<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wSXRVvT7cZYsdTSx5vqfkpf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000400004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800404</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000023</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de obesidade visceral estimada por equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva em mulheres jovens pernambucanas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petrib&#250;</surname>
            <given-names>Marina de Moraes Vasconcelos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Poliana Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diniz</surname>
            <given-names>Alcides da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Israel Cabral de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Batista Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Malaquias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arruda</surname>
            <given-names>Ilma Kruze Grande de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Pernambuco</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Pernambuco</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Materno Infantil de Pernambuco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>307</fpage>
      <lpage>314</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O ac&#250;mulo de gordura visceral &#233; considerado o principal fator de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas. OBJETIVO: Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade visceral e avaliar sua associa&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco cardiovasculares em mulheres jovens do Estado de Pernambuco. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal, realizado com dados da "III Pesquisa Estadual de Sa&#250;de e Nutri&#231;&#227;o", envolvendo mulheres entre 25 e 36 anos. Avaliaram-se as vari&#225;veis: &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura (CC), Raz&#227;o Cintura-Estatura (RCE), Volume de Gordura Visceral (VGV) estimado por equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva, Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica e Diast&#243;lica (PAS, PAD), Colesterol Total (CT), Triglicer&#237;deo (TG), Glicemia de Jejum (GJ). RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 517 mulheres, com mediana de idade de 29 anos (27-32) e preval&#234;ncia de obesidade visceral de 30,6%. Valores de IMC, PAS, PAD e TG foram superiores no grupo com obesidade visceral: IMC = 28,0 kg/m&#178; (25,0 - 21,4) vs 23,9 kg/m&#178; (21,5 - 26,4); PAS = 120,0 mmHg (110,0 - 130,0) vs 112,0 mmHg (100,0 - 122,0); PAD = 74 mmHg (70 - 80) vs 70 mmHg (63 - 80); TG = 156,0 mg/dL (115,0 - 203,2) vs 131,0 mg/dL (104,0 - 161,0), respectivamente, p &lt; 0,01. Idade, PAS, PAD, TG e CT apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significante com o VGV: r = 0,171; 0,224; 0,163; 0,278; 0,124; respectivamente, p &lt; 0,005. CONCLUS&#195;O: Verificou-se uma elevada preval&#234;ncia de obesidade visceral, estando estatisticamente correlacionada a fatores de risco cardiovasculares.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Gordura subcut&#226;nea abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>indice de massa corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>mulheres</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Preval&#234;ncia de obesidade visceral estimada por equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva em mulheres jovens pernambucanas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marina de Moraes Vasconcelos Petrib&#250;<sup>I</sup>; Poliana Coelho Cabral<sup>I</sup>; Alcides da Silva Diniz<sup>I</sup>; Pedro Israel Cabral de Lira<sup>I</sup>; Malaquias Batista Filho<sup>II</sup>; Ilma Kruze Grande de Arruda<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto Materno Infantil de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O ac&#250;mulo de gordura visceral &#233; considerado o principal fator de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade visceral e avaliar sua associa&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco cardiovasculares em mulheres jovens do Estado de Pernambuco. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal, realizado com dados da "III Pesquisa Estadual de Sa&#250;de e Nutri&#231;&#227;o", envolvendo mulheres entre 25 e 36 anos. Avaliaram-se as vari&#225;veis: &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura (CC), Raz&#227;o Cintura-Estatura (RCE), Volume de Gordura Visceral (VGV) estimado por equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva, Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica e Diast&#243;lica (PAS, PAD), Colesterol Total (CT), Triglicer&#237;deo (TG), Glicemia de Jejum (GJ). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram avaliadas 517 mulheres, com mediana de idade de 29 anos (27-32) e preval&#234;ncia de obesidade visceral de 30,6%. Valores de IMC, PAS, PAD e TG foram superiores no grupo com obesidade visceral: IMC = 28,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (25,0 - 21,4) vs 23,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (21,5 - 26,4); PAS = 120,0 mmHg (110,0 - 130,0) vs 112,0 mmHg (100,0 - 122,0); PAD = 74 mmHg (70 - 80) vs 70 mmHg (63 - 80); TG = 156,0 mg/dL (115,0 - 203,2) vs 131,0 mg/dL (104,0 - 161,0), respectivamente, p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,01. Idade, PAS, PAD, TG e CT apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significante com o VGV: r = 0,171; 0,224; 0,163; 0,278; 0,124; respectivamente, p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,005. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Verificou-se uma elevada preval&#234;ncia de obesidade visceral, estando estatisticamente correlacionada a fatores de risco cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Gordura subcut&#226;nea abdominal, preval&#234;ncia, fatores de risco, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, indice de massa corporal, press&#227;o arterial, dislipidemias, mulheres.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A obesidade abdominal, considerada fator de risco para diversas morbidades<sup>1</sup>, &#233; composta por dois compartimentos distintos de gordura: subcut&#226;nea e visceral<sup>2</sup>. V&#225;rios autores demonstraram que a gordura visceral, e n&#227;o a subcut&#226;nea, encontra-se associada a diversos efeitos delet&#233;rios, tais como elevados n&#237;veis de Triglicer&#237;deos (TG), baixos n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C), sensibilidade a insulina<sup>3,4</sup>, hiperglicemia, pept&#237;deo C<sup>4</sup>, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica<sup>3-5</sup>, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<sup>6</sup>, esteatose muscular e hep&#225;tica, baixos n&#237;veis de peptina e adiponectina<sup>4</sup>, al&#233;m de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) menor e mais densa<sup>7</sup>. Dessa forma, o ac&#250;mulo de gordura visceral &#233; considerado o principal fator de risco para Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares (DCV) e metab&#243;licas<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de o mecanismo molecular exato respons&#225;vel por tal associa&#231;&#227;o ser desconhecido, o efeito pode ocorrer em raz&#227;o da localiza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da gordura dentro do abdome ou das diferen&#231;as nas propriedades metab&#243;licas<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sendo assim, a redu&#231;&#227;o da gordura visceral pode ser uma medida preventiva para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e DCV<sup>7</sup>. A medida do Tecido Adiposo Visceral (TAV) tem, portanto, implica&#231;&#227;o particular na sa&#250;de p&#250;blica<sup>8</sup>, sendo de grande import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica a confiabilidade de sua medida<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Poucos estudos determinaram a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade visceral em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es<sup>10-12</sup>, provavelmente por causa das limita&#231;&#245;es dos m&#233;todos radiol&#243;gicos, capazes de diferenciar os componentes da gordura abdominal em subcut&#226;neo e visceral, al&#233;m da inabilidade das medidas antropom&#233;tricas para representar a &#225;rea do TAV em particular<sup>13</sup>. A Tomografia Computadorizada (TC), a Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Nuclear (RNM) e a Ultrassonografia (USG) apresentam um custo elevado, pouca disponibilidade de aparelhos e submetem os indiv&#237;duos a radia&#231;&#227;o (TC)<sup>14,15</sup>, tornando-os invi&#225;veis para avalia&#231;&#227;o em grandes grupos de indiv&#237;duos, impossibilitando sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o como ferramenta de triagem para a popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo objetivou, portanto, determinar a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade visceral de mulheres jovens do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, a partir de uma equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva, al&#233;m de avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o da gordura visceral com os fatores de risco para as DCV.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo transversal, de base populacional, realizado com dados da "III Pesquisa Estadual de Sa&#250;de e Nutri&#231;&#227;o (III PESN)", realizada em &#225;reas urbanas e rurais do Estado de Pernambuco entre maio e outubro de 2006.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo envolveu adultos do sexo feminino entre 25 e 36 anos de idade. Para o c&#225;lculo amostral, considerou-se uma preval&#234;ncia de obesidade visceral de 28,7%<sup>11</sup>, erro de estima&#231;&#227;o de 4% e n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95%, totalizando 491 indiv&#237;duos. O banco de dados da III PESN cont&#233;m 669 mulheres entre 25 e 36 anos, por&#233;m, dessas, 152 foram exclu&#237;das por apresentarem aus&#234;ncia de dados cl&#237;nicos, sendo utilizado o universo de 517 mulheres que dispunham de todas as vari&#225;veis utilizadas no presente estudo. A III PESN adotou como crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o gestantes e mulheres portadoras de limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica que comprometesse a aferi&#231;&#227;o das medidas antropom&#233;tricas.</p>
    <p>A altura foi determinada com estadi&#244;metro port&#225;til (Alturaexata, Ltda.), com precis&#227;o de 1 mm. Os indiv&#237;duos foram colocados em posi&#231;&#227;o ereta, descal&#231;os, com membros superiores pendentes ao longo do corpo, os calcanhares, o dorso e a cabe&#231;a tocando a coluna de madeira. O peso foi obtido utilizando-se balan&#231;a digital (Modelo MEA-03200/Plenna), com capacidade de 150 kg e escala de 100 gramas, com o indiv&#237;duo descal&#231;o e indument&#225;ria m&#237;nima. Para garantir a acur&#225;cia das mensura&#231;&#245;es foram aferidas duas medidas de peso e altura, e quando a diferen&#231;a excedia 0,5 cm para altura e 100 g para peso, repetia-se a mensura&#231;&#227;o e anotavam-se as duas medi&#231;&#245;es com valores mais pr&#243;ximos, utilizando-se a m&#233;dia dessas.</p>
    <p>Para classifica&#231;&#227;o do estado nutricional p&#244;ndero-estatural utilizou-se o &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), adotando-se os limites de corte recomendados pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS), 1998<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>A Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura (CC) foi aferida em duplicidade no ponto m&#233;dio entre a &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca, com fita m&#233;trica inextens&#237;vel, seguindo o protocolo da OMS, 1998<sup>18</sup>, considerando-se elevados valores iguais ou superiores a 80 cm<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>A Raz&#227;o Cintura-Estatura (RCE) foi determinada pela divis&#227;o da CC (cm) pela altura (cm) e o ponto de corte adotado para discrimina&#231;&#227;o da obesidade abdominal e risco cardiovascular foi <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,53<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>As dosagens de Colesterol Total (CT), TG e Glicose de Jejum (GJ) foram avaliadas em sangue venoso, mediante pun&#231;&#227;o cubital com as mulheres em jejum noturno de 12 horas. As concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de CT e TG foram determinadas por fotometria de absor&#231;&#227;o com m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico. Foram adotados como refer&#234;ncia os valores preconizados pela III Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemia<sup>20</sup>. A dosagem de GJ foi realizada com o equipamento ACCUTREND GCT, de leitura imediata, ap&#243;s pun&#231;&#227;o venosa, adotando-se os pontos de corte recomendados pela American Diabetics Association, 2010<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>A Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica e a Diast&#243;lica (PAS e PAD) foram verificadas com esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide devidamente calibrado (Premium CE 0483), adotando-se o protocolo e a classifica&#231;&#227;o da VI Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o (2010)<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>O Volume de Gordura Visceral (VGV) foi estimado a partir da equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva proposta por Petrib&#250;<sup>23</sup> que utilizam como vari&#225;veis independentes a RCE e a GJ, como segue:</p>
    <p>VGV = -130,941 + (198,673 x RCE) + (1,185 x GJ);</p>
    <p>Tal equa&#231;&#227;o, elaborada a partir de uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla adotando-se a USG como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia, &#233; capaz de predizer o VGV em aproximadamente 45%, com erro padr&#227;o de estimativa de &#177; 15,19 cm<sup>2</sup>. A valida&#231;&#227;o foi realizada comparando-se o VGV aferido pela equa&#231;&#227;o e o medido pela USG em um grupo de mulheres n&#227;o participantes da etapa de desenvolvimento da equa&#231;&#227;o utilizando-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras pareadas, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os valores (54,28 &#177; 9,79 <italic>vs</italic> 53,36 &#177; 7,94, respectivamente, p = 0,760)<sup>23</sup>. Em uma etapa adicional, para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da concord&#226;ncia entre os dois m&#233;todos, realizou-se o teste de Bland Altman, verificando-se uma boa concord&#226;ncia, com vi&#233;s pr&#243;ximo a zero (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop01812_portf01">fig. 1</xref>). Adotou-se o ponto de corte de 100 cm<sup>2</sup> para o diagn&#243;stico da obesidade visceral<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop01812_portf01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0307-00023-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A base de dados foi compilada no Programa Epi Info vers&#227;o 6.04 (CDC/WHO, Atlanta, GE, USA), com dupla entrada, e posterior uso do modo <italic>validate</italic> para checar eventuais erros de digita&#231;&#227;o. Para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas, empregou-se o SPSS vers&#227;o 10.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram testadas segundo a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Quando apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram transformadas ao seu logaritmo natural e retestadas quanto &#224; normalidade (idade, peso, PAS, PAD, GJ, TG, CT, IMC, VGV). Quando mantiveram a distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal (idade, PAS, PAD, GJ, CT), foram descritas na forma de mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico e os testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos foram aplicados.</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre as medianas foi realizada pelo teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann Whitney. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi realizada pelo teste de correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Spearman. Foi adotado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% para rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de nulidade.</p>
    <p>O projeto de Pesquisa da III PESN foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa em Seres Humanos do Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP), em 12 de janeiro de 2006 (protocolo n&#186; 709/2006). As mulheres que concordaram em participar da pesquisa assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) (Processos n&#186; 505540/2004-5 e 501989/2005-4), sendo um estudo colaborativo das seguintes institui&#231;&#245;es: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), IMIP e Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado de Pernambuco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As mulheres apresentaram mediana de idade de 29 anos (IC 27 a 32). De forma geral, observa-se uma popula&#231;&#227;o com sobrepeso de acordo com o IMC al&#233;m de elevada concentra&#231;&#227;o de gordura abdominal, evidenciada por meio da CC e RCE. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a PAS e PAD, aos par&#226;metros laboratoriais (GJ, TG e CT) e ao VGV estimado pela equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva, os valores correspondentes &#224; m&#233;dia ou mediana se mostraram abaixo da refer&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop01812_portt01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop01812_portt01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0307-00023-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao estado nutricional, observa-se baixa preval&#234;ncia de baixo peso e elevada preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade a partir do IMC. Cerca de 30% das mulheres apresentaram obesidade visceral e mais da metade, obesidade abdominal segundo a CC e a RCE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop01812_portt02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop01812_portt02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0307-00023-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Cerca de 10% das mulheres apresentaram PAS e/ou PAD alterada. A preval&#234;ncia de hiperglicemia se aproximou dos 30%, enquanto quase 40% apresentaram TG aumentado. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CT, apenas 13% apresentaram hipercolesterolemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop01812_portt03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop01812_portt03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0307-00023-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop01812_portt04">tabela 4</xref> apresenta a compara&#231;&#227;o entre as medianas de IMC, PAS, PAD, TG e CT em mulheres com e sem obesidade visceral. Com exce&#231;&#227;o do CT, todos os par&#226;metros foram maiores no grupo com obesidade visceral (p &lt; 0,002).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop01812_portt04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0307-00023-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As correla&#231;&#245;es entre PAS, PAD, TG e CT e o VGV estimado por meio da equa&#231;&#227;o encontram-se descritas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop01812_portf02">figura 2</xref>. Todas as vari&#225;veis apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa com o VGV, por&#233;m tais correla&#231;&#245;es se mostraram fracas. Al&#233;m dessas, a idade tamb&#233;m apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa com o mesmo (r = 0,171; p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop01812_portf02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0307-00023-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o analisada no presente estudo foi classificada como sobrepeso segundo a m&#233;dia de IMC apresentada, al&#233;m de possu&#237;rem valores m&#233;dios de CC e RCE superiores aos pontos de corte na avalia&#231;&#227;o da obesidade abdominal. Apesar disso, apresentaram m&#233;dia de VGV inferior a 100 cm<sup>2</sup>. Dados similares foram observados por Piernas S&#225;nchez e cols.<sup>11</sup>, que aplicaram uma equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva , em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 230 mulheres, com idade m&#233;dia de 39 &#177; 12 anos e IMC m&#233;dio de 29 &#177; 5 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, e observaram que, apesar de apresentar sobrepeso, elevado percentual de gordura corporal e alto risco cardiovascular segundo a CC e a RCQ, as mulheres apresentaram gordura subcut&#226;nea e n&#227;o visceral. Tais autores chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato de que mulheres tendem a ganhar mais gordura subcut&#226;nea na regi&#227;o abdominal, o que poderia justificar tais achados<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diferentemente do exposto, Onat e cols.<sup>25</sup> encontraram em seu estudo, que tamb&#233;m envolveu mulheres classificadas como sobrepeso e obesidade abdominal segundo a m&#233;dia de IMC e CC, respectivamente, uma m&#233;dia de VGV bastante superior &#224; da presente pesquisa (120,5 &#177; 58 cm<sup>2</sup>). Vale ressaltar que o estudo foi realizado em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com m&#233;dia de idade de 49 &#177; 8,7 anos e com elevada preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (34%)<sup>25</sup>. Os referidos autores ressaltaram aumento significativo do TAV com a idade e m&#233;dia 42% superior no grupo com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica<sup>25</sup>, o que pode explicar a diferen&#231;a encontrada quando comparado com a presente pesquisa, que envolveu mulheres mais jovens, com menor probabilidade de apresentar s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao aumento do VGV de acordo com a idade, tais resultados tamb&#233;m foram descritos por Pascot e cols.<sup>26</sup>, que encontraram uma m&#233;dia de VGV de 63,7 &#177; 40,9 cm<sup>2</sup> em mulheres jovens (27,4 &#177; 7,5 anos) e 116,1 &#177; 67,5 cm<sup>2</sup> em mulheres em idade m&#233;dia (49,5 &#177; 5,3 anos), sendo essa diferen&#231;a significante. A presente pesquisa tamb&#233;m observou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a idade e o VGV.</p>
    <p>A literatura relata que a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade abdominal tem aumentado na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada e que hoje ultrapassa a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade global, com taxas de 61,3% em mulheres<sup>27,28</sup>. Tal evid&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m foi verificada na presente pesquisa, que encontrou preval&#234;ncia de obesidade global de 17% e de obesidade abdominal segundo a CC de 62,9%. A preval&#234;ncia de obesidade visceral foi inferior &#224; de obesidade abdominal, o que j&#225; era esperado, tendo em vista que a CC encontra-se mais fortemente relacionada com a gordura subcut&#226;nea do que com a gordura visceral, e que o processo de envelhecimento est&#225; associado com perda de gordura subcut&#226;nea e aumento de gordura no dep&#243;sito visceral<sup>29</sup>, ou seja, a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, constitu&#237;da exclusivamente por adultos jovens, provavelmente possui uma maior quantidade de gordura abdominal subcut&#226;nea do que visceral. Al&#233;m disso, Pou e cols.<sup>29</sup> chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato de que, em seu estudo, aproximadamente um quarto dos indiv&#237;duos obesos ou com elevada CC n&#227;o apresentou elevado TAV, enquanto 10% das mulheres e 20% dos homens com CC normal apresentaram TAV elevado, sugerindo que existem erros de classifica&#231;&#227;o entre as categorias de adiposidade cl&#237;nica<sup>29</sup>.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de obesidade visceral encontrada na presente pesquisa foi similar &#224; descrita por Piernas S&#225;nchez e cols.<sup>11</sup>, que encontraram preval&#234;ncia de 28,7% entre mulheres. Pou e cols.<sup>29</sup>, ao avaliarem 3.348 participantes da pesquisa Framingham Heart Study Offspring and Third Generation Cohort com m&#233;dia de idade de 52,2 &#177; 9,9 anos, encontraram preval&#234;ncia de obesidade visceral de 44% no sexo feminino. No entanto, al&#233;m de a popula&#231;&#227;o ser mais velha do que a da presente pesquisa, os autores usaram um ponto de corte para classifica&#231;&#227;o da obesidade visceral diferenciado<sup>29</sup>, podendo ter influenciado na elevada preval&#234;ncia observada.</p>
    <p>Concordando com os achados de Tadokoro e cols.<sup>10</sup>, observou-se que os valores de IMC foram superiores no grupo com obesidade visceral. Tal achado tamb&#233;m foi descrito por Pou e cols.<sup>29</sup>, que observaram que a preval&#234;ncia de TAV aumentou com o aumento da categoria do IMC.</p>
    <p>Quando comparados os valores de TG e CT entre os grupos com e sem obesidade visceral, verificaram-se valores estatisticamente mais elevados no primeiro grupo apenas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao TG. Tal achado pode ser explicado pelo fato de que, com o aumento do TAV, os &#225;cidos graxos livres s&#227;o facilmente direcionados para o f&#237;gado para uma maior produ&#231;&#227;o de glicose, TG e lipoprote&#237;na de muito baixa densidade (VLDL)<sup>30</sup>. Outros estudos tamb&#233;m observaram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TG superiores em indiv&#237;duos com elevado TAV<sup>4,29,31</sup>. No entanto, tais estudos encontraram valores de HDL inferiores nesses indiv&#237;duos<sup>4,29,31</sup>. Uma limita&#231;&#227;o da presente pesquisa foi o fato de n&#227;o ter estudado as fra&#231;&#245;es do colesterol (HDL, LDL e VLDL), pois o fato de o CT n&#227;o ter sido diferente entre os dois grupos pode ter ocorrido por uma poss&#237;vel diminui&#231;&#227;o do HDL no grupo com obesidade visceral. Tadokoro e cols.<sup>10</sup> e Reyes e cols.<sup>31</sup> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;a significante entre os valores de CT entre os dois grupos.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o arterial, verificaram-se valores de PAS e PAD superiores no grupo com obesidade visceral. No entanto, tal achado n&#227;o foi observado em outros estudos<sup>4,10,31,32</sup>. Romero-Corral e cols.<sup>6</sup> chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato de que o aumento da gordura visceral est&#225; associado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para o aumento na press&#227;o encontrada nos indiv&#237;duos com obesidade visceral &#233; o fato de as adipocinas e citocinas viscerais poderem contribuir para a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica<sup>33</sup>. A hiperinsulinemia pode elevar a press&#227;o arterial por interm&#233;dio da ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, do comprometimento da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica, da maior resposta &#224; angiotensina e do aumento da reabsor&#231;&#227;o renal de s&#243;dio e &#225;gua, com consequente sobrecarga de volume<sup>34</sup>.</p>
    <p>O VGV esteve positivamente correlacionado com m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco metab&#243;licos na presente pesquisa (PAS, PAD, TG e CT). Tal achado tamb&#233;m foi verificado por outros autores<sup>32,35</sup>. Kotronen e cols.<sup>32</sup> encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa entre a gordura visceral e os n&#237;veis de TG, PAS e PAD (r = 0,36; 0,28 e 0,24, respectivamente) e correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com o HDL (r = -0,38). Hayes e cols.<sup>35</sup> encontraram entre mulheres muito obesas (IMC 31 a 67 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) correla&#231;&#227;o significante e positiva entre a gordura intra-abdominal e a PAS (r = 0,35), a PAD (r = 0,31), e negativa com o HDL (r = -0,34). A correla&#231;&#227;o com o TG se aproximou de uma signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (r = 0,31; p = 0,054)<sup>35</sup>. Fox e cols.<sup>36</sup>, estudando indiv&#237;duos com idade m&#233;dia de 50 anos do Framingham Heart Study, encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre PAS (r = 0,30), PAD (r = 0,28), GJ (r = 0,34), TG (r = 0,46) e HDL (r = -0,35) com o TAV em mulheres. Por sua vez, Tadokoro e cols.<sup>10</sup> encontraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa entre a gordura visceral e a PAS e TG apenas no sexo masculino, enquanto o CT e a PAD n&#227;o apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com a gordura visceral em ambos os sexos. Foi observada ainda uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre o HDL e a gordura visceral no sexo feminino, por&#233;m tal estudo foi desenvolvido com adolescentes, com idade m&#233;dia de aproximadamente 15 anos<sup>10</sup>, o que pode ter contribu&#237;do para tais achados.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo apresentou como ponto positivo o fato de os participantes serem adultos jovens, permitindo a avalia&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre o compartimento de gordura e os fatores de risco cardiovasculares na aus&#234;ncia de comorbidades significativas. Como limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo destacam-se dois fatores. Primeiramente, o fato de n&#227;o ter sido utilizado m&#233;todos de imagem na determina&#231;&#227;o da gordura visceral (CT, RNM ou USG), por causa do elevado custo desses m&#233;todos; no entanto, a equa&#231;&#227;o proposta foi previamente validada para uso em mulheres jovens brasileiras. Em segundo lugar, a pesquisa possuiu um desenho transversal; portanto, as associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o s&#227;o prospectivas e a causalidade n&#227;o pode ser inferida.</p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de obesidade visceral encontrada (30,6%) chama a aten&#231;&#227;o pelo fato de se tratar de uma popula&#231;&#227;o jovem e do sexo feminino que geralmente possui menos gordura na regi&#227;o visceral, quando comparada a pessoas mais velhas e ao sexo masculino. O estudo mostra ainda que a gordura visceral esteve correlacionada com a idade e com fatores de risco para desenvolvimento das DCV (PAS, PAD, CT, TG). A redu&#231;&#227;o da gordura visceral pode, portanto, contribuir para uma menor incid&#234;ncia de DCV em idades mais avan&#231;adas. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar prospectivamente o impacto da redu&#231;&#227;o do TAV na incid&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco relacionados &#224; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e &#224;s DCV.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Marina de Moraes Vasconcelos Petrib&#250; pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Marina de Moraes Vasconcelos Petrib&#250; </p>
        <p> Rua Professor Jos&#233; Brand&#227;o, 269 / 201 - Boa Viagem </p>
        <p> 51020-180 - Recife, PE - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mpetribu@hotmail.com">mpetribu@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 28/04/11 </p>
    <p> Revisado recebido em 28/04/11 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 02/12/11.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Olinto MT, N&#225;cul    LC, Dias-da-Costa JS, Gigante DP, Menezes AM, Macedo S. N&#237;veis de interven&#231;&#227;o    para obesidade abdominal: preval&#234;ncia e fatores associados. Cad Sa&#250;de    P&#250;blica. 2006; 22 (6): 1207-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>N&#237;veis de interven&#231;&#227;o para obesidade abdominal: preval&#234;ncia e fatores associados</article-title>
          <source>Cad Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1207</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Olinto</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>N&#225;cul</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dias-da-Costa</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gigante</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menezes</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macedo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Sampaio LR,    Sim&#245;es EJ, Assis AM, Ramos LR. Valididy and reliability of the sagittal    abdominal diameter as a predictor of visceral abdominal fat. Arq Bras Endocrinol    Metabol. 2007; 51 (6): 980-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Valididy and reliability of the sagittal abdominal diameter as a predictor of visceral abdominal fat</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>980</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sampaio</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assis</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramos</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Sandeep S, Gokulakrishnan    K, Velmurugan K, Deepa M, Mohan V. Visceral &amp; subcutaneous abdominal fat    in relation to insulin resistance &amp; metabolic syndrome in non-diabetic south    Indians. Indian J Med Res. 2010; 131: 629-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Visceral &amp; subcutaneous abdominal fat in relation to insulin resistance &amp; metabolic syndrome in non-diabetic south Indians</article-title>
          <source>Indian J Med Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>629</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sandeep</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gokulakrishnan</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Velmurugan</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deepa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohan</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Taksali SE,    Caprio S, Dziura J, Dufour S, Cal&#237; AM, Robin Goodman T, et al. High visceral    and low abdominal subcutaneous fat stores in the obese adolescent: a determinant    of an adverse metabolic phenotype. Diabetes. 2008; 57(2): 367-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>High visceral and low abdominal subcutaneous fat stores in the obese adolescent: a determinant of an adverse metabolic phenotype</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>367</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Taksali</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caprio</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dziura</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dufour</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cal&#237;</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robin Goodman</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Demerath EW,    Reed D, Rogers N, Sun SS, Lee M, Choh AC, et al. Visceral adiposity and its    anatomical distribution as predictors of the metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic    risk factor levels. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 88 (5): 1263-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Visceral adiposity and its anatomical distribution as predictors of the metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic risk factor levels</article-title>
          <source>Am J Clin Nutr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1263</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Demerath</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reed</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rogers</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choh</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Romero-Corral    A, Sert-Kuniyoshi FH, Sierra-Johnson J, Orban M, Gami A, Davison D, et al. Modest    visceral fat gain causes endothelial dysfunction in healthy humans. J Am Coll    Cardiol. 2010; 56 (8): 662-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Modest visceral fat gain causes endothelial dysfunction in healthy humans</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>662</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Romero-Corral</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sert-Kuniyoshi</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sierra-Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orban</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gami</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davison</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Matsuzawa Y.    Establishment of a concept of visceral fat syndrome and discovery of adiponectin.    Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci.2010; 86 (2): 131-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Establishment of a concept of visceral fat syndrome and discovery of adiponectin</article-title>
          <source>Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>131</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Matsuzawa</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Rankinen T,    Kim SY, P&#233;russe L, Despr&#233;s JP, Bouchard C. The prediction of abdominal    visceral fat level from composition and anthropometry: ROC analysis. Int J Obes    Metab Disord. 1999;23(8):801-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The prediction of abdominal visceral fat level from composition and anthropometry: ROC analysis</article-title>
          <source>Int J Obes Metab Disord</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>801</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rankinen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>SY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>P&#233;russe</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Despr&#233;s</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bouchard</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Siegel MJ, Hildebolt    CF, Bae KT, Hong C, White NH. Total and intraabdominal fat distribution in preadolescents    and adolescents: measurement with MR Imaging. Radiology. 2007; 242 (3): 846-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Total and intraabdominal fat distribution in preadolescents and adolescents: measurement with MR Imaging</article-title>
          <source>Radiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>846</fpage>
          <lpage>56</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>242</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Siegel</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hildebolt</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bae</surname>
              <given-names>KT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hong</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>NH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Tadokoro N,    Shinomiya M, Yoshinaga M, Takahashi H, Matsuoka K, Miyashita Y, et al. Visceral    fat accumulation in Japanese high school students and related atherosclerosis    risk factors. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2010; 17 (6): 546-57.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Visceral fat accumulation in Japanese high school students and related atherosclerosis risk factors</article-title>
          <source>J Atheroscler Thromb</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>546</fpage>
          <lpage>57</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tadokoro</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shinomiya</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshinaga</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takahashi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsuoka</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miyashita</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Piernas S&#225;nchez    CM, Morales Falo EM, Zamora Navarro S, Gauralet Aza M. Study and classification    of the abdominal adiposity throughout the application of the wo-dimentional    predictive equation Gauralet et al, in the clinical practice. Nutr Hosp. 2010;    25 (2): 270-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Study and classification of the abdominal adiposity throughout the application of the wo-dimentional predictive equation Gauralet et al, in the clinical practice</article-title>
          <source>Nutr Hosp</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>270</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Piernas S&#225;nchez</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morales Falo</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zamora Navarro</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gauralet Aza</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Nagai M, Komiya    H, Mori Y, Ohta T. Developments in estimating visceral fat area from medical    examination data. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2008; 15 (4): 193-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Developments in estimating visceral fat area from medical examination data</article-title>
          <source>J Atheroscler Thromb</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>193</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nagai</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Komiya</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mori</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ohta</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Brundavani    V, Murthy SR, Kurpad. Estimation of deep-abdominal-adipose-tissue (DAAT) accumulation    from simple anthropometric measurements in Indian men and women. Eur J Clin    Nutr. 2006; 60(5): 658-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Estimation of deep-abdominal-adipose-tissue (DAAT) accumulation from simple anthropometric measurements in Indian men and women</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Clin Nutr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>658</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brundavani</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murthy</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kurpad</surname>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Ribeiro-Filho    FF, Faria NA, Azjen S, Zanella MT, Ferreira SRG. Methods of estimation of visceral    fat: advantages of ultrasonography. Obes Res. 2003; 11 (12): 1488-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Methods of estimation of visceral fat: advantages of ultrasonography</article-title>
          <source>Obes Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1488</fpage>
          <lpage>94</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>FF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faria</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azjen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zanella</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>SRG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Stolk RP, Wink    O, Zelissen PM, Meijer R, Gils AP, Grobbee DE. Validity and reproducibility    of ultrasonography for the measurement of intra-abdominal adipose tissue. Int    J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001; 25(9): 1346-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Validity and reproducibility of ultrasonography for the measurement of intra-abdominal adipose tissue</article-title>
          <source>Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1346</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stolk</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wink</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zelissen</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meijer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gils</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grobbee</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Caballero B.    The global epidemic of obesity: an overview. Epidemiol Rev. 2007; 29: 1-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The global epidemic of obesity: an overview</article-title>
          <source>Epidemiol Rev</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Caballero</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. World Health    Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of    a WHO Consultation . World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000;894:i-xii, 1-255.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation</article-title>
          <source>World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>i</fpage>
          <volume>894</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. World Health    Organization (WHO). Obesity: report WHO consultation on obesity. Geneva; 1998.p.7-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Obesity: report WHO consultation on obesity</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>World Health Organization</surname>
              <given-names>(WHO)</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Haun DR, Pitanga    FJG, Lessa I. Raz&#227;o cintura/ estatura comparado a outros indicadores    antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade como preditor de risco coronariano elevado.    Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2009; 55 (6):705-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Raz&#227;o cintura/ estatura comparado a outros indicadores antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade como preditor de risco coronariano elevado</article-title>
          <source>Rev Assoc Med Bras</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>705</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Haun</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pitanga</surname>
              <given-names>FJG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lessa</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Santos RD,    Giannini S, Fonseca F, Moriguchi EH; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. III    Diretrizes brasileiras sobre dislipidemias e diretriz de preven&#231;&#227;o    da aterosclerose do Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de    Cardiologia. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2001; 77 (supl.3):1-48.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>III Diretrizes brasileiras sobre dislipidemias e diretriz de preven&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose do Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>48</lpage>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giannini</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moriguchi</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. American Diabetes    Association. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care.    2010; 33 (1): S62-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S62</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>33</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Sociedade Brasileira    de Cardiologia/Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o/ Sociedade Brasileira    de Nefrologia. VI Diretrizes brasileiras de hipertens&#227;o arterial. Arq    Bras Cardiol. 2010; 95 (1supl.):1-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>VI Diretrizes brasileiras de hipertens&#227;o arterial</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <volume>95</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Petrib&#250;    MM. Equa&#231;&#227;o preditiva para avalia&#231;&#227;o da gordura    visceral em mulheres jovens. [tese]. Recife (PE): Universidade Federal    de Pernambuco/ UFPE; 2011.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="other">
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Petrib&#250;</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Hirooka M,    Kumagi T, Kurose K, Nakanishi S, Michitaka K, Matsuura B, et al. A technique    for the measurement of visceral fat by ultrasonograhy: comparison of measurements    by ultrasonography and computed tomography. Intern Med. 2005; 44 (8): 794-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A technique for the measurement of visceral fat by ultrasonograhy: comparison of measurements by ultrasonography and computed tomography</article-title>
          <source>Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>794</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hirooka</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kumagi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kurose</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakanishi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michitaka</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsuura</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Onat A, Avci    GS, Barlan MM, Uyarel H, Uzunlar B, Sansoy V. Measures of abdominal obesity    assessed for visceral adiposity and relation to coronary risk. Int J Obes Relat    Metab Disord. 2004; 28(8): 1018-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Measures of abdominal obesity assessed for visceral adiposity and relation to coronary risk</article-title>
          <source>Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1018</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Onat</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avci</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barlan</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uyarel</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uzunlar</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sansoy</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Pascot A, Lemieux    S, Lemieux I, Prud&#180;homme D, Tremblay A, Bouchard C, et al. Age-related    increase in visceral adipose tissue and body fat and the metabolic risk profile    of premenopausal women. Diabetes Care. 1999; 22 (9): 1471-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Age-related increase in visceral adipose tissue and body fat and the metabolic risk profile of premenopausal women</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1471</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pascot</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemieux</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemieux</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prud&#180;homme</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tremblay</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bouchard</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Flegal KM,    Carrol MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults,    1999-2000. JAMA. 2002; 288(14): 1723-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1723</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <volume>288</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Flegal</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carrol</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ogden</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Li C, Ford    ES, McGuire LC, Mokdad AH. Increasing trends in waist circumference and abdominal    obesity among US adults. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007; 15(1): 216-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Increasing trends in waist circumference and abdominal obesity among US adults</article-title>
          <source>Obesity (Silver Spring)</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>216</fpage>
          <lpage>24</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ford</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McGuire</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mokdad</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Pou KM, Massaro    JM, Hoffmann U, Lieb K, Vasan R, O&#180;Donnell CJ, et al. Patterns of abdominal    fat distribution. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32 (3): 481-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Patterns of abdominal fat distribution</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>481</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pou</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massaro</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffmann</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lieb</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vasan</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O&#180;Donnell</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Levy Y. It&#180;s    not only the overweight: it&#180;s the visceral fat [editorial]. IMAJ.    2010; 12: 231-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>It&#180;s not only the overweight: it&#180;s the visceral fat [editorial]</article-title>
          <source>IMAJ</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>231</fpage>
          <lpage>2</lpage>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Reyes M, Espinoza    A, Rebollo MJ, Moraga F, Mericq V, Castillo-Duran C. Mediciones de adiposidad    intraabdominal por ultrasonido y factores asociados com riesgo cardiovascular    em ni&#241;os obesos. Rev Med Chile. 2010; 138: 152-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mediciones de adiposidad intraabdominal por ultrasonido y factores asociados com riesgo cardiovascular em ni&#241;os obesos</article-title>
          <source>Rev Med Chile</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>152</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>138</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reyes</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Espinoza</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rebollo</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moraga</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mericq</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castillo-Duran</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Kotronen A,    Yki-J&#228;rvinen H, Sevastianova K, Bergholm R, Hakkarainen A, Pietil&#228;inen    KH, et al. Comparison of the relative contributions of intra-abdominal and liver    fat to components of the metabolic syndrome. Obesity. 2011; 19 (1): 23-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison of the relative contributions of intra-abdominal and liver fat to components of the metabolic syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Obesity</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>23</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kotronen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yki-J&#228;rvinen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sevastianova</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergholm</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hakkarainen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pietil&#228;inen</surname>
              <given-names>KH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Vega GL. Is    intra-abdominal obesity a unique risk factor for metabolic syndrome in non-diabetics?    Indian J Med Res. 2010; 131: 603-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Is intra-abdominal obesity a unique risk factor for metabolic syndrome in non-diabetics?</article-title>
          <source>Indian J Med Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>603</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vega</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Santos CRB,    Portella ES, Avila SS, Soares EA. Fatores diet&#233;ticos na preven&#231;&#227;o    e tratamento de co-morbidades associadas &#224; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.    Rev Nutr. 2006; 19 (3): 389-401.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Fatores diet&#233;ticos na preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento de co-morbidades associadas &#224; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</article-title>
          <source>Rev Nutr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>389</fpage>
          <lpage>401</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>CRB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Portella</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avila</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soares</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Hayes L, Pearce    MS, Firbank MJ, Walker M, Taylor R, Unwin NC. Do obese but metabolically normal    women differ in intra-abdominal fat and physical activity levels from those    with the expected metabolic abnormalities? A cross-sectional study. BMC Public    Health. 2010; 10: 723-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Do obese but metabolically normal women differ in intra-abdominal fat and physical activity levels from those with the expected metabolic abnormalities?: A cross-sectional study</article-title>
          <source>BMC Public Health</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>723</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hayes</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pearce</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Firbank</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walker</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Unwin</surname>
              <given-names>NC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Fox CS, Massaro    JM, Hoffmann U, Pou KM, Maurovich-Horvat P, Liu CY, et al. Abdominal visceral    and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments. Circulation. 2007; 116(1): 39-48.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>39</fpage>
          <lpage>48</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fox</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massaro</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffmann</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pou</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maurovich-Horvat</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence of visceral obesity estimated by predictive equation in young women from Pernambuco</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The accumulation of visceral fat is considered a major risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of visceral obesity and to assess its association with cardiovascular risk factors in young women from the state of Pernambuco. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out with data from the "III Health and Nutrition State Survey", involving women aged 25 to 36 years. The following variables were evaluated: body mass index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), volume of visceral fat (VVF) estimated by a predictive equation, Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure (SBP, DBP), total cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), fasting glucose (FG). RESULTS: A total of 517 women were evaluated, with a median age of 29 years (27-32) and prevalence of visceral obesity of 30.6%. BMI, SBP, DBP and TG were higher in the group with visceral obesity: BMI = 28.0 kg/m2 (25.0 to 21.4) vs. 23.9 kg/m2 (21.5 to 26.4) , SBP = 120.0 mmHg (110.0 to 130.0) vs. 112.0 mmHg (100.0 to 122.0), DBP = 74 mmHg (70-80) vs. 70 mmHg (63-80); TG = 156.0 mg / dL (115.0 to 203.2) vs. 131.0 mg / dL (104.0 to 161.0), respectively, p &lt; 0.01. Age, SBP, DBP, TG and TC levels were significantly and positively correlated with the VVF: r = 0.171, 0.224, 0.163, 0.278, 0.124 respectively, p &lt; 0.005. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of visceral obesity was observed, being statistically correlated with cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Subcutaneous rat, abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>body mass index</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>women</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Prevalence of visceral obesity estimated by predictive equation in young women from Pernambuco</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Marina de Moraes Vasconcelos Petrib&#250;<sup>I</sup>; Poliana Coelho Cabral<sup>I</sup>; Alcides da Silva Diniz<sup>I</sup>; Pedro Israel Cabral de Lira<sup>I</sup>; Malaquias Batista Filho<sup>II</sup>; Ilma Kruze Grande de Arruda<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto Materno Infantil de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The accumulation of visceral fat is considered a major risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine the prevalence of visceral obesity and to assess its association with cardiovascular risk factors in young women from the state of Pernambuco.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Cross-sectional study carried out with data from the "III Health and Nutrition State Survey", involving women aged 25 to 36 years. The following variables were evaluated: body mass index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), volume of visceral fat (VVF) estimated by a predictive equation, Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure (SBP, DBP), total cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), fasting glucose (FG).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A total of 517 women were evaluated, with a median age of 29 years (27-32) and prevalence of visceral obesity of 30.6%. BMI, SBP, DBP and TG were higher in the group with visceral obesity: BMI = 28.0 kg/m2 (25.0 to 21.4) vs. 23.9 kg/m2 (21.5 to 26.4) , SBP = 120.0 mmHg (110.0 to 130.0) vs. 112.0 mmHg (100.0 to 122.0), DBP = 74 mmHg (70-80) vs. 70 mmHg (63-80); TG = 156.0 mg / dL (115.0 to 203.2) vs. 131.0 mg / dL (104.0 to 161.0), respectively, p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.01. Age, SBP, DBP, TG and TC levels were significantly and positively correlated with the VVF: r = 0.171, 0.224, 0.163, 0.278, 0.124 respectively, p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.005.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> A high prevalence of visceral obesity was observed, being statistically correlated with cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Subcutaneous rat, abdominal; prevalence; risk factors; cardiovascular diseases; body mass index; blood pressure; dyslipidemias; women.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Abdominal obesity, considered a risk factor for several morbidities<sup>1</sup>, consists of two distinct fat compartments: subcutaneous and visceral fat<sup>2</sup>. Several authors have shown that visceral, but not subcutaneous fat, is associated with several deleterious effects, such as high levels of triglycerides (TG), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), insulin sensitivity<sup>3,4</sup>, hyperglycemia, C<sup>4</sup> peptide, metabolic syndrome<sup>3-5</sup>, endothelial dysfunction<sup>6</sup>, hepatic and muscle steatosis, low levels of peptin and adiponectin<sup>4</sup>, and smaller and denser low density lipoprotein (LDL)<sup>7</sup>. Thus, the accumulation of visceral fat is considered a major risk factor for cardiovascular (CVD) and metabolic diseases<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the exact molecular mechanism responsible for this association is unknown, the effect may occur due to the anatomical location of fat within the abdomen or the differences in metabolic properties<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thus, the reduction of visceral fat can be a preventive measure for the metabolic syndrome and CVD<sup>7</sup>. The measurement of Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT) has therefore particular implication on public health<sup>8</sup> and the reliability of its measurement is of great clinical importance<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Few studies have determined the prevalence of visceral obesity in different populations<sup>10-12</sup>, probably due to the limitations of radiological methods, capable of differentiating the components of abdominal fat in subcutaneous and visceral fat, in addition to the inability of anthropometric measurements to represent the VAT area particularly<sup>13</sup>. Computed tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography (USG) have high cost, limited availability of equipment and submit the individuals undergoing assessment to radiation (CT)<sup>14,15</sup>, preventing their use for the assessment in large groups of individuals, precluding its use as a screening tool for the population<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of visceral obesity in young women from the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, based on a predictive equation, and to evaluate the association of visceral fat with risk factors for CVD.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present was a cross-sectional population-based study, based on data from the ""III Health and Nutrition State Survey", (PESN III)", held in urban and rural areas of Pernambuco between May and October 2006.</p>
      <p>The present study involved adult females aged 25 to 36 years of age. To calculate the sample size, we considered the prevalence of visceral obesity of 28.7%<sup>11</sup>, an estimation error of 4% and a confidence level of 95%, totaling 491 individuals. The III PESN database contained 669 women aged 25 to 36 years; however, of these, 152 were excluded due to lack of clinical data, and thus a total of 517 women who had all the variables used in this study were enrolled. The III PESN adopted as exclusion criteria pregnant women and women with physical limitations that impaired the anthropometric measurements.</p>
      <p>Height was measured using a portable stadiometer (Alturaexata Ltda.) with a precision of 1 mm. The subjects were positioned upright, barefoot, with upper limbs hanging on the sides of the body, and heels, back and head touching the wooden column. Weight was measured using a digital scale (Model MEA-03200/Plenna) with a capacity of 150 kg and 100-gram scale, with the individual barefoot and wearing light clothing. To ensure their accuracy, two weight and height measurements were obtained, and when the difference exceeded 0.5 cm in height and 100 g in weight, the measurement was repeated and the two closest measurements were written down, and the mean value was used.</p>
      <p>Nutritional status was classified using weight and height measurements through the Body Mass Index (BMI), by adopting the cutoffs recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), 1998<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Waist Circumference (WC) was measured in duplicate at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest, with a tape measure, following the WHO protocol, 1998<sup>18</sup>, and values <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 cm were considered high<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>The Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR) was determined by dividing the WC (cm) by the height (cm) and the cutoff point adopted for discrimination of abdominal obesity and cardiovascular risk was <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.53<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>The measurements of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and fasting glucose (FG) were measured in venous blood by cubital puncture after a 12-hour overnight fast. Plasma concentrations of TC and TG were determined by absorption photometry with enzymatic method. The reference values were those recommended by the III Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemia<sup>20</sup>. The FG measurement was performed using the Accutrend GCT equipment, read immediately after venipuncture, and the cutoff points adopted were those recommended by the American Diabetics Association, 2010<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The diastolic and systolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP) were determined using a calibrated aneroid sphygmomanometer (Premium EC 0483), adopting the protocol and classification of the VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension (2010)<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>The volume of visceral fat (VVF) was estimated using the predictive equation proposed by Petrib&#250;<sup>23</sup> that uses as independent variables the WHtR and FG, as follows:</p>
      <p>VVF = -130.941 + (198.673 x WHtR) + (1.185 x FG);</p>
      <p>This equation, developed from a multiple regression analysis by adopting the USG as a reference standard, is capable of predicting the VVF in approximately 45%, with a standard error of estimate of &#177; 15.19 cm<sup>2</sup>. The validation was performed by comparing the VVF measured by the equation and measured by ultrasonography in a group of women not participating in the stage of development of the equation using the Student's <italic>t</italic> test for paired samples, with no statistically significant difference between the values (54.28 &#177; 9.79 <italic>vs.</italic> 53.36 &#177; 7.94, respectively, p = 0.760)<sup>23</sup>. At an additional step, to assess the agreement between the two methods, the Bland Altman was carried out and there was a good agreement, with a bias close to zero (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop01812_ingf01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). A cutoff of 100 cm<sup>2</sup> was adopted for the diagnosis of visceral obesity<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop01812_ingf01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0307-00023-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The database was compiled using the Epi Info software release 6.04 (CDC/WHO, Atlanta, GE, USA), with double entry, and further use of the validation mode to check for any typing errors. For statistical analyses, we used the SPSS software, release 10.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous variables were tested according to the normal distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. When they had a non-normal distribution, they were transformed to their natural logarithm and retested for normality (age, weight, SBP, DBP, FG, TG, TC, BMI, VVF). When they maintained the non-normal distribution (age, SBP, DBP, FG, TC), they were described as median and interquartile range and the non-parametric tests were applied.</p>
      <p>The comparison between the medians was carried out by nonparametric Mann Whitney test. The association between continuous variables was performed by Spearman's linear correlation test. The significance level was set at 5% to reject the null hypothesis.</p>
      <p>The III PESN research project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee in Humans of Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP), on January 12, 2006 (Protocol No. 709/2006). Women who agreed to participate in the study signed an informed consent form.</p>
      <p>This study was funded by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (Process No. 505540/2004-5 and 501989/2005-4), being a collaborative study of the following institutions: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), IMIP and Health Secretariat of the state of Pernambuco.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The women's median age was 29 years (CI: 27-32). In general, this was an overweight population according to BMI, in addition to a high concentration of abdominal fat, as shown by WC and WHtR. Regarding SBP and DBP, laboratory parameters (FG, TG and TC) and the VVF estimated by the predictive equation, the values &#134;corresponding to the mean or median were below the reference values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop01812_ingt01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop01812_ingt01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0307-00023-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the nutritional status, there was a low prevalence of underweight and a high prevalence of overweight and obesity based on BMI. About 30% of the women had visceral obesity and more than half, abdominal obesity according to WC and WHtR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop01812_ingt02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop01812_ingt02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0307-00023-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>About 10% of the women had SBP and/or DBP alterations. The prevalence of hyperglycemia was close to 30%, while almost 40% had increased TG. Regarding the TC, only 13% had hypercholesterolemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop01812_ingt03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop01812_ingt03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0307-00023-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="aop01812_ingt04-body2">Table 4</xref> shows the comparison between the medians of BMI, SBP, DBP, TG and TC in women with and without visceral obesity. With the exception of TC, all parameters were higher in the group with visceral obesity (p &lt;0.002).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop01812_ingt04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0307-00023-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The correlations between SBP, DBP, TG and TC and VVF estimated from the equation are described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop01812_ingf02-body2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop01812_ingf02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0307-00023-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>All variables showed a positive and significant correlation with VVF, but such correlations were weak. Moreover, age also showed a significant and positive correlation with VVF (r = 0.171, p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The population analyzed in this study was classified as overweight according to their mean BMI, in addition to showing mean values of WC and WHtR above the cutoff in the evaluation of abdominal obesity. Nevertheless, they had a mean VVF &lt; 100 cm<sup>2</sup>. Similar data were observed by Piernas S&#225;nchez et al<sup>11</sup>, who applied a predictive equation to a population of 230 women, mean age 39 &#177; 12 years and mean BMI of 29 &#177; 5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and observed that, despite being overweight, having high body fat percentage and high cardiovascular risk according to WC and WHtR, the women had subcutaneous, but not visceral fat. These authors stressed the fact that women tend to accumulate more subcutaneous fat in the abdominal region, which could explain these findings<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Unlike the above, Onat et al<sup>25</sup> found in their study, which also involved women classified as overweight with abdominal obesity according to the mean BMI and WC, respectively, a much higher mean of VVF than that of the present study (120.5 &#177; 58 cm<sup>2</sup>). It is noteworthy the fact that the study was conducted in a population with a mean age of 49 &#177; 8.7 years with a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (34%)<sup>25</sup>. These authors emphasized the significant increase in VAT with age and a 42% higher mean in the group with metabolic syndrome<sup>25</sup>, which may explain the difference observed when compared with the present study, which involved younger women, less likely to have metabolic syndrome. In relation to the increase in the VVF according to age, these results were also described by Pascot et al<sup>26</sup>, who found a mean VVF of 63.7 &#177; 40.9 cm<sup>2</sup> in young women (27.4 &#177; 7.5 years) and 116.1 &#177; 67.5 cm<sup>2</sup> in middle-aged women (49.5 &#177; 5.3 years), with this difference being statistically significant. This study also showed a positive correlation between age and VVF.</p>
      <p>Literature reports that the prevalence of abdominal obesity has increased over the last decade and now exceeds the prevalence of overall obesity, with rates of 61.3% in women<sup>27,28</sup>. Such evidence was also found in the present study, which found a prevalence of 17% of overall obesity and 62.9% of abdominal obesity according to the WC.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of visceral obesity was lower than the abdominal obesity, which was expected, considering that the WC is more strongly associated with subcutaneous fat than with visceral fat, and that the aging process is associated with loss of subcutaneous fat and increased visceral fat<sup>29</sup>, i.e., the study population, consisting solely of young adults, probably has a higher amount of subcutaneous abdominal fat than visceral fat. Moreover, Pou et al<sup>29</sup> called attention to the fact that, in their study, approximately one quarter of the obese individuals or with high WC did not have high VAT, while 10% of women and 20% of men with normal WC had high VAT, suggesting that there are misclassifications between the categories of clinical adiposity<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of visceral obesity found in this study was similar to that described by Piernas S&#225;nchez et al<sup>11</sup>, who found a prevalence of 28.7% among women. Pou et al<sup>29</sup>, when assessing 3,348 participants of the Framingham Heart Study Offspring and Third Generation Cohort with a mean age of 52.2 &#177; 9.9 years, found a prevalence of visceral obesity of 44% in females. However, in addition to the fact that the population was older than that in the present study, the authors used a cutoff for the classification of different visceral obesity<sup>29</sup> and this may have influenced the high prevalence observed.</p>
      <p>In agreement with the findings of Tadokoro et al<sup>10</sup>, it was observed that the BMI values were higher in group with visceral obesity. This finding was also described by Pou et al<sup>29</sup>, who observed that the prevalence of VAT increased with the increasing BMI category.</p>
      <p>When comparing the TG and TC levels between the groups with and without visceral obesity, there were statistically higher values in the first group only for TG. This finding can be explained by the fact that, with increasing VAT, free fatty acids are readily targeted to the liver for further production of glucose, TG, and very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL)<sup>30</sup>. Other studies also found higher serum TG levels in subjects with high VAT<sup>4,29,31</sup>. However, these studies found lower levels of HDL in these individuals<sup>4,29,31</sup>. A limitation of the present study was the fact that it did not assess cholesterol fractions (HDL, LDL and VLDL), as the fact that TC was not different between the two groups may be due to a possible decrease in HDL in the group with visceral obesity.</p>
      <p>Tadokoro et al<sup>10</sup> and Reyes et al<sup>31</sup> did not observe any significant difference regarding TC values between the two groups.</p>
      <p>Regarding blood pressure, SBP and DBP values were higher in the group with visceral obesity. However, this finding was not observed in other studies<sup>4,10,31,32</sup>. Romero-Corral et al<sup>6</sup> draw attention to the fact that the visceral fat is associated with endothelial dysfunction, even in the absence of blood pressure alterations. One possible explanation for the increase in BP found in individuals with visceral obesity is the fact that visceral adipokines and cytokines may contribute to insulin resistance<sup>33</sup>. Hyperinsulinemia can elevate blood pressure through the sympathetic nervous system activation, the impairment of peripheral vasodilation, an increased response to angiotensin and increased renal reabsorption of sodium and water, with consequent volume overload<sup>34</sup>.</p>
      <p>The VVF was positively correlated with multiple metabolic risk factors in this study (SBP, DBP, TG and TC). This finding was also observed by other authors<sup>32,35</sup>. Kotronen et al<sup>32</sup> found a positive and significant correlation between visceral fat and levels of TG, SBP and DBP (r = 0.36, 0.28 and 0.24, respectively) and a negative one with HDL (r = -0.38). Hayes et al<sup>35</sup> found, in severely obese women (BMI = 31-67 kg/m2), a significant positive correlation between intra-abdominal fat and SBP (r = 0.35), DBP (r = 0.31) and a negative one with HDL (r = -0.34). The correlation with the TG was close to statistical significance (r = 0.31, p = 0.054)<sup>35</sup>. Fox et al<sup>36</sup>, studying individuals with a mean age of 50 years from the Framingham Heart Study, found a significant association between SBP (r = 0.30), DBP (r = 0.28), FG (r = 0.34), TG (r = 0.46) and HDL (r = -0.35) with VAT in women.</p>
      <p>In turn, Tadokoro et al<sup>10</sup> found a significant and positive correlation between visceral fat and SBP and TG only in males, while the TC and DBP showed no significant correlation with visceral fat in both sexes. It was also observed a negative correlation between HDL and visceral fat in women, but this study was carried out with adolescents, with a mean age of approximately 15 years<sup>10</sup>, which may have contributed to these findings.</p>
      <p>A positive fact of the present study was that the participants were young adults, allowing the assessment of the association between fat compartment and cardiovascular risk factors in the absence of significant comorbidities. Limitations of the study include two main facts. First, the fact that it did not use imaging methods to determine the visceral fat (CT, MRI and ultrasonography), due to the high cost of these methods; however, this equation has been previously validated to be used in young Brazilian women. Secondly, the study has a cross-sectional design; thus, the associations are not prospective and causality cannot be inferred.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of visceral obesity found (30.6%) draws attention to the fact that it is a young female population, which usually has less fat in the visceral region, compared to older and male individuals. The study also shows that visceral fat was correlated with age and risk factors for development of CVD (SBP, DBP, TC, TG). The reduction of visceral fat may therefore contribute to a lower incidence of CVD in later life. More studies are needed to prospectively evaluate the impact of VAT reduction on the incidence of risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome and CVD.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Marina de Moraes Vasconcelos Petrib&#250;, from Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
