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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dj4rW3QmKNC9hq8crWwhwHH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000400003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800403</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000028</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em obesos graves em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para cirurgia bari&#225;trica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Irlaneide da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Raimundo Sotero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar-Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel Herm&#237;nio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Sergipe</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Aracaju</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">DIMESE</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>300</fpage>
      <lpage>306</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Obesidade &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, multifatorial, associada a aumento do risco cardiovascular, especialmente a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em obesos graves em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para cirurgia bari&#225;trica, relacionando com os fatores de risco cardiovascular e a estrutura card&#237;aca. M&#201;TODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com 132 pacientes candidatos a cirurgia bari&#225;trica, submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica transtor&#225;cica e dos fatores de risco cardiovascular, sendo: 97 mulheres (73,5%), idade m&#233;dia de 38,5 &#177; 10,5 anos e IMC de 43,7 &#177; 7,2 Kg/m&#178;. Foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: 61 com fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica normal, 24 com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica leve e 47 com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica moderada/grave, dos quais 41 com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica moderada (padr&#227;o pseudonormal) e seis com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grave (padr&#227;o restritivo). RESULTADOS: Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, idade e g&#234;nero foram diferentes nos grupos com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Os grupos com disfun&#231;&#227;o tiveram maior di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, volume do &#225;trio esquerdo em quatro e duas c&#226;maras, &#237;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo e &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo corrigido para a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea e para altura. CONCLUS&#195;O: A elevada frequ&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na fase pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica em obesos graves justifica a necessidade de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica criteriosa, com o objetivo de identificar indiv&#237;duos de maior risco, para que medidas de interven&#231;&#227;o precoce sejam adotadas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Obesidade m&#243;rbida</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>cuidados pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia bari&#225;trica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em obesos graves em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para cirurgia bari&#225;trica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Irlaneide da Silva Tavares<sup>I,III</sup>; Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa<sup>I</sup>; Raimundo Sotero Menezes Filho<sup>II</sup>; Manuel Herm&#237;nio de Aguiar-Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Augusto Barreto-Filho<sup>I</sup>; Amanda Ferreira de Brito<sup>I</sup>; Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE &#150; Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>DIMESE, Aracaju, SE &#150; Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Aracaju, Aracaju, SE &#150; Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Obesidade &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, multifatorial, associada a aumento do risco cardiovascular, especialmente a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em obesos graves em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para cirurgia bari&#225;trica, relacionando com os fatores de risco cardiovascular e a estrutura card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com 132 pacientes candidatos a cirurgia bari&#225;trica, submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica transtor&#225;cica e dos fatores de risco cardiovascular, sendo: 97 mulheres (73,5%), idade m&#233;dia de 38,5 &#177; 10,5 anos e IMC de 43,7 &#177; 7,2 Kg/m&#178;. Foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: 61 com fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica normal, 24 com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica leve e 47 com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica moderada/grave, dos quais 41 com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica moderada (padr&#227;o pseudonormal) e seis com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grave (padr&#227;o restritivo). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, idade e g&#234;nero foram diferentes nos grupos com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Os grupos com disfun&#231;&#227;o tiveram maior di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, volume do &#225;trio esquerdo em quatro e duas c&#226;maras, &#237;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo e &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo corrigido para a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea e para altura. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A elevada frequ&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na fase pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica em obesos graves justifica a necessidade de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica criteriosa, com o objetivo de identificar indiv&#237;duos de maior risco, para que medidas de interven&#231;&#227;o precoce sejam adotadas. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Obesidade m&#243;rbida, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, cuidados pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, cirurgia bari&#225;trica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Obesidade &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, multifatorial, que representa risco elevado para a sa&#250;de<sup>1</sup>. &#201; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica que vem atingindo propor&#231;&#245;es epid&#234;micas em adultos e crian&#231;as<sup>2</sup>. Est&#225; frequentemente associada a condi&#231;&#245;es que aumentam o risco cardiovascular<sup>3</sup>, incluindo: dislipidemia, Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS), intoler&#226;ncia a glicose, Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda (HVE), hiperuricemia, eleva&#231;&#227;o do fibrinog&#234;nio, S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (SM) e apneia do sono (SAOS). Os obesos t&#234;m um aumento do risco de 104% de desenvolver Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC), comparados com os n&#227;o obesos<sup>4</sup>. A distribui&#231;&#227;o centr&#237;peta do tecido adiposo est&#225; relacionada com maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es de lipoprote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas e n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em ambos os sexos, independentemente da quantidade de gordura corporal<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, da estrutura e da fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, podem decorrer do excesso de peso<sup>6</sup>. O preju&#237;zo do relaxamento ventricular esquerdo &#233; um dos efeitos da obesidade na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, independentemente da exist&#234;ncia de outras comorbidades<sup>7</sup>. A presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE), na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, est&#225; associada ao desenvolvimento de IC e &#224; menor sobrevida<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>A alta preval&#234;ncia de obesidade, o maior risco de desenvolvimento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Diast&#243;lica (ICD), a frequente associa&#231;&#227;o com comorbidades que aumentam o risco cardiovascular e por ser um fator de risco independente e modific&#225;vel para o desenvolvimento de diversas doen&#231;as, tornam necess&#225;ria uma investiga&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica criteriosa nos obesos, respeitando suas peculiaridades, objetivando a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de maior risco, para que medidas de interven&#231;&#227;o sejam adotadas precocemente. </p>
    <p>At&#233; o momento, desconhecemos a exist&#234;ncia de publica&#231;&#245;es que investigaram obesos graves segundo os crit&#233;rios das diretrizes de quantifica&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas<sup>9</sup> e de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<sup>10</sup>; portanto, o objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em obesos graves candidatos a cirurgia bari&#225;trica, seguindo essas orienta&#231;&#245;es, relacionando os fatores de risco cardiovascular e a estrutura card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O experimento foi realizado no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de Sergipe e de uma institui&#231;&#227;o privada de Aracaju (SE), o Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, no per&#237;odo de agosto de 2009 a outubro de 2010. Trata-se de um estudo transversal e anal&#237;tico, com a amostra selecionada por conveni&#234;ncia, de obesos graves encaminhados concomitantemente para avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria para cirurgia bari&#225;trica. Foram exclu&#237;dos portadores de janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica inadequada e das seguintes doen&#231;as: aterosclerose estabelecida, doen&#231;a valvar com gradua&#231;&#227;o maior do que leve, presen&#231;a de pr&#243;tese valvar, doen&#231;a peric&#225;rdica, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, extrassistolia frequente, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular, hipertireoidismo e hipotireoidismo.</p>
    <p>Para identifica&#231;&#227;o do perfil da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi elaborada uma entrevista semiestruturada, por ocasi&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Foi considerado tabagista aquele que tenha fumado pelo menos um cigarro nos &#250;ltimos trinta dias e, sedent&#225;rio, o que realize menos de 30 minutos de atividade f&#237;sica, tr&#234;s vezes por semana. A medida da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal foi realizada com o paciente em p&#233;, ao final da expira&#231;&#227;o, no ponto m&#233;dio entre o &#250;ltimo arco costal e a crista il&#237;aca &#226;ntero-superior, com fita inel&#225;stica, na posi&#231;&#227;o horizontal<sup>11</sup>. Foram calculados o IMC<sup>12</sup> (IMC: peso/altura&#178;) e a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea<sup>13</sup> [SC: w<sup>0,425 </sup>x h<sup>0,725</sup> x 71,84 x 10<sup>-4</sup>]. A aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es preconizadas pela Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o<sup>14</sup>, definindo-se HAS como valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg e/ou de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg, ou pelo uso de anti-hipertensivo; a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi obtida com o paciente sentado, ap&#243;s cinco minutos de repouso, contados os batimentos card&#237;acos em 60 segundos, utilizando o pulso radial. Para detectar diabete, seguiu-se o preconizado pela Sociedade Americana de Diabete<sup>15</sup>; para dislipidemia, seguiu-se o orientado na IV Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemia<sup>16</sup>; para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de SM, seguiu-se o preconizado pela I Diretriz Brasileira de Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Todos os ecocardiogramas foram realizados por um profissional experiente, mediante ecocardi&#243;grafo TOSHIBA, modelo Istyle, ou um GE, modelo Vivid 3; com transdutor setorial de 2,5 MHz, imagens obtidas em segunda harm&#244;nica, com varredura de 100 mm/s, utilizando-se a ecocardiografia modo unidimensional, bidimensional e Doppler (puls&#225;til, colorido e tecidual); nas janelas ac&#250;sticas paraesternais (longitudinal e transversal) e apicais (duas, quatro e cinco c&#226;maras). Para cada vari&#225;vel foi utilizada a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medidas. A avalia&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas e das fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do VE foi baseada nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas analisadas foram: dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas (aorta, &#225;trio esquerdo, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em s&#237;stole e di&#225;stole, septo interventricular e parede posterior), percentual de encurtamento sist&#243;lico (%), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o FEVE), massa ventricular esquerda indexada para superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea em g/m<sup>2</sup> (IMVEsc) e para altura em g/m (IMVEa), padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, volume atrial esquerdo em quatro e duas c&#226;maras (VolAE4c e VolAE2c) e indexado para superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (IVolAE - ml/m&#178;), velocidades (cm/seg.) das ondas E e A do fluxo mitral, velocidades das ondas E e A dos an&#233;is septal e lateral da valva mitral, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e E/e, tempo (ms) de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV), tempo (ms) de desacelera&#231;&#227;o (TD), dura&#231;&#227;o (ms) da onda A (Adur), velocidade (cm/s) e dura&#231;&#227;o (ms) do reverso atrial em fluxo pulmonar (Ar e Ardur), rela&#231;&#227;o (ms) da dura&#231;&#227;o do reverso atrial subtra&#237;da da dura&#231;&#227;o de A do fluxo mitral (Ardur - Adur), velocidade (cm/s)da onda sist&#243;lica (S) e diast&#243;lica (D) do fluxo pulmonar e rela&#231;&#227;o S/D. </p>
    <p>As dimens&#245;es da aorta e do &#225;trio esquerdo foram avaliadas utilizando o modo unidimensional (Modo M) no corte paraesternal longitudinal. As medidas dos di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico finais, espessuras do septo e da parede posterior do VE foram realizadas no corte paraesternal transversal. O volume atrial quantificado pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pela f&#243;rmula de Teichholz<sup>17</sup>, mediante o modo M, a massa do VE pela f&#243;rmula de Deveraux modificada<sup>18</sup>: 0,8 [1,04 (SIVD + DDVE + PPVE)<sup>3 </sup>- (DDVE)<sup>3</sup>] + 0,6 e a espessura relativa da parede (ERP) foi calculada pela rela&#231;&#227;o de duas vezes a parede posterior dividida pelo di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>9</sup> (ERP = 2PP/DD). </p>
    <p>Na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi considerada a massa relacionada a altura<sup>9</sup>, e padr&#227;o normal se massa e ERP estavam normais, remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico se massa normal e ERP elevada, hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica se massa e ERP elevadas, e hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica se massa elevada e ERP normal. </p>
    <p> A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi considerada quando as velocidades de e septal &lt; 8 cm/s e lateral &lt; 10 cm/s. Classificada como leve se E/A &lt; 0,8, TD &gt; 200 ms, E/e <underline>&lt;</underline> 8 e Ardur - Adur &lt; 0 ms; moderada se E/A = 0,8 a 1,5, TD = 160 a 200 ms, E/e &gt; 13 e Ardur - Adur &gt; 30 ms; e grave se E/A &gt; 2, TD &lt; 160, E/e &gt; 13 e Ardur - Adur &lt; 30 ms<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os 132 pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos de acordo com a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE: normal (N), disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica leve (DD leve) e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica moderada ou grave (DD M/G). A inclus&#227;o dos pacientes com padr&#227;o restritivo no terceiro grupo ocorreu devido ao seu pequeno n&#250;mero (seis pacientes).</p>
    <p>Para os c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos, foi utilizado o programa SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) vers&#227;o 18.0. As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e as categ&#243;ricas, por meio de frequ&#234;ncias simples e relativas. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi utilizado para avaliar o pressuposto de normalidade. Para o teste de hip&#243;teses relativas &#224;s vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson, ou exato de Fisher quando mais adequado. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos (N <italic>vs</italic> DD leve <italic>vs</italic> DD M/G) foi realizada atrav&#233;s do modelo linear geral com um fator (disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular), ajustando para as vari&#225;veis. O n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a foi de 0,05 para o erro &#945;, poder de 0,80, e os testes foram assumidos como bicaudais. Para a an&#225;lise dos fatores associados &#224; vari&#225;vel desfecho (presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica) foi utilizada a t&#233;cnica de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica pelo m&#233;todo "forward stepwise", considerando-se para entrada no modelo p = 0,25 e para perman&#234;ncia no mesmo p = 0,05, sendo calculadas as raz&#245;es de chances (<italic>Odds Ratio</italic>) simples e ajustadas.</p>
    <p>A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS) (CAAE- 0121.0.107.000-09) e todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra foi composta por 132 pacientes, sendo 97 (73,5%) do g&#234;nero feminino, perfazendo a propor&#231;&#227;o de 2,7 mulheres para cada homem. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 38,5 &#177; 10,5 anos e variou de 16 a 62 anos. O IMC m&#233;dio foi de 43,7 &#177; 7,2 Kg/m&#178; e variou de 35,2 a 71,2 Kg/m&#178;. Quarenta e oito (36,4%) pacientes apresentavam obesidade grau II, e 84 pacientes (63,6%) apresentavam obesidade grau III. A frequ&#234;ncia de DD do VE foi de 53,8% (71 pacientes), e a DD M/G foi mais frequente do que a leve. A an&#225;lise comparativa das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e antropom&#233;tricas que demonstraram diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos foi: idade, g&#234;nero e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0300-00028-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os portadores de DD leve e M/G eram mais idosos e apresentaram m&#233;dia da PAS significativamente maior (p &lt; 0,001) que o grupo N. Quanto a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal o grupo DD M/G apresentou valores m&#233;dios superiores (p = 0,02) ao grupo N. Observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o aumento da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e o grau de DD do VE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0300-00028-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRCV) constatou-se que os grupos DD leve e DD M/G exibiram significativamente mais diabete (p &lt; 0,0001), HAS (p &lt; 0,0001) e SM (p &lt; 0,001), comparativamente ao N, sem, todavia, apresentarem diferen&#231;a entre si (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). Dentre os FRCV, apenas a idade, o g&#234;nero e a HAS se correlacionaram, independentemente, com a presen&#231;a de DD mediante a an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0300-00028-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (DAE, DDVE, VolAE4c, VolAE2c, VolAEm, IVolAE, IMVEsc e IMVEa) apresentaram valores significativamente maiores nos grupos com DD comparativamente ao grupo N (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). Verificou-se, tamb&#233;m, uma tend&#234;ncia linear crescente entre essas vari&#225;veis e a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, conforme pode ser apreciado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref>. Quanto &#224;s dimens&#245;es do AE, foi poss&#237;vel discriminar, tamb&#233;m, os dois grupos com DD. O &#237;ndice de massa do VE indexado para altura foi tamb&#233;m maior no grupo com DD; contudo, apenas o grupo DD M/G foi estatisticamente diferente (p &lt; 0,001) do grupo N (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0300-00028-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0300-00028-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Hipertrofia ventricular esquerda foi diagnosticada em 20% da amostra quando a massa foi indexada para superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea, e 55,3% se indexada para altura. O padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico registrou a seguinte distribui&#231;&#227;o quando indexada a massa do VE para superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea e para altura, respectivamente: normal em 102 (77,3%) e 58 (43,9%), remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico em 1 (0,8%) e hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica em 7 (5,3%) para ambos e hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica em 22 (16,7%) e 66 (50%) pacientes. Verificou-se associa&#231;&#227;o significativa do padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico tipo exc&#234;ntrico (p = 0,03) com a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e maior preval&#234;ncia desse nos grupos de DD leve (62,5%) e M/G (50,9%), em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo N.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os achados do presente estudo demonstram predom&#237;nio de pacientes do g&#234;nero feminino, o que parece apontar para uma procura maior de tratamento entre as mulheres. No que se refere a idade, os dados assemelham-se a outros estudos<sup>19-22</sup>, como um estudo desenvolvido por Matos e cols.<sup>23</sup> com 50 pacientes, sendo 10 homens e 40 mulheres, que registrou IMC de 40 a 81,7 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (m&#233;dia = 52,2 &#177; 9,2 kg/m&#178;) e idade entre 18 e 56 anos (m&#233;dia de 38,5 &#177; 9,7). Quanto ao IMC, observa-se resultado semelhante em um estudo realizado por Okawa<sup>24</sup>, com 104 pacientes obesos m&#243;rbidos em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para cirurgia bari&#225;trica, o qual demonstrou IMC m&#233;dio de 42,8% &#177; 5,45 Kg/m&#178;.</p>
    <p>Ao analisar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em 53,8% dos pacientes, fato que n&#227;o &#233; comum na faixa et&#225;ria jovem, como a da amostra estudada, 38,5 anos (&#177;10,5). O estudo de Okawa<sup>24</sup>, com 104 obesos m&#243;rbidos, encontrou 62,4% de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; enquanto um outro estudo, realizado por Rocha e cols.<sup>25</sup> encontrou, em 30 pacientes em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para cirurgia bari&#225;trica, 54,6% de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Estudos de preval&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em obesos diab&#233;ticos demonstraram preval&#234;ncia de 47% quando utilizado o fluxo mitral<sup>26</sup>; Boyer e cols.<sup>27</sup>, quando associaram ao fluxo mitral a propaga&#231;&#227;o de fluxo do modo M colorido e a an&#225;lise do Doppler tissular, encontraram uma preval&#234;ncia de 75% de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE, e o Doppler tecidual detectou a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em 63% dos pacientes. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o, houve predom&#237;nio da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica moderada, provavelmente em detrimento do padr&#227;o restritivo, por causa do crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico utilizado, sendo caracterizado esse padr&#227;o quando todas as vari&#225;veis estavam alteradas em conjunto (E/A &gt; 2, DT &lt; 160 ms, E/e' &gt; 13 e Ar - A &lt; 30 ms). </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, que foi um crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o, nenhum dos pacientes encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o apresentou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Diversos estudos em indiv&#237;duos obesos demonstram fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada<sup>28-32</sup>, sendo encontrada disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica apenas em pacientes obesos de longa data. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE &#233; um &#237;ndice confi&#225;vel, por&#233;m pode manter-se nos limites da normalidade ainda que haja modifica&#231;&#245;es compensat&#243;rias significativas do estado contr&#225;til.</p>
    <p>A HAS constitui a comorbidade mais prevalente quando avaliada de forma isolada. V&#225;rios autores t&#234;m descrito a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o IMC e a maior preval&#234;ncia de SM, indicando que a obesidade relaciona-se com um perfil de risco desfavor&#225;vel para a doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Dados semelhantes foram encontrados em outros estudos que apontaram a HAS como a comorbidade isolada de maior ocorr&#234;ncia<sup>20,21</sup>. Resultado semelhante foi observado por Costa e cols.<sup>32</sup>, com preval&#234;ncia de HAS de 63,4% entre 252 pacientes obesos graves. A presen&#231;a de DM ocorreu em 25,2% dos pacientes, semelhante aos 26% encontrado por Rocha e Silva cols.<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>O volume atrial esquerdo apresentou-se tanto maior quanto pior a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, comprovando a teoria de que esse &#233; um &#237;ndice sens&#237;vel que expressa a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE<sup>33</sup>. A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda foi uma entidade mais diagnosticada quando utilizado o crit&#233;rio MVE indexada para altura (73 pacientes = 55,3%) do que para a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (29 pacientes = 22%), mesmo seguindo a recente orienta&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia, em que o ponto de corte para massa ventricular esquerda &#233; maior quando indexada para altura<sup>9</sup>. Os padr&#245;es geom&#233;tricos do VE encontrados neste estudo estiveram de acordo com outros autores<sup>7,28,34,35</sup>, com HVE exc&#234;ntrica sendo a anormalidade geom&#233;trica mais frequente, independentemente se o &#237;ndice de massa &#233; relacionado &#224; altura ou &#224; superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea. O remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico, associado a &#237;ndice card&#237;aco diminu&#237;do, elevada resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e reduzido volume plasm&#225;tico circulante<sup>36</sup>, foi observado em apenas um (0,7%) caso, corroborando o modelo fisiopatol&#243;gico proposto para obesidade grave, em que o volume circulante &#233; elevado e a resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica &#233; normal ou baixa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para evitar vi&#233;s de aferi&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram avaliados por um &#250;nico observador e realizadas tr&#234;s medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas consecutivas de cada vari&#225;vel; o vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o foi minimizado com o fato de n&#227;o ser aleat&#243;rio, com a avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes consecutivos; para vi&#233;s de amostragem, acredita-se que a amostra seja representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o de obesos graves em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para cirurgia bari&#225;trica (paciente do sistema &#250;nico de sa&#250;de e de um consult&#243;rio particular).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A obesidade est&#225; associada &#224; elevada frequ&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e modifica&#231;&#245;es na estrutura card&#237;aca, inclusive no aumento do volume atrial esquerdo, na fase pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica em obesos graves. Esses dados justificam a necessidade de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica criteriosa, utilizando a an&#225;lise conjunta de todas as t&#233;cnicas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dispon&#237;veis, com o objetivo de identificar indiv&#237;duos de maior risco, a fim de que medidas de interven&#231;&#227;o precoce sejam adotadas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
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    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Irlaneide Da Silva Tavares </p>
        <p> Rua Gerson dos Santos, 08 - Residencial Parque dos Coqueiros &#150; In&#225;cio Barbosa </p>
        <p> 49040-293 &#150; Aracaju, SE &#150; Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="irlaneide@cardiol.br">irlaneide@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 29/08/11; revisado recebido em 29/08/11; aceito em 27/12/11.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Chopra M, Galbraith S, Darnton-Hill I. A global response to a global problem: the epidemic of overnutricion. Bull World Health Organ. 2002; 80(12): 952-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A global response to a global problem: the epidemic of overnutricion</article-title>
          <source>Bull World Health Organ</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>952</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chopra</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galbraith</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Left ventricular diastolic function in morbidly obese patients in the preoperative for bariatric surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Obesity is a chronic and multifactorial disease, associated with increased cardiovascular risk, especially diastolic heart failure. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate left ventricular diastolic function in morbidly obese patients in the pre-operative for bariatric surgery, correlating it with cardiovascular risk factors and heart structure. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with 132 patients eligible for bariatric surgery submitted to transthoracic echocardiography assessment and of cardiovascular risk factors, as follows: 97 women (73.5%), mean age 38.5 &#177; 10.5 years and BMI of 43.7 &#177; 7.2 kg / m&#178;. Patients were divided into three groups: 61 with normal diastolic function, 24 with mild diastolic dysfunction and 47 with moderate/severe diastolic dysfunction, of which 41 with moderate diastolic dysfunction (pseudonormal pattern) and six with severe diastolic dysfunction (restrictive pattern). RESULTS: Hypertension, age and gender were different in the groups with diastolic dysfunction. Groups with dysfunction had higher left atrial diameter, left ventricular diameter, left atrial volume in four and two chambers, left atrial volume index and left ventricular mass index corrected for body surface area and height. CONCLUSION: The high frequency of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in the preclinical phase in morbidly obese patients justifies the need for careful echocardiographic assessment, aiming at identifying individuals at higher risk, so that early intervention measures can be carried out.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Obesity morbid</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>preoperative care</kwd>
        <kwd>bariatric surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Left ventricular diastolic function in morbidly obese patients in the preoperative for bariatric surgery</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Irlaneide da Silva Tavares<sup>I,III</sup>; Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa<sup>I</sup>; Raimundo Sotero Menezes Filho<sup>II</sup>; Manuel Herm&#237;nio de Aguiar-Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Augusto Barreto-Filho<sup>I</sup>; Amanda Ferreira de Brito<sup>I</sup>; Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE &#150; Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>DIMESE, Aracaju, SE &#150; Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Aracaju, Aracaju, SE &#150; Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Obesity is a chronic and multifactorial disease, associated with increased cardiovascular risk, especially diastolic heart failure.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate left ventricular diastolic function in morbidly obese patients in the pre-operative for bariatric surgery, correlating it with cardiovascular risk factors and heart structure.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This is a cross-sectional study with 132 patients eligible for bariatric surgery submitted to transthoracic echocardiography assessment and of cardiovascular risk factors, as follows: 97 women (73.5%), mean age 38.5 &#177; 10.5 years and BMI of 43.7 &#177; 7.2 kg / m&#178;. Patients were divided into three groups: 61 with normal diastolic function, 24 with mild diastolic dysfunction and 47 with moderate/severe diastolic dysfunction, of which 41 with moderate diastolic dysfunction (pseudonormal pattern) and six with severe diastolic dysfunction (restrictive pattern).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Hypertension, age and gender were different in the groups with diastolic dysfunction. Groups with dysfunction had higher left atrial diameter, left ventricular diameter, left atrial volume in four and two chambers, left atrial volume index and left ventricular mass index corrected for body surface area and height.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The high frequency of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in the preclinical phase in morbidly obese patients justifies the need for careful echocardiographic assessment, aiming at identifying individuals at higher risk, so that early intervention measures can be carried out.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Obesity morbid; heart failure; preoperative care; bariatric surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Obesity is a chronic and multifactorial disease, which represents a high risk for health<sup>1</sup>. It is a public health problem that has reached epidemic proportions in adults and children<sup>2</sup>. It is often associated with conditions that increase cardiovascular risk<sup>3</sup>, including: dyslipidemia, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), glucose intolerance, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), hyperuricemia, elevated fibrinogen, metabolic syndrome (MS) and sleep apnea (SA). Obese individuals have a 104% increase in the risk of developing heart failure (HF) compared with nonobese ones<sup>4</sup>. The centripetal distribution of body fat is associated with higher concentrations of plasma lipoprotein levels and blood pressure in both sexes, regardless of the amount of body fat<sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>Hemodynamic, structural and cardiovascular function alterations may be due to excess weight<sup>6</sup>. The impairment in left ventricular relaxation is one of the effects of obesity on left ventricular function, regardless of the existence of other comorbidities<sup>7</sup>. The presence of diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle (LV), in the general population, is associated with the development of HF and shorter survival<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>The high prevalence of obesity, increased risk of Diastolic Heart Failure (DHF), the frequent association with comorbidities that increase cardiovascular risk and the fact that it is an independent and modifiable risk factor for the development of several diseases, require a thorough echocardiography investigation in obese individuals, respecting their peculiarities, in order to identify patients at higher risk, so that intervention measures can be carried out early. </p>
      <p>To date, we are unaware of publications that investigated morbidly obese patients according to the criteria of the recommendations for quantifying cardiac chambers<sup>9</sup> and diastolic dysfunction<sup>10</sup>, so the aim of this study is to assess left ventricular diastolic function in morbidly obese patients that are candidates to bariatric surgery, according to these guidelines, associating cardiovascular risk factors and cardiac structure. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was carried out in the Cardiology Clinic of Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de Sergipe and in a private institution in Aracaju, Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, both in the state of Sergipe, Brazil, from August 2009 to October 2010. This is a cross-sectional and analytical study, with a convenience sample of morbidly obese patients concomitantly referred for preoperative evaluation for bariatric surgery. Patients with inadequate echocardiographic windows and the following diseases: established atherosclerosis, higher-than-mild degree of valvular disease, presence of prosthetic valve, pericardial disease, atrial fibrillation, frequent extrasystoles, ventricular systolic dysfunction, hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism were excluded.</p>
      <p>To identify the profile of the studied population a semistructured interview was developed at the clinical assessment. An individual was considered to be a smoker if he/she had smoked at least one cigarette over the past thirty days and those who performed less than 30 minutes of physical activity, three times a week were considered sedentary. Abdominal circumference measurement was performed with the patient standing at the end of expiration, in the midpoint between the lower margin of the last palpable rib and the top of the anterosuperior iliac crest using an inelastic tape in the horizontal position<sup>11</sup>. BMI<sup>12</sup> (BMI: weight/height&#178;) and body surface area<sup>13</sup> [BS: w <sup>0.425</sup> x h <sup>0.725</sup> x 71.84 x 10<sup>4</sup>] were also calculated.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure measurement followed the recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Hypertension<sup>14</sup>, which defines hypertension as systolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg and / or diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg, or use of antihypertensive medication; heart rate was obtained with the patient in the sitting position, after five minutes of rest, by counting the heartbeats in 60 seconds using the radial pulse. To detect diabetes, we followed the recommendations of the American Diabetes Society<sup>15</sup>; for dyslipidemia, we followed the recommendations of the IV Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemia<sup>16</sup> and for the characterization of MS, we followed the criteria of the First Brazilian Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>All echocardiograms were performed by an experienced professional, using a TOSHIBA echocardiography device, model Istyle or GE device model Vivid 3, with a 2.5 MHz sectorial transducer, obtaining second harmonic images with 100 mm/s scanning, using one-dimensional, two-dimensional and Doppler (pulsed, color and tissue) echocardiography in the parasternal (longitudinal and transverse) and apical (two, four and five chambers) windows. The average of three measurements was used for each variable. The assessment of cardiac chamber dimensions and LV systolic and diastolic functions was based on the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The following echocardiographic variables were analyzed: cardiac dimensions (aorta, left atrium, left ventricle during systole and diastole, interventricular septum and posterior wall), percentage of systolic shortening (%), ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular mass index indexed to body surface area in g/m2 (LVMIbs) and for height in g/m (LVMIh), left ventricular geometric pattern, two and four-chamber left atrial volume (LAV2c and LAV4c) and indexed for body surface area (LAVi - ml/m&#178;), velocities (cm/sec) of E and A mitral flow waves, velocity of E and A waves of the septal and lateral annulus of the mitral valve, E/A and E/e ratios, isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) (ms), deceleration time (DT) (ms), duration (ms) of A wave (Adur), velocity (cm/s) and duration (ms) of the pulmonary atrial reversal flow (Ar and Ardur), relation (ms) of the duration of the atrial reversal flow subtracted from the duration of A wave of the mitral flow (Ardur - Adur), velocity (cm/s) of the systolic (S) and diastolic (D) wave of the pulmonary flow and S / D ratio. </p>
      <p>The size of the aorta and left atrium were evaluated using one-dimensional mode (Mode M) in the longitudinal parasternal view. Measurements of end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters, septal and LV posterior wall thickness were performed in the parasternal transversal view. Atrial volume was measured by Simpson's method, left ventricular ejection fraction by Teichholz formula<sup>17</sup>, using M-mode and LV mass was calculated using the modified Deveraux formula<sup>18</sup>: 0&#183;80 (1&#183;04 [(IVST+PWT+LVED)<sup>3</sup>- LVED<sup>3</sup>]+0.6 g, and the relative wall thickness (RWT) was calculated by the ratio of twice the posterior wall divided by the left ventricular diastolic diameter<sup>9</sup> (RWT = 2PP/DD). </p>
      <p>The characterization of the left ventricular geometric pattern was considered as mass related to height<sup>9</sup>, and a normal pattern was considered when mass and RWT were normal, concentric remodeling when there was normal mass and high RWT, concentric hypertrophy when both mass and RWT were high and eccentric hypertrophy when mass was high and RWT was normal.</p>
      <p>Diastolic dysfunction was considered when the velocities of septal e &lt; 8 cm / and lateral &lt; 10 cm/s. It was classified as mild when E / A &lt;0.8, DT&gt; 200 ms, E/e <underline>&lt;</underline> 8 and Ardur - Adur &lt; 0 ms; as moderate when E/A = 0.8 to 1.5, DT = 160-200 ms, E/e &gt; 13 and Ardur &#150; Adur &gt; 30 ms; and as severe when E/A&gt; 2, DT &lt; 160, E/e &gt; 13 and Ardur - Adur &lt; 30 ms<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The 132 patients were divided into three groups according to LV diastolic function: normal (N), mild diastolic dysfunction (mild DD) and moderate or severe diastolic dysfunction (M/S DD). The inclusion of patients with a restrictive pattern in the third group was due to their small number (six patients). </p>
      <p>For statistical calculations, we used the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) release 18.0. Numerical variables were described as mean and standard deviation and categorical variables as simple and relative frequencies. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the assumption of normality. To test hypotheses related to categorical variables the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used when appropriate. </p>
      <p>The comparison between the groups (N <italic>vs</italic>. mild DD <italic>vs.</italic> M/S DD) was carried out using the general linear model with one factor (ventricular dysfunction), adjusting for the variables. Confidence level was 0.05 for the &#945; error, with a power of 0.80, and the tests were assumed to be two-tailed. For the analysis of factors associated with the outcome variable (presence of diastolic dysfunction) the forward stepwise logistic regression method was used, considering p = 0.25 for entering the model and p = 0.05 for remaining in the same model; simple and adjusted odds ratio were also calculated. </p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS) (CAAE-0121.0.107.000-09) and all participants signed a free and informed consent form.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample consisted of 132 patients, of which 97 (73.5%) were females, resulting in a ratio of 2.7 women for each man. The mean age was 38.5 &#177; 10.5 years and ranged from 16 to 62 years. The mean BMI was 43.7 &#177; 7.2 kg/m&#178; and ranged from 35.2 to 71.2 kg/m&#178;. Forty-eight (36.4%) patients had class II obesity, and 84 patients (63.6%) had grade III obesity. The frequency of LVDD was 53.8% (71 patients), and M/S DD was more frequent than the mild one. The comparative analysis of the clinical and anthropometric variables that showed significant differences between groups were: age, gender and waist circumference (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en025tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en025tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0300-00028-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with mild DD and M/S DD were older and had significantly higher mean SBP (p &lt;0.001) than group N. Regarding the waist circumference, the M/S DD group showed higher mean values &#8203;&#8203;(p = 0.02) than group N. There was a positive association between abdominal obesity and degree of LVDD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en025fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en025fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0300-00028-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>With regard to cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), it was observed that mild DD and M/S DD groups had significantly more diabetes (p &lt;0.0001), hypertension (p &lt;0.0001) and MS (p &lt;0.001) when compared to N, without, however, showing any difference between them (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en025tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Among the cardiovascular risk factors, only age, gender and hypertension were independently correlated with the presence of DD at the multivariate analysis. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en025tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0300-00028-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The echocardiographic variables (LAD, LVDD, LAV4c, LAV2c, MLAV, LAVi, and LVMIbs, LVMIh) showed significantly higher values in groups with DD when compared to N (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en025tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). There is also a linear trend of increasing severity between these variables and diastolic dysfunction, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en025fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>. As for the LA dimensions, it was also possible to discriminate the two groups with DD. The LV mass index indexed for height was also higher in patients with DD; however, only the group M/S DD showed to be statistically different (p &lt;0.001) from group N (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en025tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en025tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0300-00028-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en025fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0300-00028-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy was diagnosed in 20% of the sample when the mass was indexed for body surface, and 55.3% when indexed for height. The geometric pattern showed the following distribution when the LV mass was indexed for body surface area and height, respectively: normal in 102 (77.3%) and 58 (43.9%), concentric remodeling in 1 (0.8%) and concentric hypertrophy in 7 (5.3%) for both and eccentric hypertrophy in 22 (16.7%) and 66 (50%) patients. There was a significant association between the eccentric geometric pattern (p = 0.03) with the presence of diastolic dysfunction and a higher prevalence of that in the mild (62.5%) and M/S (50.9%) DD groups when compared to group N. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The findings of the present study show a predominance of female patients, which seems show a greater demand for treatment among women. Regarding age, the data are similar to that from other studies<sup>19-22</sup>, such as a study by Matos et al<sup>23</sup> of 50 patients, 10 men and 40 women that reported a BMI of 40 to 81.7 kg/m2 (mean 52.2 &#177; 9.2 kg / m&#178;) and age between 18 and 56 years (mean 38, 5 &#177; 9.7). As for the BMI, there was a similar result in a study by Okawa<sup>24</sup>, with 104 morbidly obese patients at the pre-operative period of bariatric surgery, which showed an average BMI of 42.8% &#177; 5.45 kg / m&#178;. </p>
      <p>When left ventricular diastolic function was assessed, there was a reduction in diastolic function in 53.8% of patients, a fact which is not common in the young age group as in this sample, aged 38.5 years (&#177; 10.5). Okawa's study<sup>24</sup> with 104 morbidly obese patients, found 62.4% of diastolic dysfunction, while another study by Rocha et al<sup>25</sup> found in 30 patients in the preoperative period for bariatric surgery, 54.6% of diastolic dysfunction. Studies on the prevalence of diastolic dysfunction in obese diabetic patients showed a prevalence of 47% when using mitral flow<sup>26</sup>; Boyer et al<sup>27</sup>, when associated flow propagation and color M-mode tissue Doppler to mitral flow analysis, found a prevalence of 75% of LV diastolic dysfunction, and tissue Doppler detected diastolic dysfunction in 63% of patients.</p>
      <p>Regarding dysfunction severity, there was a predominance of moderate diastolic dysfunction, probably to the detriment of the restrictive pattern due to the diagnostic criteria used, characterizing this pattern when all variables were altered together (E/A&gt; 2, DT &lt; 160 ms, E/e ' &gt; 13 and Ar - A &lt; 30 ms).</p>
      <p>In relation to left ventricular systolic function, which was an exclusion criterion, none of the patients referred for evaluation had systolic dysfunction. Several studies in obese subjects<sup>28-32</sup> have shown preserved systolic function, and systolic dysfunction was found only in obese patients who had been so for a long time. The LV ejection fraction is a reliable index, but can be within normal limits even though there are significant compensatory changes in contractile state. </p>
      <p>SAH is the most prevalent comorbidity when measured alone. Several authors have described the association between BMI and higher prevalence of MS, indicating that obesity is related to an unfavorable risk profile for cardiovascular disease. Similar data were found in other studies that showed hypertension as the most frequent isolated comorbidity<sup>20,21</sup>. A similar result was observed by Costa et al<sup>32</sup>, with a prevalence of SAH of 63.4% among 252 morbidly obese patients. The presence of DM occurred in 25.2% of patients, similar to the 26% rate found by Rocha e Silva et al<sup>25</sup>. </p>
      <p>It was demonstrated that the greater left atrial volume, the worse the diastolic function, proving the theory that this is a sensitive index that expresses the severity of LV diastolic dysfunction<sup>33</sup>. Left ventricular hypertrophy was more often diagnosed when the LVM criterion was indexed for height (73 patients = 55.3%) than for body surface area (29 patients = 22%), even when following the recent guidelines from the American Society of Echocardiography in that the cutoff for left ventricular mass is greater when indexed for height<sup>9</sup>. The LV geometric patterns found in this study were in agreement with other authors<sup>7,28,34,35</sup>, with eccentric LVH being the most common geometric abnormality, regardless of whether the mass index is related to the height or body surface. The concentric remodeling, associated with decreased cardiac index, elevated peripheral vascular resistance and reduced circulating plasma volume<sup>36</sup> was observed in only one (0.7%) case, confirming the pathophysiological model proposed for severe obesity, in which the circulating volume is high and peripheral resistance is normal or low. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations </bold>
      </p>
      <p>To prevent measurement bias, patients were evaluated by a single observer and three consecutive echocardiographic measurements were recorded for each variable; selection bias was minimized by the fact that it was not random, with the evaluation of consecutive patients; as for sampling bias, it is believed that the sample is representative of the morbidly obese population in the preoperative period for bariatric surgery (patient from the public health system and from a private practice). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Obesity is associated with high frequency of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and changes in cardiac structure, including increased left atrial volume in the pre-clinical phase in morbidly obese patients. These data justify the need for careful echocardiographic assessment using the combined analysis of all available echocardiographic techniques, aiming at identifying individuals at greater risk, so that early intervention measures can be adopted.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">33. Sousa ACS. Volume atrial esquerdo como indice de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006; 87 (3): e27-e33. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">34. De Simone G, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Alderman MH, Laragh JH. Relation of obesity and gender to left ventricular hypertrophy in normotensive and hypertensive adults. Hypertension. 1994; 23(5): 600-6. </p>
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      <p>36. Zarich SW, Kowalchuk GJ, McGuire MP, Benotti PN, Mascioli EA, Nesto RW. Left ventricular filling abnormalities in asymptomatic morbid obesity. Am J Cardiol. 1991; 68(4): 377-81.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Irlaneide Da Silva Tavares</p>
          <p> Rua Gerson dos Santos, 08 - Residencial Parque dos Coqueiros &#226;&#128;&#147; In&#225;cio Barbosa</p>
          <p> 49040-293 &#226;&#128;&#147; Aracaju, SE &#226;&#128;&#147; Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="irlaneide@cardiol.br">irlaneide@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received August 29, 2011; revised manuscript received August 29, 2011; accepted December 27, 2011.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
