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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">C9xrKnjPPkZdstsPcpM5Pxj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000400005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800405</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000029</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A influ&#234;ncia do gen&#243;tipo da ECA sobre a aptid&#227;o cardiovascular de jovens do sexo masculino moderadamente ativos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Jeeser Alves</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boullosa</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pardono</surname>
            <given-names>Emerson</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Moreno</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>P&#226;mella Karoline</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Denadai</surname>
            <given-names>Benedito S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Vin&#237;cius Carolino</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio Toledo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campbell</surname>
            <given-names>Carmem Silvia Grubert</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Herbert Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>315</fpage>
      <lpage>320</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O gene da enzima conversora de angiotensina (gene ECA) tem sido amplamente estudado em rela&#231;&#227;o a fen&#243;tipos de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, contudo a associa&#231;&#227;o do gen&#243;tipo da ECA com corridas de meia-dist&#226;ncia tem sido pouco investigada. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo investigou a poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) (I/D) sobre a aptid&#227;o cardiovascular e o desempenho em corridas de meia-dist&#226;ncia por parte de brasileiros jovens do sexo masculino. A validade da previs&#227;o de VO2max em rela&#231;&#227;o ao gen&#243;tipo da ECA tamb&#233;m foi analisada. M&#201;TODOS: Um grupo homog&#234;neo de homens jovens moderadamente ativos foi avaliado em um teste de corrida (V1600 m; m.min-1) e em um teste adicional em esteira ergom&#233;trica para a determina&#231;&#227;o de VO2max. Posteriormente, o [(0,177*V1600m) + 8.101] VO2max real e previsto foi comparado com os gen&#243;tipos da ECA. RESULTADOS: O VO2max e V1600m registrados para os gen&#243;tipos DD, ID e II foram 45,6 (1,8); 51,9 (0,8) e 54,4 (1,0) mL.kg-1.min-1 e 211,2 (8,3); 249,1 (4,3) e 258,6 (5,4 ) m.min-1, respectivamente e foram significativamente mais baixos para os gen&#243;tipos DD (p &lt; 0,05). O VO2max real e previsto n&#227;o diferiram entre si, apesar do gen&#243;tipo da ECA, mas o n&#237;vel de concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos de VO2max real e estimado foi menor para o gen&#243;tipo DD. CONCLUS&#195;O: Concluiu-se que existe uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre o gen&#243;tipo da ECA, a aptid&#227;o cardiovascular e o desempenho em corridas de m&#233;dia dist&#226;ncia de jovens do sexo masculino moderadamente ativos e que a precis&#227;o da previs&#227;o do VO2max tamb&#233;m pode ser dependente do gen&#243;tipo da ECA dos participantes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Enzima conversora de angiotensina</kwd>
        <kwd>polimorfismo I</kwd>
        <kwd>VO2max</kwd>
        <kwd>corrida de m&#233;dia dist&#226;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A influ&#234;ncia do gen&#243;tipo da ECA sobre a aptid&#227;o cardiovascular de jovens do sexo masculino moderadamente ativos</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jeeser Alves Almeida; Daniel Alexandre Boullosa; Emerson Pardono; Ricardo Moreno Lima; P&#226;mella Karoline Morais; Benedito S&#233;rgio Denadai; Vin&#237;cius Carolino Souza; Ot&#225;vio Toledo N&#243;brega; Carmem Silvia Grubert Campbell; Herbert Gustavo Sim&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Universidade Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O gene da enzima conversora de angiotensina (gene ECA) tem sido amplamente estudado em rela&#231;&#227;o a fen&#243;tipos de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, contudo a associa&#231;&#227;o do gen&#243;tipo da ECA com corridas de meia-dist&#226;ncia tem sido pouco investigada. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O presente estudo investigou a poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) (I/D) sobre a aptid&#227;o cardiovascular e o desempenho em corridas de meia-dist&#226;ncia por parte de brasileiros jovens do sexo masculino. A validade da previs&#227;o de VO<sub>2max</sub> em rela&#231;&#227;o ao gen&#243;tipo da ECA tamb&#233;m foi analisada. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Um grupo homog&#234;neo de homens jovens moderadamente ativos foi avaliado em um teste de corrida (V1600 m; m.min-1) e em um teste adicional em esteira ergom&#233;trica para a determina&#231;&#227;o de VO<sub>2max</sub>. Posteriormente, o [(0,177*V1600m) + 8.101] VO<sub>2max</sub> real e previsto foi comparado com os gen&#243;tipos da ECA. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O VO<sub>2max</sub> e V1600m registrados para os gen&#243;tipos DD, ID e II foram 45,6 (1,8); 51,9 (0,8) e 54,4 (1,0) mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> e 211,2 (8,3); 249,1 (4,3) e 258,6 (5,4 ) m.min<sup>-1</sup>, respectivamente e foram significativamente mais baixos para os gen&#243;tipos DD (p &lt; 0,05). O VO<sub>2max</sub> real e previsto n&#227;o diferiram entre si, apesar do gen&#243;tipo da ECA, mas o n&#237;vel de concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos de VO<sub>2max</sub> real e estimado foi menor para o gen&#243;tipo DD. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Concluiu-se que existe uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre o gen&#243;tipo da ECA, a aptid&#227;o cardiovascular e o desempenho em corridas de m&#233;dia dist&#226;ncia de jovens do sexo masculino moderadamente ativos e que a precis&#227;o da previs&#227;o do VO<sub>2max</sub> tamb&#233;m pode ser dependente do gen&#243;tipo da ECA dos participantes.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Enzima conversora de angiotensina; polimorfismo I/D; VO<sub>2max</sub>; corrida de m&#233;dia dist&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O gene da enzima conversora de angiotensina I (gene da ECA) tem sido amplamente estudado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fen&#243;tipos de aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao polimorfismo de inser&#231;&#227;o/dele&#231;&#227;o (I/D) de 287bp, um conjunto de provas associa o alelo D a um condicionamento aer&#243;bico menor<sup>1,2</sup> com alguns estudos associando-o a exerc&#237;cios que exigem for&#231;a<sup>3,4</sup>. Por outro lado, o alelo I tem estado relacionado a uma melhor vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente<sup>5</sup>, uma percentagem mais elevada das fibras musculares do tipo I mais eficientes<sup>6</sup>, sugerindo, portanto, que os portadores do gen&#243;tipo II apresentariam maior VO<sup>2max</sup>. No entanto, poucos estudos investigaram a influ&#234;ncia do gen&#243;tipo da ECA no VO<sub>2max</sub><sup>7-9</sup>, que &#233; considerado o padr&#227;o ouro para avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. Tais autores relataram resultados contradit&#243;rios com maior VO<sub>2max</sub> observado em portadores do gen&#243;tipo DD<sup>9</sup> ou II<sup>7</sup>, ou nenhum tipo de associa&#231;&#227;o<sup>10</sup>. Devido ao fato de que esses estudos foram realizados em amostras com diferen&#231;as importantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade dos participantes, sexo e hist&#243;rico de pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos; e em modos diferentes de exerc&#237;cios, pode-se sugerir que essas diferen&#231;as podem estar afetando essas rela&#231;&#245;es<sup>1</sup>, assim, &#233; necess&#225;rio o uso de amostras e protocolos homog&#234;neos para minimizar quaisquer diferen&#231;as decorrentes de caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas dos participantes. </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o gen&#243;tipo da ECA e a corrida de meia dist&#226;ncia tamb&#233;m tem sido pouco investigada. Existem apenas dois estudos<sup>11,12</sup> em que um melhor desempenho em corridas de meia dist&#226;ncia foi relatado para os jovens do sexo masculino portadores do gen&#243;tipo DD. Em ambos os estudos, o VO<sub>2max</sub> n&#227;o foi registrada e, assim, a sua influ&#234;ncia relativa sobre o desempenho em corridas n&#227;o pode ser avaliada. Consequentemente, a pesquisa se justifica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; influ&#234;ncia do gen&#243;tipo da ECA no VO<sub>2max</sub> como indicador de aptid&#227;o cardiovascular, bem como no desempenho em corridas de meia dist&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>Uma vez que a determina&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2max</sub> normalmente requer instala&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais, diversas equa&#231;&#245;es preditivas t&#234;m sido propostas para sua estimativa a partir de testes de campo pr&#225;ticos e de baixo custo. Recentemente, foi proposta uma atualiza&#231;&#227;o da equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva do VO<sub>2max</sub> a partir de um teste de corrida de 1.600 m em uma coorte de jovens do sexo masculino. Esses autores sugeriram a especificidade das equa&#231;&#245;es preditivas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, idade e o hist&#243;rico de pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios dos participantes. A forte diferen&#231;a (12%) detectada entre a previs&#227;o da equa&#231;&#227;o anterior<sup>13</sup> e da equa&#231;&#227;o atual<sup>14 </sup>sugere que a origem geogr&#225;fica dos participantes poderia ser outro fator importante. &#201; bem sabido que a frequ&#234;ncia de alelos do gene da ECA pode variar dependendo da localiza&#231;&#227;o da amostra<sup>15</sup>, assim, o poder preditivo de uma equa&#231;&#227;o usada em uma popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica pode ser diferente quando aplicado a uma popula&#231;&#227;o em que ele tem uma frequ&#234;ncia de alelos diferente.</p>
    <p>Sendo assim, este estudo investigou a poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia do gen&#243;tipo da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) (I/D) sobre a aptid&#227;o cardiovascular e desempenho em corridas de meia dist&#226;ncia de brasileiros jovens do sexo masculino. A validade da previs&#227;o do VO<sub>2max</sub> em rela&#231;&#227;o ao gen&#243;tipo da ECA tamb&#233;m foi analisada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cinquenta e sete jovens fisicamente ativos (praticantes de atividade f&#237;sica pelo menos tr&#234;s vezes por semana por 30 min no m&#237;nimo) n&#227;o corredores foram recrutados para este estudo por conveni&#234;ncia. Selecionamos esta amostra por conveni&#234;ncia com base em sugest&#245;es anteriores sobre a adequa&#231;&#227;o das amostras homog&#234;neas para as avalia&#231;&#245;es do desempenho f&#237;sico em rela&#231;&#227;o ao gen&#243;tipo<sup>1,15</sup>.Todos os volunt&#225;rios foram informados sobre os riscos e benef&#237;cios de sua participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo, de modo que eles foram instru&#237;dos a assinar um termo de consentimento. Eles foram solicitados a evitar qualquer exerc&#237;cio intenso e abster-se de cafe&#237;na e bebidas alco&#243;licas nas 24 horas anteriores aos testes que foram realizados em ordem aleat&#243;ria com no m&#237;nimo 48 h.</p>
    <p>O teste da esteira (Inbramed Millennium Super ATL, Porto Alegre, Brasil) foi realizado a 1,0% de inclina&#231;&#227;o, com uma velocidade inicial de 6 km&#183;h<sup>-1</sup> e incrementos subsequentes de 0,75 km&#183;h<sup>-1</sup> a cada minuto at&#233; a exaust&#227;o volunt&#225;ria. Gases expirados foram continuamente medidos (Cortex Biophysik, Alemanha) e o VO<sub>2max</sub> (mL &#183; kg &#183; min-1) registrado foi a m&#233;dia dos valores alcan&#231;ados durante os 20 &#250;ltimos antes da exaust&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, os seguintes crit&#233;rios das diretrizes da <italic>American College of Sports Medicine</italic> para determinar o VO<sub>2max</sub> foram considerados: RER &gt; 1,15; pico de VO<sub>2max</sub>; RPE &gt; 17; e FC m&#225;xima de &#177; 10 batimentos&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> dos valores previstos (FC = 220 - idade)<sup>14,16,17</sup>. </p>
    <p>O teste de corrida de m&#233;dia-dist&#226;ncia consistia em uma prova em pista de corrida de 1.600 m feita em condi&#231;&#245;es de termoneutralidade (24&#186;C &#177; 1&#186;C) e aus&#234;ncia de vento<sup>18</sup>. A velocidade m&#233;dia (m&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>) do desempenho na corrida foi calculada (V1600m) e, posteriormente, aplicada a uma equa&#231;&#227;o previamente validada: VO<sub>2max</sub> = (0,177*V1600m) + 8.101.</p>
    <p>Em outro dia, o sangue venoso foi coletado para extra&#231;&#227;o de DNA (AccuPrep Genomic DNA Extraction Kit &#150; Bioneer HQ) e o polimorfismo de I/D da ECA foi identificado pela rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase utilizando <italic>primers</italic> espec&#237;ficos e a eletroforese subsequente, conforme j&#225; descrito<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia (DP na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>; estat&#237;stica descritiva e DPM na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>; estat&#237;stica inferencial). Todos os par&#226;metros foram normalmente distribu&#237;dos como confirmado por um teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Foi realizada ANOVA com Bonferroni como <italic>post hoc</italic> para examinar poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre os grupos. O procedimento de Bland e Altman<sup>20</sup> e o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI) foram utilizados para examinar a concord&#226;ncia e a confiabilidade entre os valores medidos e previstos de VO<sub>2max</sub>. As rela&#231;&#245;es entre os par&#226;metros foram determinadas pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o produto-momento de Pearson. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi fixado em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0315-00029-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0315-00029-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes do estudo, que n&#227;o era uma diferen&#231;a evidente entre os gen&#243;tipos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta V1600m e valores de VO<sub>2max</sub> medidos e estimados para os tr&#234;s grupos de gen&#243;tipos I/D da ECA. O VO<sub>2max</sub> e V1600m registrados para os gen&#243;tipos DD, ID e II foram 45,6 (1,8); 51,9 (0,8) e 54,4 (1,0) mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> e 211,2 (8,3); 249,1 (4,3) e 258 (5,4) m.min<sup>-1</sup>, respectivamente, e foram significativamente mais baixos para os portadores de DD (p &lt; 0,05). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre o VO<sub>2max</sub> estimado e o obtido no teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar. Observou-se alta correla&#231;&#227;o entre o VO<sub>2max</sub> e V1600m para a amostra total (r = 0,94, p = 0,0001).</p>
    <p>Fortes correla&#231;&#245;es foram detectadas entre o VO<sub>2max</sub> previsto e medido para todos os grupos de gen&#243;tipos (DD: 0,89 &lt; ID: 0,99 &lt; II: 0,99; p &lt; 0,05). Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI) tamb&#233;m foram elevados para todos os gen&#243;tipos, mas com um valor menor para os portadores de (DD: 0,86 &lt; ID: 0,97 &lt; II: 0,98). Al&#233;m disso, o gr&#225;fico de Bland e Altman<sup>20</sup> mostrou concord&#226;ncia menor para os portadores de DD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0315-00029-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A principal conclus&#227;o deste estudo foi que os valores de VO<sub>2max</sub> e, portanto, a aptid&#227;o cardiovascular de jovens do sexo masculino fisicamente ativos pareceu estar influenciada pelo polimorfismo de I/D do gene da ECA. Observou-se que, para esta amostra homog&#234;nea, os portadores de DD apresentaram menores &#237;ndices de VO<sub>2max</sub> e desempenho na corrida de 1600m quando comparados com os gen&#243;tipos II e ID (p &lt; 0,05). Al&#233;m disso, V1600m e VO<sub>2max</sub> estiveram altamente correlacionados na amostra total (r = 0,94; p = 0,001), sugerindo uma grande influ&#234;ncia do VO<sub>2max</sub> na capacidade dos participantes em corridas de meia dist&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>O achado relativo aos portadores de DD que apresentam menor V1600m e VO<sub>2max</sub> m&#233;dios, quando comparados a outros gen&#243;tipos, &#233; contr&#225;rio a relatos anteriores<sup>11,12</sup> em que os portadores de DD apresentaram os melhores desempenhos dentre uma coorte de jovens bem treinados do sexo masculino em corridas de 2,000-2,400 m. Embora esses resultados possam parecer opostos, vale notar que o n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica dos participantes desses estudos anteriores<sup>11,12</sup> &#233; maior do que os do presente estudo quando analisamos seus tempos de corrida, com maior velocidade m&#233;dia para maiores dist&#226;ncias (~285 e 240 m&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> para 2.000 e 2.400 m, respectivamente). A este respeito, Roltsch e cols.<sup>21</sup> n&#227;o encontraram nenhuma diferen&#231;a no VO<sub>2max</sub> em um exerc&#237;cio de bicicleta entre os gen&#243;tipos da ECA em um grupo de mulheres jovens, enquanto o oposto foi relatado com mulheres p&#243;s-menop&#225;usicas com valores de VO<sub>2max</sub> significativamente inferiores<sup>7</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo de Zhao e cols.<sup>9</sup>, que avaliaram um grupo de jovens em um teste ergom&#233;trico graduado, revelaram maior VO<sub>2max</sub> entre os portadores de DD com VO<sub>2max</sub> significativamente maior em toda a amostra (intervalo de ~ 44-76 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>) quando comparados aos nossos participantes (intervalo de ~ 37-61 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>). Consequentemente, e apesar de qualquer possibilidade de influ&#234;ncia &#233;tnica ou et&#225;ria, pode-se sugerir que o gen&#243;tipo da ECA poderia estar influenciando a corrida de meia dist&#226;ncia e o VO<sub>2max</sub>, dependendo do n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica da amostra. </p>
    <p>Este aparente paradoxo e os resultados contradit&#243;rios apresentados na literatura anterior pode ser devido a diferentes protocolos empregados, tendo em vista que apenas alguns estudos t&#234;m considerado a capacidade de corrida para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de jovens do sexo masculino<sup>11,12</sup>. Tal fato &#233; importante porque exig&#234;ncias f&#237;sicas s&#227;o bastante diferentes, dependendo do erg&#244;metro utilizado (e.g. esteira <italic>vs</italic>. cicloerg&#244;metro). Al&#233;m disso, a intensidade e o perfil dos exerc&#237;cios de corrida tamb&#233;m podem estar influenciando suas exig&#234;ncias fisiol&#243;gicas, incluindo fatores tanto metab&#243;licos quanto neuromusculares<sup>22,23</sup>. A este respeito, Luc&#237;a e cols.<sup>24</sup> demonstraram que o gen&#243;tipo DD parecia ser maior em ciclistas de elite, se comparados com os corredores de resist&#234;ncia, provavelmente devido &#224; maior demanda de pot&#234;ncia no ciclismo. Al&#233;m disso, a controv&#233;rsia sobre a influ&#234;ncia do gen&#243;tipo da ECA sobre as condi&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas dos atletas de resist&#234;ncia<sup>25</sup> poderia ser explicada pelo fato de que o VO<sub>2max</sub> n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o importante para o sucesso como outros fatores (economia de corrida, por exemplo) que podem ser influenciados por outros genes. Portanto, dado o n&#250;mero de associa&#231;&#245;es relatadas para cada alelo com diferentes fun&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas antes e depois do treinamento<sup>7,8,10,26</sup>, pode-se sugerir que as demandas espec&#237;ficas de cada condi&#231;&#227;o de teste podem estar interagindo com o n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos, modificando assim a fun&#231;&#227;o do gen&#243;tipo da ECA na aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica (i.e. VO<sub>2max</sub>) e o desempenho subsequente (i.e. corrida de meia dist&#226;ncia). Tendo em vista que n&#243;s recrutamos uma amostra muito homog&#234;nea de jovens do sexo masculino fisicamente ativos, mas n&#227;o corredores, e pelo fato de os protocolos de corrida terem sido selecionados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da pot&#234;ncia m&#225;xima aer&#243;bica do indiv&#237;duo, o presente estudo demonstra uma condi&#231;&#227;o experimental mais controlada para testar adequadamente nossas hip&#243;teses. Al&#233;m disso, o uso de um protocolo de rampa em esteira permite uma melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2max</sub> em rela&#231;&#227;o ao cicloerg&#244;metro (~10-20% maior na esteira)<sup>27</sup> porque a esteira proporciona uma forma comum de estresse fisiol&#243;gico e o cicloerg&#244;metro &#233; limitado, levando a fadiga perif&#233;rica em diversos indiv&#237;duos<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, sabe-se que tanto o VO<sub>2max</sub> e a corrida de longa dist&#226;ncia s&#227;o afetados de um ponto de vista cardiovascular por fatores centrais (por exemplo, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco) e fatores perif&#233;ricos (por exemplo, extra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio)<sup>29</sup>, com o primeiro sendo o mais importante. Outro fato que deve ser salientado &#233; que a corrida de resist&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m &#233; influenciada por fatores neuromusculares<sup>23</sup>. Neste sentido, os portadores de II apresentaram: maior diferen&#231;a m&#225;xima arteriovenosa de O<sub>2,</sub><sup>7</sup> maior porcentagem de fibras musculares tipo I<sup>6</sup>, e maior vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente no estado treinado<sup>5</sup>; ao passo que os portadores de DD demonstraram: maior pot&#234;ncia m&#250;sculo-esquel&#233;tica<sup>30</sup>; e maior hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em soldados militares ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de treinamento<sup>26</sup> e em atletas de elite<sup>31</sup>. A partir desses estudos anteriores, pode-se sugerir que, enquanto portadores do gen&#243;tipo II podem apresentar maior fun&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica do sistema cardiovascular, portadores do gen&#243;tipo DD s&#227;o mais beneficiados pelas centrais neuromusculares e card&#237;acas. Al&#233;m disso, os portadores do gen&#243;tipo DD t&#234;m demonstrado grande melhora ap&#243;s programas de treinamento em esfor&#231;os aer&#243;bico curtos<sup>11,12</sup>. Isso pode sugerir que o menor desempenho do VO<sub>2max</sub> em corridas de meia dist&#226;ncia dos portadores do gen&#243;tipo DD em nossa amostra homog&#234;nea pode ser revertido com rela&#231;&#227;o a outros gen&#243;tipos ap&#243;s um programa de treinamento de corrida. Portanto, mais estudos devem ser conduzidos para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do papel do gen&#243;tipo da ECA no que diz respeito &#224; aptid&#227;o (e.g., indiv&#237;duos bem treinados <italic>vs</italic>. moderadamente treinados) e o n&#237;vel de intensidade das corridas (e.g. VT1 <italic>vs</italic>. VO<sub>2max</sub>), com aten&#231;&#227;o para as mudan&#231;as fisiol&#243;gicas (i.e. neuromusculares <italic>vs</italic>. cardiovasculares) que representam esses par&#226;metros ap&#243;s diferentes regimes de treinamento. No entanto, nosso estudo &#233; o primeiro a demonstrar uma associa&#231;&#227;o inversa significativa entre o VO<sub>2max</sub> e corrida de meia dist&#226;ncia o gen&#243;tipo DD da ECA em uma amostra homog&#234;nea de jovens do sexo masculino fisicamente ativos, n&#227;o corredores apresentando ~ 50 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, no presente estudo e com uma amostra maior se comparada ao estudo anterior, confirmamos a validade da equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva desenvolvida para uma popula&#231;&#227;o semelhante<sup>13</sup>. Contrariamente &#224; nossa hip&#243;tese, a validade dessa equa&#231;&#227;o &#233; independente do gen&#243;tipo da ECA. Sendo assim, essa equa&#231;&#227;o pode ser aplicada em diferentes localiza&#231;&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas, proporcionando assim uma ferramenta simples e eficiente para a predi&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2max</sub> em jovens fisicamente ativos a partir de um teste de corrida. </p>
    <p>Curiosamente, embora aceit&#225;vel, o n&#237;vel de concord&#226;ncia entre o VO<sub>2max</sub> real e o previsto foi menor para o gen&#243;tipo DD, com excelentes valores detectados para os demais gen&#243;tipos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Figura 1</xref>). A este respeito, deve-se observar tamb&#233;m que h&#225; maiores valores de DPM para os portadores do gen&#243;tipo DD quando comparados aos outros grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). N&#227;o podemos explicar essas diferen&#231;as entre os gen&#243;tipos, que poderiam ser respons&#225;veis por outro fator desconhecido. Surpreendentemente, indiv&#237;duos portadores do gen&#243;tipo DD que apresentaram maior VO<sub>2max </sub>entre as medidas mostraram menor concord&#226;ncia quando comparados com aqueles de menor VO<sub>2max</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Figura 1</xref>). Talvez isso possa significar que os portadores do gen&#243;tipo DD t&#234;m menor rela&#231;&#227;o entre o desempenho em corridas de meia dist&#226;ncia e VO<sub>2max</sub> do que portadores de outros gen&#243;tipos para o gene da ECA. No entanto, a validade da equa&#231;&#227;o &#233; justificada em uma popula&#231;&#227;o semelhante com tais protocolos. Sugerimos levar este aspecto em considera&#231;&#227;o ao aplicar esta equa&#231;&#227;o em grandes amostras dessas popula&#231;&#245;es em que o alelo D pode ser super-representado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com base nos resultados observados, o polimorfismo cl&#225;ssico de inser&#231;&#227;o/dele&#231;&#227;o do gene da ECA tem uma importante associa&#231;&#227;o com a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e o desempenho em corridas de meia dist&#226;ncia em jovens do sexo masculino fisicamente ativos com os portadores do gen&#243;tipo DD apresentando os resultados mais baixos. A precis&#227;o da predi&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2max</sub> pode ser ligeiramente mais baixa para os portadores do gen&#243;tipo DD, mas com validade aceit&#225;vel. Al&#233;m disso, o gen&#243;tipo da ECA pode ser um fator importante a ser levado em conta na determina&#231;&#227;o/predi&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2max</sub>. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para a avalia&#231;&#227;o dessas rela&#231;&#245;es em popula&#231;&#245;es semelhantes quanto ao sexo, intensidade de corrida e aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Jeeser Almeida </p>
        <p> Qnd 29, casa 05, Pca do Bicalho </p>
        <p> 72120290 &#150; Taguatinga, DF, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jeeser@gmail.com">jeeser@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 26/08/11; revisado recebido em 10/11/11; aceito em 17/11/11.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Este artigo sofreu altera&#231;&#245;es por solicita&#231;&#227;o do editor em Abr/2012 conforme ERRATA publicada abaixo:</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No artigo original "A Influ&#234;ncia do Gen&#243;tipo da ECA sobre a Aptid&#227;o Cardiovascular de Jovens do Sexo Masculino Moderadamente Ativos" considerar corretas as palavras-chave "Enzima conversora de angiotensina; polimorfismo I/D; VO<sub>2</sub>max; corrida de m&#233;dia dist&#226;ncia".</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The influence of ACE genotype on cardiovascular fitness of moderately active young men</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene (ACE gene) has been broadly studied as for cardiorespiratory fitness phenotypes, but the association of the ACE genotype to middle-distance running has been poorly investigated. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the possible influence of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) genotype (I/D) on cardiovascular fitness and middle-distance running performance of Brazilian young males. The validity of VO2max to predict the ACE genotype was also analyzed. METHODS: A homogeneous group of moderately active young males were evaluated in a 1,600 m running track test (V1600m; m.min-1) and in an incremental treadmill test for VO2max determination. Subsequently, the actual and the predicted [(0.177*V1600m) + 8.101] VO2max were compared to ACE genotypes. RESULTS: The VO2max and V1600m recorded for DD, ID and II genotypes were 45.6 (1.8); 51.9 (0.8) and 54.4 (1.0) mL.kg-1.min-1 and 211.2 (8.3); 249.1 (4.3) and 258.6 (5.4) m.min-1 respectively, and were significantly lower for DD carriers (p&lt; 0.05). The actual and predicted VO2max did not differ from each other despite ACE genotype, but the agreement between actual and estimated VO2max methods was lower for the DD genotype. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that there is a possible association between ACE genotype, cardiovascular fitness and middle-distance running performance of moderately active young males and that the accuracy of VO2max prediction may also depend on the ACE genotype of the participants.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Angiotensin-converting enzyme</kwd>
        <kwd>I</kwd>
        <kwd>VO2max</kwd>
        <kwd>middle-distance running</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="top-body2"/>The influence of ACE genotype on cardiovascular fitness of moderately active young men</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jeeser Alves Almeida; Daniel Alexandre Boullosa; Emerson Pardono; Ricardo Moreno Lima; P&#226;mella Karoline Morais; Benedito S&#233;rgio Denadai; Vin&#237;cius Carolino Souza; Ot&#225;vio Toledo N&#243;brega; Carmem Silvia Grubert Campbell; Herbert Gustavo Sim&#245;es</bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade de Bras&#237;lia, Bras&#237;lia, DF</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Universidade Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>The angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene (ACE gene) has been broadly studied as for cardiorespiratory fitness phenotypes, but the association of the ACE genotype to middle-distance running has been poorly investigated.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> This study investigated the possible influence of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) genotype (I/D) on cardiovascular fitness and middle-distance running performance of Brazilian young males. The validity of VO<sub>2max </sub>to predict the ACE genotype was also analyzed.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A homogeneous group of moderately active young males were evaluated in a 1,600 m running track test (V1600m; m.min<sup>-1</sup>) and in an incremental treadmill test for VO<sub>2max</sub> determination. Subsequently, the actual and the predicted [(0.177*V1600m) + 8.101] VO<sub>2max</sub> were compared to ACE genotypes.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The VO<sub>2max</sub> and V1600m recorded for DD, ID and II genotypes were 45.6 (1.8); 51.9 (0.8) and 54.4 (1.0) mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> and 211.2 (8.3); 249.1 (4.3) and 258.6 (5.4) m.min<sup>-1</sup> respectively, and were significantly lower for DD carriers (p&lt; 0.05). The actual and predicted VO<sub>2max</sub> did not differ from each other despite ACE genotype, but the agreement between actual and estimated VO<sub>2max</sub> methods was lower for the DD genotype.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> It was concluded that there is a possible association between ACE genotype, cardiovascular fitness and middle-distance running performance of moderately active young males and that the accuracy of VO<sub>2max</sub> prediction may also depend on the ACE genotype of the participants.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Angiotensin-converting enzyme; I/D polymorphism; VO<sub>2max</sub>, middle-distance running.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene (ACE gene) has been broadly studied for cardiorespiratory fitness phenotypes. Concerning the 287bp insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism, a body of evidence associates the D allele to a lower aerobic fitness<sup>1,2</sup> with some studies associating it to power-demanding exercises<sup>3,4</sup>. In contrast, the I allele has been related to an improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation<sup>5</sup>, higher percentage of the most efficient type I muscle fibers<sup>6</sup>, thus suggesting that type II carriers would present higher VO<sub>2max</sub>. However, few studies have investigated the influence of the ACE genotype on VO<sub>2max</sub><sup>7-9</sup>, which is considered the gold standard for cardiorespiratory evaluation. Such authors have reported contradictory findings with a higher VO<sub>2max</sub> observed in DD<sup>9</sup> or II carriers<sup>7</sup>, or no relationship reported<sup>10</sup>. Because those studies were conducted on samples with important differences regarding participants' age, gender, and training background; and under different exercise modes, it may be suggested that these differences could be affecting these relationships<sup>1</sup>, therefore, it is necessary to use homogeneous samples and protocols to minimize any differences resulting from the phenotypic characteristics of participants. </p>
      <p>In addition, the association of the ACE genotype with middle-distance running has been poorly investigated. There are only two studies<sup>11,12</sup> in which a higher middle-distance running performance was reported for young male DD carriers. In both studies, the VO<sub>2max</sub> was not recorded and its relative influence on running performance could not be evaluated. Consequently, further research ensures the influence of ACE genotype on VO<sub>2max</sub> as a marker of cardiovascular fitness, as well as on middle distance running performance.</p>
      <p>Once the VO<sub>2max</sub> determination usually requires laboratory facilities, various predictive equations have been proposed for its estimation from practical and inexpensive field tests. An update of the predictive equation of VO<sub>2max</sub> from a 1,600m running test in a cohort of young men has been recently proposed. These authors have suggested the specificity of predictive equations regarding gender, age and the training background of the participants. The strong difference (12%) detected between the prediction of the previous<sup>14</sup> and the new equation<sup>13</sup> suggests that the geographical origin of participants could be another important factor. It is well known that the allelic frequency of the ACE gene may vary according to the location of the sample<sup>15</sup>, thus the predictive power of an equation used in a specific population may differ when applied to a population with a different allele frequency.</p>
      <p>Thus, this study investigated the possible influence of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) genotype (I/D) on cardiovascular fitness and middle-distance running performance of Brazilian young males. In addition, the validity of VO<sub>2max </sub>to predict the ACE genotype was also analyzed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fifty-seven physically active young (practitioners of physical activity at least three times a week for at least 30 min) non-runners were recruited for this study for convenience. We selected this sample for convenience based on previous suggestions about the appropriateness of homogeneous samples for the evaluations of physical performance with regard to genotype<sup>1,15</sup>. All volunteers were informed of the risks and benefits of their participation in the study, so they were instructed to sign a consent form. They were asked to avoid any intense exercise and to abstain from caffeine and alcohol beverages in the 24 hours preceding the tests, which were performed in random order with a minimum of 48h.</p>
      <p>The treadmill test (Inbramed Millenium Super ATL, Porto Alegre, Brazil) was performed at 1% inclination, with an initial speed of 6 km&#183;h<sup>-1</sup> and subsequent increments of 0.75 km&#183;h<sup>-1</sup> every minute until volitional exhaustion. Expired gases were continuously measured (Cortex Biophysik, Germany) and the VO<sub>2max</sub> (mL&#183;kg&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>) recorded was the mean of the values reached during the last 20 seconds before exhaustion. Additionally, the following criteria of the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines to determine VO<sub>2max</sub> were considered: RER &gt; 1.15; VO<sub>2max</sub> plateau; RPE &gt; 17; and maximal HR within &#177; 10 beats&#183;min<sup>-1</sup> of predicted values (HR = 220 &#150; age)<sup>14,16,17</sup>. </p>
      <p>The middle-distance running test consisted in an all-out 1,600m running track test conducted under thermoneutral conditions (24&#186;C &#177;1&#186;C) and absence of wind<sup>18</sup>. The mean speed (m&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>) from the running performance was calculated (V1600m) and subsequently applied to a previously validated equation: VO<sub>2max</sub> = (0.177*V1600m) + 8.101.</p>
      <p>On a different day, whole venous blood was drawn for DNA extraction (AccuPrep Genomic DNA Extraction Kit &#150; Bioneer HQ) and the ACE I/D polymorphism was identified by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers and subsequent electrophoresis as described elsewhere<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>The variables are shown as mean (SD in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en024tab01-body2">table 1</xref>; descriptive statistical and SEM in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en024tab02-body2">table 2</xref>; inferential statistics). All parameters were normally distributed as confirmed by a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. ANOVA with Bonferroni as a <italic>post hoc</italic> was conducted to examine possible differences among the groups. The Bland and Altman<sup>20</sup> procedure and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to examine agreement and reliability between measured and predicted VO<sub>2max</sub> values. Relationships among parameters were determined by Pearson product moment correlation coefficient. Significance level was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en024tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0315-00029-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en024tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0315-00029-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en024tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the characteristics of participants, though with no evident difference between genotypes. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en024tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> presents V1600m and both measured and estimated VO<sub>2max</sub> values for the three ACE I/D genotype groups. The recorded VO<sub>2max</sub> and V1600m for DD, ID and II genotypes were 45.6 (1.8); 51.9 (0.8) and 54.4 (1.0) mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> and 211.2 (8.3); 249.1 (4.3) and 258 (5.4) m.min<sup>-1</sup> respectively and were significantly lower for DD carriers (P&lt; 0.05). No differences were observed between the estimated VO<sub>2max</sub> and that obtained in the cardiopulmonary exercise test. A high correlation was exhibited between VO<sub>2max</sub> and V1600m for the whole sample (r=0.94; P= 0.0001).</p>
      <p>Strong correlations were detected between predicted and measured VO<sub>2max </sub>for all genotype groups (DD: 0.89 &lt; ID: 0.99 &lt; II: 0.99; P&lt;0.05). The ICCs were also high for all the genotypes but with a lower value for the DD carriers (DD: 0.86 &lt; ID: 0.97 &lt; II: 0.98). Moreover, the Bland and Altman<sup>20</sup> plot showed a lower agreement for the DD carriers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en024fig01-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en024fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0315-00029-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main finding of this study was that VO<sub>2max</sub> values and thus the cardiovascular fitness of physically active young males seemed to be influenced by the I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene. It was observed that, for this homogenous sample studied, the DD carriers presented both a lower VO<sub>2max</sub> and 1600m running performance compared to II and ID genotypes (p &lt; 0.05). Also, V1600m and VO<sub>2max</sub> were highly correlated in the whole sample (r = 0.94; p = 0.001) suggesting a great influence of VO<sub>2max</sub> in participants' middle-distance running ability.</p>
      <p>The finding of DD carriers showing a lower mean V1600m and VO<sub>2max</sub> compared to other genotypes is inconsistent with previous reports<sup>11,12</sup> in which the DD carriers were the best performers of a cohort of young well-trained men in 2,000-2,400m running tests. Although these results may seem opposite, it may be worth noting that the fitness level of the participants of these previous studies<sup>11,12</sup> is higher than those of the current study as for their running times, with a higher mean velocity for longer running distances (~285 and 240 m&#183;min-1 for 2.000 and 2.400 m, respectively). In this regard, Roltsch et al<sup>21</sup> did not find any difference in VO<sub>2max</sub> in a cycling exercise among ACE genotypes in a group of young women, while the opposite was reported with post-menopausal women with significant lower VO<sub>2max</sub> values<sup>7</sup>. Furthermore, the study by Zhao et al<sup>9</sup> that evaluated a group of young men in a treadmill graded test, revealed a higher VO<sub>2max</sub> of DD carriers with a significantly higher VO<sub>2max</sub> of the whole sample (range ~ 44-76 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>) compared to our participants (range ~ 37-61 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>). Consequently, and despite any possible ethnic or age influence, it may be suggested that the ACE genotype could be influencing middle-distance running and VO<sub>2max</sub> depending on the fitness level of the sample. </p>
      <p>This apparent paradox and the contradictory findings in previous literature can be due to the different protocols employed as only a very few studies have considered field running ability for evaluation of young men<sup>11,12</sup>. This is important as physical demands are quite different depending on the ergometer employed (e.g. treadmill vs. cycle ergometer). Moreover, the intensity and the profile of the running exercises could be also influencing their physiological demands, including both metabolic and neuromuscular factors<sup>22,23</sup>. In this regard, Luc&#237;a et al<sup>24</sup> have shown that the DD genotype seemed to be higher in elite cyclists compared with endurance runners, probably because of the higher power demands of cycling. Furthermore, the controversy about the influence of the ACE genotype on the endurance athlete status<sup>25</sup> could be explained by the fact that VO<sub>2max</sub> is not so important for success as other factors (e.g. running economy) that could be influenced by other genes. Therefore, given the number of associations reported for every allele with different physiological functions before and after training<sup>7,8,10,26</sup>, it may be suggested that the specific demands of every testing condition could be interacting with the individuals' fitness level thus modifying the role of the ACE genotype on physical fitness (i.e. VO<sub>2max</sub>) and subsequent performance (i.e. middle-distance running). Since we recruited a very homogeneous sample of young male physically active non runners, and because the running protocols were selected for the evaluation of individuals' maximum aerobic power, this study demonstrates a more controlled experimental condition for testing our hypotheses properly. In addition, the use of a ramp protocol on a treadmill allows a better assessment of VO<sub>2max</sub> compared to cycle ergometer (~10-20% higher in the treadmill)<sup>27</sup> because the treadmill provides a common form of physiological stress and the cycle ergometer is limited leading to a peripheral fatigue in many individuals<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Besides this, it is well known that both VO<sub>2max</sub> and distance running are affected from a cardiovascular point of view by both central (e.g. cardiac output) and peripheral factors (e.g. oxygen extraction)<sup>29</sup>, with the former being more important. Moreover, it should be pointed out that endurance running is also influenced by neuromuscular factors<sup>23</sup>. In this regard, the II carriers presented: higher maximal arterio-venous O<sub>2</sub> difference<sup>7</sup>, higher percentage of type I muscle fibers<sup>6</sup>, and larger endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the trained state<sup>5</sup>; whereas the DD carriers have demonstrated: larger skeletal muscle power<sup>30</sup>; and a greater left ventricular hypertrophy in military recruits after a training period<sup>26</sup> and in elite athletes<sup>31</sup>. From these previous studies, it may be suggested that while II carriers may present a greater peripheral function of the cardiovascular system, DD carriers are more benefited from neuromuscular and cardiac central adaptations. Furthermore, DD carriers have demonstrated a larger improvement after training programs in short aerobic efforts<sup>11,12</sup>. This may suggest that lower VO<sub>2max </sub>and middle-distance running performance of DD carriers of our homogeneous sample could be reversed with respect to the other genotypes after a running training program. Therefore, more studies should be conducted to evaluate the role of the ACE genotype with regard to fitness status (e.g. well-trained vs. moderately trained individuals) and level running intensities (e.g. VT1 vs. VO<sub>2max</sub>) with attention to physiological changes (i.e. neuromuscular vs. cardiovascular) accounting for such parameters after different training regimes. Nevertheless, our study is the first to report a significant inverse association among VO<sub>2max</sub> and middle-distance running with the ACE DD genotype in a homogeneous sample of physically active young male non runners exhibiting ~ 50 mL&#183;kg<sup>-1</sup>&#183;min<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, in this study, with a greater sample compared to the previous report, we have confirmed the validity of the predictive equation developed for a similar population<sup>13</sup>. Contrary to our hypothesis, the validity of this equation is independent of the ACE genotype. Consequently, this equation may be applied in different geographical locations, thus providing a simple and efficient tool for VO<sub>2max</sub> prediction in young physically active men from a field running test. Interestingly, although acceptable, consistency between the actual and predicted VO<sub>2max</sub> was lower for the DD genotype with excellent values detected for the other genotypes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en024fig01-body2">Fig. 1</xref>). In this regard, it should also be noted that there are greater SEM values for the DD carriers compared to the other groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en024tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). We cannot explain these differences among genotypes that could be accounting for another unknown factor. Interestingly, individuals carrying the DD genotype that presented a higher VO<sub>2max</sub> between measurements showed lower consistency compared to those of smaller VO<sub>2max </sub>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en024fig01-body2">Fig. 1</xref>). Perhaps this may mean that the carriers of the DD genotype have a lower relationship between performance in middle distance running and VO<sub>2max</sub> than carriers of other genotypes for ACE gene. Nevertheless, the validity of the equation is ensured in a similar population with such protocols. We suggest taking this aspect into consideration when applying this equation in great samples of those populations in which the D allele could be overrepresented.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Based on the results observed, the classic insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene has an important association with cardiorespiratory fitness and middle distance running performance in physically active young males with DD genotype carriers exhibiting lower results. The accuracy of VO<sub>2max</sub> prediction may be slightly lower for DD carriers but with acceptable validity. Additionally, the ACE genotype may be an important factor to be taken into account in the determination/prediction of VO<sub>2max</sub>. Further studies are required for the assessment of these relationships in similar populations regarding gender, running intensity and fitness status.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
