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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fTmh8VXt9JzdwZZDXz6rLJv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000200009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Limita&#231;&#227;o funcional e claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente: impacto das medidas de press&#227;o arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rita de C&#225;ssia Gengo e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giribela</surname>
            <given-names>Cassiana Rosa Galv&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wolosker</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Consolim-Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Marciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>161</fpage>
      <lpage>166</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; importante fator de risco para Doen&#231;a Arterial Obstrutiva Perif&#233;rica dos Membros Inferiores (DAOMI). Entretanto, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o arterial e Press&#227;o de Pulso (PP) com a gravidade da DAOMI e o preju&#237;zo funcional decorrente dessa doen&#231;a ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. OBJETIVO: Verificar se h&#225; correla&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o arterial, PP, gravidade da DAOMI e capacidade funcional de pacientes com DAOMI sintom&#225;tica. M&#201;TODOS: FORAM avaliados 65 pacientes (62,2 &#177; 8,1 anos; 56,9% do sexo masculino), divididos em dois grupos: press&#227;o arterial normal (A) e elevada (B). A gravidade da DAOMI foi avaliada por meio do &#205;ndice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB) e a capacidade funcional, pelas dist&#226;ncias total e livre de dor percorridas em teste de marcha. RESULTADOS: O grupo A foi constitu&#237;do por 17 (26,1%) pacientes. A Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS), diast&#243;lica e a PP foram, respectivamente, 125,4 &#177; 11,7; 74,5 &#177; 9,1 e 50,9 &#177;10,0 mmHg, para o grupo A, e 160,7 &#177; 19,6; 90,0 &#177; 12,2 e 70,7 &#177; 20,2 mmHg, para o grupo B. O ITB foi significativamente menor no grupo B (0,66 &#177; 0,12 vs 0,57 &#177; 0,13, p &lt; 0,05). PAS e PP correlacionaram-se com a gravidade da DAOMI e com as dist&#226;ncias percorridas em teste de marcha. Pacientes com PP &gt; 40 mmHg percorreram menores dist&#226;ncias. CONCLUS&#195;O: A PAS e a PP correlacionaram-se de forma significativa com as dist&#226;ncias percorridas em teste de marcha, sugerindo que sejam marcardores cl&#237;nicos da limita&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional em pacientes com DAOMI sintom&#225;tica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente</kwd>
        <kwd>press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</kwd>
        <kwd>caminhada</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#227;o funcional e claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente: impacto das medidas de press&#227;o arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Functional limitation and intermittent claudication: impact of blood pressure measurements</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rita de C&#225;ssia Gengo e Silva<sup>I</sup>; Cassiana Rosa Galv&#227;o Giribela<sup>II</sup>; Nelson Wolosker<sup>II</sup>; Fernanda Marciano Consolim-Colombo<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto Central do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; importante fator de risco para Doen&#231;a Arterial Obstrutiva Perif&#233;rica dos Membros Inferiores (DAOMI). Entretanto, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o arterial e Press&#227;o de Pulso (PP) com a gravidade da DAOMI e o preju&#237;zo funcional decorrente dessa doen&#231;a ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Verificar se h&#225; correla&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o arterial, PP, gravidade da DAOMI e capacidade funcional de pacientes com DAOMI sintom&#225;tica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> FORAM avaliados 65 pacientes (62,2 &#177; 8,1 anos; 56,9% do sexo masculino), divididos em dois grupos: press&#227;o arterial normal (A) e elevada (B). A gravidade da DAOMI foi avaliada por meio do &#205;ndice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB) e a capacidade funcional, pelas dist&#226;ncias total e livre de dor percorridas em teste de marcha. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O grupo A foi constitu&#237;do por 17 (26,1%) pacientes. A Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS), diast&#243;lica e a PP foram, respectivamente, 125,4 &#177; 11,7; 74,5 &#177; 9,1 e 50,9 &#177;10,0 mmHg, para o grupo A, e 160,7 &#177; 19,6; 90,0 &#177; 12,2 e 70,7 &#177; 20,2 mmHg, para o grupo B. O ITB foi significativamente menor no grupo B (0,66 &#177; 0,12 vs 0,57 &#177; 0,13, p &lt; 0,05). PAS e PP correlacionaram-se com a gravidade da DAOMI e com as dist&#226;ncias percorridas em teste de marcha. Pacientes com PP <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 mmHg percorreram menores dist&#226;ncias. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A PAS e a PP correlacionaram-se de forma significativa com as dist&#226;ncias percorridas em teste de marcha, sugerindo que sejam marcardores cl&#237;nicos da limita&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional em pacientes com DAOMI sintom&#225;tica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, press&#227;o arterial, hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, caminhada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Arterial hypertension is an important risk factor for Lower-Limb Occlusive Arterial Disease (LLOAD). However, the correlation between blood pressure and pulse pressure (PP) with LLOAD severity and functional impairment resulting from this disease is not well established in the Brazilian population. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To verify whether there is a correlation between blood pressure, PP, LLOAD severity and functional capacity in patients with symptomatic LLOAD. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 65 patients (62.2 + 8.1 years, 56.9% males) were evaluated. They were divided into two groups: normal (A) and high (B) blood pressure. LLOAD severity was assessed using the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and functional capacity by the total and pain-free walking distance at the 6-minute walking test (6MWT). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Group A consisted of 17 (26.1%) patients. The systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and PP were, respectively, 125.4 &#177;11.7, 74.5 &#177; 9.1 and 50.9 &#177; 10.0 mmHg in group A and 160.7 &#177; 19.6, 90.0 &#177; 12.2 and 70.7 &#177; 20.2 mmHg in group B. The ABI was significantly lower in group B (0.66 &#177; 0.12 vs. 0.57 &#177; 0.13, p &lt;0.05). SBP and PP correlated with LLOAD severity and the distances walked at the 6MWT. Patients with PP &gt; 40 mmHg walked shorter distances. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> SBP and PP significantly correlated with the distances walked in the 6MWT, suggesting they are clinical markers of functional capacity impairment in patients with symptomatic LLOAD.</p>
    <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Intermittent claudication, hypertension, blood pressure, peripheral arterial disease, walking.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Doen&#231;a Arterial Obstrutiva Perif&#233;rica dos Membros Inferiores (DAOMI) &#233; importante manifesta&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose sist&#234;mica. A DAOMI apresenta altos &#237;ndices de morbimortalidade e est&#225; associada &#224; maior ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos e cerebrovasculares. Sua manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais comum &#233; a claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, caracterizada pelo aparecimento de dor nos membros inferiores (MMII) durante a deambula&#231;&#227;o, que desaparece rapidamente ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o da atividade<sup>1</sup>. Esse sintoma tem importante impacto na qualidade de vida dos portadores de DAOMI, pois est&#225; fortemente associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial decorrente da placa ateroscler&#243;tica determina perda global de press&#227;o ao longo do sistema arterial dos MMII. O c&#225;lculo do &#205;ndice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB) tem sido utilizado extensivamente para avaliar as repercuss&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas da DAOMI nos MMII. O ITB &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo, reprodut&#237;vel e de f&#225;cil execu&#231;&#227;o, que &#233; &#250;til na detec&#231;&#227;o da DAOMI com repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, bem como na avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional dos pacientes<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diversos fatores de risco concorrem para o surgimento e o avan&#231;o da DAOMI, dentre os quais se destaca a hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA)<sup>1-7</sup>. N&#237;veis elevados de Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS) e Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica (PAD) constituem-se em fatores aceleradores da aterosclerose em longo prazo<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos t&#234;m demonstrado forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre HA e DAOMI. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a HA acomete at&#233; 90% dos indiv&#237;duos com DAOMI<sup>7</sup>, e n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos acima de 150/90 mmHg s&#227;o observados em cerca de 25% dos pacientes com claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente<sup>8</sup>. No estudo de Framingham observou-se que hipertensos t&#234;m at&#233; quatro vezes mais chance do que normotensos de desenvolver claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, &#234;nfase tem sido dada ao valor progn&#243;stico da Press&#227;o de Pulso (PP) com rela&#231;&#227;o aos eventos cardiovasculares<sup>10</sup>. Nesse sentido, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a PP esteja associada &#224; maior gravidade da DAOMI em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos<sup>11</sup>. Contudo, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre HA, PP, gravidade da DAOMI e capacidade funcional permanece pouco explorada, em especial na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar, prospectivamente, se h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o arterial, press&#227;o de pulso, gravidade da doen&#231;a e capacidade funcional dos pacientes com DAOMI sintom&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 65 pacientes (62,2 &#177; 8,1 anos, 56,9% do sexo masculino) portadores de DAOMI sintom&#225;tica (grau I de Rutherford), com claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente est&#225;vel h&#225; no m&#237;nimo seis meses; ITB &lt; 0,90; e idade &gt; 40 anos, que aceitaram participar do estudo e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medidas antropom&#233;tricas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As medidas de peso e altura foram obtidas por meio de uma balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica (Personal, Filizola, SP, Brasil), devidamente calibrada, e de uma r&#233;gua acoplada &#224; balan&#231;a. O IMC foi calculado dividindo-se o peso pelo quadrado da altura e analisado conforme a preconiza&#231;&#227;o da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS)<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados referentes &#224; hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica foram obtidos a partir dos prontu&#225;rios, assim como os resultados dos exames laboratoriais. Os antecedentes pessoais foram coletados por meio de entrevista. A pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica foi definida como a realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividade aer&#243;bia por, pelo menos, tr&#234;s vezes por semana, durante 30 minutos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medida da press&#227;o arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para as medidas de press&#227;o arterial, os pacientes foram colocados em posi&#231;&#227;o supina e permaneceram em repouso por 5 a 10 minutos numa sala silenciosa e com temperatura e luminosidade adequadas. A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida pelo m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico, utilizando-se equipamento devidamente validado e calibrado (<italic>Omron HEM 741C, Omron Healthcare Inc., China</italic>). Foram obtidas duas medidas consecutivas, com intervalo de um minuto, entre as aferi&#231;&#245;es. Considerou-se v&#225;lida, sempre, a segunda medida realizada. Foram consideradas elevadas a PAS acima de 140 mmHg e a PAD acima de 90 mmHg<sup>13</sup>. A PP foi calculada pela diferen&#231;a entre a PAS e PAD.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>&#205;ndice tornozelo-braquial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As medidas de press&#227;o arterial para o c&#225;lculo do ITB foram realizadas 5 minutos ap&#243;s a aferi&#231;&#227;o da medida da press&#227;o arterial descrita acima. Para tanto, utilizou-se um aparelho de Doppler vascular port&#225;til, <italic>(DV 610, Medmega, SP, Brasil</italic>), um esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio e um manguito adequado para a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o do paciente. Realizaram-se, ent&#227;o, as medidas de PAS, na seguinte ordem: art&#233;ria braquial esquerda, art&#233;ria pediosa esquerda, art&#233;ria tibial posterior esquerda, art&#233;ria pediosa direita, art&#233;ria tibial posterior direita e art&#233;ria braquial direita. O ITB foi calculado para cada membro inferior, estabelecendo-se a raz&#227;o entre a maior press&#227;o no tornozelo (pediosa ou tibial posterior) e a maior press&#227;o no bra&#231;o (direito ou esquerdo)<sup>1</sup>. Para a an&#225;lise dos resultados, foi utilizado o pior valor de ITB obtido (ITB direito ou esquerdo).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste de caminhada de seis minutos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizado de acordo com diretrizes previamente publicadas<sup>14</sup>, em um corredor com 20 metros de comprimento. Todos os pacientes foram orientados a relatar os sintomas que surgissem durante a caminhada. A cada dois minutos frases de incentivo foram proferidas. Para an&#225;lise, foram utilizadas as dist&#226;ncias percorridas total e livre de dor.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: o grupo A foi constitu&#237;do por 17 pacientes (26%) com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos normais, e o grupo B, por 48 pacientes (74%) com n&#237;veis de PAS e/ou PAD elevados.</p>
    <p>Os dados foram analisados por meio de estat&#237;stica descritiva e ser&#227;o apresentados em termos de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e frequ&#234;ncias absoluta e relativa. A an&#225;lise inferencial foi realizada por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, do teste do Qui-quadrado, para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, e as associa&#231;&#245;es, por meio da correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Inicialmente foram analisadas as caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes deste estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop11911t01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop11911t01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0161-00001-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi de 62,2 &#177; 8,1 anos e houve predom&#237;nio de pacientes do sexo masculino (56,9%). Ainda que estivessem em acompanhamento m&#233;dico, nota-se a persist&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovasculares, tais como tabagismo e sobrepeso. A m&#233;dia do ITB do grupo B foi significativamente menor do que do grupo A (0,57 &#177; 0,13 <italic>versus</italic> 0,66 &#177; 0,12, p = 0,013), denotando maior gravidade da DAOMI. Entretanto, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos m&#233;dios da glicemia de jejum, colesterol total e suas fra&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o denotam diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional evidenciou que os grupos A e B eram semelhantes entre si (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0161-00001-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nota-se que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos A e B no que tange &#224;s dist&#226;ncias percorridas total (275,8 &#177; 42,4 metros <italic>versus</italic> 261,3 &#177; 86,5 metros, respectivamente, p &gt; 0,05) e livre de dor (200,0 &#177; 95,6 metros <italic>versus</italic> 180,6 &#177; 100,5 metros, respectivamente, p &gt; 0,05).</p>
    <p>De forma interessante, no entanto, observou-se que os pacientes com PP <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 mmHg percorreram menores dist&#226;ncias no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, tanto total (259,3 &#177; 77,2 <italic>versus</italic> 334,7 &#177; 37,5 metros, p = 0,035) quanto livre de dor (177,5 &#177; 95,4 <italic>vs</italic> 284,0 &#177; 95,3 metros, p = 0,019).</p>
    <p>Ao analisar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o arterial, gravidade da DAOMI e capacidade funcional, verificou-se que a PAS apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante com o ITB (r = -0,36; p = 0,003) e com a dist&#226;ncia total percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (r = -0,31; p = 0,006), conforme demonstra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop11911f01">figura 1</xref>. Por&#233;m, n&#227;o se observou correla&#231;&#227;o entre a PAS e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida livre de dor (r = -0,19; p=0,07). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PP, observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante com o ITB (r = -0,36, p = 0,003) e com as dist&#226;ncias percorridas no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, total (r = -0,42, p &lt; 0,001) e livre de dor (r = -0,31, p = 0,012). Por sua vez, a PAD n&#227;o se correlacionou com o ITB, tampouco com as dist&#226;ncias percorridas.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop11911f01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0161-00001-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A principal contribui&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que n&#237;veis elevados de PAS e PP correlacionaram-se &#224; gravidade da DAOMI e ao preju&#237;zo funcional de pacientes com claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente.</p>
    <p>Est&#225; bem estabelecido na literatura que a HA &#233; um importante fator de risco para instala&#231;&#227;o e progress&#227;o da aterosclerose, e n&#237;veis elevados de press&#227;o arterial t&#234;m sido relacionados &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia de DAOMI<sup>7,8,15,16</sup>. No estudo de Framingham, observou-se que a HA aumentou em 2,5 vezes o risco de DAOMI para homens, e em quatro vezes para mulheres<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos subjacentes ao envolvimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial como fator contribuinte para o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a vascular s&#227;o complexos. Deve-se destacar que a despeito da exist&#234;ncia de cofatores aterog&#234;nicos interagindo em todo o sistema circulat&#243;rio, a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica desenvolve-se em segmentos com regime press&#243;rico elevado, evidenciando o papel central da HA nesse processo<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>A relev&#226;ncia de outros fatores de risco, como o tabagismo, o diabetes mellitus, a obesidade e a hipercolesterolemia, contudo, tamb&#233;m tem sido reconhecida e sua associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia de DAOMI tem sido demonstrada<sup>18-20</sup>. No presente estudo, embora os pacientes estivessem em tratamento cl&#237;nico, verificou-se que mantinham o h&#225;bito de fumar, estavam com sobrepeso e a maioria era sedent&#225;ria. Sabe-se que a presen&#231;a dos fatores de risco determina altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares em outros territ&#243;rios vasculares, como car&#243;tida, coron&#225;rias e art&#233;rias cerebrais, conferindo pior progn&#243;stico cardiovascular para pacientes com DAOMI<sup>21-23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Mehler e cols.<sup>24</sup> demonstraram que o controle intensivo da press&#227;o arterial em pacientes diab&#233;ticos com DAOMI resulta em marcada redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares. Al&#233;m disso, esses autores mostraram que h&#225; uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o ITB e o risco de eventos cardiovasculares nesses pacientes que, no entanto, foi abolida nos indiv&#237;duos que foram submetidos a tratamento intensivo para controle da press&#227;o arterial. Esse efeito protetor, conferido pelo controle da press&#227;o arterial, ocorreu de maneira independente das classes medicamentosas utilizadas<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Reconhecendo-se o importante impacto da HA na progress&#227;o da DAOMI, neste estudo, optou-se por dividir os pacientes em dois grupos, de acordo com o n&#237;vel press&#243;rico. Observou-se que os fatores de risco distribu&#237;ram-se de maneira uniforme entre os grupos A (press&#227;o arterial normal) e B (press&#227;o arterial elevada), permanecendo a HA como &#250;nico fator de risco que os diferenciava. Assim, foi poss&#237;vel verificar que a PAS e a PP apresentaram rela&#231;&#227;o inversamente proporcional ao ITB, demonstrando que pacientes com press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o controlada e com PP elevada apresentaram maior gravidade da DAOMI.</p>
    <p>O aumento da PAS &#233; um processo que acompanha o envelhecimento. Esse aumento &#233; secund&#225;rio ao enrijecimento da parede arterial e tamb&#233;m est&#225; associado &#224; maior ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares<sup>17</sup>. Possivelmente, a carga press&#243;rica aumentada incrementa o estresse parietal, culminando na les&#227;o vascular, decorrente da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e do remodelamento da musculatura lisa vascular<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>O aumento da PAS n&#227;o &#233; necessariamente acompanhado pelo aumento da PAD na mesma magnitude. Isso implica o aumento da PP, cujo valor progn&#243;stico, no que tange &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares, ainda permanece em discuss&#227;o<sup>10,25</sup>. Os resultados do presente estudo, no entanto, evidenciaram que houve correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante da PP com a gravidade da DAOMI, verificada pelo ITB. Resultados semelhantes s&#227;o relatados na literatura. Est&#225; demonstrado que a PAS e a PP, mas n&#227;o a PAD, de pacientes com fatores de risco cardiovascular, por&#233;m sem DAOMI detectada clinicamente, t&#234;m rela&#231;&#227;o inversamente proporcional ao ITB<sup>11</sup>. Ainda, em outro estudo demonstrou-se que a PP apresenta uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significante (r = 0,61, p &lt; 0,01) com o fluxo de sangue na panturrilha, medido pela plestismografia<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabidamente, pacientes com claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente apresentam comprometimento de sua capacidade funcional<sup>27</sup>. No presente estudo verificou-se que a dist&#226;ncia percorrida livre de dor correspondeu a 70% da dist&#226;ncia total percorrida, demonstrando que a claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente foi extremamente limitante para esses pacientes. A dist&#226;ncia total percorrida correlacionou-se de forma significativa com a PAS e com a PP. Por outro lado, a dist&#226;ncia percorrida livre de dor correlacionou-se apenas com a PP. Dessa forma, sugere-se que, em pacientes com claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, o n&#237;vel da PAS e a PP podem ser marcadores da limita&#231;&#227;o funcional. Esses resultados corroboram as evid&#234;ncias j&#225; dispon&#237;veis na literatura. Selvin e Hirsch<sup>28</sup> demonstraram que a HA determina maior chance de limita&#231;&#227;o para deambular em indiv&#237;duos acima dos 60 anos. Paralelamente, Safar e cols.<sup>26</sup> demonstraram que h&#225; forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dist&#226;ncia percorrida e a reserva microvascular do leito perif&#233;rico em pacientes com DAOMI.</p>
    <p>Notadamente, pouco se conhece a respeito das rela&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis press&#243;ricas (PAS, PAD e PP), gravidade da DAOMI (medida pelo ITB) e capacidade funcional (avaliada pelas dist&#226;ncias percorridas em teste de caminhada) na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Embora a amostra deste estudo seja pequena, os resultados contribuem para o entendimento das correla&#231;&#245;es entre essas vari&#225;veis. H&#225; que ressaltar que outros fatores de risco al&#233;m da press&#227;o arterial estavam presentes na amostra estudada, por&#233;m diferentemente do que se mostrou para as vari&#225;veis press&#243;ricas, a preval&#234;ncia de tabagismo, os n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos e de colesterol total, LDL e HDL foram semelhantes entre os grupos A e B. Portanto, pode-se concluir que a PAS e a PP correlacionam-se com a gravidade da DAOMI, e a PP parece ser um marcador de maior limita&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional em pacientes com claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Rita de C&#225;ssia Gengo e Silva pela Faculdade de Medicina da USP.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rita de Cassia Gengo e Silva </p>
        <p> Rua Jos&#233; Maria Mamblona, 37 - Jd Maria Rosa </p>
        <p> 06763-150 - Tabo&#227;o da Serra </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rcgsilva@ig.com.br">rcgsilva@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rita.gengo@incor.usp.br">rita.gengo@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 09/05/11; revisado recebido em 03/08/11; aceito em 22/08/11.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Functional limitation and intermittent claudication: impact of blood pressure measurements</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Arterial hypertension is an important risk factor for Lower-Limb Occlusive Arterial Disease (LLOAD). However, the correlation between blood pressure and pulse pressure (PP) with LLOAD severity and functional impairment resulting from this disease is not well established in the Brazilian population. OBJECTIVE: To verify whether there is a correlation between blood pressure, PP, LLOAD severity and functional capacity in patients with symptomatic LLOAD. METHODS: A total of 65 patients (62.2 + 8.1 years, 56.9% males) were evaluated. They were divided into two groups: normal (A) and high (B) blood pressure. LLOAD severity was assessed using the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and functional capacity by the total and pain-free walking distance at the 6-minute walking test (6MWT). RESULTS: Group A consisted of 17 (26.1%) patients. The systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and PP were, respectively, 125.4 &#177;11.7, 74.5 &#177; 9.1 and 50.9 &#177; 10.0 mmHg in group A and 160.7 &#177; 19.6, 90.0 &#177; 12.2 and 70.7 &#177; 20.2 mmHg in group B. The ABI was significantly lower in group B (0.66 &#177; 0.12 vs. 0.57 &#177; 0.13, p &lt;0.05). SBP and PP correlated with LLOAD severity and the distances walked at the 6MWT. Patients with PP &gt; 40 mmHg walked shorter distances. CONCLUSION: SBP and PP significantly correlated with the distances walked in the 6MWT, suggesting they are clinical markers of functional capacity impairment in patients with symptomatic LLOAD.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Intermittent claudication</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>peripheral arterial disease</kwd>
        <kwd>walking</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Functional limitation and intermittent claudication: impact of blood pressure measurements</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Rita de C&#225;ssia Gengo e Silva<sup>I</sup>; Cassiana Rosa Galv&#227;o Giribela<sup>II</sup>; Nelson Wolosker<sup>II</sup>; Fernanda Marciano Consolim-Colombo<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto Central do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Arterial hypertension is an important risk factor for Lower-Limb Occlusive Arterial Disease (LLOAD). However, the correlation between blood pressure and pulse pressure (PP) with LLOAD severity and functional impairment resulting from this disease is not well established in the Brazilian population.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To verify whether there is a correlation between blood pressure, PP, LLOAD severity and functional capacity in patients with symptomatic LLOAD.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 65 patients (62.2 + 8.1 years, 56.9% males) were evaluated. They were divided into two groups: normal (A) and high (B) blood pressure. LLOAD severity was assessed using the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and functional capacity by the total and pain-free walking distance at the 6-minute walking test (6MWT).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Group A consisted of 17 (26.1%) patients. The systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and PP were, respectively, 125.4 &#177;11.7, 74.5 &#177; 9.1 and 50.9 &#177; 10.0 mmHg in group A and 160.7 &#177; 19.6, 90.0 &#177; 12.2 and 70.7 &#177; 20.2 mmHg in group B. The ABI was significantly lower in group B (0.66 &#177; 0.12 vs. 0.57 &#177; 0.13, p &lt;0.05). SBP and PP correlated with LLOAD severity and the distances walked at the 6MWT. Patients with PP &gt; 40 mmHg walked shorter distances.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> SBP and PP significantly correlated with the distances walked in the 6MWT, suggesting they are clinical markers of functional capacity impairment in patients with symptomatic LLOAD.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Intermittent claudication, hypertension, blood pressure, peripheral arterial disease, walking.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>lower-limb obstructive arterial disease (LLOAD) is an important manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis. LLOAD has high rates of morbidity and mortality and is associated with a higher incidence of cerebrovascular and cardiac events. Its most common clinical manifestation is intermittent claudication, characterized by the onset of pain in the lower limbs (LL) during walking, which rapidly disappears after cessation of the activity<sup>1</sup>. This symptom has significant impact on quality of life of individuals with LLOAD, as it is strongly associated with impaired functional capacity<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Arterial obstruction caused by the atherosclerotic plaque determines overall loss of pressure along the lower-limb arterial system. The calculation of ankle-brachial index (ABI) has been extensively used to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of LLOAD on lower limbs. The ABI is a noninvasive, reproducible and easy-to-perform method, which is useful in the detection of LLOAD with hemodynamic impact, as well as assessing patient functional capacity<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several risk factors contribute to the onset and progression of LLOAD, among which arterial hypertension (AH) is one of the most important factors<sup>1-7</sup>. Elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) are accelerating atherosclerosis factors in the long-term<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between arterial hypertension (AH) and LLOAD. There is evidence that AH affects up to 90% of individuals with LLOAD <sup>7</sup>, and BP levels &gt; 150/90 mmHg were observed in about 25% of patients with intermittent claudication <sup>8</sup>. The Framingham study showed that hypertensive patients are up to four-fold more likely to develop intermittent claudication than normotensive individuals<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>More recently, emphasis has been given to the prognostic value of pulse pressure (PP) regarding cardiovascular events<sup>10</sup>. In this sense, there is evidence that PP is associated with greater LLOAD severity in asymptomatic individuals<sup>11</sup>. However, the association between AH, PP, LLOAD severity and functional capacity remains little understood, particularly in the Brazilian population.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to prospectively determine whether there is an association between BP, PP, disease severity and functional capacity in patients with symptomatic LLOAD.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study assessed a total of 65 patients (62.2 + 8.1 years, 56.9% males) with symptomatic LLOAD (Rutherford grade I), stable intermittent claudication for at least six months; ABI &lt; 0.90, and age &gt; 40 years, who agreed to participate and signed the free and informed consent form. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anthropometric measurements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Weight and height measurements were obtained with a properly calibrated electronic scale (Personal, Filizola, SP, Brazil) and a stadiometer attached to the scale. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the weight by the squared height and analyzed according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO)<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical and laboratory assessment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Medical history data were obtained from medical records, as well as laboratory test results.</p>
      <p>The personal data were collected through interviews. Physical activity was defined as the practice of aerobic activity for at least three times a week for 30 minutes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Blood pressure measurements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For blood pressure (BP) measurements, patients were placed in the supine position and remained at rest for 5 to 10 minutes in a quiet room with appropriate temperature and light. BP was measured through the oscillometric method, using validated and calibrated equipment (Omron HEM 741C, <italic>Omron Healthcare Inc., China</italic>). Two consecutive measurements were obtained with a one-minute interval between them. The second measurement obtained was always considered valid. SBP measurements were considered elevated when &gt; 140 mmHg and DBP when &gt; 90 mmHg <sup>13</sup>. PP was calculated as the difference between SBP and DBP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ankle-brachial index (ABI)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood pressure measurements to calculate the ABI were performed 5 minutes after the BP measurement described above. For this purpose, a portable vascular Doppler device (<italic>DV 610</italic>, Medmega, SP, Brazil) and a mercury sphygmomanometer with an appropriate cuff size for the patient's arm circumference were used. SBP measurements were carried out in the following order: left brachial artery, left dorsalis pedis artery, left posterior tibial artery, right dorsalis pedis artery, right posterior tibial artery and right brachial artery. The ABI was calculated for each lower limb, establishing the ratio between the highest ankle pressure (dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial) and highest pressure on the arm (right or left)<sup>1</sup>. The worst ABI value obtained was used for the analysis of results (right or left ABI).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Six-minute walking test (6MWT)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The test was performed according to previously published guidelines<sup>14</sup>, in a 20-meter long corridor. All patients were instructed to report symptoms that occurred during the test. Phrases of encouragement were spoken every two minutes. For the analysis, we used the total and pain-free walking distance.</p>
      <p>The patients were divided into two groups: group A comprised 17 patients (26%) with normal blood pressure levels, and group B, 48 patients (74%) with elevated SBP and/or DBP levels.</p>
      <p>The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation and absolute and relative frequencies. Inferential analysis was performed using Student's <italic>t</italic> test for continuous variables, Chi-square test for categorical variables, and Pearson's correlation for associations. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Initially, the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients in this study were analyzed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop11911t01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop11911t01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0161-00001-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The mean age was 62.2 + 8.1 years and there was a predominance of male patients (56.9%). Although they were undergoing medical care, there was a persistence of cardiovascular risk factors, such as smoking and overweight. The mean ABI in group B was significantly lower than in group A (0.57 &#177; 0.13 <italic>versus</italic> 0.66 &#177; 0.12, p = 0.013), indicating greater LLOAD severity. However, mean serum levels of fasting glucose, total cholesterol and its fractions showed no significant difference between the groups.</p>
      <p>The functional capacity assessment showed that groups A and B were similar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0161-00001-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>It can be observed that there was no difference between groups A and B regarding the total distance (275.8 &#177; 42.4 <italic>vs</italic>. 261.3 &#177; 86.5 meters, respectively, p &gt; 0.05) and pain-free (200.0 &#177; 95.6 meters <italic>versus</italic> + 180.6 &#177; 100.5 meters, respectively, p &gt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy the fact that patients with PP &gt; 40 mmHg walked shorter distances at the 6MWT, both total (259.3 &#177; 77.2 <italic>vs.</italic> 334.7 &#177; 37.5 meters, p = 0.035) and pain-free (177.5 &#177; 95.4 <italic>vs</italic>. + 284.0 &#177; 95.3 meters, p = 0.019).</p>
      <p>When analyzing the correlation between blood pressure, LLOAD severity and functional capacity, it was observed that SBP had a statistically significant correlation with the ABI (r = -0.36, p = 0.003) and with the total distance walked at 6MWT (r = -0.31, p = 0.006), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop11911f01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. However, there was no correlation between SBP and pain-free walking distance (r = -0.19, p = 0.07). Regarding PP, a statistically significant correlation was observed with ABI (r = -0.36, p = 0.003) and the distances walked test at the 6MWT, both total (r = -0.42, p &lt;0.001) and pain-free (r = -0.31, p = 0.012). The DBP did not correlate with the ABI, or with the walked distances.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop11911f01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0161-00001-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main contribution of this study is the demonstration that high levels of SBP and PP correlated to LLOAD severity and to the functional impairment of patients with intermittent claudication.</p>
      <p>It is well established in the literature that hypertension is an important risk factor for the onset and progression of atherosclerosis and high BP has been linked to higher LLOAD prevalence<sup>7,8,15,16</sup>. The Framingham study showed that AH increased by 2.5-fold the risk of LLOAD for men, and four-fold for women<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The physiopathological mechanisms underlying the involvement of AH as a contributing factor to the development of vascular disease are complex. It should be emphasized that in spite of the existence of atherogenic cofactors interacting throughout the circulatory system, atherosclerosis develops in segments with high pressure status, highlighting the central role of AH in this process<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The relevance of other risk factors such as smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity and hypercholesterolemia, however, has also been recognized and their association with a higher LLOAD prevalence has been demonstrated<sup>18-20</sup>. In the present study, although patients were undergoing clinical treatment, it was observed that they maintained the habit of smoking, were overweight, and most were sedentary. It is known that the presence of risk factors determines vascular alterations in other vascular territories such as the carotid, coronary and cerebral arteries, worsening the cardiovascular prognosis for patients with LLOAD<sup>21-23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Mehler et al<sup>24</sup> demonstrated that intensive BP control in diabetic patients with LLOAD results in marked reduction of cardiovascular events. Moreover, these authors showed that there is an inverse association between the ABI and the risk of cardiovascular events in these patients, which, however, was abolished in individuals who underwent intensive treatment to control BP. This protective effect conferred by BP control occurred independently from the classes of medications used in the treatment<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>Upon recognizing the significant impact of hypertension on LLOAD progression in the present study, we chose to divide the patients into two groups, according to the pressure level.</p>
      <p>It was observed that the risk factors were evenly distributed between the groups A (normal blood pressure) and B (high blood pressure), with arterial hypertension remaining as the only risk factor that differentiated them. Thus, we observed that SBP and PP showed an inversely proportional association with the ABI, demonstrating that patients with uncontrolled blood pressure and elevated PP had a higher LLOAD severity.</p>
      <p>The increase in SBP is a process that accompanies aging. This increase is secondary to arterial wall stiffening and is also associated with an increase in cardiovascular event occurrence<sup>17</sup>. Possibly, the increased pressure load increases the wall stress, resulting in vascular injury, caused by endothelial dysfunction and vascular smooth muscle remodeling<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The SBP increase is not necessarily accompanied by a DBP increase of the same magnitude. This implies an increase in PP, of which prognostic value, regarding the occurrence of cardiovascular events, remains debatable<sup>10,25</sup>. The results of this study, however, showed that there was a statistically significant correlation between PP and LLOAD severity, verified by the ABI. Similar results have been reported in the literature. It has been shown that SBP and PP, but not DBP in patients with cardiovascular risk factors, but without clinically detected LLOAD, have an inversely proportional association with ABI<sup>11</sup>. Moreover, another study showed that PP has a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.61, p &lt;0.01) with blood flow in the calf, measured by pletismography<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is known that patients with intermittent claudication have impaired functional capacity<sup>27</sup>. The present study showed that the pain-free walking distance accounted for 70% of the total walking distance, demonstrating that intermittent claudication was extremely limiting for these patients.</p>
      <p>The total distance was significantly correlated with SBP and PP. On the other hand, the pain-free walking distance correlated only with PP. Thus, it is suggested that in patients with intermittent claudication, SBP and PP levels may be markers of functional limitation. These results corroborate the evidence already available in the literature. Selvin and Hirsch<sup>28</sup> showed that the AH determines a greater chance of walking limitation for individuals older than 60 years. In parallel, Safar et al<sup>26</sup> demonstrated that there is a strong correlation between the walked distance and the peripheral bed microvascular reserve in patients with LLOAD.</p>
      <p>Notably, little is known about the associations between pressure variables (SBP, DBP and PP), severity of LLOAD (measured by the ABI) and functional capacity (measured by walking distances at the 6MWT) in the Brazilian population. Although the study sample is small, the results contribute to the understanding of the correlations between these variables. It must be emphasized that other risk factors in addition to blood pressure were present in the studied sample, but differently from what was demonstrated for the pressure variables, the prevalence of smoking, blood glucose and total cholesterol, LDL and HDL were similar between groups A and B. Therefore, it can be concluded that SBP and PP correlated with the severity of LLOAD, and PP seems to be a marker of greater functional capacity limitation in patients with intermittent claudication.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Rita de C&#225;ssia Gengo e Silva, from Faculdade de Medicina da USP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
