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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Ycr4tc8jznzqzyHqkYkK3tF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000200010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Automedida da press&#227;o arterial para o controle das cifras tensionais e para a ades&#227;o ao tratamento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Ludmila Porto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Lu&#237;za Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Goi&#225;s</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>167</fpage>
      <lpage>174</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A medida da press&#227;o arterial (PA) pelo pr&#243;prio paciente, sem protocolos r&#237;gidos, com treinamento adequado, aparelhos validados e no pr&#243;prio domic&#237;lio, &#233; definida como automedida da press&#227;o arterial (AMPA). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a interfer&#234;ncia da AMPA na ades&#227;o ao tratamento e no controle press&#243;rico. M&#201;TODOS: Participaram do estudo 57 pacientes, 38 no grupo de estudo (GE) e 19 no grupo de controle (GC). Esses pacientes foram seguidos por 12 meses e avaliados na randomiza&#231;&#227;o (V1), bem como no sexto (V2) e no d&#233;cimo segundo m&#234;s (V3). Comparadas as m&#233;dias da PA pela medida casual, pela AMPA e pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA), exames laboratoriais e as respostas ao question&#225;rio sobre o estilo de vida. Os aparelhos utilizados foram: OMRON HEM 714, para a AMPA; OMRON 705 CP, para a medida casual; e Monitor SPACELABS 9002, para a MAPA. RESULTADOS: A idade m&#233;dia em anos foi de 62,05 &#177; 10,78 e de 55,42 &#177; 11,87 no GE e no GC (p = 0,03), respectivamente. Os valores da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) pela medida casual no GE e no GC foram: 140,01 &#177; 16,73 mmHg e 141,79 &#177; 23,21 mmHg em V1 (p = 0,72); 135,49 &#177; 12,73 mmHg e 145,69 &#177; 19,31 mmHg em V2 (p = 0,02); 131,64 &#177; 19,28 mmHg e 134,88 &#177; 23,21 mmHg em V3 (p = 0,59). Os valores da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) foram: 84,13 &#177; 10,71 mmHg e 86,29 &#177; 10,35 mmHg em V1 (p = 0,47); 81,69 &#177; 10,88 mmHg e 89,61 &#177; 11,58 mmHg em V2 (p = 0,02); 80,31 &#177; 11,83 mmHg e 86 &#177; 13,38 mmHg em V3 (p = 0,12). CONCLUS&#195;O: Os pacientes do GE apresentaram ades&#227;o ao tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico semelhante ao GC, mas tiveram maior ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso e utilizaram menor n&#250;mero de drogas anti-hipertensivas. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos na compara&#231;&#227;o do perfil metab&#243;lico e da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Automedida da press&#227;o arterial para o controle das cifras tensionais e para a ades&#227;o ao tratamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso Souza; Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga Jardim; Ludmila Porto Brito; Fabr&#237;cio Alves Ara&#250;jo; Ana Lu&#237;za Lima Sousa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - UFGO, Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s, Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A medida da press&#227;o arterial (PA) pelo pr&#243;prio paciente, sem protocolos r&#237;gidos, com treinamento adequado, aparelhos validados e no pr&#243;prio domic&#237;lio, &#233; definida como automedida da press&#227;o arterial (AMPA). </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a interfer&#234;ncia da AMPA na ades&#227;o ao tratamento e no controle press&#243;rico. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Participaram do estudo 57 pacientes, 38 no grupo de estudo (GE) e 19 no grupo de controle (GC). Esses pacientes foram seguidos por 12 meses e avaliados na randomiza&#231;&#227;o (V1), bem como no sexto (V2) e no d&#233;cimo segundo m&#234;s (V3). Comparadas as m&#233;dias da PA pela medida casual, pela AMPA e pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA), exames laboratoriais e as respostas ao question&#225;rio sobre o estilo de vida. Os aparelhos utilizados foram: OMRON HEM 714, para a AMPA; OMRON 705 CP, para a medida casual; e Monitor SPACELABS 9002, para a MAPA. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A idade m&#233;dia em anos foi de 62,05 &#177; 10,78 e de 55,42 &#177; 11,87 no GE e no GC (p = 0,03), respectivamente. Os valores da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) pela medida casual no GE e no GC foram: 140,01 &#177; 16,73 mmHg e 141,79 &#177; 23,21 mmHg em V1 (p = 0,72); 135,49 &#177; 12,73 mmHg e 145,69 &#177; 19,31 mmHg em V2 (p = 0,02); 131,64 &#177; 19,28 mmHg e 134,88 &#177; 23,21 mmHg em V3 (p = 0,59). Os valores da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) foram: 84,13 &#177; 10,71 mmHg e 86,29 &#177; 10,35 mmHg em V1 (p = 0,47); 81,69 &#177; 10,88 mmHg e 89,61 &#177; 11,58 mmHg em V2 (p = 0,02); 80,31 &#177; 11,83 mmHg e 86 &#177; 13,38 mmHg em V3 (p = 0,12). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os pacientes do GE apresentaram ades&#227;o ao tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico semelhante ao GC, mas tiveram maior ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso e utilizaram menor n&#250;mero de drogas anti-hipertensivas. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos na compara&#231;&#227;o do perfil metab&#243;lico e da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Press&#227;o arterial, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial/instrumenta&#231;&#227;o, ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ades&#227;o ao tratamento significa o quanto o comportamento do paciente coincide com a prescri&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos e com o seguimento das orienta&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; ado&#231;&#227;o de um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel. Entre os diversos fatores respons&#225;veis pela baixa ades&#227;o ao tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA), os principais s&#227;o: natureza oligossintom&#225;tica e cr&#244;nica da HA; fator socioecon&#244;mico e cultural; entendimento e percep&#231;&#227;o inadequados do problema; aspectos relacionados ao sistema de sa&#250;de; rela&#231;&#227;o entre os profissionais de sa&#250;de e o paciente; e complexidade do regime terap&#234;utico<sup>1</sup>. Para melhorar a ades&#227;o do paciente, &#233; fundamental inseri-lo no processo do tratamento, informando sobre a import&#226;ncia de saber e atingir as metas press&#243;ricas.</p>
    <p>A medida da press&#227;o arterial pelo pr&#243;prio paciente em domic&#237;lio, com aparelhos validados e ap&#243;s treinamento adequado, &#233; o conceito que define a automedida da press&#227;o arterial (AMPA). A AMPA est&#225; menos sujeita &#224;s interfer&#234;ncias que comumente observamos nas medidas realizadas pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de em ambientes hospitalares, bem como apresenta valores mais pr&#243;ximos da realidade do dia a dia<sup>2</sup>. A superioridade dessa metodologia, quando comparada &#224; medida casual da press&#227;o arterial (PA), tanto no diagn&#243;stico quanto no progn&#243;stico de pacientes hipertensos, j&#225; come&#231;a a ser demonstrada em alguns estudos<sup>3,4</sup> com impacto no melhor controle da PA, decorrente de maior ades&#227;o ao tratamento, na diminui&#231;&#227;o da in&#233;rcia do profissional de sa&#250;de perante os n&#237;veis tensionais elevados<sup>5</sup> e na redu&#231;&#227;o do uso desnecess&#225;rio de drogas anti-hipertensivas, em virtude da identifica&#231;&#227;o dos portadores do efeito do avental branco<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em estudo recente foi demonstrado que a automedida apresenta melhor correla&#231;&#227;o e compara&#231;&#227;o com a MAPA do que a medida casual, devendo ser considerada uma alternativa barata e eficaz para o acompanhamento da PA na popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os valores da PA obtidos pela automedida s&#227;o menores do que os da medida casual, correla&#231;&#227;o essa que permanece na amplitude de redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos com o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. Apesar de serem menores, esses n&#250;meros t&#234;m maior valor preditivo para os desfechos cardiovasculares por haver elimina&#231;&#227;o do efeito do avental branco com os m&#233;todos de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o. Em m&#233;dia, os valores s&#227;o 20% menores na AMPA se comparados &#224; medida casual<sup>8</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, os hipertensos acompanhados com a AMPA apresentam melhor controle press&#243;rico em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles acompanhados pela medida casual. Essa melhora &#233; discreta, mas significativa, e ainda pode ser implementada na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de metodologias que permitem o autoajuste da medica&#231;&#227;o pelo paciente, com acompanhamento &#224; dist&#226;ncia pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de<sup>5,9</sup>. Interessante notar que, mesmo com poucas medidas, a AMPA tem melhor valor preditivo para o acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) do que a medida casual, entretanto, quanto maior o n&#250;mero de medidas, melhor &#233; a predi&#231;&#227;o de risco<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A superioridade dos m&#233;todos de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da PA comparados &#224; medida casual, tanto para o diagn&#243;stico quanto para o progn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o, est&#225; bem sedimentada. Esses m&#233;todos devem, sempre que poss&#237;vel, integrar o atendimento aos pacientes<sup>11-14</sup>. O que ainda permanece em discuss&#227;o &#233; se a inclus&#227;o do paciente como sujeito no processo de tratamento da doen&#231;a, medindo a PA em ambiente domiciliar e passando a ter conhecimento desses valores, interfere, de forma ben&#233;fica, no controle das cifras tensionais e na ades&#227;o ao tratamento.</p>
    <p>Com base nesses conhecimentos, desenvolvemos um estudo para analisar se o emprego da automedida da PA por um per&#237;odo de 12 meses implicaria melhor controle press&#243;rico e metab&#243;lico, mudan&#231;as favor&#225;veis nos h&#225;bitos de vida e, em &#250;ltima inst&#226;ncia, aumento da ades&#227;o ao tratamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Humana, sob o n&#250;mero 144/07, no dia 26 de setembro de 2007. Todos os participantes foram informados sobre os procedimentos do estudo e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico e randomizado na propor&#231;&#227;o 2:1. A amostra foi constitu&#237;da por 57 pacientes em acompanhamento h&#225; mais de cinco anos pela Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial (LHA), do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, e foi distribu&#237;da em grupo de estudo (GE) e grupo de controle (GC). </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: adultos de ambos os sexos (maiores de 18 e menores de 70 anos); portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial sob tratamento medicamentoso; e seguimento regular &#224;s consultas agendadas (o crit&#233;rio de regularidade foi o comparecimento a todas as consultas no ano anterior). Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: impossibilidade ou nega&#231;&#227;o para assinar o termo de consentimento; participa&#231;&#227;o em outros protocolos de pesquisa; portadores de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas em est&#225;gios terminais; portadores de hipertens&#227;o em est&#225;gio III<sup>8</sup> ou hipertens&#227;o resistente; obesidade (IMC &gt; 30 kg/m&#178;); arritmia card&#237;aca; hist&#243;ria de eventos cardiocirculat&#243;rios nos &#250;ltimos seis meses (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral, ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio); insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada: diabetes descompensada ou outras patologias que, no julgamento do investigador, pudessem comprometer o estudo; hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria; e terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal que n&#227;o estivesse em dose est&#225;vel h&#225; pelo menos seis meses.</p>
    <p>De acordo com o protocolo, os pacientes foram acompanhados durante 12 meses, com visitas m&#233;dicas trimestrais e realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares na randomiza&#231;&#227;o e a cada seis meses. </p>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis de GE e GC, utilizamos os dados obtidos na randomiza&#231;&#227;o, por conven&#231;&#227;o identificada como visita 1 (V1), no 6&#186; m&#234;s (V2) e no 12&#186; m&#234;s (V3). </p>
    <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o proposta pelo protocolo foi a entrega do aparelho validado de AMPA, marca OMRON (HEM714), aos pacientes do GE, ap&#243;s o treinamento para uso adequado. Esse grupo foi orientado a medir e anotar os valores da press&#227;o arterial, em di&#225;rio de protocolo, pelo menos duas vezes na semana (segundas e sextas-feiras) em hor&#225;rios aleat&#243;rios, local tranquilo, sem ter praticado exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos h&#225; 60 minutos, sem ter se alimentado, ingerido bebida alco&#243;lica e caf&#233; ou fumado at&#233; 30 minutos antes e sem falar durante as medidas. Os pacientes ainda foram solicitados para anotar os valores obtidos logo ap&#243;s a finaliza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento em di&#225;rio, que foi entregue a cada tr&#234;s meses durante as consultas agendadas na LHA. </p>
    <p>As cifras tensionais nos dois grupos foram avaliadas por meio da medida casual em todas as visitas, adotando-se as t&#233;cnicas recomendadas pelas <italic>VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</italic><sup>15</sup>. A PA foi aferida com esfigmoman&#244;metro autom&#225;tico digital validado (OMRON 705 CP), com o paciente na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, ap&#243;s dez minutos de repouso, o bra&#231;o apoiado e na altura do prec&#243;rdio. Foram realizadas duas medidas com intervalo de dois minutos, e considerou-se a m&#233;dia dessas medidas como o valor da PA em cada visita.</p>
    <p>A MAPA foi realizada tanto no GE quanto no GC na randomiza&#231;&#227;o, no 6&#186; e 12&#186; meses de seguimento. Utilizamos o Monitor Spacelabs 9002 (m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico), e as medidas foram padronizadas a cada 15 minutos no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia (de 7h a 23h) e a cada 20 minutos no per&#237;odo de sono (de 23h a 7h). Todavia, os dados foram considerados v&#225;lidos quando a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o aconteceu por um per&#237;odo de 24h &#177; 2h e o percentual de sucesso de leituras foi superior a 80% das medidas realizadas<sup>16</sup>. Tanto a MAPA quanto a medida casual foram consideradas para a an&#225;lise comparativa da PA entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>Os par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos foram avaliados desta forma: (i) massa corporal - indiv&#237;duos vestidos com roupas leves e sem cal&#231;ados, utilizando balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica da marca Toledo, com precis&#227;o de 100g; (ii) altura - indiv&#237;duos descal&#231;os, utilizando estadi&#244;metro da marca Filizola, com precis&#227;o de 1mm; (iii) &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) - uso da f&#243;rmula estabelecida por Quetelet (IMC = peso em kg/altura&#178; em metros)<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em todas as visitas, tamb&#233;m coletamos dados referentes &#224; ades&#227;o ao tratamento, a saber: regularidade na pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica (pelo menos tr&#234;s vezes por semana), h&#225;bitos alimentares, tabagismo, ingest&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica, uso regular e quantidade de anti-hipertensivos ingeridos ao dia. Al&#233;m disso, na randomiza&#231;&#227;o e semestralmente, foram realizados eletrocardiograma, glicemia, perfil lip&#237;dico e creatinina.</p>
    <p>Esses dados foram armazenados e estruturados no programa Excel Microsoft, para posterior an&#225;lise no <italic>software Statistical Package of Social Science</italic> (SPSS) para Windows, vers&#227;o 15.0. Utilizou-se o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov para verificar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;veis estudadas. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre GE e GC, foi usado o teste t de Student para os dados independentes nas vari&#225;veis que apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados que n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, empregou-se o teste Mann-Whitney. O teste qui-quadrado foi usado para verificar a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos no que concerne &#224;s vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas (atividade f&#237;sica, alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel, uso de &#225;lcool e tabagismo).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi de 62,05 &#177; 10,78 anos e de 55,42 &#177; 11,87 anos no GE e no GC (p = 0,03), respectivamente, e o tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento em meses foi de 10,68 &#177; 2,07 no GE e de 10,61 &#177; 2,52 no GC (p = 0,90). Houve abandono ao protocolo por um paciente do GE e por um paciente do GC, pois n&#227;o realizaram a V3. Ainda no GC, ocorreu um &#243;bito dois meses ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis consideradas na randomiza&#231;&#227;o e ao longo do estudo est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop00512tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. Realizamos a compara&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PA obtidos pela medida casual nas visitas 1, 2 e 3, e foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas favor&#225;veis ao GE tanto para a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) quanto para a diast&#243;lica (PAD) no sexto m&#234;s. As diferen&#231;as desaparecem aos 12 meses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop00512fig01">Figura 1</xref>). Na an&#225;lise das m&#233;dias da PA por meio da MAPA, os resultados foram semelhantes em todas as visitas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop00512fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop00512tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0167-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop00512fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0167-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop00512fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0167-00010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos, os valores da glicemia, do colesterol total, do LDL colesterol e dos triglicer&#237;deos foram ligeiramente superiores no GC durante todas as visitas, mas sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &gt; 0,05) na an&#225;lise comparativa entre os grupos. Os valores da glicemia no GE foram de 96,39 &#177; 24,95 mg/dl na V1, de 99,42 &#177; 32,21 mg/dl na V2 e de 97,17 &#177; 30,18 mg/dl na V3, enquanto no GC foram de 106,43 &#177; 30,75 mg/dl na V1, de 115,62 &#177; 41,83 mg/dl na V2 e de 103,80 &#177; 15,38 mg/dl na V3. Os valores do colesterol total no GE foram de 184,19 &#177; 43,55 mg/dl na V1, de 181,06 &#177; 38,56 mg/dl na V2 e de 181,68 &#177; 38,94 mg/dl na V3, ao passo que no GC foram de 199,56 &#177; 51,27 mg/dl na V1, de 191,92 &#177; 37,16 mg/dl na V2 e de 192,55 &#177; 37,24 mg/dl na V3. No que diz respeito aos triglicer&#237;deos, os valores no GE foram de 128,37 &#177; 54,63 mg/dl na V1, de 146,79 &#177; 102,87 mg/dl na V2 e de 138,75 &#177; 63,86 mg/dl na V3, j&#225; no GC foram de 173,25 &#177; 68,03mg/dl na V1, de 174,85 &#177; 66,08 mg/dl na V2 e de 142,91 &#177; 77,68 mg/dl na V3. A creatinina apresentou valores muito semelhantes nos dois grupos em todos os momentos: 0,89 &#177; 0,27 mg/dl e 0,84 &#177; 0,17 mg/dl na V1; 0,91 &#177; 0,26 mg/dl e 0,84 &#177; 0,15 mg/dl na V2; 0,90 &#177; 0,37 mg/dl e 0,84 &#177; 0,12 mg/dl na V3, para o GE e o GC, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de ades&#227;o ao tratamento, observamos que, tanto na randomiza&#231;&#227;o quanto no seguimento, os grupos tiveram comportamento semelhante no que diz respeito ao chamado tratamento n&#227;o medicamentoso. A pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica no GE e no GC esteve presente, respectivamente, em 65,8% e 47,4% dos pacientes na V1 (p = 0,09); em 67,6% e 61,1% na V2 (p = 0,22); e em 67,6% e 58,8% na V3 (p = 0,19). A ingesta alimentar de acordo com as orienta&#231;&#245;es nutricionais ocorreu no GE e no GC, respectivamente, em 91,1% e 78,9% na V1 (p = 0,12); em 97,4% e 88,9% na V2 (p = 0,21); e em 97,3% e 100% na V3 (p = 0,68). O tabagismo foi observado no GE e no GC, respectivamente, em 7,9% e 5,3% na V1 (p = 0,40); em 5,3% e 0% na V2 (p = 0,45); e em 5,3% e 0% na V3 (p = 0,31).</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; an&#225;lise de ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, ocorreu uma diferen&#231;a significativa e favor&#225;vel ao GE na visita 3, quando 100% da amostra estava em uso regular da medica&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop00512tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop00512tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0167-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Por derradeiro, tamb&#233;m comparamos a quantidade de classes de drogas anti-hipertensivas utilizadas e verificamos um n&#250;mero de drogas semelhantes na V1 e na V2, mas diferentes na V3 (o maior n&#250;mero de drogas utilizadas foi no grupo controle; <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop00512tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop00512tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0167-00010-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados encontrados demonstraram, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle da PA avaliado pela medida casual, que o GE atingiu mais rapidamente as metas de tratamento com diferen&#231;a significativa no sexto m&#234;s, tanto para a PAS (p = 0,02) quanto para a PAD (p = 0,02). Esses valores tendem a igualar-se no 12&#186; m&#234;s, embora permane&#231;am mais baixos no GE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop00512fig01">Figura 1</xref>). Essa diferen&#231;a pode ser explicada por uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da in&#233;rcia ao tratamento, observada nos profissionais de sa&#250;de e nos pacientes, bem como em outros estudos com objetos de estudo semelhantes<sup>18,19</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a diferen&#231;a pode ser decorrente do aumento da ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico.</p>
    <p>Devemos destacar que alguns estudos demonstraram resultados ainda melhores quando se permitiu e orientou ao paciente fazer autoajustes nas doses dos medicamentos, de acordo com a AMPA<sup>5,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A obten&#231;&#227;o de metas press&#243;ricas mais precoces &#233; um dos aspectos importantes no tratamento da HA, com impacto j&#225; comprovado na diminui&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos cardiovasculares, como foi demonstrado no estudo VALUE, em que a obten&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida do controle press&#243;rico resultou em menor incid&#234;ncia de desfechos nesse grupo<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise do comportamento da PA avaliada pela MAPA, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as significativas nos valores m&#233;dios nas 24h tanto para a PAS quanto para a PAD, apesar da tend&#234;ncia para a diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA no grupo de estudo e para o aumento no grupo de controle, principalmente no primeiro semestre. Essa diferen&#231;a no comportamento entre a medida casual e a MAPA j&#225; foi explicada em outros estudos pela elimina&#231;&#227;o do efeito do avental branco, quando a PA foi avaliada por m&#233;todos de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o<sup>21,22</sup>. Mesmo em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos acompanhados h&#225; muito tempo em servi&#231;os especializados, a persist&#234;ncia desse efeito &#233; um fato e pode acometer, de forma substancial, um ter&#231;o dos pacientes<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os valores da glicemia, do perfil lip&#237;dico e da creatinina foram similares nos dois grupos em todas as visitas, sendo interessante ressaltar que tanto o GE quanto o GC apresentaram valores dentro das metas desde o in&#237;cio e ao longo de todo o estudo.</p>
    <p>Os resultados encontrados na an&#225;lise de ades&#227;o ao tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico por meio da avalia&#231;&#227;o da pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica, da ado&#231;&#227;o de dieta saud&#225;vel de acordo com a orienta&#231;&#227;o da equipe de nutri&#231;&#227;o da LHA e do controle dos h&#225;bitos da ingest&#227;o regular de bebida alco&#243;lica e do tabagismo n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos. Nesse caso, deve-se considerar que a amostra analisada foi constitu&#237;da por pacientes seguidos no servi&#231;o h&#225; muito tempo e que a orienta&#231;&#227;o para a ado&#231;&#227;o de um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel &#233; rotineira para esses pacientes. Embora tal infer&#234;ncia tenha uma s&#233;rie de limita&#231;&#245;es e n&#227;o seja poss&#237;vel afirmar que, em popula&#231;&#245;es menos esclarecidas, os resultados seriam diferentes, &#233; prov&#225;vel que, nessa amostra, esse fator possa ter interferido no resultado.</p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, o GE apresentou, ao final do acompanhamento, 100% de uso regular dos anti-hipertensivos; enquanto no GC esse n&#250;mero foi de 88,2% (p = 0,03). Tamb&#233;m ocorreu uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa do n&#250;mero de classe de anti-hipertensivos utilizados no GE em compara&#231;&#227;o ao GC, na visita 3 (p = 0,04). Esses achados coincidem com aqueles da literatura, j&#225; tendo sido demonstrado previamente que, quando os m&#233;todos de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da PA s&#227;o utilizados para o acompanhamento dos pacientes, pela possibilidade de identifica&#231;&#227;o do efeito do avental branco, &#233; poss&#237;vel obter melhor controle press&#243;rico com menor necessidade de medicamentos<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A automedida da press&#227;o arterial em pacientes hipertensos foi capaz de melhorar o controle da PA, avaliado pela medida casual nos primeiros seis meses de seguimento. Entretanto, essa diferen&#231;a desaparece ap&#243;s 12 meses.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico e ao perfil metab&#243;lico, por&#233;m, houve maior ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso e menor necessidade de drogas anti-hipertensivas no grupo de estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O fato de a amostra estudada ser constitu&#237;da por pacientes de um centro de refer&#234;ncia para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial por meio do bom controle press&#243;rico e metab&#243;lico, em que h&#225; orienta&#231;&#227;o exaustiva quanto &#224; import&#226;ncia da ades&#227;o ao tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial, pode ter sido um fator limitante para que maiores diferen&#231;as entre os grupos fossem observadas.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="corresp" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Kunz Sebba Barroso de Souza </p>
        <p> Rua 70, n. 250, apt 1801, ed. Lyon, Jardim Goi&#225;s </p>
        <p> 74810-350 - Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="weimarsb@cardiol.br">weimarsb@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="wsebba@uol.com.br">wsebba@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 02/07/11; revisado recebido em 23/08/11; aceito em 23/08/11.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Self measurement of blood pressure for control of blood pressure levels and adherence to treatment</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The measurement of blood pressure (BP) by the patient himself without strict protocols, adequate training, and validated equipment at their own household is defined as self measured blood pressure (SMBP). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the interference of the SMBP in treatment adherence and blood pressure control. METHODS: The study included 57 patients, 38 in the study group (SG) and 19 in the control group (CG). These patients were followed for 12 months and assessed at randomization (V1) as well as in the sixth (V2) and the twelfth month (V3). Compare the mean blood pressure by casual measurement, by SMBP and by ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure (AMBP), laboratory tests and the answers to the questionnaire on lifestyle. The instruments used were: OMRON HEM 714, for SMBP; OMRON 705 CP, for the casual measurement, and Monitor SPACELABS 9002 for the AMBP. RESULTS: The average age was 62.05 &#177; 10.78 in the SG and 55.42 &#177; 11.87 in the CG (p = 0.03). The values of systolic blood pressure (SBP) by casual measurement in the SG and CG were: 140.01 &#177; 16.73 mmHg and 141.79 &#177; 23.21 mmHg in V1 (p = 0.72), 135.49 &#177; 12.73 mmHg and 145.69 &#177; 19.31 mmHg in V2 (p = 0.02), 131.64 &#177; 19.28 mmHg and 134.88 &#177; 23.21 mmHg at V3 (p = 0.59). The values of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were: 84.13 &#177; 10.71 mmHg and 86.29 &#177; 10.35 mmHg in V1 (p = 0.47), 81.69 &#177; 10.88 mmHg and 89.61 V2 &#177; 11.58 mmHg (p = 0.02), 80.31 &#177; 11.83 mmHg and 86 &#177; 13.38 mmHg in V3 (p = 0.12). CONCLUSION: Patients in the SG had adherence to non-pharmacological treatment similar to the CG, but they had greater adherence to drug treatment and used fewer antihypertensive drugs. There was no difference between groups when comparing the metabolic profile and renal function. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure monitoring, ambulatory</kwd>
        <kwd>medication adherence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Self measurement of blood pressure for control of blood pressure levels and adherence to treatment</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso Souza; Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga Jardim; Ludmila Porto Brito; Fabr&#237;cio Alves Ara&#250;jo; Ana Lu&#237;za Lima Sousa</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - UFGO, Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s, Brasil </p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The measurement of blood pressure (BP) by the patient himself without strict protocols, adequate training, and validated equipment at their own household is defined as self measured blood pressure (SMBP).</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the interference of the SMBP in treatment adherence and blood pressure control.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study included 57 patients, 38 in the study group (SG) and 19 in the control group (CG). These patients were followed for 12 months and assessed at randomization (V1) as well as in the sixth (V2) and the twelfth month (V3). Compare the mean blood pressure by casual measurement, by SMBP and by ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure (AMBP), laboratory tests and the answers to the questionnaire on lifestyle. The instruments used were: OMRON HEM 714, for SMBP; OMRON 705 CP, for the casual measurement, and Monitor SPACELABS 9002 for the AMBP.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The average age was 62.05 &#177; 10.78 in the SG and 55.42 &#177; 11.87 in the CG (p = 0.03). The values of systolic blood pressure (SBP) by casual measurement in the SG and CG were: 140.01 &#177; 16.73 mmHg and 141.79 &#177; 23.21 mmHg in V1 (p = 0.72), 135.49 &#177; 12.73 mmHg and 145.69 &#177; 19.31 mmHg in V2 (p = 0.02), 131.64 &#177; 19.28 mmHg and 134.88 &#177; 23.21 mmHg at V3 (p = 0.59). The values of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were: 84.13 &#177; 10.71 mmHg and 86.29 &#177; 10.35 mmHg in V1 (p = 0.47), 81.69 &#177; 10.88 mmHg and 89.61 V2 &#177; 11.58 mmHg (p = 0.02), 80.31 &#177; 11.83 mmHg and 86 &#177; 13.38 mmHg in V3 (p = 0.12).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Patients in the SG had adherence to non-pharmacological treatment similar to the CG, but they had greater adherence to drug treatment and used fewer antihypertensive drugs. There was no difference between groups when comparing the metabolic profile and renal function. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Blood pressure; blood pressure monitoring, ambulatory/instrumentation; medication adherence.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Treatment adherence is the extent the patient's behavior coincides with the prescription of drugs and the following guidelines related to the adoption of a healthy lifestyle. Among the many factors responsible for poor adherence to treatment of hypertension (AH), the main ones are: oligosymptomatic and chronic nature of hypertension, socioeconomic and cultural factors, inadequate understanding and awareness of the problem, aspects related to the health system; relationship between health professionals and patients, and complexity of the therapeutic system<sup>1</sup>. To improve patient compliance, it is essential to insert him in the treatment process, informing them of the importance of knowing and achieving blood pressure goals.</p>
      <p>The blood pressure measurement by the patient at home with validated devices and after proper training is the concept that defines the self measured blood pressure (SMBP). The SMBP is less subject to interference that commonly observed in measurements performed by health professionals in hospital settings, and has values closer to the reality of day to day<sup>2</sup>. The superiority of this methodology, as compared to casual measurement of blood pressure (BP), both the diagnosis and prognosis of hypertensive patients, already being demonstrated in some studies<sup>3,4</sup> have an impact on better BP control, due to greater adherence to treatment in reducing the inertia of the health care professional to increased<sup>5</sup> blood pressure levels and reduce the unnecessary use of antihypertensive drugs, due to the identification of carriers of the white coat<sup>6</sup> effect.</p>
      <p>Recent studies demonstrated that self measured BP has a better correlation and comparison with the AMBP than casual measurement, and it should be considered a cheap and effective monitoring of BP in the hypertensive<sup>7</sup> population.</p>
      <p>BP values obtained by self measured BP are smaller than those of the casual measurement, and this correlation remains in the range of reduction of blood pressure with pharmacological treatment. Although they are smaller, these numbers are more predictive of cardiovascular outcomes because there is elimination of the white-coat effect with the monitoring methods. On average, the values are 20% lower in SMBP as compared to casual<sup>8</sup> measurement. In addition, hypertensive patients accompanied with the SMBP have better blood pressure control compared to those followed by the casual measurement. This improvement is slight, but significant, and it can still be implemented in the use of methodologies that allow the self-adjustment of the medication by the patient, monitored remotely by health professionals<sup>5,9</sup>. It is interesting to notice that, even with a few measures, the SMBP has better predictive value for stroke (CVA) of the casual measurement, however, the greater the number of measures, the better the risk prediction<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The superiority of the methods of BP monitoring as compared to casual measurement, both for the diagnosis and prognosis of hypertension, is well regimented. These methods should, where possible, integrate the care of patients<sup>11-14</sup>. What remains at issue is whether the inclusion of the patient as a subject in the process of treating disease by measuring blood pressure at home having knowledge of these values, interferes, in a beneficial way in controlling blood pressure levels and adherence to treatment.</p>
      <p>Based on this knowledge, we developed a study to examine whether the use of self measured BP for a period of 12 months it would mean better control of blood pressure and metabolism, favorable changes in lifestyle and, ultimately, increased adherence to treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The protocol was approved by the Ethics in Human Research, under number 144/07, on September 26, 2007. All participants were informed about the study procedures and signed an informed consent.</p>
      <p>This is a prospective, randomized unicentric study in 2:1 ratio. The sample consisted of 57 patients monitored for more than five years by the Arterial Hypertension League (AHL), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Federal University of Goi&#225;s, and it was distributed in study group (SG) and control group (CG).</p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria were adults of both genders (age 18 and less than 70 years) with arterial hypertension under drug treatment, and at regular follow-up appointments (the criterion was regular attendance at all visits in the previous year). Exclusion criteria were: inability or refusal to sign the consent form, participation in other research protocols, patients with chronic diseases in terminal stages, patients with hypertension stage III<sup>8</sup> or resistant hypertension, obesity (BMI&gt; 30 kg / m&#178;) , cardiac arrhythmia, history of cardiocirculatory events in the last six months (acute myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack), chronic renal failure, decompensated heart failure, decompensated diabetes or other diseases that, according to the investigator, could compromise the study, secondary hypertension, and hormone replacement therapy that was not on stable dose for at least six months.</p>
      <p>According to the protocol, patients were followed for 12 months, with quarterly medical visits and other examinations at randomization and every six months.</p>
      <p>Comparing the experimental and control groups of variables, we use the data obtained at randomization, as identified by convention visit 1 (V1), at 6 months (V2) and at 12 months (V3).</p>
      <p>The intervention protocol was proposed by the delivery of SMBP validated device, OMRON brand (HEM714), patients in the EG after training for proper use. This group was instructed to measure and record the blood pressure values in daily protocol at least twice a week (Mondays and Fridays) at random times and quiet place, without having practiced physical exercise for 60 minutes, without intake of food or alcohol and coffee or smoked up to 30 minutes previously without talking before and during the measurements. Patients were also asked to write down the values obtained after the completion of the procedure daily, which was delivered every three months during the appointments in AHL.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure levels in both groups were evaluated by measuring casual at all visits, adopting the techniques recommended by the VI Brazilian Guidelines on Arterial Hypertension<sup>15</sup>. The BP was measured using a validated automatic digital sphygmomanometer (OMRON 705 CP) with the patient seated, after ten minutes of rest, and arm supported at the time of the precordium. It was measured twice with an interval of two minutes, and we considered the mean value as the value of BP at each visit.</p>
      <p>AMBP was performed in both the SG and CG in the randomization, at 6 and 12 months follow-up. We used the Monitor Spacelabs 9002 (oscillometric method), and measures were standardized every 15 minutes during wakefulness (7h to 23h) and every 20 minutes during sleep (from 23h to 7h). However, the data were considered valid when monitoring took place over a period of 24 &#177; 2 hours and the percentage of successful readings was greater than 80% of the measures performed<sup>16</sup>. Both the AMBP and the casual measurements were considered for the comparative analysis of BP between the groups.</p>
      <p>The anthropometric parameters were assessed as follows: (i) body mass individuals wearing light clothing and without shoes, using the brand Toledo electronic scale, accurate to 100g, (ii) height - barefoot individuals, using the Filizola stadiometer, accurate to 1mm, (iii) body mass index (BMI) - use the formula established by Quetelet (BMI = weight in kg / height<sup>2</sup> in meters)<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>In all visits, we also collected data on adherence to treatment, namely the practice of regular physical activity (at least three times per week), dietary habits, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular use and number of antihypertensive ingested daily. In addition, at randomization and every six months, were conducted electrocardiogram, blood glucose, lipid profile and creatinine.</p>
      <p>These data were stored and structured in Excel Microsoft for further analysis in the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) for Windows, version 15.0. We used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to verify the normal distribution of variables. In the comparison between experimental and control groups, we used the Student t test for independent data on the variables that were normally distributed. With regard to data not normally distributed, we used the Mann-Whitney test. The chi-square test was used to detect differences between groups with respect to categorical variables (physical activity, healthy eating, alcohol intake and smoking habit).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mean age was 62.05 &#177; 10.78 years in the SG and 55.42 &#177; 11.87 years in the CG (p = 0.03), and mean duration of follow-up was 10.68 months &#177; 2.07 in the SG and 10.61 &#177; 2.52 in CG (p = 0.90). There was abandoning of the protocol by a patient of the SG and CG, because they did not perform the V3. Also in the CG, one patient died two months after randomization.</p>
      <p>The variables considered in the randomization and throughout the study are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop00512tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. We performed the comparison of BP levels obtained by the casual measurement on visits 1, 2 and 3, and significant differences were found in favor of the SG for both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and for diastolic (DBP) in the sixth month. The differences disappeared by 12 months (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop00512fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). In analyzing the BP through the AMBP, the results were similar in all visits (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop00512fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>Regarding metabolic parameters, blood glucose values, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were slightly higher in the CG during all visits, but without statistical significance (p&gt; 0.05) in the comparative analysis between the groups. Blood glucose values in the SG were 96.39 &#177; 24.95 mg / dl in V1, 99.42 &#177; 32.21 mg / dl in V2 and 97.17 &#177; 30.18 mg / dl in the V3, while the CG were 106.43 &#177; 30.75 mg / dl in V1, 115.62 &#177; 41.83 mg / dl in V2 and 103.80 &#177; 15.38 mg / dl in V3. The values of total cholesterol in SG were 184.19 &#177; 43.55 mg / dl in V, 181.06 &#177; 38.56 mg / dl in V2 and 181.68 &#177; 38.94 mg / dl in the V3, whereas in the CG were 199.56 &#177; 51.27 mg / dl in V1, 191.92 &#177; 37.16 mg / dl in V2 and 192.55 &#177; 37.24 mg / dl in V3. Regarding triglycerides, the SG values were 128.37 &#177; 54.63 mg / dl in V, 146.79 &#177; 102.87 mg / dl in V2, and 138.75 &#177; 63.86 mg / dl in V3, as in the CG they were 173.25 &#177; 68.03 mg / dl in V1, 174.85 &#177; 66.08 mg / dl in V2, and 142.91 &#177; 77.68 mg / dl in V3. The creatinine values were very similar in both groups at all times: 0.89 &#177; 0.27 mg / dl and 0.84 &#177; 0.17 mg / dl in V1, 0.91 &#177; 0.26 mg / dl and 0 , 84 &#177; 0.15 mg / dl in V2, 0.90 &#177; 0.37 mg / dl and 0.84 &#177; 0.12 mg / dl in V3, for the SG and CG, respectively.</p>
      <p>In the parameter assessment of adherence to treatment, we observed that both at randomization and at follow-up groups were similar with regard to the so-called non-medication treatment. The regular practice of physical activity in the SG and the CG was present respectively in 65.8% and 47.4% of patients in V1 (p = 0.09) and in 67.6% and 61.1% in V2 (p = 0.22), and in 67.6% and 58.8% in V3 (p = 0.19). Food intake according to dietary guidelines occurred in the SG and CG, respectively, 91.1% and 78.9% in V1 (p = 0.12), 97.4% and 88.9% in V2 (p = 0.21), and in 97.3% and 100% in V3 (p = 0.68). Smoking was observed in the SG and CG, respectively, 7.9% and 5.3% in V1 (p = 0.40) and in 5.3% and 0% in V2 (p = 0.45); and 5.3% and 0% in V3 (p = 0.31).</p>
      <p>Regarding the analysis of pharmacological treatment, there was a significant difference in favor of the SG in the third visit, when 100% of the sample was under regular use of medication (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop00512tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
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      </p>
      <p>Finally, we also compared the number of types of antihypertensive drugs used and we found a number of similar drugs in the V1 and V2, but different in V3 (the largest number of drugs was used in the control group, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop00512tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results showed that, regarding the control of BP assessed by casual measurement, that the SG reached faster treatment goals with a significant difference in the sixth month, for both SBP (p = 0.02) and for DBP (p = 0.02). These values tend to match up at 12 months, although they remain lower in the SG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop00512fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). This difference can be explained by a decrease of inertia to treatment observed among health professionals and patients, as well as in other studies with similar subjects of study<sup>18,19</sup>. Moreover, the difference may be due to increased adherence to drug treatment.</p>
      <p>We should point out that some studies have shown even better results when allowed and directed the patient to do self- adjustment on doses of drugs, according to SMBP<sup>5,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Achieving earlier blood pressure goals is one of the important aspects in the treatment of hypertension, with proven impact on reducing cardiovascular outcomes, as demonstrated in the VALUE trial, in which getting faster blood pressure control resulted in lower incidence of outcomes in that group<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>In analyzing the behavior of BP assessed by AMBP, we found no significant differences in mean values over 24 hours for both SBP and DBP, despite the tendency to decrease in the BP study group and the increase in the control group, especially in the first half. This difference in behavior between the casual measurement and AMBP has already been explained in previous studies for the elimination of the white-coat effect, when BP was assessed by methods monitoring<sup>21,22</sup>. Even in hypertensive subjects followed for a long time in specialized services, the persistence of this effect is a fact and can affect, significantly, one third of patients<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>The values of glucose, lipid profile and creatinine were similar in both groups at all visits; it is interesting to note that both the SG and CG values were within the targets from the outset and throughout the study.</p>
      <p>The results found in the analysis of adherence to nonpharmacological treatment by evaluating the practice of regular physical activity, the adoption of healthy diet according to the orientation of the nutrition team at AHL and control of the habits of regular intake of alcohol and of smoking were not different between groups. In this case, one must consider that the analyzed sample consisted of patients in our center for a long time and that the direction to adopt a healthy lifestyle is routine for these patients. Although such reasoning has a number of limitations and it is not possible to say that in less enlightened people, the results would be different, it is likely that, in this sample, this factor may have affected the result.</p>
      <p>In the evaluation of adhesion to the pharmacological treatment, the SG presented at the end of follow-up, 100% of regular use of antihypertensive drugs, whereas in the CG that number was 88.2% (p = 0.03). There was also a significant decrease in the number of types of antihypertensive drugs used in the SG compared to CG at visit 3 (p = 0.04). These findings are consistent with those of the literature and have been previously shown that when the BP monitoring methods are used to monitor patients for the possibility of identification of white-coat effect, one can achieve better blood pressure control with less need for medications<sup>5,6</sup> .</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The self measurement of blood pressure in hypertensive patients was able to improve BP control, as assessed by casual measurement in the first six months of follow-up. However, this difference disappears after 12 months.</p>
      <p>No differences were observed between groups in relation to non-pharmacological treatment and the metabolic profile, however, there was greater adherence to drug treatment and reduced need for antihypertensive drugs in the study group.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations of the study</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The fact that the sample consisted of patients from a referral center for the treatment of hypertension by effective blood pressure and metabolic control, in which there is comprehensive guidance on the importance of adherence to treatment of hypertension, may have been a limiting factor in order to the major differences between groups to be observed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
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