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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nvdTwMDQNw9RcYQSKmwm4cm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000400002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000022</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto dos stents e do sirolimus por via oral na vasomotilidade coronariana dependente e independente do endotelio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>R&#243;sley Weber Alvarenga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dantas</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Dinaldo Cavalcanti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Hiram Grando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Sandoli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Valter C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>290</fpage>
      <lpage>299</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: N&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre o impacto do implante de stent sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no longo prazo. H&#225; relatos de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial aumentada com stent com sirolimus quando comparado com o stent met&#225;lico convencional (BMS). OBJETIVO: Este estudo visa a avaliar o impacto do BMS e o efeito do sirolimus por via oral sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. M&#201;TODOS: Quarenta e cinco pacientes foram randomizados em tr&#234;s grupos: BMS + altas doses de sirolimus oral (dose inicial de 15 mg, seguida de 6 mg/dia durante quatro semanas); BMS + baixa dose de sirolimus (6 mg, seguida de 2 mg por dia durante quatro semanas) e BMS sem sirolimus. Mudan&#231;as na vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o ou vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, em um segmento de 15 mil&#237;metros come&#231;ando pelo extremo distal do stent em resposta a acetilcolina e nitroglicerina, foram avaliadas por angiografia quantitativa. RESULTADOS: Os grupos apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas semelhantes. A varia&#231;&#227;o percentual de di&#226;metro em resposta a acetilcolina foi semelhante em todos os grupos, nos dois momentos (p = 0,469). Quatro horas ap&#243;s o implante de stent, o segmento alvo apresentou uma disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial que se manteve ap&#243;s oito meses em todos os grupos. Em todos os grupos, a vasomotricidade independente de endot&#233;lio em resposta a nitroglicerina foi semelhante, &#224;s quatro horas e aos oito meses, com di&#226;metro do segmento alvo aumentado ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o de nitroglicerina (p = 0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial esteve igualmente presente no segmento distal de 15 mil&#237;metros do segmento tratado, &#224;s 4 horas e aos 8 meses ap&#243;s implante do stent. O sirolimus administrado por via oral durante quatro semanas para evitar a reestenose n&#227;o afetou o estado de vasomotricidade endot&#233;lio dependente e independente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>vasos coronarianos</kwd>
        <kwd>endot&#233;lio</kwd>
        <kwd>sirolimus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Impacto dos stents e do sirolimus por via oral na vasomotilidade coronariana dependente e independente do endotelio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>R&#243;sley Weber Alvarenga Fernandes; Jo&#227;o Miguel Dantas; Dinaldo Cavalcanti Oliveira; Hiram Grando Bezerra; Fabio Sandoli Brito Jr.; Valter C. Lima</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital S&#227;o Paulo - SPDM - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo; Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> N&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre o impacto do implante de stent sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no longo prazo. H&#225; relatos de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial aumentada com stent com sirolimus quando comparado com o stent met&#225;lico convencional (BMS). </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Este estudo visa a avaliar o impacto do BMS e o efeito do sirolimus por via oral sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Quarenta e cinco pacientes foram randomizados em tr&#234;s grupos: BMS + altas doses de sirolimus oral (dose inicial de 15 mg, seguida de 6 mg/dia durante quatro semanas); BMS + baixa dose de sirolimus (6 mg, seguida de 2 mg por dia durante quatro semanas) e BMS sem sirolimus. Mudan&#231;as na vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o ou vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, em um segmento de 15 mil&#237;metros come&#231;ando pelo extremo distal do stent em resposta a acetilcolina e nitroglicerina, foram avaliadas por angiografia quantitativa. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os grupos apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas semelhantes. A varia&#231;&#227;o percentual de di&#226;metro em resposta a acetilcolina foi semelhante em todos os grupos, nos dois momentos (p = 0,469). Quatro horas ap&#243;s o implante de stent, o segmento alvo apresentou uma disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial que se manteve ap&#243;s oito meses em todos os grupos. Em todos os grupos, a vasomotricidade independente de endot&#233;lio em resposta a nitroglicerina foi semelhante, &#224;s quatro horas e aos oito meses, com di&#226;metro do segmento alvo aumentado ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o de nitroglicerina (p = 0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial esteve igualmente presente no segmento distal de 15 mil&#237;metros do segmento tratado, &#224;s 4 horas e aos 8 meses ap&#243;s implante do stent. O sirolimus administrado por via oral durante quatro semanas para evitar a reestenose n&#227;o afetou o estado de vasomotricidade endot&#233;lio dependente e independente.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Stents, vasos coronarianos, endot&#233;lio, sirolimus.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar da maior efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do implante de stent em compara&#231;&#227;o com angioplastia com bal&#227;o, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre o efeito do implante de stent na vasomotricidade endot&#233;lio dependente. Caramori e cols.<sup>1</sup> observaram uma disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial de longo prazo mais acentuada com implante de stent na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, que a angioplastia com bal&#227;o ou a aterectomia direcional. Em contraste, Maier e cols.<sup>2</sup> relataram fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial preservada em segmentos localizados em forma proximal e distal ao stent.</p>
    <p>O advento de stents farmacol&#243;gicos (DES) destacou a import&#226;ncia desta quest&#227;o, especialmente depois de relatos de piora da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o stent met&#225;lico convencional (BMS)<sup>3-6</sup>. Piora na disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e cobertura da haste do stent muito prejudicada t&#234;m sido fortemente relacionados com a trombose tardia e muito tardia do DES, entre outros fatores<sup>7-9</sup>. De fato, esta grave quest&#227;o de seguran&#231;a do DES levou a avalia&#231;&#227;o do progresso da tecnologia, afetando tanto a necessidade quanto o tipo de pol&#237;mero e de f&#225;rmaco<sup>10-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>O ponto final prim&#225;rio do presente estudo foi a medida do grau de mudan&#231;a sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ap&#243;s o implante de BMS e avaliar o efeito do sirolimus oral, indicado para prevenir a hiperplasia intimal intra-stent, sobre a resposta da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial do BMS.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De abril de 2003 a mar&#231;o de 2004, os pacientes tratados com interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) com BMS foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram doen&#231;a de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de implante eletivo de stent coronariano, di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia do vaso alvo <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,5 mm, e procedimento intervencionista bem sucedido de acordo com a Atualiza&#231;&#227;o de Orienta&#231;&#227;o da AHA/ACC/SCAI 2005 para ICP<sup>17</sup>. Em todas as interven&#231;&#245;es foi utilizado stent Express (Boston Scientific Corp, Natick, MA). O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo aprovou o protocolo. O estudo foi realizado em conformidade com as disposi&#231;&#245;es da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram impossibilidade de interrup&#231;&#227;o do uso de bloqueadores dos canais de nitrato ou de c&#225;lcio nas 48 horas antes da angioplastia, espasmo coronariano ap&#243;s o implante do stent, hipertens&#227;o arterial n&#227;o controlada, bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo e terceiro graus, estenose a&#243;rtica grave, gravidez, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica ou aguda (creatinina &gt; 1,5 mg/dL), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca funcional classe III e IV, doen&#231;as infecciosas agudas ou cr&#244;nicas, tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda inferior a 10 mm.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram randomizados em tr&#234;s grupos. O Grupo 1 (BMS + alta dose de sirolimus) recebeu uma dose inicial de sirolimus de 15 mg, seguida de 6 mg/dia durante quatro semanas. O Grupo 2 (BMS + baixa doses de sirolimus) recebeu uma dose inicial de sirolimus de 6 mg, seguida de 2 mg/dia durante quatro semanas. O Grupo 3 (BMS sem terapia com sirolimus) foi o grupo controle. Sirolimus foi administrado por via oral a pacientes dos grupos 1 e 2, sendo a dose administrada no dia anterior &#224; ICP. Nesses pacientes, a concentra&#231;&#227;o total de sirolimus em sangue (WBC) foi monitorada semanalmente visando a atingir uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de 10-20 ng/mL e 5-10 ng/mL, respectivamente, em cada grupo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo de estudo e avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o vasomotora</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Duas avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas, a primeira quatro horas ap&#243;s o implante do stent e a segunda oito meses depois. Um segmento de 15 mm a partir da borda distal do stent foi arbitrariamente definido como o segmento-alvo. Este segmento foi analisado por cineangiocoronariografia quantitativa off-line (QCA) e ultrassonografia intravascular. ICP e UIC foram realizados utilizando t&#233;cnicas padr&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Durante a infus&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria de acetilcolina, foram monitorados continuamente: a frequ&#234;ncia e o &#237;ndice card&#237;acos, a press&#227;o arterial, as altera&#231;&#245;es no segmento ST-T, e a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (oximetria digital). A acetilcolina foi infundida durante 2 minutos com uma bomba de seringa (IP 680, Samtronic do Brasil, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) a 1,25 mL/min e 0,625 mL/min para as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias direita e esquerda, respectivamente, na seguinte sequ&#234;ncia: controle (solu&#231;&#227;o salina 0,9%); doses incrementais de acetilcolina (Ach): 10<sup>-6</sup> mol/L (0,036 mg/mL), 10<sup>-5</sup> mol/L (0,36 mg/mL), e 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L (3,6 mg/mL); novo controle (solu&#231;&#227;o salina 0,9%); e 300 mg de nitroglicerina.</p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi arbitrariamente definida como menos de 5% de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o ou qualquer grau de vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise quantitativa coron&#225;ria (QCA)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cineangiocoronariografia quantitativa off-line foi realizada com o Cardiovascular Measurement System 5.0, Medis, Neunen, Holanda. O di&#226;metro do segmento-alvo foi medido durante o controle e outras etapas. A varia&#231;&#227;o percentual no di&#226;metro m&#233;dio do segmento-alvo, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a medida de controle foi o ponto final usado para determinar a vasomotricidade endot&#233;lio-dependente (resposta a acetilcolina) e independente (resposta &#224; nitroglicerina). As medidas foram realizadas por pesquisador cego ao grupo ao qual o paciente tinha sido randomizado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ultrassom intracoronariano (IVUS)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A imagem IVUS foi realizada imediatamente ap&#243;s a coloca&#231;&#227;o do stent e a continua&#231;&#227;o da administra&#231;&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria de nitroglicerina. As medidas foram realizadas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do Col&#233;gio Americano de Cardiologia e Sociedade Europ&#233;ia de Cardiologia<sup>18</sup>. As imagens foram obtidas utilizando um sistema mec&#226;nico (Galaxy II, Boston Scientific Corp, Natick, MA). Um transdutor posicionado pelo menos 15 mm distalmente do stent foi retra&#237;do automaticamente a uma velocidade constante de 0,5 mm/s. Apenas imagens sem artefatos foram analisadas. Foram usados cateteres Atlantis SR<sup>TM</sup> Pro 40 MHz ou Ultra Cross 30 MHz (Boston Scientific Corp, Natick, MA). Para corrigir a variabilidade resultante do uso de diversos cateteres, foram aplicadas equa&#231;&#245;es de calibra&#231;&#227;o<sup>19</sup>. Foi realizada an&#225;lise off-line para determinar &#225;reas transversais e volumes derivados, com software apropriado (QIVA, Pie Medical BV, Maastricht, Holanda). Todos os dados foram avaliados pelo pesquisador principal e analisados por dois pesquisadores adicionais cegos para os grupos aos quais os pacientes haviam sido randomizados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado com base no ponto final prim&#225;rio do estudo de re-estenose intra-stent que foi o volume de obstru&#231;&#227;o do stent pelo IVUS aos oito meses de acompanhamento. O c&#225;lculo conduziu a 45 pacientes (15 pacientes por grupo) a fim fornecer poder estat&#237;stico de 80% (b = 0,2) para detectar 40% de redu&#231;&#227;o no ponto final prim&#225;rio (de 30 &#177; 15% no grupo de controle at&#233; 18 &#177; 15% nos dois grupos com medica&#231;&#227;o), com 5% de probabilidade de erro tipo 1 (a = 0,05). Portanto, para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, os indiv&#237;duos do estudo foram apenas a popula&#231;&#227;o alvo acess&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Para estudar o comportamento das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas para cada grupo no tempo, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas obtidas para cada paciente, foram empregadas medidas repetidas da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA). Para investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foram plotados gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o, calculando-se a correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressadas em valores percentuais. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis de interesse foi verificada atrav&#233;s do teste exato de Fisher. A signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecida como p &lt;0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas iniciais e eventos cl&#237;nicos durante o acompanhamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 45 pacientes randomizados, 39 preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para o protocolo do estudo de vasomotricidade. Seis foram exclu&#237;dos por: tr&#234;s apresentaram espasmo importante de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ap&#243;s o implante do stent, dois apresentaram art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda curta, e um paciente retirou seu consentimento informado.</p>
    <p>Trinta e nove pacientes foram submetidos ao teste de fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial quatro horas ap&#243;s o implante de stent e 36 pacientes, oito meses depois. Tr&#234;s pacientes n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis para a segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o. Dois morreram subitamente de causa desconhecida, quatro meses ap&#243;s a ICP. O terceiro paciente foi exclu&#237;do devido &#224; grave re-estenose intra-stent associada a dor intensa no peito durante a cineangiocoronariografia. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos em termos de indica&#231;&#227;o para angioplastia, art&#233;ria tratada e tipo de les&#227;o de acordo com a Atualiza&#231;&#227;o de Orienta&#231;&#227;o da ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 para a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Interven&#231;&#227;o Coronariana Percut&#226;nea<sup>17</sup>. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas do paciente inicial est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop01912_portt01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop01912_portt01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0290-00022-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados de acompanhamento de IVUS e angiografia no ponto inicial e aos 8 meses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os grupos foram combinados com rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados de IVUS e angiografia quantitativa iniciais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop01912_portt01">Tabela 1</xref>). No acompanhamento, a percentagem de estenose de di&#226;metro e o di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo, n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos; ao mesmo tempo, a perda luminal tardia intra-stent foi significativamente menor nos grupos 1 e 2 do que no grupo controle 3 (p = 0,027). Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise IVUS demonstrou que o volume de obstru&#231;&#227;o foi menor nos grupos 1 e 2 do que no grupo 3 (p = 0,015). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos 1 e 2 em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros angiogr&#225;ficos e de IVUS no acompanhamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resposta &#224; acetilcolina</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No grupo 1, a fun&#231;&#227;o vasomotora foi avaliada em 14 pacientes, quatro horas ap&#243;s implante do stent. Doze pacientes foram submetidos a uma segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o oito meses mais tarde. A resposta a altas doses de acetilcolina (10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L) foi -2,36 &#177; 10,86% e -4,63 &#177; 10,53% de vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o &#224;s quatro horas e aos oito meses, respectivamente (p = 0,469). No grupo 2, ambas as avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas em 12 pacientes. A resposta a altas doses de acetilcolina (10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L) foi -2,36 &#177; 10,86% e -4,63 &#177; 10,53% de vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o &#224;s quatro horas e aos oito meses, respectivamente (p = 0,469). No grupo 3, a avalia&#231;&#227;o das quatro horas foi realizada em 13 pacientes, e a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos oito meses, em 12. O di&#226;metro do segmento alvo ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o de alta dose de acetilcolina (10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L) foi -1,0 &#177; 7,38% e +0,10 &#177; 5,97% &#224;s quatro horas e aos oito meses, respectivamente (p = 0,469).</p>
    <p>Nos tr&#234;s grupos, a resposta da vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o a uma dose de acetilcolina de 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L foi significativamente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com doses de 10<sup>-5</sup> mol/L e 10<sup>-6</sup> mol/L (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop01912_portt02">Tabela 2</xref>). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop01912_portt02">Tabela 2</xref> e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop01912_portf01">Figura 1</xref> mostram que a varia&#231;&#227;o percentual de di&#226;metro (fun&#231;&#227;o vasomotora endot&#233;lio-dependente) em todos os grupos foi semelhante nos dois momentos (p = 0,469). Quatro horas ap&#243;s o implante do stent, o segmento alvo apresentou uma disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial que se manteve ap&#243;s oito meses em todos os tr&#234;s grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop01912_portt02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0290-00022-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop01912_portf01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0290-00022-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resposta a nitroglicerina</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nos tr&#234;s grupos, a resposta vasomotora endot&#233;lio-independente foi semelhante, &#224;s quatro horas e aos oito meses. O di&#226;metro do segmento alvo aumentou de 2,18 &#177; 0,47 mm para 2,53 &#177; 0,45 mm &#224;s quatro horas (p = 0,001), e de 2,10 &#177; 0,41 mm a 2,42 mm &#177; 0,46 (p = 0,001) ap&#243;s o oitavo m&#234;s (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop01912_portt03">Tabela 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop01912_portf02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop01912_portt03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0290-00022-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop01912_portf02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0290-00022-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de di&#226;metro do segmento alvo para os tr&#234;s grupos foi de 2,71 &#177; 0,52 mm imediatamente ap&#243;s o implante do stent, enquanto os pacientes ainda estavam sob o efeito da nitroglicerina. Quatro horas mais tarde, depois que o efeito da nitroglicerina diminuiu, se observou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 19% no di&#226;metro, para 2,18 &#177; 0,47 mm (p = 0,001). Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, esses pacientes receberam novamente a mesma dose de nitroglicerina, e foi observado um aumento no di&#226;metro, de 2,54 &#177; 0,45 mm. Houve vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-independente, por&#233;m de menor intensidade do que a observada imediatamente ap&#243;s implante do stent. Ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de acetilcolina, o di&#226;metro m&#233;dio do segmento-alvo, com a mesma dose de nitroglicerina, foi menor que o di&#226;metro m&#233;dio observado imediatamente ap&#243;s implante do stent (p = 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop01912_portf03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop01912_portf03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0290-00022-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, fatores de risco e uso de medica&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial n&#227;o se correlacionou com nenhuma das vari&#225;veis avaliadas entre os tr&#234;s grupos, tais como diabetes, hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia e tabagismo. A taxa de uso de estatina foi muito alta para os tr&#234;s grupos, 85%, 100%, e 76%, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de ultrassonografia intravascular de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e volume da placa (VP) no segmento alvo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O VP foi de 58,23 &#177; 34,65 mm<sup>3</sup> e 59,67 &#177; 38,88 mm<sup>3</sup> &#224;s quatro horas e aos oito meses, ap&#243;s o implante do stent, respectivamente (p = 0,173). O VP normalizado por comprimento de segmento alvo foi de 4,34  &#177; 2,60 mm<sup>3</sup>/mm e 4,53 &#177; 2,94 mm<sup>3</sup>/mm &#224;s quatro horas e aos oito meses, ap&#243;s o implante do stent, respectivamente (p = 0,173). Levando em considera&#231;&#227;o o grupo total de 39 pacientes, o VP distal ao stent, no segmento alvo, n&#227;o se correlacionou com a disfun&#231;&#227;o vasomotora endot&#233;lio-dependente conforme avaliada com acetilcolina (10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L). N&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre o VP normalizado pelo comprimento do segmento e a resposta vasomotora &#224; acetilcolina (10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L), com um coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson de 0,17 [95%CI (-0,17 - 0,48)] quatro horas ap&#243;s o implante de stent, e 0,23 [95%CI (-0,11 - 0,52)] aos oito meses, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop01912_portf04">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop01912_portf04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0290-00022-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Stent met&#225;lico convencional e fun&#231;&#227;o vasomotora</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Caramori e cols.<sup>1</sup> foram pioneiros na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em pacientes submetidos a ICP com tr&#234;s t&#233;cnicas (angioplastia com bal&#227;o, aterectomia direcional e stent). Para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial seis meses ap&#243;s a ICP, os autores utilizaram a infus&#227;o de acetilcolina intracoronariana. Eles observaram uma disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial mais grave com implante de stent em compara&#231;&#227;o com as outras t&#233;cnicas.</p>
    <p>Maier e cols.<sup>2</sup> relataram vasodilata&#231;&#227;o nas por&#231;&#245;es proximal e distal do segmento com stent (8% e 11%, respectivamente) em resposta ao exerc&#237;cio, 10 meses ap&#243;s o implante do stent, mostrando vasomotricidade coronariana normal. Monnink e cols.<sup>20</sup> observaram que 30 pacientes com isquemia na ergometria apresentavam vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o em resposta &#224; acetilcolina no segmento distal, mais frequentemente seis meses ap&#243;s o implante do stent.</p>
    <p>As descobertas conflitantes relatadas por Maier e cols.<sup>2</sup> e Caramori e cols.<sup>1</sup> t&#234;m sido atribu&#237;das a diferentes m&#233;todos utilizados para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial (exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e infus&#227;o intracoronariana de acetilcolina). No entanto, Gordon e cols.<sup>21</sup> conclu&#237;ram que os dois m&#233;todos s&#227;o equivalentes. Maier e cols.<sup>2</sup> tamb&#233;m sugeriram que a varia&#231;&#227;o poderia ser explicada por diferen&#231;as na gravidade da aterosclerose coronariana entre as pequenas amostras analisadas (12 pacientes no estudo de Caramori e cols.<sup>1</sup> e 14 no estudo de Maier e cols.<sup>2</sup> ). Para pesquisar esta quest&#227;o, no presente estudo medimos o VP distalmente ao stent usando IVUS. Ao contr&#225;rio da hip&#243;tese levantada por Maier e cols.<sup>2</sup>, n&#227;o observamos rela&#231;&#227;o entre o VP e a resposta &#224; infus&#227;o intracoronariana de acetilcolina. Os tr&#234;s estudos compartilham a limita&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o ter avaliado a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial vasomotora antes do implante do stent e n&#227;o ter avaliado o segmento distal com IVUS.</p>
    <p>Quatro horas ap&#243;s implante do stent, observamos disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial caracterizada por -3% de vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o em resposta a uma maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de acetilcolina (A4) na se&#231;&#227;o de 15 mil&#237;metros distal do stent. Os achados no IVUS nesse segmento alvo revelam a presen&#231;a de placa ateroscler&#243;tica em todas as se&#231;&#245;es avaliadas. De fato, Mintz e cols.<sup>22</sup> j&#225; haviam relatado placa ateroscler&#243;tica mostrada pelo IVUS em 93,2% dos segmentos de refer&#234;ncia angiograficamente normais. O achado de placa ateroscler&#243;tica associada com endot&#233;lio subjacente com fun&#231;&#227;o vasomotora normal tamb&#233;m foi relatado por Nishimura e cols.<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Como Caramori e cols.<sup>1</sup>, empregamos a mesma metodologia para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o vasomotora endot&#233;lio-dependente. No entanto, resultados diferentes foram observados: aqueles autores afirmam a ICP est&#225; implicada na disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial de longo prazo, com implante de stent sendo associado com maior gravidade, enquanto n&#243;s n&#227;o acreditamos que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial observada aos oito meses, foi causada pelos stents, especialmente porque ela j&#225; estava presente quatro horas ap&#243;s o implante.</p>
    <p>A manuten&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial que observamos com BMS pode ser de relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica quando se consideram stents farmacol&#243;gicos<sup>24</sup>. V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m mostrado que o DES pode ser associado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial grave<sup>7-9</sup>. Esse fato levou a melhor tecnologia associada ao DES com pol&#237;meros biodegrad&#225;veis e biocompat&#237;veis<sup>14,15</sup> e f&#225;rmacos com menos efeitos colaterais sobre o endot&#233;lio<sup>13</sup>. H&#225; novos stents sem pol&#237;meros e com f&#225;rmacos elu&#237;dos diretamente na face do stent abluminal<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sirolimus oral e fun&#231;&#227;o vasomotora</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre os f&#225;rmacos orais usados para controlar a resposta proliferativa vascular ap&#243;s angioplastia coronariana, o sirolimus tem demonstrado os resultados mais promissores<sup>25-27</sup>. Arruda e cols.<sup>28</sup> observaram que pacientes com transplante de rim em regime de imunossupress&#227;o regular, que foram submetidos &#224; angioplastia, apenas tinham moderado a prolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal intra-stent. Logo depois, o mesmo grupo relatou que o uso de sirolimus oral foi associado com uma pequena quantidade de prolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal intra-stent<sup>29</sup>. Por outro lado, o efeito do sirolimus oral na vasomotricidade coronariana n&#227;o tinha sido descrito. N&#243;s utilizamos sirolimus oral para controle da prolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal intra-stent, uma medida que n&#227;o afeta o estado de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente e fun&#231;&#227;o vasomotora independente</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas impediram-nos de testar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial coronariana em pacientes com estenose grave antes de trat&#225;-los com implante de stent. Vasos coronarianos epic&#225;rdicos com estenose grave podem ocluir agudamente com a infus&#227;o de acetilcolina. Portanto, n&#227;o podemos ter certeza de que o estado da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial quatro horas ap&#243;s o procedimento n&#227;o havia sido modificada em forma aguda pelo implante do stent. Isso pode ser a maior limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, esses pacientes costumam tomar um n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos que t&#234;m efeitos ben&#233;ficos sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, especialmente as estatinas. Eles s&#227;o t&#227;o eficazes na redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de eventos cardiovasculares que seria anti&#233;tico interromp&#234;-los, mesmo que temporariamente. Eles poderiam ter a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial atenuada<sup>30,31</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; amostra relativamente pequena, poderia ser uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o porque foi calculada com base na resposta intimal intra-sent esperada pelo IVUS. Mas isso pouco prov&#225;vel, porque a maioria das interven&#231;&#245;es endoteliais em coron&#225;rias humanas normalmente inclui n&#227;o mais que uma d&#250;zia de indiv&#237;duos, e detectam com sucesso diferen&#231;as entre os grupos de estudo<sup>32,33</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estado da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial n&#227;o foi afetado pelo implante de stent BMS. Al&#233;m disso, mesmo reduzindo significativamente a hiperplasia intimal intra-stent, o sirolimus administrado por via oral n&#227;o afetou a resposta coron&#225;ria endot&#233;lio-dependente e independente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela CAPES.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de R&#243;sley Weber Alvarenga Fernandes pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> R&#243;sley Weber Alvarenga Fernandes </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. Nogueira Martins, 282 / 142 - Sa&#250;de </p>
        <p> 04143-020 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="rosley@uol.com.br">rosley@uol.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="muniz_tessari@uol.com.br">muniz_tessari@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 25/05/11 </p>
    <p> Revisado recebido em 06/06/11 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 01/12/11.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Este artigo sofreu altera&#231;&#245;es por solicita&#231;&#227;o do editor em Abr/2012 conforme ERRATA publicada abaixo:</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No artigo original "Impacto dos Stents e do Sirolimus por Via Oral na Vasomotilidade Coronariana Dependente e Independente do Endotelio" considerar corretas as palavras-chave "Stents, vasos coronarianos, endot&#233;lio, sirolimus". </p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of stenting and oral sirolimus on endothelium-dependent and independent coronary vasomotion</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: There is no consensus regarding the impact of stenting on long-term endothelial function. There have been reports of increased endothelial dysfunction with sirolimus-eluting stents as compared to bare metal stenting (BMS). OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the impact of BMS and the effect of oral sirolimus on endothelial function. METHODS: Forty-five patients were randomized into three groups: BMS + high-dose oral sirolimus (initial dose of 15 mg, followed by 6 mg/day for four weeks); BMS + low-dose sirolimus (6 mg followed by 2 mg daily for four weeks); and BMS without sirolimus. Changes in vasoconstriction or vasodilation in a 15 mm segment starting at the distal stent end in response to acetylcholine and nitroglycerin were assessed by quantitative angiography. RESULTS: The groups had similar angiographic characteristics. The percent variation in diameter in response to acetylcholine was similar in all groups at the two time points (p = 0.469). Four hours after stenting, the target segment presented an endothelial dysfunction that was maintained after eight months in all groups. In all groups, endothelium-independent vasomotion in response to nitroglycerin was similar at four hours and eight months, with increased target segment diameter after nitroglycerin infusion (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The endothelial dysfunction was similarly present at the 15 mm segment distal to the treated segment, at 4 hours and 8 months after stenting. Sirolimus administered orally during 4 weeks to prevent restenosis did not affect the status of endothelium-dependent and independent vasomotion.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary vessels</kwd>
        <kwd>endothelium</kwd>
        <kwd>sirolimus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Impact of stenting and oral sirolimus on endothelium-dependent and independent coronary vasomotion</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>R&#243;sley Weber Alvarenga Fernandes; Jo&#227;o Miguel Dantas; Dinaldo Cavalcanti Oliveira; Hiram Grando Bezerra; Fabio Sandoli Brito Jr.; Valter C. Lima</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital S&#227;o Paulo - SPDM - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo; Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> There is no consensus regarding the impact of stenting on long-term endothelial function. There have been reports of increased endothelial dysfunction with sirolimus-eluting stents as compared to bare metal stenting (BMS).</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> This study aims to assess the impact of BMS and the effect of oral sirolimus on endothelial function.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Forty-five patients were randomized into three groups: BMS + high-dose oral sirolimus (initial dose of 15 mg, followed by 6 mg/day for four weeks); BMS + low-dose sirolimus (6 mg followed by 2 mg daily for four weeks); and BMS without sirolimus. Changes in vasoconstriction or vasodilation in a 15 mm segment starting at the distal stent end in response to acetylcholine and nitroglycerin were assessed by quantitative angiography.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The groups had similar angiographic characteristics. The percent variation in diameter in response to acetylcholine was similar in all groups at the two time points (p = 0.469). Four hours after stenting, the target segment presented an endothelial dysfunction that was maintained after eight months in all groups. In all groups, endothelium-independent vasomotion in response to nitroglycerin was similar at four hours and eight months, with increased target segment diameter after nitroglycerin infusion (p = 0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The endothelial dysfunction was similarly present at the 15 mm segment distal to the treated segment, at 4 hours and 8 months after stenting. Sirolimus administered orally during 4 weeks to prevent restenosis did not affect the status of endothelium-dependent and independent vasomotion.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Stents, coronary vessels; endothelium; sirolimus.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite the greater effectiveness and safety of stenting as compared to balloon angioplasty, there is no consensus regarding the effect of stenting on endothelial-dependent vasomotricity. Caramori et al<sup>1</sup> have observed more pronounced long-term endothelial dysfunction with coronary artery stenting than balloon angioplasty or directional atherectomy. In contrast, Maier et al<sup>2</sup> reported preserved endothelial function in segments located proximally and distally to the stent.</p>
      <p>The advent of drug-eluting stenting (DES) has underscored the importance of this topic especially after reports of worsened endothelial dysfunction as compared to bare metal stenting (BMS) <sup>3-6</sup>. Worsened endothelial dysfunction and greatly impaired endothelial stent strut coverage have been strongly related to late and very late DES thrombosis, among other factors<sup>7-9</sup>. In fact, this serious DES safety issue has led to assessment of improved technology, affecting both the need and type of polymer and the type of drug<sup>10-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>The primary endpoint of this study was to measure the degree of change on endothelial function following BMS implantation and evaluate the effect of oral sirolimusto prevent in-stent intimal hyperplasia on the BMS endothelial function response.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From April 2003 to March 2004, patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with BMS were enrolled in this study. Inclusion criteria were coronary artery disease and clinical indication for elective coronary stenting, target vessel reference diameter <underline>&gt;</underline> 2.5 mm, and successful interventional procedure according to the AHA/ACC/SCAI 2005 Guideline Update for PCI<sup>17</sup>. An express stent (Boston Scientific Corp, Natick, MA) was used in all interventions. The Research Ethics Committee at the Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo approved the protocol. The study was conducted in accordance with the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were impossibility of discontinuing the use of nitrate or calcium channel blockers in the 48 hours before angioplasty, coronary spasm after stenting, uncontrolled hypertension, second and third-degree atrioventricular block, severe aortic stenosis, pregnancy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute or chronic renal failure (creatinine &gt; 1.5 mg/dL), functional class III and IV heart failure, acute or chronic infectious disease, left main coronary artery shorter than 10 mm.</p>
      <p>Patients were randomized into three groups. Group 1 (BMS + high-dose sirolimus) received an initial sirolimus dose of 15 mg, followed by 6 mg/day during four weeks. Group 2 (BMS + low-dose sirolimus) received an initial sirolimus dose of 6 mg, followed by 2 mg daily during four weeks. Group 3 (BMS without sirolimus therapy) was the control group. Sirolimus was administered orally to patients in groups 1 and 2, with the initial dose given on the day before PCI. In these patients, sirolimus whole blood concentration (WBC) was monitored weekly with the aim of achieving a concentration of 10-20 ng/mL and 5-10 ng/mL, respectively, in each group.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study protocol and evaluation of vasomotor function</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Two evaluations were performed in the first four hours after stent implantation and the second eight months later. A 15-mm segment starting at the distal stent border was arbitrarily defined as the target segment. This segment was analyzed by off-line quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). PCI and IVUS were performed using standard techniques.</p>
      <p>During intracoronary infusion of acetylcholine, heart rate and frequency, blood pressure, changes in ST-T segment, and oxygen saturation (digital oximetry) were continuously monitored. Acetylcholine was infused for 2 minutes with a syringe pump (IP 680, Samtronic do Brasil, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) at 1.25 mL/min and 0.625 mL/min into the left and right coronary arteries, respectively, in the following sequence: control (saline 0.9%); incremental doses of acetylcholine (Ach): 10<sup>-6</sup> mol/L (0.036 mg/mL), 10<sup>-5</sup> mol/L (0.36 mg/mL), and 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L (3.6 mg/mL); recontrol (0.9% saline); and 300 mg nitroglycerine.</p>
      <p>Endothelial dysfunction was arbitrarily defined as less than 5% vasodilation or any degree vasoconstriction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Quantitative coronary analysis (QCA)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Off-line quantitative coronary angiography was carried out with the Cardiovascular Measurement System 5.0, Medis, Neunen, The Netherlands. The target segment diameter was measured during the control and other stages. The percent variation in target segment mean diameter as compared to the control measurement was the end-point used to determine endothelium-dependent (response to acetylcholine) and independent (response to nitroglycerin) vasomotion. An observer who was blinded to the group to which the patient had been randomized performed the measurements.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Intracoronary ultrasound (IVUS)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>IVUS imaging was performed immediately after stent placement and following intracoronary nitroglycerine administration. The measurements were performed according to the recommendations of the American College of Cardiology and the European Society of Cardiology<sup>18</sup>. The images were obtained using a mechanical system (Galaxy II, Boston Scientifc Corp, Natick, MA). A transducer positioned at least 15 mm distally from the stent was automatically pulled back at a constant speed of 0.5 mm/s. Only artifact-free images were analyzed. Atlantis SR<sup>TM</sup> Pro 40 MHz or Ultra Cross 30 MHz (Boston Scientific Corp, Natick, MA) catheters were used. To correct variability resulting from the use of various catheters, calibration equations were applied<sup>19</sup>. Off-line analysis to determine cross-sectional areas and derived volumes was performed with appropriate software (QIVA, Pie Medical BV, Maastricht, The Netherlands). All data were evaluated by the investigator in chief and reviewed by two additional observers blinded to the groups to which the patient had been randomized.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample size was calculated based on the in-stent restenosis study primary endpoint which was the IVUS stent obstruction volume at eight-month follow-up. The calculation led to 45 patients (15 patients per group) in order to provide 80% statistical power (b = 0.2) to detect a 40% reduction in the primary end-point (from 30 &#177; 15% in the control group to 18 &#177; 15% in the two drug groups), with a 5% probability of type 1 error (a = 0.05). Therefore, for the endothelial dysfunction assessment, the study individuals were just the handy population target.</p>
      <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). To study the behavior of numeric variables for each group in time, taking into consideration the association between the measurements obtained for each single patient, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed. To investigate the association between continuous variables, dispersion graphs were plotted and Pearson's linear correlation was calculated. Categorical variables were expressed as percent values. The association between the variables of interest was verified using Fisher's exact test. Significance was established as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Baseline characteristics and clinical events during follow-up</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From the 45 patients randomized, 39 fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the vasomotricity study protocol. Six were excluded from the study: three for having severe coronary artery spasm after stenting, two for having short left main coronary artery and one patient withdrew informed consent.</p>
      <p>Thirty-nine patients underwent endothelial function testing four hours after stenting and 36 patients eight months later. Three patients were not available for the second evaluation: two died suddenly of an unknown cause four months after PCI. The third patient was excluded due to severe in-stent restenosis associated with severe chest pain during the coronary angiography. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of indication for angioplasty, treated artery and type of lesion according to the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 Guideline Update for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention classification<sup>17</sup>. Baseline patient's clinical characteristics are in <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop01912_ingt01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop01912_ingt01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0290-00022-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Baseline and 8-Month Angiographic and IVUS Follow-Up Data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Groups were well matched with respect to baseline quantitative angiographic and IVUS data (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop01912_ingt01-body2">Table 1</xref>). At follow-up, percent diameter stenosis and minimal lumen diameter were not different among groups, at the same time in-stent late lumen loss was significantly lower in groups 1 and 2 than in the control group 3 (p = 0.027). Additionally, IVUS analysis demonstrated that obstruction volume was lower in groups 1 and 2 than in group 3 (p=0.015). There were no significant differences between groups 1 and 2 with regard to angiographic and IVUS parameters at follow-up.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Response to acetylcholine</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In group 1, vasomotor function was evaluated in 14 patients at four hours after stenting. Twelve patients underwent a second evaluation eight months later. Response to high-dose acetylcholine (10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L) was -2.36 &#177; 10.86% and -4.63 &#177; 10.53% vasoconstriction at four hours and eight months, respectively (p = 0.469). In group 2, both evaluations were performed in 12 patients. Response to high-dose acetylcholine (10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L) was -5.98 &#177; 12.62% and -4.42 &#177; 14.64% vasoconstriction at four hours and eight months, respectively (p = 0.469). In group 3, four-hour evaluation was performed in 13 patients and eight months evaluation in 12. Target segment diameter after high-dose acetylcholine infusion (10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L) was -1.0 &#177; 7.38% and +0.10 &#177; 5.97% at four hours and eight months, respectively (p = 0.469).</p>
      <p>In the three groups, vasoconstriction response to an acetylcholine dose of 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L was significantly higher compared to doses of 10<sup>-5</sup> mol/L and 10<sup>-6</sup> mol/L (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop01912_ingt02-body2">Table 2</xref>). <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop01912_ingt02-body2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop01912_ingf01-body2">Figure 1</xref> show that the percent variation in diameter (endothelium-dependent vasomotor function) in all groups was similar at the two time points (p = 0.469). At four hours after stenting, the target segment presented an endothelial dysfunction that was maintained after eight months in all three groups.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop01912_ingt02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0290-00022-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop01912_ingf01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0290-00022-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Response to nitroglycerin</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the three groups, endothelium-independent vasomotor response was similar at four hours and eight months. Target segment diameter increased from 2.18 &#177; 0.47 mm to 2.53 &#177; 0.45 mm at four hours (p = 0.001) and from 2.10 &#177; 0.41 mm to 2.42 &#177; 0.46 mm (p = 0.001) after eight months (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop01912_ingt03-body2">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop01912_ingf02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="aop01912_ingt03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0290-00022-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop01912_ingf02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0290-00022-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Mean target segment diameter for the three groups was 2.71 &#177; 0.52 mm immediately after stenting, while patients were still under the effect of nitroglycerin. Four hours later, after the effect of nitroglycerin had subsided, a 19% reduction in diameter was observed, to 2.18 &#177; 0.47 mm (p = 0.001). After evaluation of endothelial function, these patients again received the same nitroglycerin dose and an increase in diameter was observed, to 2.54 &#177; 0.45 mm. There was endothelium-independent vasodilation, however of less intensity than that observed immediately after stenting. After administration of acetylcholine, the target segment's mean diameter, with the same nitroglycerin dose, was smaller than the mean diameter observed immediately after stenting (p = 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop01912_ingf03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop01912_ingf03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0290-00022-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Endothelial dysfunction, risk factors and use of medication</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Endothelial dysfunction was not correlated with any of the variables evaluated among the three groups such as diabetes, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and smoking. The statin usage rate was very high for all three groups, 85%, 100%, 76%, respectively.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Intravascular ultrasound evaluation of endothelial dysfunction and plaque volume (PV) in the target segment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>PV was 58.23 &#177; 34.65 mm<sup>3</sup> and 59.67 &#177; 38.88 mm<sup>3</sup> at four hours and eight months after stenting, respectively (p = 0.173). PV normalized by target segment length was 4.34  &#177; 2.60 mm<sup>3</sup>/mm and 4.53 &#177; 2.94 mm<sup>3</sup>/mm four hours and eight months after stenting, respectively (p = 0.096). Taking into consideration the overall group of 39 patients, PV distally to the stent, at the target segment, was not correlated to endothelium-dependent vasomotor dysfunction as evaluated with acetylcholine (10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L). No correlation was observed between PV normalized by segment length and vasomotor response to acetylcholine (10<sup>-4</sup> mol/L), with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.17 [95% CI (-0.17 - 0.48)] four hours after stenting and 0.23 [95%CI (-0.11 - 0.52)] at eight months, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop01912_ingf04-body2">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="aop01912_ingf04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-04-0290-00022-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Bare Metal Stent and vasomotor function</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Caramori et al<sup>1</sup> were pioneers in the evaluation of endothelial function in patients submitted to PCI with three techniques (balloon angioplasty, directional atherectomy and stenting). To evaluate endothelial function six months after PCI, those authors used intracoronary acetylcholine infusion. They observed more severe endothelial dysfunction with stenting as compared to other techniques.</p>
      <p>Maier et al<sup>2</sup> reported vasodilation in the proximal and distal portions of the stented segment (+8% and +11%, respectively) in response to exercise 10 months after stenting, showing normal coronary vasomotion. Monnink et al<sup>20</sup> observed that 30 patients with ischemia on the stress test had vasoconstriction in response to acetylcholine in the distal segment more frequently six months after stenting.</p>
      <p>The conflicting findings reported by Maier et al<sup>2</sup> and Caramori et al<sup>1</sup> have been attributed to the different methods used to evaluate endothelial function (physical exercise and intracoronary infusion of acetylcholine). However, Gordon et al<sup>21</sup> have concluded that the two methods are equivalent. Maier et al<sup>2</sup> have also suggested that the variation could be explained by differences in the severity of coronary atherosclerosis between the small samples analyzed (12 patients in the study by Caramori et al<sup>1</sup> and 14 in the study by Maier et al<sup>2</sup>). To investigate this aspect, in this study we measured PV distally to the stent using IVUS. Contrary to the hypothesis raised by Maier et al<sup>2</sup>, we did not observe a relationship between PV and response to intracoronary infusion of acetylcholine. The three studies share the limitation of not having evaluated vasomotor endothelial function before stenting and not having evaluated the distal segment with IVUS.Four hours after stenting, we observed endothelial dysfunction characterized by -3% vasoconstriction in response to a higher concentration of acetylcholine (A4) in the 15mm section distally from the stent. IVUS findings in this target segment reveal the presence of atherosclerotic plaque in all the sections evaluated. In fact, Mintz et al<sup>22</sup> had already reported atherosclerotic plaque shown by IVUS in 93.2% of angiographically normal reference segments. The finding of atherosclerotic plaque associated with underlying endothelium with normal vasomotor function has also been reported by Nishimura et al<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>As Caramori et al<sup>1</sup>, we employed the same methodology to evaluate endothelium-dependent vasomotor function. Nevertheless, different results were observed: those authors state that the PCI is implicated in long-term endothelial dysfunction, with stenting being associated with greater severity, while we do not believe that the endothelial dysfunction observed at eight months was caused by the stents, especially because it was already present four hours after stenting.</p>
      <p>The maintenance of endothelial dysfunction that we observed with BMS may be of clinical relevance when considering drug eluting stents<sup>24</sup>. Several reports have shown that DES may be associated with severe endothelial dysfunction<sup>7-9</sup>. This fact has led to improved technology associated to DES with biodegradable and biocompatible polymers<sup>14,15</sup> and drugs with fewer side-effects on the endothelium<sup>13</sup>. There are recent new stents without polymers and drugs eluted directly into the face of the abluminal stent<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Oral Sirolimus and vasomotor function</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Among the oral drugs used to control vascular proliferative response after coronary angioplasty, the sirolimus showed the most promising results<sup>25-27</sup>. Arruda et al<sup>28</sup> observed that patients with kidney transplant in a regular immunosuppression regimen who were submitted to angioplasty had only moderate in-stent intimal proliferation. Soon after that, the same group reported that the use of oral sirolimus was associated with a small amount of in-stent intimal proliferation<sup>29</sup>. On the other hand, the effect of oral sirolimus on coronary vasomotion had not been described. We employed oral sirolimus to control in-stent intimal proliferation, a measure that did not affect the status of endothelium-dependent and independent vasomotor function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ethical considerations precluded us from testing coronary endothelial function in patients with severe stenosis before treating them with stenting. Epicardial coronary vessels with tight stenosis may occlude acutely with acetylcholine infusion. Therefore, we cannot be sure that the status of endothelial function four hours after the procedure had not been acutely modified by stenting. This may be the greatest limitation of this study.</p>
      <p>Also, these patients use to take a number of drugs that have beneficial effects on endothelial function, especially the statins. They are so effective on lowering cardiovascular events rate that it would be unethical to discontinue them, even temporarily. They may have attenuated endothelial dysfunction<sup>30,31</sup>.</p>
      <p>As to the relatively small sample size, it could be a concern because it was calculated based on the expected in-stent intimal response measured by IVUS. But this is unlikely, because most of the human coronary endothelial interventional studies typically include no more than a few dozen individuals and successfully detect differences between study groups<sup>32,33</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Endothelial function status was not affected by BMS stenting. Furthermore, even significantly lowering in-stent intimal hyperplasia, orally administered sirolimus did not affect coronary endothelial dependent and independent response.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by CAPES.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by R&#243;sley Weber Alvarenga Fernandes, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
