questionamentos do instrumento usado. Meta-an&#225;lise<sup>26</sup> mostrou que envolvimento religioso e espiritualidade est&#227;o associados com melhores &#237;ndices de sa&#250;de, incluindo maior longevidade, habilidades de manejo e qualidade de vida, e menos casos de ansiedade, depress&#227;o e suic&#237;dio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudos transversais n&#227;o possibilitam atribuir causalidade &#224;s associa&#231;&#245;es encontradas, j&#225; que analisam desfecho e exposi&#231;&#227;o simultaneamente, podendo essa ser uma das limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo. Por&#233;m, os achados t&#234;m o ineditismo em nosso meio de mostrar a influ&#234;ncia da dieta vegetariana na hipertens&#227;o arterial, al&#233;m de ratificar mais uma vez que condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas desfavor&#225;veis podem ser condicionantes para a doen&#231;a. Verifica-se a estreita rela&#231;&#227;o entre h&#225;bitos e estilos de vida como fatores que influenciam nos n&#237;veis da press&#227;o arterial, indicando que a ado&#231;&#227;o de um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia na preven&#231;&#227;o e controle da hipertens&#227;o. Os profissionais de sa&#250;de devem direcionar a&#231;&#245;es que permeiem todas as etapas do processo sa&#250;de doen&#231;a, com estrat&#233;gias direcionadas &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, proposi&#231;&#227;o do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico e controle dos hipertensos. Por&#233;m, sempre considerando o contexto socioecon&#244;mico da popula&#231;&#227;o, haja vista que o mesmo &#233; um fator extremamente importante na g&#234;nese da doen&#231;a e na condu&#231;&#227;o de seu tratamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Leilane Bagno Eleut&#233;rio da Silva pela Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Angela Maria Geraldo Pierin </p>
        <p> Rua Heitor Penteado, 250 / 63, Sumar&#233; </p>
        <p> 05438-000 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pierin@usp.br">pierin@usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 06/05/11; revisado recebido em 13/10/11; aceito em 09/11/11.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence of arterial hypertension among Seventh-Day Adventists of the S&#227;o Paulo state capital and inner area</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Inadequate life habits are known to favor hypertension, and Adventists recommend healthy life habits. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of hypertension among Seventh-Day Adventists from the inner S&#227;o Paulo state and S&#227;o Paulo state capital. METHODS: This study assessed 264 Adventists (mean age, 41.17 &#177; 15.27 years; women, 59.8%) with a high religiosity level assessed by use of the Duke University Religion Index. Blood pressure was measured with a validated automatic device. The significance level adopted was p &lt; 0.05. RESULTS: The total prevalence of hypertension was 22.7% (27.4% in the inner state and 15% in the capital). The Adventists from the capital differed from those of inner state as follows (p &lt; 0.05), respectively: higher education (62% vs 36.6%); employed by a third party (44%) vs self-employed (40.9%); family income (8.39 &#177; 6.20 vs 4.59 &#177; 4.75 minimum wages); individual income (4.54 &#177; 5.34 vs 6.35 &#177; 48; couple responsible for family income (35% vs 39.6%); vegetarianism (11% vs 3%); blood pressure (115.38 &#177; 16.52/68.74 &#177; 8.94 vs 123.66 &#177; 19.62/74.88 &#177; 11.85 mmHg); white ethnicity (65% vs 81.1%); married (53% vs 68.9%); lower tangible support in the social aspect (15.7 &#177; 5.41 vs 16.9 &#177; 4.32); and recalling the last time one's blood pressure was measured (65% vs 48.8%). On multivariate analysis, hypertension associated with the following: 1) vegetarianism (OR 0.051; 95% CI: 0.004-0.681); 2) educational level (OR 5.317; 95% CI: 1.674-16.893); 3) recalling the last time one's blood pressure was measured (OR 2.725; 95% CI: 1.275-5.821); 4) being retired (OR 8.846; 95% CI: 1.406-55.668); and 5) being responsible for family income (OR 0.422; 95% CI: 0.189-0.942). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of hypertension among Adventists was lower as compared with that reported in Brazilian studies, and it was lower in the S&#227;o Paulo state capital as compared with that in the inner S&#227;o Paulo state, possibly because of the better socioeconomic conditions and life habits of the former.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>protestantism</kwd>
        <kwd>food habits</kwd>
        <kwd>life style</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="top-body2"/>Prevalence of arterial hypertension among Seventh-Day Adventists of the S&#227;o Paulo state capital and inner area</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Leilane Bagno Eleut&#233;rio da Silva; Stael Silvana Bagno Eleut&#233;rio da Silva; Amanda Garcia Marc&#237;lio; &#194;ngela Maria Geraldo Pierin</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Inadequate life habits are known to favor hypertension, and Adventists recommend healthy life habits. </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the prevalence of hypertension among Seventh-Day Adventists from the inner S&#227;o Paulo state and S&#227;o Paulo state capital. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This study assessed 264 Adventists (mean age, 41.17 &#177; 15.27 years; women, 59.8%) with a high religiosity level assessed by use of the Duke University Religion Index. Blood pressure was measured with a validated automatic device. The significance level adopted was p &lt; 0.05. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The total prevalence of hypertension was 22.7% (27.4% in the inner state and 15% in the capital). The Adventists from the capital differed from those of inner state as follows (p &lt; 0.05), respectively: higher education (62% vs 36.6%); employed by a third party (44%) vs self-employed (40.9%); family income (8.39 &#177; 6.20 vs 4.59 &#177; 4.75 minimum wages); individual income (4.54 &#177; 5.34 vs 6.35 &#177; 48; couple responsible for family income (35% vs 39.6%); vegetarianism (11% vs 3%); blood pressure (115.38 &#177; 16.52/68.74 &#177; 8.94 vs 123.66 &#177; 19.62/74.88 &#177; 11.85 mmHg); white ethnicity (65% vs 81.1%); married (53% vs 68.9%); lower tangible support in the social aspect (15.7 &#177; 5.41 vs 16.9 &#177; 4.32); and recalling the last time one's blood pressure was measured (65% vs 48.8%). On multivariate analysis, hypertension associated with the following: 1) vegetarianism (OR 0.051; 95% CI: 0.004-0.681); 2) educational level (OR 5.317; 95% CI: 1.674-16.893); 3) recalling the last time one's blood pressure was measured (OR 2.725; 95% CI: 1.275-5.821); 4) being retired (OR 8.846; 95% CI: 1.406-55.668); and 5) being responsible for family income (OR 0.422; 95% CI: 0.189-0.942). </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The prevalence of hypertension among Adventists was lower as compared with that reported in Brazilian studies, and it was lower in the S&#227;o Paulo state capital as compared with that in the inner S&#227;o Paulo state, possibly because of the better socioeconomic conditions and life habits of the former. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Hypertension; prevalence; protestantism; food habits; life style.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in the next two decades, chronic diseases, among the non-communicable ones, will take the lead among the causes of disability. Cardiovascular diseases account for 30% of the deaths worldwide<sup>1</sup>. In such context, arterial hypertension stands out as one of the major cardiovascular risk factors. Arterial hypertension is highly prevalent in Brazil, where approximately 30% of the adults are estimated to be affected, and that number doubles in the elderly<sup>2</sup>. However, the control of the disease is still very poor, despite the confirmed effectiveness of the medicamentous and non-medicamentous treatment. </p>
      <p>The VI Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension<sup>2</sup> have recommended the adoption of healthy life habits and styles, not only as a form of treatment, but also for disease prevention. Some of such recommendations are as follows: body weight control; healthy eating habits; salt consumption reduction; smoking abstinence; moderate alcoholic ingestion; and physical activity.</p>
      <p>Members of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church have already been object of several international studies<sup>3,4</sup> because to their distinctive health practices. They are instructed by their religious leaders to adopt a healthy diet, mainly vegetarian (free from any animal products), and refrain from smoking and ingesting alcohol beverages, as a form of religious expression based on the Bible principle that "the human body is a temple of the Holy Spirit", according to I Corinthians 6:19. Although instructed, the number of vegetarians in that population is not greater than that of ovo-lactovegetarians (do not eat meat, but eat dairy products and eggs) and omnivores (eat animal products, including industrialized products). </p>
      <p>Considering that the arterial hypertension prevalence might be influenced by eating habits and life style, in addition to the scarcity of Brazilian studies on the topic, this study aimed at assessing the prevalence of arterial hypertension in baptized members of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church in the city of S&#227;o Paulo and inner S&#227;o Paulo state. In addition, associated variables were identified.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a descriptive, comparative, cross-sectional field study with a quantitative approach of 264 members of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church (100 members from the S&#227;o Paulo state capital and 164 members from inner S&#227;o Paulo state). The following was used for calculating the sample size: estimation of hypertension prevalence of 25%; variation of 8%; type I error of 5%; and power of 80%. With such parameters, the size of the sample was established as 242 participants.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: minimum age of 18 years; to be a baptized member who regularly attends the religious activities; to be able to read and write; and to sign the written informed consent (WIC). In the S&#227;o Paulo state capital, the churches randomly selected belonged to the Southern region of the city, which is the urban area with the greatest concentration of Adventists per inhabitant, according to data provided by the Southern Paulista Association of the Adventist Church, and were as follows: Santo Amaro and Campo Limpo. In the inner S&#227;o Paulo state, the churches randomly selected belonged to the Southwestern Paulista Association (with headquarters in the city of Sorocaba), and were in the cities of Itapeva and Itarar&#233;. The socioeconomic characteristics of the inner state cities and of their churches were very similar, allowing for the leveling of the subjects of study. All churches in the two municipalities were included. The selection of participants was also randomly performed with a computer, using the list of members baptized provided by each church's office. After the selection, the individuals were personally invited to participate in the study and provided WIC. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee (# 803/2009).</p>
      <p>The following biosocioeconomic variables were assessed: age; sex; marital status; self-reported ethnicity; occupation; housing; time since church baptism; personal and family income. The following aspects regarding life style were assessed: eating habit (vegetarian or not); smoking habit; alcoholic beverage ingestion; and physical activity. The social aspect was assessed by use of the Social Support Scale<sup>5</sup> comprising 19 questions in the following five domains: tangible support; affective support; emotional support; informational support; and positive social interaction. Each response was attributed a score, ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always), and then all the points obtained were added. The total support index ranged from 19 points (minimum) to 95 points (maximum). After calculating the median, the mean of the points was established as 38, and the participants obtaining from 19 to 38 points were considered to receive low social support, while those with indices ranging from 39 to 95 were considered to receive high social support.</p>
      <p>The weight (in kilograms) was measured by use of a digital scale (Tanita Solar Scale HS 301), and height (in centimeters) was measured by use of a non-distensible measuring tape, positioned at a 90&#186; angle with the floor, and one meter above it. Participants were asked to take off their shoes, keep their feet united and against the wall so as to have their heels, calves, buttocks, scapulae, and head supported, and to maintain their body straight looking towards the horizon. A 30-cm rule positioned on the top of the head was used for the reading of height measurement. Such measurements enabled the calculation of the body mass index (BMI) (weight/height<sup>2</sup>), which was classified according to the WHO as follows: normal (&lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>); overweight (25 to 29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>); and obese (&#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>6</sup>. Because abdominal circumference is a strong predictor of cardiovascular events, it was measured and classified according to the Brazilian Association for the Study of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome<sup>7</sup>, and the limit considered normal for men was &lt; 95 cm, and for women, &lt; 80 cm.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure measurement was performed at the meeting room of the churches, by using a validated automatic device (OMROM HEM 705CP), according to the recommendations of the VI Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension2, and was as follows: three consecutive measures at 1-minute intervals; previous rest for at least five minutes; sitting position; back supported and uncrossed legs; cuff adequate to arm size; empty urinary bladder; abstinence from smoking and/or alcoholic beverages, coffee, and food for at least 30 minutes. The mean of the last two measures was used for the analysis, and the individuals were classified as hypertensive when their blood pressure values were &#8805; 140 and/or &#8805; 90 mmHg. The prevalence of self-reported hypertension was identified by the affirmative answer to the question "has any health professional ever said that you have high blood pressure?" </p>
      <p>Religiosity was assessed by use of the Duke University Religion Index (DUREL)<sup>8</sup>, composed of five questions that assess intrinsic religiosity and the organizational and non-organizational dimensions of religiosity that most relate to health outcome. The DUREL measures each of these dimensions by a separate subscale, and their scores were not summed in a total score, according to recommendations of the authors who validated the instrument in Brazil. The statistical analysis used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 18, with the help of a statistical assistant. The classifying descriptive variables are shown as absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies, and the continuous data as mean and standard deviation. The chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used when necessary. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The variables that showed significance in univariate analysis underwent logistic regression.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The characterization of the 264 participants showed that their mean time since baptism at the Seventh-Day Adventist Church was 19.53 &#177; 14.97 years, their mean age was 41.17 &#177; 15.27 years, the female sex predominated, as did those who had their own house. Participants from the capital significantly differed (p &lt; 0.05) from those from the inner state in the following characteristics, respectively: white ethnicity (65% <italic>vs</italic> 81.1%); married (53% <italic>vs </italic>68.9%); higher education (62% <italic>vs</italic> 36.6%); employed by a third party (44%) <italic>vs</italic> self-employed (40.9%); couple responsible for family income (35% <italic>vs</italic> 39.6%); individual income (4.54 minimum wages <italic>vs </italic>6.35 minimum wages); family income (8.39 minimum wages <italic>vs</italic> 4.59 minimum wages) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a02112tab01-body2">tab. 1</xref>). In addition, lower blood pressure levels were observed among individuals from the capital as compared with those from the inner state, and greater body mass index and abdominal circumference among participants from inner state, for both women and men (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a02112tab02-body2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
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      <p>Regarding life habits and styles, the behavior of the participants from the capital differed from that of those from the inner state (p &lt; 0.05) in terms of a greater proportion of vegetarians (11% <italic>vs </italic>3%, respectively) and a lower proportion of ovo-lactovegetarians (9% <italic>vs</italic> 15.9%, respectively). It is worth noting that most participants reported never smoking and regularly practicing physical activities (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a02112tab03-body2">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      <p>The prevalence of arterial hypertension was identified as 22.7%, being statistically lower (p &lt; 0.05) in the capital as compared with that in the inner state (15%<italic> vs</italic> 27.4%), the same occurring with the self-reported prevalence (13% <italic>vs</italic> 20.1%). Most participants (60.6%) reported not having the habit of measuring blood pressure. However, among those who measured their blood pressure, a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) was observed regarding the site of measurement. Most participants from the inner state measured it at a basic health care unit (45.9% <italic>vs</italic> 20.9%), while those from the capital measured it at home (39.5% <italic>vs</italic> 21.3%). In terms of recalling the last blood pressure measurement, participants from the capital had a better recollection, differing significantly from the inner state participants (65% <italic>vs</italic> 48.8%, respectively; p &lt; 0.05%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a02112tab03-body2">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>On the social support assessment, the inner state participants had a significantly greater tangible support as compared with those from the capital (16.9 &#177; 4.32 <italic>vs </italic>15.7 &#177; 5.41) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a02112fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>Regarding religiosity, the behavior of the participants from the capital did not differ from that of the inner state participants. In terms of the organizational and non-organizational dimensions of religiosity, respectively, most participants reported attending church or religious meetings more than once a week (68.2%), and, attending private religious activities once a week (47.3%). In terms of intrinsic religiosity, most participants reported being definitely true the following statements: "in my life, I experience the presence of God (or of the Holy Spirit)" (90.5%); "my religious beliefs are what really lie behind my whole approach to life" (77.3%); and "I try hard to carry my religion over into all other dealings in life" (80.6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a02112tab04-body2">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      <p>On the logistic regression analysis, the variables that remained in the arterial hypertension association model were: being vegetarian as opposed to not being vegetarian (OR 0.051; 95% CI: 0.004-0.681); and the couple being responsible for family income as opposed to the participant being the only responsible (OR 0.422; 95% CI: 0.189-0.942). Such variables had a protective effect against hypertension. On the other hand, the following variables increased the chance of having hypertension by 5.3 times, 8.8 times, and 2.75 times, respectively: low educational level as compared with higher education; being retired as opposed to being employed by a third party; and not recalling when blood pressure was last measured (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a02112tab05-body2">tab. 5</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Brazilian population surveys carried out in the past two decades have indicated that the prevalence of arterial hypertension has increased, with indices over 30%2. The major finding of the present study identified a slightly lower total prevalence (22.7%). Comparing the prevalences obtained in the cities of inner S&#227;o Paulo state studied (Itapeva and Itarar&#233;) with that of the capital, the former were greater (27.4%) and closer to that estimated for the whole country; the prevalence in the capital (15%), however, was much lower than the national findings. It is worth noting the lower prevalence in the S&#227;o Paulo state capital, because it was believed that the high exposure to stressors and the greater possibility of inadequate life styles and habits, characteristic of large cities, could contribute to a higher prevalence of hypertension. Brazilian studies have reported a higher prevalence of hypertension in large cities, such as the capitals of the states of Goi&#225;s (36.4%)<sup>9</sup> and Mato Grosso do Sul (41.4%)<sup>10</sup> and Bras&#237;lia (37.9%)<sup>11</sup>, as compared with that of smaller cities, such as Sinop in the inner Mato Grosso state (23,2%)<sup>12</sup>, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto in the inner S&#227;o Paulo state (25.2%)<sup>13</sup>, and Luzerna in the inner Santa Catarina state (14,7%)<sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>The higher prevalence of hypertension in the inner S&#227;o Paulo state might be associated with the presence of unfavorable socioeconomic factors, distinct from those of the capital, such as low educational level, lower family income, and non-qualified occupation. Some studies have evidenced the relationship of low income and educational level with hypertension<sup>15,16</sup>, in addition to their influence on adhesion to treatment9<sup>,17</sup>. The educational level was such an important variable that it was maintained in the final logistic regression model for arterial hypertension, because those who were able only to read/write or had only elementary education had greater chances to develop the condition as compared with those with higher education. The lower purchasing power and educational level of inner state participants could act as obstacles to the adoption of healthy life habits and styles, early detection of disease, and, thus, antihypertensive treatment. By having higher educational level and being more often employed by a third party, the Adventists from the capital most likely guaranteed a higher monthly family income. Among the Adventists studied, the condition of being retired increased by almost nine times the likelihood of having arterial hypertension as compared with being employed by a third party.</p>
      <p>In addition to unfavorable socioeconomic factors that contributed to the presence of hypertension, the influence of the eating habit is worthy of note, because, on logistic regression analysis, the vegetarian diet had a protective effect against hypertension. The eating pattern of Adventists is considered a differential regarding other religious groups because of their abstinence from food of animal origin and/or its reduced use, in addition to refraining from smoking and alcohol drinking. The significant majority of international studies involving Adventists have emphasized eating issues, because they are related to the instructions provided by the Adventist Church to its members. Such eating recommendations are believed to interfere with the results found in the studies. A study<sup>18</sup> with Afro-American Adventists has shown that blood pressure was significantly greater in non-vegetarians. Likewise, other studies<sup>19,20 </sup>have shown that both men and women who eat meat have higher blood pressure, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and body mass index as compared with vegetarians.</p>
      <p>Recalling the last time when blood pressure was measured is a strong indicator that hypertensives are concerned and possibly more involved with the treatment, since that variable remained in the logistic regression model. One of the major challenges related to hypertension is the lack of blood pressure control in hypertensives. Approximately only 30%<sup>21,22 </sup>of the hypertensives are considered to have their blood pressure controlled (&#8804; 140/90 mm Hg), a large part of the problem being related to lack of adhesion to treatment. Attending a health care center to receive medication or even only to have their blood pressure measured would denote a greater concern with their health, and, thus, adhesion to treatment. </p>
      <p>The prevalence of hypertension can also be influenced by ethnicity, although the present study showed that the white color predominated in the inner S&#227;o Paulo state. Studies carried out in Brazil<sup>23,24</sup> have shown that, usually, non-white are more commonly hypertensive than white individuals. A study with North-American Adventists<sup>25</sup> has found that 33.6% of black individuals are hypertensive, while the prevalence of hypertension in white individuals was 25.4% (p &lt; 0.05). In addition to the higher blood pressure levels observed among black individuals, those of mixed heritage and mulattos, they also have lower indices of blood pressure control and adhesion to treatment. Such situation could be explained by their less favorable life conditions. Another variable that differed between the inner S&#227;o Paulo state and capital groups relates to marital status. In both groups, the married status and the couple being responsible for the family income predominated, the latter having a protective effect against hypertension. In addition, not only the spouse, but also the other family members provided support to the hypertensive, motivating him/her to be treated and to understand his/her disease. </p>
      <p>Regarding social support, the participants from inner S&#227;o Paulo state reported receiving more tangible support. Although that variable did not remain in the logistic regression model, that fact is relevant. The high involvement of the members of that religious community with church activities, and, thus, the maintenance of close social ties might help to maintain health. It is worth noting that the capital did not differ from the inner state in terms of religiosity, which proved to be high in all questions of the instrument used. A meta-analysis<sup>26</sup> has shown that religious involvement and spirituality are associated with better health indices, such as longevity, management skills, and quality of life, and fewer cases of anxiety, depression, and suicide.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cross-sectional studies cannot attribute causality to associations found, because they assess outcome and exposure simultaneously, and that might be one limitation of the present study. However, to our knowledge, this is the first Brazilian study showing the influence of the vegetarian diet on arterial hypertension, in addition to stressing once more that unfavorable socioeconomic conditions might contribute to the development of the disease. Life habits and styles have also been shown to influence blood pressure levels, indicating that the adoption of a healthy life style is extremely important to prevent and control hypertension. The health professionals should direct actions to all stages of the health-disease continuum, with strategies aimed at disease prevention, early identification of blood pressure elevation, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment propositions, and control of hypertensives. However, the socioeconomic context of the population should always be considered, because it is an extremely important factor in the genesis of the disease and its treatm</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Leilane Bagno Eleut&#233;rio da Silva, from Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
