<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Sj3tpwHqNWr5B8bDdJB3LbH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000200011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800211</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Medida do &#225;trio esquerdo em pacientes com suspeita de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Licio</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Volponi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Cl&#225;udio Maluhy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lanzieri</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gemal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Afonso Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Flavia Oliveira Xavier</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>175</fpage>
      <lpage>181</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O modelo fisiopatol&#243;gico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal (ICFEN) est&#225; centrado na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, o que ocasiona mudan&#231;as estruturais e funcionais no &#225;trio esquerdo (AE). A medida do tamanho do AE pode ser utilizada como um marcador da presen&#231;a de ICFEN, sendo um indicador da eleva&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da press&#227;o de enchimento do VE, cuja mensura&#231;&#227;o &#233; de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o. OBJETIVO: Estimar a acur&#225;cia da medida do tamanho do AE, utilizando os valores indexados do di&#226;metro e do volume do AE para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN em pacientes ambulatoriais. M&#201;TODOS: Estudamos 142 pacientes (67,3 &#177; 11,4 anos, 75% de mulheres) com suspeita de IC, os quais foram divididos em dois grupos: com ICFEN (n = 35) e sem ICFEN (n = 107). RESULTADOS: A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, avaliada pelo ecodopplercardiograma, mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros que avaliaram o relaxamento ventricular (E' 6,9 &#177; 2,0 cm/s vs. 9,3 &#177; 2,5 cm/s - p &lt; 0,0001) e a press&#227;o de enchimento do VE (rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' 15,2 &#177; 6,4 vs. 7,6 &#177; 2,2 - p &lt; 0,0001). O ponto de coorte do volume do AE indexado (VAE-I) de 35 mL/m&#178; foi o que melhor se correlacionou com o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN, demonstrando sensibilidade de 83%, especificidade de 83% e acur&#225;cia de 83%. J&#225; o ponto de coorte do di&#226;metro &#226;ntero-posterior do AE indexado (DAE-I) de 2,4 cm/m&#178; apresentava sensibilidade de 71%, especificidade de 66% e acur&#225;cia de 67%. CONCLUS&#195;O: Para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN em pacientes ambulatoriais, o VAE-I &#233; o m&#233;todo mais acurado em compara&#231;&#227;o ao DAE-I. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, a medida do tamanho do AE deveria ser substitu&#237;da pela medida indexada do volume. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Volume card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>&#225;trios card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>volume sist&#243;lico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Medida do &#225;trio esquerdo em pacientes com suspeita de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ant&#244;nio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge<sup>I</sup>; Mario Luiz Ribeiro<sup>I</sup>; Maria Luiza Garcia Rosa<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Volponi Licio<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Cl&#225;udio Maluhy Fernandes<sup>I</sup>; Pedro Gemal Lanzieri<sup>I</sup>; Bruno Afonso Lagoeiro Jorge<sup>I</sup>; Flavia Oliveira Xavier Brito; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niter&#243;i, RJ </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O modelo fisiopatol&#243;gico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal (ICFEN) est&#225; centrado na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, o que ocasiona mudan&#231;as estruturais e funcionais no &#225;trio esquerdo (AE). A medida do tamanho do AE pode ser utilizada como um marcador da presen&#231;a de ICFEN, sendo um indicador da eleva&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da press&#227;o de enchimento do VE, cuja mensura&#231;&#227;o &#233; de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estimar a acur&#225;cia da medida do tamanho do AE, utilizando os valores indexados do di&#226;metro e do volume do AE para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN em pacientes ambulatoriais. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudamos 142 pacientes (67,3 &#177; 11,4 anos, 75% de mulheres) com suspeita de IC, os quais foram divididos em dois grupos: com ICFEN (n = 35) e sem ICFEN (n = 107). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, avaliada pelo ecodopplercardiograma, mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros que avaliaram o relaxamento ventricular (E' 6,9 &#177; 2,0 cm/s vs. 9,3 &#177; 2,5 cm/s - p &lt; 0,0001) e a press&#227;o de enchimento do VE (rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' 15,2 &#177; 6,4 vs. 7,6 &#177; 2,2 - p &lt; 0,0001). O ponto de coorte do volume do AE indexado (VAE-I) de 35 mL/m<sup>2</sup> foi o que melhor se correlacionou com o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN, demonstrando sensibilidade de 83%, especificidade de 83% e acur&#225;cia de 83%. J&#225; o ponto de coorte do di&#226;metro &#226;ntero-posterior do AE indexado (DAE-I) de 2,4 cm/m<sup>2</sup> apresentava sensibilidade de 71%, especificidade de 66% e acur&#225;cia de 67%. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN em pacientes ambulatoriais, o VAE-I &#233; o m&#233;todo mais acurado em compara&#231;&#227;o ao DAE-I. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, a medida do tamanho do AE deveria ser substitu&#237;da pela medida indexada do volume. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Volume card&#237;aco, &#225;trios card&#237;acos, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, volume sist&#243;lico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca confirmam que a ICFEN &#233; mais prevalente do que a IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFER)<sup>1-3</sup>. O modelo fisiopatol&#243;gico est&#225; centrado na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, subsequente a anormalidades do relaxamento ou aumento da rigidez ventricular esquerda, e produz, retrogradamente, eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio esquerdo, o que ocasiona mudan&#231;as estruturais e funcionais nessa c&#226;mara<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>O sistema cardiovascular est&#225; sob influ&#234;ncia do processo de envelhecimento normal, com altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e piora do relaxamento ventricular<sup>5,6</sup>. Ao contr&#225;rio do que &#233; observado com a medida do fluxo transmitral no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole, recente estudo mostrou que o envelhecimento n&#227;o aumenta o tamanho do &#225;trio<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em vez de aumentar o volume, o &#225;trio compensa a mudan&#231;a no enchimento ventricular causado pelo atraso no relaxamento com o aumento do volume de sangue durante a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, enquanto diminui o volume conduzido tanto na fase de enchimento r&#225;pido quanto na di&#225;stase<sup>7</sup>. Dessa forma, o tamanho do &#225;trio &#233; menos influenciado pelo envelhecimento; portanto, altera&#231;&#245;es no volume podem associar-se a patologias ventriculares<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN &#233; desafiador, em especial para os pacientes ambulatoriais com dispneia de esfor&#231;o e m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades. A fim de evitar baixa especificidade no diagn&#243;stico da ICFEN, os sinais e os sintomas de IC devem ser associados a medidas objetivas de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE ou a n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos, como recomendado pelas diretrizes publicadas at&#233; o momento<sup>8,9</sup>. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ecodopplercardiograma &#233; fundamental para esse diagn&#243;stico; por&#233;m, a medida do fluxo transmitral durante a di&#225;stole, par&#226;metro mais utilizado para confirmar altera&#231;&#245;es do relaxamento, pode ser alterada pelo envelhecimento normal<sup>4</sup>. A medida da rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' (aonde E &#233; a velocidade do fluxo transmitral no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole e E' &#233; a velocidade do anel mitral do in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole) pelo ecodopplercardiograma com Doppler tecidual (EDT) &#233; o principal marcador n&#227;o invasivo para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN e est&#225; associada &#224; press&#227;o de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A medida do tamanho do AE, marcador da eleva&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da press&#227;o de enchimento do VE, pode ser utilizada como um dos par&#226;metros para confirmar a presen&#231;a de ICFEN, cuja mensura&#231;&#227;o &#233; de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o<sup>10</sup>. A medida do di&#226;metro &#226;ntero-posterior do AE (DAE) pelo ecocardiograma (modo M) foi, inicialmente, o &#250;nico m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo dispon&#237;vel para determinar o tamanho do AE; por&#233;m, limita&#231;&#245;es ao m&#233;todo indicam uma subestima&#231;&#227;o do verdadeiro tamanho atrial. N&#227;o existem estudos que comparem a acur&#225;cia da medida do VAE-I e do DAE-I para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN em pacientes ambulatoriais.</p>
    <p>Estimar a acur&#225;cia da medida do tamanho do AE, utilizando os valores indexados do di&#226;metro e do volume do &#225;trio esquerdo para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN em pacientes ambulatoriais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizamos um estudo observacional, prospectivo e transversal, envolvendo 142 pacientes ambulatoriais consecutivos com suspeita de IC, avaliados de setembro de 2008 a dezembro de 2010. Os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o clinica, eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, ecodopplercardiogr&#225;fica e dosagem sangu&#237;nea do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (BNP), e a ICFEN foi definida pela presen&#231;a de sinais ou sintomas de IC, FEVE <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% e presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<sup>8,9</sup>. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; portadores de marcapasso, de doen&#231;a valvular severa ou de pericardiopatia; submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca nos &#250;ltimos seis meses.</p>
    <p>Para o diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, foram utilizados os seguintes crit&#233;rios: (1) EDT com presen&#231;a de rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' <underline>&gt;</underline> 15; e (2) rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' sugestiva de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (&gt; 8 e &lt; 15). Outras medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram necess&#225;rias para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico, tais como: &#237;ndice de massa do VE (&gt; 122g/m<sup>2</sup>, para mulheres, e &gt; 149g/m<sup>, </sup>para homens) e rela&#231;&#227;o E/A (aonde E &#233; a velocidade do fluxo transmitral no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole e A a velocidade do fluxo trabnsmitral no final da di&#225;stole - contra&#231;&#227;o atrial) inferior a 0,5, com tempo desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E superior a 280 m/s, para indiv&#237;duos com mais de 50 anos. Al&#233;m dos crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, usou-se uma dosagem de BNP maior que 200 pg/mL. A ICFEN foi exclu&#237;da nos pacientes que apresentaram E/E' e BNP menor que 8 e 100 pg/mL, respectivamente<sup>8,9</sup>. </p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica e pesquisa em seres humanos da faculdade de medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), e todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido no momento de inclus&#227;o no estudo.</p>
    <p>O ecodopplercardiograma foi realizado por um ecocardiografista, por meio do aparelho VIVID 7 (GE<sup>&#174;</sup> EUA), e analisado com <italic>software</italic> ECHOPAC por um investigador experiente, sem o conhecimento pr&#233;vio dos resultados dos outros exames. O exame foi realizado segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras da ASE/EAE <sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A medida linear &#226;ntero-posterior do DAE foi obtida pelo modo M e indexada &#224; superf&#237;cie corporal. J&#225; a medida do VAE foi obtida por meio do m&#233;todo biplanar de discos (regra de Simpson modificada), com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do corte apical quatro e duas c&#226;maras em s&#237;stole ventricular esquerda final, indexado &#224; superf&#237;cie corporal. Os par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foram estimados pela m&#233;dia de cinco batimentos consecutivos. O fluxo transmitral inicial (E) e tardio (A) e o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E foram medidos. A velocidade do relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole (E') foi aferida pelo EDT nos segmentos septal e lateral do anel mitral, obtendo a m&#233;dia dessas medidas. Todos os exames foram gravados em m&#237;dia digital para futuras an&#225;lises e revis&#245;es.</p>
    <p>O pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B foi dosado no sangue por meio do <italic>Triage BNP Test</italic> (BIOSITE - USA), um teste r&#225;pido por fluoroimunoan&#225;lise para medida quantitativa de BNP, com leitura pelo <italic>Triage Meter.</italic> Os valores de BNP foram expressos em pg/mL.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi processada pelo <italic>software</italic> SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup>, vers&#227;o 17.0. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; e as demais, em mediana. Foram usados os testes t de Student, Mann Whitney e qui-quadrado para analisar a diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dias entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, entre as cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, respectivamente. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizada para medir a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o VAE-I, o DAE-I e as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Uma curva ROC (<italic>receiver operator characteristic</italic>) foi constru&#237;da para expressar a sensibilidade e a especificidade do VAE-I e do DAE-I em diagnosticar a ICFEN. Foi adotado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes envolvidos no estudo s&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop00412tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi de 67,3 &#177; 11,4 anos, e 75% eram do sexo feminino. As principais comorbidades foram hipertens&#227;o arterial (90%) e diabetes (29%). Pacientes com ICFEN apresentaram valores menores da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes sem ICFEN (73,6 &#177; 35,4 <italic>vs.</italic> 94,1 &#177; 41,3 mL/min; p = 0,009). As principais vari&#225;veis obtidas pelo ecodopplercardiograma e pelo EDT foram FEVE (73,1 &#177; 8,1), E' (8,7 &#177; 2,6 cm/s), E/A (0,88 &#177; 0,47), massa do VE-I (90,3 &#177; 25,0 g/m<sup>2</sup>), E/E' (9,5 &#177; 4,9), VAE-I (31,5 &#177; 9,9 mL/m<sup>2</sup>) e DAE-I (2,4 &#177; 0,4 cm/m<sup>2</sup>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop00412tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0175-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica avaliada pelo ecodopplercardiograma foi diferente entre os dois grupos, com diferen&#231;a significativa para os par&#226;metros que descrevem o relaxamento ventricular (E' - 6,9 &#177; 2,0 cm/s <italic>vs.</italic> 9,3 &#177; 2,5 cm/s; p &lt; 0,0001) e a press&#227;o de enchimento do VE (rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' - 15,2 &#177; 6,4 <italic>vs.</italic> 7,6 &#177; 2,2; p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
    <p>A dosagem de BNP foi quase cinco vezes mais elevada entre pacientes com ICFEN (133,2 [117,0] pg/ml <italic>vs.</italic> 26,6 [16,0] pg/ml; p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
    <p>Para determinar a correla&#231;&#227;o do VAE-I e do DAE-I com os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, demonstrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop00412tab02">Tabela 2</xref>, os indiv&#237;duos foram avaliados como um &#250;nico grupo. Observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o VAE-I, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' e o BNP. Idade, massa do VE-I, E' e rela&#231;&#227;o E/A apresentaram uma interdepend&#234;ncia discreta com o VAE-I, enquanto o DAE-I relacionou-se, de modo discreto, com a idade, o BNP e a massa do VE-I.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop00412tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0175-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na detec&#231;&#227;o da ICFEN, as a&#233;reas sob a curva ROC foram de 0,89 (95% IC, 0,82 - 0,95; p &lt; 0,0001), para o VAE-I, e de 0,75 (95% IC, 0,65 - 0,84; p &lt; 0,0001), para o DAE-I. O ponto de coorte de 35 mL/m<sup>2</sup> para o VAE-I foi o que mais bem se relacionou ao diagn&#243;stico da ICFEN, havendo sensibilidade de 83%, especificidade de 83%, acur&#225;cia de 83% e raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva de 4,9. J&#225; o ponto de coorte de 2,4 cm/m<sup>2</sup>, para o DAE-I, apresentou sensibilidade de 71%, especificidade de 66%, acur&#225;cia de 67% e raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva de 2,1(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop00412fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop00412fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0175-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os achados deste estudo indicam que o VAE-I pode ser um marcador importante de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, al&#233;m de ajudar no diagn&#243;stico de ICFEN quando outras medidas como o BNP e o EDT n&#227;o estiverem dispon&#237;veis. Esta pesquisa tamb&#233;m mostra que o DAE-I &#233; um m&#233;todo menos acurado para diagnosticar a ICFEN.</p>
    <p>A medida do VAE &#233; uma t&#233;cnica simples, cujo aumento, embora n&#227;o seja padr&#227;o ouro para o diagn&#243;stico da ICFEN, est&#225; associado a anormalidades severas da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e &#233; um preditor independente para o desenvolvimento da IC<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, medida do VAE &#233; importante para o progn&#243;stico de pacientes, independentemente de doen&#231;a associada. Um estudo observacional, incluindo 6.657 pacientes sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e doen&#231;a valvar, mostrou que o VAE-I de 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> &#233; preditor independente de morte, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e AVC isqu&#234;mico<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>A medida do VAE &#233; clinicamente importante porque existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a remodela&#231;&#227;o do AE e os &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e os n&#237;veis do BNP, conforme demonstrado neste estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop00412tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). No entanto, as medidas de velocidade e intervalos de tempo, realizadas pelo ecodopplercardiograma, refletem as press&#245;es de enchimento no momento da medi&#231;&#227;o, enquanto o VAE, muitas vezes, reflete o efeito acumulativo de press&#245;es de enchimento ao longo do tempo. Mudan&#231;as do AE funcionam, portanto, como um bar&#244;metro do cora&#231;&#227;o e podem refletir o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para a import&#226;ncia do VAE no diagn&#243;stico e no progn&#243;stico da ICFEN &#233; o fato de o remodelamento do AE resultar da eleva&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica das press&#245;es do AE. Ademais, em pacientes com dispneia e com FEVE normal, a presen&#231;a do aumento do VAE oferece suporte para que essa dificuldade de respirar decorra da ICFEN. Dessa forma, a aus&#234;ncia de aumento do VAE ajuda a afastar o diagn&#243;stico da ICFEN<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diretrizes<sup>8,9</sup> utilizam o ponto de coorte de 40mL/m<sup>2</sup>, que, em nosso trabalho, mostrou alta sensibilidade, por&#233;m baixa especificidade para o diagn&#243;stico da ICFEN. No presente estudo, o ponto de coorte de 35 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, um pouco abaixo das diretrizes, ofereceu sensibilidade e especificidade de 83%, havendo acur&#225;cia de 83% para a confirma&#231;&#227;o da ICFEN em pacientes ambulatoriais com sintomas de IC.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram que o tamanho do &#225;trio naturalmente aumenta com o envelhecimento, o que nos levava a pensar que esse aumento poderia alterar a fun&#231;&#227;o atrial, elevando a possibilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais. Todavia, nenhum estudo que tenha avaliado o volume do &#225;trio confirmou essa observa&#231;&#227;o. Um estudo analisou essa quest&#227;o e comparou indiv&#237;duos jovens a idosos (maiores de 70 anos), descobrindo sutis mudan&#231;as nos extremos da idade<sup>7</sup>. Os estudos iniciais que demonstraram maior influ&#234;ncia da idade no tamanho do AE utilizaram m&#233;todos geometricamente menos rigorosos no modo M para essa avalia&#231;&#227;o<sup>15</sup> . Embora a medida da dimens&#227;o &#226;ntero-posterior do AE seja universalmente utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, pode ser de baixa acur&#225;cia como substituto do volume, porque o uso &#233; baseado na suposi&#231;&#227;o improv&#225;vel de que existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o constante entre as dimens&#245;es atriais, o que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi confirmado neste estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop00412fig02">Figura 2</xref>). A medida do VAE oferece maior acur&#225;cia do verdadeiro tamanho do AE e &#233; mais sens&#237;vel &#224;s mudan&#231;as do tamanho<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop00412fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0175-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, o DAE-I, apesar de mostrar uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com o VAE-I (r = 0,605; p &lt; 0,0001), apresenta menor acur&#225;cia (67%), sensibilidade (71%) e especificidade (66%) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao VAE-I, quando utilizado o ponto de coorte de 2,4 cm/m<sup>2</sup> para o diagn&#243;stico da ICFEN.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A medida do VAE-I &#233; capaz de prever a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e &#233; um m&#233;todo mais acurado que o DAE-I para o diagn&#243;stico da ICFEN em pacientes ambulatoriais com sinais ou sintomas de IC. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo ecodopplercardiograma para a investiga&#231;&#227;o da ICFEN, a medida do volume do AE indexada deveria ser realizada rotineiramente, em substitui&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida do di&#226;metro do AE.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge pela Universidade Federal Fluminense e Universidade federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="corresp" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ant&#244;nio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge </p>
        <p> Rua Coronel Bittencourt 66, Boa Vista </p>
        <p> 24900-000 - Maric&#225;, RJ, Brasil </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Owan TE, Hodge DO, Herges RM, Jacobsen SJ, Roger VL, Redfield MM. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(3):251-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>251</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>355</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Owan</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hodge</surname>
              <given-names>DO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herges</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobsen</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roger</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redfield</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Moutinho MAE, Colucci FA, Alcoforado V, Tavares LR, Rachid MB, Rosa ML, et al. Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada e com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica na comunidade. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008;90(2):132-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada e com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica na comunidade</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>132</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moutinho</surname>
              <given-names>MAE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colucci</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alcoforado</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rachid</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Tribouilloy C, Rusinaru D, Mahjoub H, Souli&#232;re V, L&#233;vy F, Peltier M, et al. Prognosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction a 5 year prospective population-based study. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(3):339-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction a 5 year prospective population-based study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>339</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tribouilloy</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rusinaru</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahjoub</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souli&#232;re</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#233;vy</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peltier</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Borlaug BA, Paulus WJ. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(6):670-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>670</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Borlaug</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paulus</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Bryg RJ, Williams GA, Labovitz AJ. Effect of aging on left ventricular diastolic filling in normal subjects. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59(9):971-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of aging on left ventricular diastolic filling in normal subjects</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>971</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bryg</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Labovitz</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Wei JY. Age and the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(24):1735-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Age and the cardiovascular system</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1735</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <volume>327</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wei</surname>
              <given-names>JY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Thomas L, Levett K, Boyd A, Leung DY, Schiller NB, Ross DL. Compensatory changes in atrial volumes with normal aging: is atrial enlargement inevitable? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(9):1630-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Compensatory changes in atrial volumes with normal aging: is atrial enlargement inevitable?</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1630</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levett</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boyd</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leung</surname>
              <given-names>DY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schiller</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ross</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Paulus WJ, Tsch&#246; C, Sanderson JE, Rusconi C, Flachskampf FA, Rademakers FE, et al. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(20):2539-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2539</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paulus</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsch&#246;</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanderson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rusconi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flachskampf</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rademakers</surname>
              <given-names>FE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Bocchi EA, Marcondes Braga FG, Ayub-Ferreira SM, Rohde LE, Oliveira WA, Almeida DR, et al. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.III Diretriz brasileira de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(supl 1):1-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia: III Diretriz brasileira de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcondes Braga</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ayub-Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Nagueh SF, Appleton CP, Gillebert TC, Marino PN, Oh JK, Smiseth OA, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiog. 2009;22(2):107-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiog</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>107</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nagueh</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Appleton</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gillebert</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marino</surname>
              <given-names>PN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smiseth</surname>
              <given-names>OA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Lang MR, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2006;7(2):79-108.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Recommendations for chamber quantification</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>79</fpage>
          <lpage>108</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bierig</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flachskampf</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellikka</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Tsang TS, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, Bailey KR, Seward JB. Risks for atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure in patients &gt;/=65 years of age with abnormal left ventricular diastolic relaxation. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93(1):54-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Risks for atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure in patients &gt;/=65 years of age with abnormal left ventricular diastolic relaxation</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>54</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tsang</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barnes</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gersh</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Abhayaratna WP, Seward JB, Appleton CP, Douglas PS, Oh JK, Tajik AF, et al. Left atrial size: physiologic determinants and clinical applications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(12):2357-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left atrial size: physiologic determinants and clinical applications</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2357</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abhayaratna</surname>
              <given-names>WP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Appleton</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Douglas</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tajik</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Lester SJ, Tajik JA, Nishimura RA, Oh JK, Khandheria BK, Seward JB. Unlocking the mysteries of diastolic function: deciphering the Rosetta Stone 10 years later. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(7):679-89.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Unlocking the mysteries of diastolic function: deciphering the Rosetta Stone 10 years later</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>679</fpage>
          <lpage>89</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lester</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tajik</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nishimura</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khandheria</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Lester SJ, Ryan EW, Schiller NB, Foster E. Best method in clinical practice and in research studies to determine left atrial size. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84(7):829-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Best method in clinical practice and in research studies to determine left atrial size</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>829</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lester</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ryan</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schiller</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Left atrium measurement in patients suspected of having heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The pathophysiological model of heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) focuses on the presence of diastolic dysfunction, which causes left atrial (LA) structural and functional changes. The LA size, an indicator of the chronic elevation of the left ventricular (LV) filling pressure, can be used as a marker of the presence of HFPEF, and it is easily obtained. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the accuracy of measuring the LA size by using indexed LA volume and diameter (ILAV and ILAD, respectively) for diagnosing HFPEF in ambulatory patients. METHODS: This study assessed 142 patients (mean age, 67.3 &#177; 11.4 years; 75% of the female sex) suspected of having HF, divided into two groups: with HFPEF (n = 35) and without HFPEF (n = 107). RESULTS: The diastolic function, assessed by use of Doppler echocardiography, showed a significant difference between the groups regarding the parameters assessing ventricular relaxation (E': 6.9 &#177; 2.0 cm/s vs. 9.3 &#177; 2.5 cm/s; p &lt; 0.0001) and LV filling pressure (E/E' ratio: 15.2 &#177; 6.4 vs. 7.6 &#177; 2.2; p &lt; 0.0001). The ILAV cutoff point of 35 mL/m2 best correlated with the diagnosis of HFPEF, showing sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 83%. The ILAD cutoff point of 2.4 cm/m2 showed sensitivity of 71%, specificity of 66%, and accuracy of 67%. CONCLUSION: For diagnosing HFPEF in ambulatory patients, the ILAV proved to be a more accurate parameter than ILAD. On echocardiographic assessment, ILAV, rather than ILAD, should be routinely measured. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiac volume</kwd>
        <kwd>heart atria</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>stroke volume</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Left atrium measurement in patients suspected of having heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Ant&#244;nio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge<sup>I</sup>; Mario Luiz Ribeiro<sup>I</sup>; Maria Luiza Garcia Rosa<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Volponi Licio<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Cl&#225;udio Maluhy Fernandes<sup>I</sup>; Pedro Gemal Lanzieri<sup>I</sup>; Bruno Afonso Lagoeiro Jorge<sup>I</sup>; Flavia Oliveira Xavier Brito; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niter&#243;i, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The pathophysiological model of heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) focuses on the presence of diastolic dysfunction, which causes left atrial (LA) structural and functional changes. The LA size, an indicator of the chronic elevation of the left ventricular (LV) filling pressure, can be used as a marker of the presence of HFPEF, and it is easily obtained.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To estimate the accuracy of measuring the LA size by using indexed LA volume and diameter (ILAV and ILAD, respectively) for diagnosing HFPEF in ambulatory patients.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This study assessed 142 patients (mean age, 67.3 &#177; 11.4 years; 75% of the female sex) suspected of having HF, divided into two groups: with HFPEF (n = 35) and without HFPEF (n = 107).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The diastolic function, assessed by use of Doppler echocardiography, showed a significant difference between the groups regarding the parameters assessing ventricular relaxation (E': 6.9 &#177; 2.0 cm/s vs. 9.3 &#177; 2.5 cm/s; p &lt; 0.0001) and LV filling pressure (E/E' ratio: 15.2 &#177; 6.4 vs. 7.6 &#177; 2.2; p &lt; 0.0001). The ILAV cutoff point of 35 mL/m2 best correlated with the diagnosis of HFPEF, showing sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 83%. The ILAD cutoff point of 2.4 cm/m2 showed sensitivity of 71%, specificity of 66%, and accuracy of 67%.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> For diagnosing HFPEF in ambulatory patients, the ILAV proved to be a more accurate parameter than ILAD. On echocardiographic assessment, ILAV, rather than ILAD, should be routinely measured. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Cardiac volume; heart atria; heart failure; stroke volume.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Epidemiological studies on heart failure (HF) have confirmed that HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is more prevalent than HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF)<sup>1-3</sup>. The pathophysiological model focuses on the presence of diastolic dysfunction, subsequent to abnormalities of relaxation or increased left ventricular (LV) stiffness, which retrogradely produces an elevation in the mean left atrial (LA) pressure, causing structural and functional changes in that chamber<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>The cardiovascular system is influenced by the normal aging process, with structural alterations and worsening of ventricular relaxation<sup>5,6</sup>. Contrary to that observed in transmitral flow measurement at early diastole, a recent study has reported that aging does not enlarge the atrium<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>Instead of increasing volume, the atrium compensates the change in ventricular filling caused by the delay in relaxation with the increase in blood volume during atrial contraction, while the conduit volume decreases in both the rapid filling phase and diastasis<sup>7</sup>. Atrial size is less influenced by aging; thus, alterations in volume can associate with ventricular pathologies<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of HFPEF is challenging, especially for ambulatory patients with exertional dyspnea and multiple comorbidities. To prevent low specificity in the diagnosis of HFPEF, the signs and symptoms of HF should be associated with objective measures of LV diastolic dysfunction or with the plasma levels of natriuretic peptides, according to recommendations of the guidelines published so far<sup>8,9</sup>. The use of Doppler echocardiography is fundamental to that diagnosis; however, the measure of the transmitral flow during diastole, the most used parameter to confirm alterations in relaxation, can be altered by normal aging<sup>4</sup>. The ratio of transmitral early LV filling velocity to early diastolic velocity of the mitral ring (E/E' ratio) with tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) is the major non-invasive marker for the diagnosis of HFPEF and is associated with LV filling pressure<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The LA size, a marker of chronic elevation of the LV filling pressure, can be used as one of the parameters to confirm the presence of HFPEF, and it is easily obtained<sup>10</sup>. Initially, the measure of the anteroposterior LA diameter (LAD) on echocardiography (M mode) was the only non-invasive method available for determining the LA size. However, limitations of the method indicate an underestimation of the actual atrial size. There are no studies comparing the accuracy of measuring indexed LA volume (ILAV) and indexed LAD (ILAD) for diagnosing HFPEF in ambulatory patients.</p>
      <p>This study aimed at estimating the accuracy of measuring the LA size by using ILAV and ILAD for diagnosing HFPEF in ambulatory patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is an observational, prospective, cross-sectional study involving 142 consecutive ambulatory patients suspected of having HF, assessed from September 2008 to December 2010. The patients underwent clinical, electrocardiographic, and Doppler echocardiographic assessment, in addition to measurement of their B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) blood levels. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was defined as the presence of signs or symptoms of HF, LV ejection fraction (LVEF) <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%, and diastolic dysfunction<sup>8,9</sup>. Patients with the following characteristics were excluded from this study: atrial fibrillation; pacemakers; severe heart valve disease; pericardial disease; and heart surgery within the last six months.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction considered the following criteria: (1) TDE showing E/E' ratio <underline>&gt;</underline> 15; and (2) E/E' ratio suggestive of diastolic dysfunction (&gt; 8 and &lt; 15). The confirmation of the diagnosis required other echocardiographic measurements, such as the following: indexed LV mass &gt; 122 g/m<sup>2</sup>, for women, and &gt; 149 g/m<sup>2</sup>, for men; and ratio between early and late LV filing velocity (E/A ratio) lower than 0.5, with a deceleration time of the E wave greater than 280 m/s, for individuals over 50 years of age. In addition to the echocardiographic criteria, a BNP level greater than 200 pg/mL was also used. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was excluded in patients with E/E' ratio and BNP level lower than 8 and 100 pg/mL, respectively<sup>8,9</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study was approved by the ethics committee on research in human beings of the medical school of the Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). All patients provided written informed consent at the time of inclusion in the study.</p>
      <p>Doppler echocardiography was performed by an echocardiographer with the VIVID 7 device (GE<sup>&#174;</sup>, USA), and analyzed by use of the ECHOPAC software by an experienced researcher, with no previous knowledge of the results of the other tests. The exam was performed according to the American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for chamber quantification<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The linear anteroposterior measurement of the LAD was obtained by use of M mode and indexed to body surface. The left atrial volume (LAV) was measured with the biplane method of discs (modified Simpson's rule), by use of the apical four and two-chamber view at end ventricular systole, and indexed to body surface. The parameters of diastolic function were estimated by use of the mean of five consecutive beats. The early (E) and late (A) transmitral flow and the deceleration time of the E wave were measured. The velocity of myocardial relaxation at early diastole (E') was assessed through TDE in the septal and lateral segments of the mitral ring, and the mean of those measurements was obtained. All exams were recorded in digital media for future analyses and reviews.</p>
      <p>The BNP blood level was measured by use of <italic>Triage BNP Test</italic> (Biosite, USA), a rapid fluoro immuno assay for the quantitative measurement of BNP, with <italic>Triage Meter</italic> reading. The BNP values were expressed as pg/mL.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> software, version 17.0. The continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, and the others as median. The Student <italic>t,</italic> Mann-Whitney, and chi-square tests were used to assess the difference of the means between continuous variables with normal distribution, between continuous variables without normal distribution, and between categorical variables, respectively. Pearson correlation was used to measure the association between ILAV, ILAD, and the clinical and echocardiographic variables. A receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was built to express the sensitivity and specificity of ILAV and ILAD in diagnosing HFPEF. A statistical significance level of 0.05 was adopted.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The major characteristics of the patients involved in this study are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop00412tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Their mean age was 67.3 &#177; 11.4 years, and 75% of them were of the female sex. The major comorbidities were arterial hypertension (90%) and diabetes (29%). Patients with HFPEF had lower values of estimated glomerular filtration rate as compared with patients without HFPEF (73.6 &#177; 35.4 vs. 94.1 &#177; 41.3 mL/min; p = 0.009). The major variables obtained by use of Doppler echocardiography and TDE were as follows: LVEF (73.1 &#177; 8.1); E' (8.7 &#177; 2.6 cm/s); E/A (0.88 &#177; 0.47); indexed LV mass (90.3 &#177; 25.0 g/m<sup>2</sup>); E/E' (9.5 &#177; 4.9); ILAV (31.5 &#177; 9.9 mL/m<sup>2</sup>); and ILAD (2.4 &#177; 0.4 cm/m<sup>2</sup>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop00412tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0175-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The diastolic function assessed by use of Doppler echocardiography differed between the two groups, and the difference was significant in ventricular relaxation (E': 6.9 &#177; 2.0 cm/s vs. 9.3 &#177; 2.5 cm/s; p &lt; 0.0001) and LV filling pressure (E/E' ratio: 15.2 &#177; 6.4 vs. 7.6 &#177; 2.2; p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
      <p>The BNP level was five times higher in patients with HFPEF (133.2 [117.0] pg/ml vs. 26.6 [16.0] pg/ml; p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
      <p>To determine the correlation of ILAV and ILAD with clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop00412tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>), the patients were assessed as a single group. A significant correlation between ILAV, E/E' ratio, and BNP was observed. The ILAV was mildly related to age, indexed LV mass, E', and E/A ratio, while the ILAD was mildly related to age, BNP, and indexed LV mass.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop00412tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0175-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In detecting HFPEF, the areas under the ROC curve were 0.89 (95% CI: 0.82 - 0.95; p &lt; 0.0001) for ILAV, and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.65 - 0.84; p &lt; 0.0001) for ILAD. The cutoff point of 35 mL/m<sup>2</sup> for ILAV best correlated with the diagnosis of HFPEF, with sensitivity of 83%, specificity of 83%, accuracy of 83%, and positive likelihood ratio of 4.9. The cutoff point of 2.4 cm/m<sup>2</sup> for ILAD had sensitivity of 71%, specificity of 66%, accuracy of 67%, and positive likelihood ratio of 2.1(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop00412fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop00412fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0175-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study's findings indicate that ILAV can be an important marker of diastolic dysfunction, in addition to helping in the diagnosis of HFPEF when other measures, such as BNP and TDE, are not available. This study also shows that ILAD is a less accurate method to diagnose HFPEF.</p>
      <p>Measuring LAV is simple, and, although it is not gold standard for diagnosing HFPEF, its increase is associated with severe abnormalities of the diastolic function, being an independent predictor of the development of HF<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>In addition, measuring LAV is important for the prognosis of patients, independently of their associated diseases. An observational study including 6,657 patients with previous history of neither atrial fibrillation nor heart valve disease has shown that an ILAV of 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> is an independent predictor of death, HF, atrial fibrillation, and ischemic stroke<sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>Evaluating LAV is clinically important because there is a significant relation between LA remodeling and the echocardiographic indices of diastolic function and BNP levels, as shown in this study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop00412tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). However, the velocity and time intervals measured by use of Doppler echocardiography reflect the filling pressures at the time of measurement, while LAV often reflects the cumulative effect of the filling pressures over time. Left atrial changes act, thus, as a barometer of the heart and can reflect the degree of LV diastolic dysfunction<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>A possible explanation for the importance of LAV in the diagnosis and prognosis of HFPEF is the fact that LA remodeling results from the chronic elevation in LA pressures. In patients with dyspnea and normal LVEF, the increase in LAV supports the hypothesis that the difficulty in breathing results from HFPEF. Thus, the lack of an increase in LAV helps to rule out the diagnosis of HFPEF<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some guidelines<sup>8,9</sup> use the cutoff point of 40mL/m<sup>2</sup>, which, in this study showed high sensitivity, but low specificity for the diagnosis of HFPEF. In this study, the cutoff point of 35 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, slightly lower than that of the guidelines, provided sensitivity and specificity of 83%, with 83% accuracy for confirming HFPEF in ambulatory patients with HF symptoms.</p>
      <p>Some previous studies have shown that the atrial size naturally enlarges with advancing age, leading to the hypothesis that such enlargement could alter atrial function, increasing the possibility of the occurrence of atrial arrhythmias. However, no study assessing atrial volume has confirmed that observation. A study, assessing that topic and comparing young and elderly individuals (over the age of 70 years), has reported subtle changes in the extremes of age<sup>7</sup>. Initial studies showing greater influence of age on the LA size has used less geometrically strict methods in M mode for that assessment<sup>15</sup>. Although the measurement of the anteroposterior LAD is universally used in clinical practice, it can have low accuracy as a surrogate for volume, because its use is based on the unlikely assumption that there is a constant relation between atrial dimensions, which was not confirmed in this study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop00412fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The LAV measurement offers greater accuracy for assessing the actual LA size, being more sensitive to changes in size<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop00412fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0175-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, although ILAD showed a significant correlation with ILAV (r = 0.605; p &lt; 0.0001), it had lower accuracy (67%), sensitivity (71%), and specificity (66%) as compared with ILAV, when the cutoff point of 2.4 cm/m<sup>2</sup> was used to diagnose HFPEF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The ILAV measurement can predict the presence of diastolic dysfunction and is a more accurate method than ILAD to diagnose HFPEF in ambulatory patients with signs or symptoms of HF. When assessing HFPEF by use of Doppler echocardiography, ILAV, rather than ILAD, should be routinely measured.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge, from Universidade Federal Fluminense e Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
