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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Z8XQ9Fsh9rWWhKV65LTqmHy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000200007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo com o Amplatzer Cardiac PlugTM na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montenegro</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quintella</surname>
            <given-names>Edgard Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damonte</surname>
            <given-names>An&#237;bal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabino</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zajdenverg</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laufer</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Pinaud</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amorim</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Estrada</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Pereira Duque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armas</surname>
            <given-names>Cristian Paul Yugcha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sterque</surname>
            <given-names>Aline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Cardiovascular de Ros&#225;rio</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>143</fpage>
      <lpage>150</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Fundamento: A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial est&#225; associada a acidentes vasculares emb&#243;licos que frequentemente resultam em morte ou invalidez. Eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o desses eventos, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o possui v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es e vem sendo amplamente subutilizada. Mais de 90% dos trombos identificados nos portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial sem doen&#231;a valvar se originam no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, cuja oclus&#227;o &#233; investigada como uma alternativa &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Objetivo: Determinar a viabilidade da oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo em pacientes com alto risco de eventos emb&#243;licos e limita&#231;&#245;es ao uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. M&#233;todos: Relatamos a experi&#234;ncia inicial com o Amplatzer Cardiac PlugTM (St. Jude Medical Inc., Saint Paul, Estados Unidos) em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o valvar. Foram selecionados pacientes com alto risco de tromboembolia, sangramentos maiores e contraindica&#231;&#245;es ao uso ou grande labilidade na resposta ao anticoagulante. Os procedimentos foram realizados por via percut&#226;nea, sob anestesia geral e com ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#245;es periprocedimento e o seguimento programado incluiu reavalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica em 30 dias e por contato telef&#244;nico ap&#243;s nove meses. Resultados: Nos cinco pacientes selecionados se conseguiu a oclus&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo sem complica&#231;&#245;es periprocedimento. N&#227;o houve eventos cl&#237;nicos no seguimento. Conclus&#227;o: Ensaios cl&#237;nicos controlados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios antes que o fechamento percut&#226;neo do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo constitua uma alternativa &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o associada a doen&#231;a valvar. Mas o dispositivo se mostrou promissor em pacientes com alto risco de embolia e restri&#231;&#245;es ao uso de anticoagulantes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>ap&#234;ndice atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>acidente cerebral vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>pr&#243;teses e implantes</kwd>
        <kwd>tromboembolismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo com o Amplatzer Cardiac Plug<sup>TM</sup> na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#225;rcio Jos&#233; Montenegro<sup>I</sup>; Edgard Freitas Quintella<sup>I</sup>; An&#237;bal Damonte<sup>II</sup>; Hugo de Castro Sabino<sup>I</sup>; Ricardo Zajdenverg; Gustavo Pinaud Laufer<sup>I</sup>; Bernardo Amorim<sup>I</sup>; Andr&#233; Pereira Duque Estrada<sup>I</sup>; Cristian Paul Yugcha Armas<sup>I</sup>; Aline Sterque</bold>
      <sup>
        <bold>I</bold>
      </sup>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil</p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto Cardiovascular de Ros&#225;rio, Ros&#225;rio, Argentina</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Fundamento</bold>: A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial est&#225; associada a acidentes vasculares emb&#243;licos que frequentemente resultam em morte ou invalidez. Eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o desses eventos, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o possui v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es e vem sendo amplamente subutilizada. Mais de 90% dos trombos identificados nos portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial sem doen&#231;a valvar se originam no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, cuja oclus&#227;o &#233; investigada como uma alternativa &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Objetivo</bold>: Determinar a viabilidade da oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo em pacientes com alto risco de eventos emb&#243;licos e limita&#231;&#245;es ao uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>M&#233;todos</bold>: Relatamos a experi&#234;ncia inicial com o Amplatzer Cardiac Plug<sup>TM</sup> (St. Jude Medical Inc., Saint Paul, Estados Unidos) em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o valvar. Foram selecionados pacientes com alto risco de tromboembolia, sangramentos maiores e contraindica&#231;&#245;es ao uso ou grande labilidade na resposta ao anticoagulante. Os procedimentos foram realizados por via percut&#226;nea, sob anestesia geral e com ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#245;es periprocedimento e o seguimento programado incluiu reavalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica em 30 dias e por contato telef&#244;nico ap&#243;s nove meses.</p>
    <p><bold>Resultados</bold>: Nos cinco pacientes selecionados se conseguiu a oclus&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo sem complica&#231;&#245;es periprocedimento. N&#227;o houve eventos cl&#237;nicos no seguimento.</p>
    <p><bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>: Ensaios cl&#237;nicos controlados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios antes que o fechamento percut&#226;neo do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo constitua uma alternativa &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o associada a doen&#231;a valvar. Mas o dispositivo se mostrou promissor em pacientes com alto risco de embolia e restri&#231;&#245;es ao uso de anticoagulantes.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave</bold>: Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ap&#234;ndice atrial, acidente cerebral vascular, pr&#243;teses e implantes, tromboembolismo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O Acidente Vascular Encef&#225;lico (AVE) &#233; uma das mais temidas complica&#231;&#245;es das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>1,2</sup>. O Framingham Heart Study mostrou que a presen&#231;a isolada de Doen&#231;a Coronariana (DAC), Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS) ou Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) aumentava a incid&#234;ncia de AVE ajustada para a idade numa propor&#231;&#227;o de mais de duas, tr&#234;s ou quatro vezes, respectivamente, enquanto a presen&#231;a de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA) n&#227;o associada a doen&#231;as valvares aumentava esse risco em quase cinco vezes. Com a idade, os efeitos da presen&#231;a de DAC, HAS e IC eram atenuados, mas n&#227;o diminu&#237;a o impacto da FA<sup>3</sup>. Considerada ent&#227;o um importante fator de risco para AVE isqu&#234;mico, a FA &#233; a arritmia cardiaca sustentada mais frequente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<sup>4,5</sup>, sua incid&#234;ncia aumenta com a idade<sup>5</sup> e sua preval&#234;ncia vem aumentando<sup>6</sup>. A ocorr&#234;ncia de AVE &#233; t&#227;o comum na FA parox&#237;stica quanto na persistente ou permanente, sendo duas vezes maior do que na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral<sup>7</sup>. Estima-se que aproximadamente 20% dos AVE est&#227;o associados a FA<sup>2,3,8</sup>, e nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, eles frequentemente resultam em morte ou invalidez permanente<sup>9</sup>. M&#250;ltiplas condi&#231;&#245;es podem estar associadas<sup>8</sup> e diferentes mecanismos podem causar AVE na presen&#231;a de FA<sup>10</sup>. Mas acredita-se que na maioria dos casos ocorram eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, porque trombos no &#225;trio esquerdo t&#234;m sido amplamente documentados em necropsias, em cirurgias e em estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos<sup>11-13</sup> nos quais a sua detec&#231;&#227;o &#233; um preditor independente de AVE isqu&#234;mico<sup>2,12,13</sup>. Embora tenha se mostrado eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o dos eventos isqu&#234;micos nesse contexto<sup>1,2,14</sup>, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com inibidores da Vitamina K vem sendo amplamente subutilizada<sup>1,2,15</sup>. V&#225;rios fatores concorrem para isso, mas se destacam a estreita janela terap&#234;utica desses agentes<sup>16</sup> e o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas<sup>16-18</sup>, particularmente nos mais idosos e que mais se beneficiariam dessa terap&#234;utica<sup>15,18</sup>. Os agentes alternativos em estudo tamb&#233;m est&#227;o associados a sangramentos<sup>16,19</sup>. Considerando que mais de 90% dos trombos identificados nos portadores de FA n&#227;o valvar se originam no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE)<sup>1,2,11,12</sup>, sua oclus&#227;o surgiu como uma alternativa &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o<sup>20-28</sup>. Relatamos nossa experi&#234;ncia inicial na oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do AAE com o Amplatzer Cardiac Plug<sup>TM</sup> em portadores de FA n&#227;o valvar<sup>29</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em novembro de 2010, foram selecionados pacientes com FA permanente ou persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o<sup>1,2</sup>, n&#227;o associada a doen&#231;as valvares, que utilizassem Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o Oral (ACO) e apresentassem limita&#231;&#245;es ao uso dessa terap&#234;utica. Este &#233; um relato retrospectivo dessa experi&#234;ncia inicial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o foram:</p>
    <p>1. Alto risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de AVE isqu&#234;mico, acidentes isqu&#234;micos transit&#243;rios, embolia perif&#233;rica ou CHADS<sub>2</sub> score <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Z8XQ9Fsh9rWWhKV65LTqmHy/0423d65bb744b163d0c4a6b63728186213ecee32.jpg"/> 2<sup>1,2,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>2. Evid&#234;ncia objetiva de limita&#231;&#227;o ao uso de ACO, com hist&#243;ria de AVE hemorr&#225;gico, sangramentos maiores, grande labilidade da resposta terap&#234;utica ao anticoagulante, ou alto risco de sangramentos com ACO. Foram considerados sangramentos maiores os epis&#243;dios de hemorragia com necessidade de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou transfus&#227;o de hemoderivados<sup>30</sup>. Grande labilidade da resposta terap&#234;utica &#224; ACO foi definida como menos de 60% dos registros de tempo e atividade da protrombina (TAP) dentro da faixa terap&#234;utica no &#250;ltimo ano (INR &#8804; 2,0 ou <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Z8XQ9Fsh9rWWhKV65LTqmHy/0423d65bb744b163d0c4a6b63728186213ecee32.jpg"/> 3,0)<sup>30</sup>, ou quando muito elevados em mais de uma ocasi&#227;o (INR <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Z8XQ9Fsh9rWWhKV65LTqmHy/0423d65bb744b163d0c4a6b63728186213ecee32.jpg"/> 4,0)<sup>31,32</sup>. O intervalo de tempo de um ano para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos registros de TAP, assim como a necessidade de INR muito elevado em mais de uma ocasi&#227;o foram definidos arbitrariamente. Alto risco de sangramento com ACO foi definido como HAS-BLED score <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Z8XQ9Fsh9rWWhKV65LTqmHy/0423d65bb744b163d0c4a6b63728186213ecee32.jpg"/> 3<sup>2,30</sup>. Etilismo foi considerado apenas quando influenciava o c&#225;lculo desse &#237;ndice e o risco de quedas recorrentes foi desconsiderado, visto que sua import&#226;ncia como contraindica&#231;&#227;o para ACO tem sido superestimada<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>3. Seriam exclu&#237;dos do estudo os pacientes que na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial apresentassem situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que contraindicasse a interven&#231;&#227;o ou evid&#234;ncia ecocardiogr&#225;fica de trombos intracard&#237;acos, doen&#231;a valvar com risco de embolia, placa aterosclet&#243;rica ulcerada na aorta, ou obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas ou vertebrais. Anatomia inadequada era tamb&#233;m um fator de exclus&#227;o, porque o fabricante recomenda que o colo do AAE tenha di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo de 12 mm e m&#225;ximo de 28mm.</p>
    <p>4. Era necess&#225;rio o consentimento informado dos pacientes e familiares envolvidos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dispositivo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O Amplatzer <sup>TM</sup>Cardiac Plug (ACP &#150; St. Jude Medical Inc., Saint Paul, Estados Unidos) foi desenvolvido especificamente para a oclus&#227;o do AAE por via percut&#226;nea atrav&#233;s de pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal<sup>26-29</sup>. O dispositivo &#233; composto por um lobo distal e um disco proximal que s&#227;o conectados por uma haste articulada. O lobo foi projetado para preencher o AAE e o disco para selar sua entrada. Ambos s&#227;o feitos de uma malha de nitinol autoexpans&#237;vel e cont&#233;m retalhos de poli&#233;ster que aumentam seu poder oclusivo. O lobo apresenta estabilizadores externos apontados para o disco que funcionam como ganchos de ancoragem no corpo do AAE e a articula&#231;&#227;o permite o alinhamento adequado no ap&#234;ndice (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>). No centro do disco h&#225; um parafuso de fixa&#231;&#227;o ao sistema de libera&#231;&#227;o que &#233; composto por um cabo de a&#231;o flex&#237;vel e uma bainha longa transeptal (TDS &#151; Torqvue<sup>TM</sup> Delivery Sheat &#151; St. Jude Medical Inc., Saint Paul, Estados Unidos). O sistema permite reposicionamento e recaptura, possui curvaturas que facilitam a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do AAE e tem 13 French. O dispositivo (ACP) e seu sistema de libera&#231;&#227;o (TDS) foram aprovados para uso cl&#237;nico no Brasil pela Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria (Anvisa)<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0143-00012-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0143-00012-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo de estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na fase de sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes estavam previstas a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, transesof&#225;gico (ETE) e avalia&#231;&#227;o da aorta, car&#243;tidas e vertebrais. O sucesso na interven&#231;&#227;o foi definido como o implante bem-sucedido da pr&#243;tese, com oclus&#227;o completa do AAE, sem fluxo residual, sendo esse o desfecho prim&#225;rio a ser confirmado pelo ETE durante a interven&#231;&#227;o e numa avalia&#231;&#227;o de controle ap&#243;s 30 dias. Complica&#231;&#245;es periprocedimento como o AVE, Acidentes Isqu&#234;micos Transit&#243;rios (AIT), derrame peric&#225;rdico ou pleural, embolia e trombose do dispositivo, les&#245;es vasculares e sangramentos maiores constitu&#237;am os desfechos secund&#225;rios. Os pacientes seriam reavaliados clinicamente em 30 dias e por contato telef&#244;nico ap&#243;s nove meses.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Procedimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram programadas interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas sob anestesia geral e com ETE intraprocedimento. Estavam previstas a extuba&#231;&#227;o em sala e a recupera&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica na Unidade Coronariana. O fabricante disponibilizou uma anima&#231;&#227;o que ilustra o procedimento. Ela pode ser acessada em (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arquivosonline.com.br/2012/video/video.asp">http://www.arquivosonline.com.br/2012/video/video.asp</ext-link>)</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados cinco pacientes com media de idade de 72,8 (62 a 78) anos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="a07tab01_">tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais. Todos estavam em uso regular de ACO e apresentavam grande labilidade na resposta terap&#234;utica. Um paciente apresentava INR = 15,0 ao ser internado e outro havia apresentado hemorragia digestiva baixa por angiodisplasia de c&#243;lon durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Dois pacientes vinham em uso concomitante de AAS. Dos quatro pacientes com hist&#243;ria de isquemia cerebral, tr&#234;s o sofreram em vig&#234;ncia de ACO. Um paciente havia tido uma perna amputada num prov&#225;vel fen&#244;meno emb&#243;lico. Os tr&#234;s pacientes com hist&#243;ria de IC haviam tido infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e dois deles se apresentavam com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. Duas pacientes j&#225; se encontravam numa interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada devido a IC. Nenhum paciente foi exclu&#237;do do estudo. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="a07tab02_">tabela 2</xref> mostra o perfil de alto risco desses pacientes, tanto para eventos emb&#243;licos (CHADS<sub>2</sub><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Z8XQ9Fsh9rWWhKV65LTqmHy/0423d65bb744b163d0c4a6b63728186213ecee32.jpg"/> 2, CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASC <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Z8XQ9Fsh9rWWhKV65LTqmHy/0423d65bb744b163d0c4a6b63728186213ecee32.jpg"/> 2)<sup>8,33</sup> quanto para sangramentos com a ACO (HAS-BLED <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Z8XQ9Fsh9rWWhKV65LTqmHy/0423d65bb744b163d0c4a6b63728186213ecee32.jpg"/> 3)<sup>30</sup>. Mas o escore HAS-BLED desse grupo poderia ter sido um pouco melhor, n&#227;o fosse pelo fato de que dos cinco pacientes com HAS, quatro apresentavam PA Sist&#243;lica <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Z8XQ9Fsh9rWWhKV65LTqmHy/0423d65bb744b163d0c4a6b63728186213ecee32.jpg"/> 160 mmHg.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a07tab01_">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0143-00012-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a07tab02_">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0143-00012-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ACO foi descontinuada dois a cinco dias antes do procedimento, iniciando-se hepariniza&#231;&#227;o (5.000 UI SC 12/12h)<sup>34 </sup>e Dupla Antiagrega&#231;&#227;o Plaquet&#225;ria (DAAP) com &#193;cido Acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS &#150; 200mg/dia) e clopidogrel (dose inicial de 300mg e manuten&#231;&#227;o de 75mg/dia)<sup>27</sup>. No in&#237;cio do procedimento foi realizada profilaxia para endocardite com administra&#231;&#227;o de Cefazolina (1g IV 8/8h &#150; 3 doses)<sup>35</sup>. Acessos vasculares foram realizados por pun&#231;&#227;o femoral. O acesso arterial se destinava a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e ao posicionamento de um cateter Pigtail no plano valvar a&#243;rtico para refer&#234;ncia anat&#244;mica. A pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal foi realizada por acesso venoso contralateral, com monitora&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica e pelas t&#233;cnicas habituais (Bainha de Mullins e agulha de Brockenbrough). Materiais para drenagem peric&#225;rdica e autotransfus&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis em sala. Ap&#243;s a pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal, era administrada heparina (5.000 &#150; 10.000 UI IV), sem monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado. Um cateter Pigtail milimetrado era posicionado no AAE e se realizava a medi&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros do &#243;stio e do colo da estrutura. O colo &#233; considerado a zona de libera&#231;&#227;o &#243;tima do lobo da pr&#243;tese (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). Definido o tamanho do dispositivo, a bainha de Mullins era substitu&#237;da pela TDS e era realizado o implante. As imagens avaliavam o implante adequado e a preserva&#231;&#227;o da integridade das estruturas vizinhas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a07fig04_">fig. 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a07fig05_">5</xref>). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="a07tab03_">tabela 3</xref> exibe os resultados imediatos e explica a escolha do tamanho da pr&#243;tese.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a07fig04_">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0143-00012-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a07fig05_">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0143-00012-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a07tab03_">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0143-00012-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0143-00012-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A oclus&#227;o do AAE foi realizada com sucesso em todos os casos e por pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal, j&#225; que nenhum paciente apresentava forame oval patente ou defeito de septo atrial. Quando n&#227;o houve sucesso na primeira tentativa, procedemos a recaptura e troca do dispositivo por outro de tamanho ligeiramente diferente. Devido &#224; exist&#234;ncia dos estabilizadores (ganchos), recomenda-se que a recaptura seja sempre acompanhada pela troca do TDS. Dois pacientes apresentaram bradicardia sinusal com hipotens&#227;o durante a pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal, quadro que foi prontamente revertido com administra&#231;&#227;o de atropina (1mg IV <italic>bolus</italic>). Nos casos subsequentes, outro acesso venoso profundo estava dispon&#237;vel para eventual implante de fonte geradora de marca-passo, o que n&#227;o chegou a ser necess&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Seguimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve eventos cardiovasculares, complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas ou relacionadas aos acessos vasculares na evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Devido ao diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo, a paciente 4 realizou uma resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear card&#237;aca, onde novamente se confirmou o posicionamento adequado da pr&#243;tese. Todos os pacientes receberam alta hospitalar em uso de DAAP e sem ACO. Foi recomendada profilaxia para endocardite na eventualidade de uma cirurgia nos seis primeiros meses<sup>35</sup>. No seguimento de 30 dias ap&#243;s a alta, n&#227;o foram observados eventos cl&#237;nicos relevantes e todos os pacientes fizeram uso de DAAP por um m&#234;s. Quatro pacientes se encontravam em uso cr&#244;nico de AAS por outra indica&#231;&#227;o. Todos foram submetidos a ETE de controle 30 dias ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o se evidenciando fluxo residual no ap&#234;ndice ou trombose no disco proximal. A avalia&#231;&#227;o por contato telef&#244;nico aos nove meses n&#227;o evidenciou desfechos cl&#237;nicos indesej&#225;veis. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A import&#226;ncia do AAE na fisiopatologia de eventos emb&#243;licos associados a FA tem sido amplamente relatada e se encontra bem estabelecida. Apesar de eficaz, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ACO para a preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos emb&#243;licos nesses pacientes tem se mostrado dif&#237;cil e subutilizada. Al&#233;m da preocupa&#231;&#227;o com a possibilidade de sangramentos e da dificuldade em manter o agente dentro da faixa terap&#234;utica, existe a necessidade de frequente monitora&#231;&#227;o e a prefer&#234;ncia pessoal dos pacientes<sup>1,2</sup>. Embora o Dabigatran (Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals) tenha mostrado resultados um pouco melhores, esse agente tamb&#233;m n&#227;o est&#225; livre do risco de sangramentos<sup>19</sup> e seu alto custo &#233; motivo de considera&#231;&#227;o. Diferentes estrat&#233;gias v&#234;m sendo utilizadas para abla&#231;&#227;o da FA com aparente sucesso, mas geralmente essas iniciativas t&#234;m se dirigido a pacientes sintom&#225;ticos e, em alguns poucos casos, a jovens refrat&#225;rios ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico ou com exposi&#231;&#227;o ocupacional de risco proibitivo<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>As primeiras tentativas de oblitera&#231;&#227;o do AAE para preven&#231;&#227;o de embolia em FA aconteceram em pacientes com estenose mitral, submetidos a diferentes estrat&#233;gias de isolamento ou retirada do AAE em cirurgias<sup>11 </sup>ou por toracoscopia. Mas a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma cirurgia ou toracoscopia em pacientes com FA sem doen&#231;a valvar nunca foi uma ideia atraente. Entretanto, essas experi&#234;ncias fundamentaram o conceito de que a oclus&#227;o do AAE poderia ser eficaz na preven&#231;&#227;o de AVE<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>O sistema PLAATO (ev3. Inc., Plymouth, Estados Unidos) foi o primeiro a ser desenvolvido para oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do AAE<sup>20</sup>. Foi utilizado a partir de 2002 em pacientes com contraindica&#231;&#227;o a ACO, se mostrando seguro e eficaz, com redu&#231;&#227;o de 42% na taxa prevista de AVE/AIT em um estudo observacional multic&#234;ntrico com cinco anos de seguimento<sup>23</sup>. Por raz&#245;es econ&#244;micas, esse dispositivo n&#227;o se encontra mais no mercado<sup>36,37</sup>. Um segundo dispositivo dedicado, o WATCHMAN Left Atrial Appendage System (Atritech., Plymouth, Estados Unidos) vem sendo usado desde 2007 em pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de ACO<sup>22</sup>. Um estudo multic&#234;ntrico controlado (PROTECT AF) randomizou pacientes para interven&#231;&#227;o ou warfarin<sup>25</sup>. O grupo submetido ao implante precisava usar warfarin por no m&#237;nimo 45 dias, tempo usualmente necess&#225;rio para endoteliza&#231;&#227;o desse dispositivo. O desfecho prim&#225;rio era composto da ocorr&#234;ncia de AVE, embolia, e morte cardiovascular ou inexplicada, sendo 38% menor no grupo do dispositivo. O estudo documentou a n&#227;o inferioridade do dispositivo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao warfarin, mas como esperado, o grupo submetido a interven&#231;&#227;o experimentou complica&#231;&#245;es periprocedimento. Algumas dessas complica&#231;&#245;es motivaram modifica&#231;&#245;es no dispositivo<sup>22</sup> e outras se mostraram relacionadas &#224; curva de aprendizado<sup>37</sup>. Esse dispositivo n&#227;o est&#225; aprovado para uso cl&#237;nico nos Estados Unidos, onde o Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) aguarda os resultados de um registro cont&#237;nuo de pacientes<sup>38</sup>. Parte desses resultados foi publicada, demonstrando a import&#226;ncia da curva de aprendizado<sup>37</sup>.</p>
    <p>Logo ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o do PLAATO, Meier e cols.<sup>21 </sup>relataram o fechamento percut&#226;neo do AAE com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos Amplatzer<sup>TM</sup> tradicionalmente utilizados para fechamento dos defeitos de septo atrial. Foram16 casos, sete deles com hist&#243;ria de efeitos colaterais ou exposi&#231;&#227;o ocupacional que contraindicavam a ACO. Os outros nove pacientes se submeteram ao implante por prefer&#234;ncia pessoal. Em 14 pacientes o procedimento foi realizado com anestesia local e em 11 n&#227;o houve monitora&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, sendo bem-sucedido em todos os casos. O seguimento variou de um a 12 meses e n&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es<sup>21</sup>. Apesar dessa experi&#234;ncia inicial, numa s&#233;rie posterior de 44 pacientes, tr&#234;s n&#227;o obtiveram o fechamento, um precisou de uma nova interven&#231;&#227;o e houve seis emboliza&#231;&#245;es do dispositivo<sup>35</sup>. Considerando a fragilidade da parede do AAE,com aproximadamente 1mm de espessura<sup>38</sup>, o fabricante desenvolveu o ACP, um dispositivo espec&#237;fico para essa interven&#231;&#227;o<sup>26-29</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nossa experi&#234;ncia inicial, considerando a comprovada efic&#225;cia da ACO, tivemos a preocupa&#231;&#227;o de estabelecer crit&#233;rios r&#237;gidos de inclus&#227;o no que se refere ao risco de embolia e sangramento. O desfecho prim&#225;rio de oclus&#227;o do AAE se realizou em todos os casos e o dispositivo se mostrou seguro, sem complica&#231;&#245;es periprocedimento. Contrariando a experi&#234;ncia de Jilaihawi e Kar<sup>39</sup>, embora as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas se mostrassem relativamente acuradas em nosso estudo, quase sempre orientamos a escolha da pr&#243;tese pelas medidas angiogr&#225;ficas. Mas a presen&#231;a da ecocardiografia em sala foi valiosa ao monitorar a integridade das estruturas circunvizinhas e a aus&#234;ncia de fluxo no AAE, garantindo dessa forma o implante &#243;timo. Acreditamos tamb&#233;m que esse m&#233;todo facilita a pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal e pode agilizar a detec&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es. A ACO foi suspensa dias antes da interven&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o obtivemos trombose do dispositivo no seguimento de nove meses. Talvez a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de DAAP pudesse ter sido estendida para at&#233; tr&#234;s meses<sup>40</sup>, mas por raz&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e socioecon&#244;micas isso n&#227;o era interessante em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ensaios cl&#237;nicos controlados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios antes que o fechamento percut&#226;neo do AAE constitua uma alternativa &#224; ACO em pacientes portadores de FA permanente ou persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o associada a doen&#231;a valvar. Mas o dispositivo se mostrou promissor em pacientes com alto risco de embolia e limita&#231;&#245;es ao uso de ACO. Embora a import&#226;ncia da curva de aprendizado n&#227;o possa ser subestimada<sup>35,37,38</sup>, a familiaridade dos operadores com os dispositivos Amplatzer<sup>TM</sup> pode vir a ser uma vantagem na experi&#234;ncia inicial com esta interven&#231;&#227;o<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na &#233;poca da publica&#231;&#227;o, o seguimento de 14 meses n&#227;o revelava desfechos adversos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer a coopera&#231;&#227;o do Dr. Claudio Jos&#233; Gouvea Galhardo e a participa&#231;&#227;o do Enf. Wilson Pessanha, membros do nosso corpo cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Drs. M&#225;rcio Jos&#233; Montenegro e An&#237;bal Damonte s&#227;o consultores e supervisores de casos da St. Jude Medical Inc., recebendo honor&#225;rios pelas sess&#245;es de treinamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>M&#225;rcio Jos&#233; Montenegro</p>
        <p>Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista.</p>
        <p> Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro. Rua David Campista, 326 - 4&#186; andar - Humait&#225; - 22.261-010 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <ext-link xlink:href="mailto:'marciojmontenegro@hotmail.com'" ext-link-type="email">marciojmontenegro@hotmail.com</ext-link>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 16/08/11, revisado recebido em 12/09/11, aceito em 12/09/11.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Percutaneous occlusion of left atrial appendage with the Amplatzer Cardiac PlugTM in atrial fibrillation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Background: Atrial fibrillation is associated with embolic strokes that often result in death or disability. Effective in reducing these events, anticoagulation has several limitations and has been widely underutilized. Over 90% of thrombi identified in patients with atrial fibrillation without valvular disease originate in the left atrial appendage, whose occlusion is investigated as an alternative to anticoagulation. Objective: To determine the feasibility of percutaneous occlusion of the left atrial appendage in patients at high risk of embolic events and limitations to the use of anticoagulation. Methods: We report our initial experience with Amplatzer Cardiac PlugTM (St. Jude Medical Inc., Saint Paul, Estados Unidos) in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. We selected patients at high risk of thromboembolism, major bleeding, contraindications to the use or major instability in response to the anticoagulant. The procedures were performed percutaneously under general anesthesia and transesophageal echocardiography. The primary outcome was the presence of periprocedural complications and follow-up program included clinical and echocardiographic review within 30 days and by telephone contact after nine months. Results: In five selected patients it was possible to occlude the left atrial appendage without periprocedural complications. There were no clinical events in follow-up. Conclusion: Controlled clinical trials are needed before percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage should be considered an alternative to anticoagulation in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. But the device has shown to be promissory in patients at high risk of embolism and restrictions on the use of anticoagulants.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>atrial appendage</kwd>
        <kwd>stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>prostheses and implants</kwd>
        <kwd>thromboembolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Percutaneous occlusion of left atrial appendage with the amplatzer cardiac plug<sup>TM</sup> in atrial fibrillation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#225;rcio Jos&#233; Montenegro<sup>I</sup>; Edgard Freitas Quintella<sup>I</sup>; An&#237;bal Damonte<sup>II</sup>; Hugo de Castro Sabino<sup>I</sup>; Ricardo Zajdenverg; Gustavo Pinaud Laufer<sup>I</sup>; Bernardo Amorim<sup>I</sup>; Andr&#233; Pereira Duque Estrada<sup>I</sup>; Cristian Paul Yugcha Armas<sup>I</sup>; Aline Sterque</bold>
        <sup>
          <bold>I</bold>
        </sup>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto Cardiovascular de Ros&#225;rio, Ros&#225;rio, Argentina</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Background</bold>: Atrial fibrillation is associated with embolic strokes that often result in death or disability. Effective in reducing these events, anticoagulation has several limitations and has been widely underutilized. Over 90% of thrombi identified in patients with atrial fibrillation without valvular disease originate in the left atrial appendage, whose occlusion is investigated as an alternative to anticoagulation. </p>
      <p><bold>Objective</bold>: To determine the feasibility of percutaneous occlusion of the left atrial appendage in patients at high risk of embolic events and limitations to the use of anticoagulation.</p>
      <p><bold>Methods</bold>: We report our initial experience with Amplatzer Cardiac Plug<sup>TM</sup> (St. Jude Medical Inc., Saint Paul, USA) in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. We selected patients at high risk of thromboembolism, major bleeding, and contraindications to the use or major instability in response to oral anticoagulant. The procedures were performed percutaneously under general anesthesia and transesophageal echocardiography. The primary outcome was the presence of periprocedural complications and follow-up program included clinical and echocardiographic review within 30 days and by telephone contact after nine months.</p>
      <p><bold>Results</bold>: In five selected patients it was possible to occlude the left atrial appendage without periprocedural complications. There were no clinical events in follow-up.</p>
      <p><bold>Conclusion</bold>: Controlled clinical trials are needed before percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage should be considered an alternative to anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation not associated with valvular disease. But the device has shown to be promissory in patients at high risk of embolism and restrictions on the use of anticoagulants.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords</bold>: Atrial fibrillation; atrial appendage; stroke; prostheses and implants; thromboembolism.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Stroke (CVA) is one of the most feared complications of cardiovascular diseases<sup>1,2</sup>. The Framingham Heart Study showed that the isolated presence of coronary artery disease (CAD), high blood pressure (hypertension) or heart failure (HF) increased the incidence of stroke adjusted for age at a rate of more than two, three or four times, respectively, while the presence of atrial fibrillation (AF) not associated with valvular diseases increased the risk fivefold. With age, the effects of the presence of CAD, hypertension and heart failure were attenuated, but the impact of AF were not<sup>3</sup>. Then considered an important risk factor for ischemic attack; AF is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice<sup>4,5</sup>, its incidence increases with age<sup>5</sup> and its prevalence has been growing also<sup>6</sup>. The occurrence of stroke is as common in the paroxysmal AF as in persistent or permanent AF, being twice higher than the population in general<sup>7</sup>. It is estimated that approximately 20% of strokes are associated with AF<sup>2,3,8</sup>, and in this population, they often result in death or permanent<sup>9</sup>disability. Multiple conditions may be associated<sup>8</sup> and different mechanisms can cause stroke in the presence of AF<sup>10</sup>. But it is believed that in most cases thromboembolic events occur, because thrombi in the left atrium have been widely documented in autopsies, surgeries and echocardiographic studies<sup>11-13</sup> in which its detection is an independent predictor of ischemic attack. Although it has proven to be effective in reducing ischemic events in this context<sup>1,2,14</sup>, anticoagulation with vitamin K inhibitors has been widely underused<sup>1,2,15</sup>. Several factors contribute to this, but it stands out the narrow therapeutic window of these agents<sup>16</sup> and the risk of bleeding complications<sup>16-18</sup>, particularly in older patients who would most benefit from this therapy<sup>15,18</sup>. The alternative agents under study are also associated to bleeding<sup>16,19</sup>. Since more than 90% of thrombi identified in patients with nonvalvular AF originate in the left atrial appendage (LAA)<sup>1,2,11,12</sup>, its occlusion emerged as an alternative to anticoagulation<sup>20-28</sup>. We report our initial experience in percutaneous occlusion of the LAA in patients with nonvalvular AF with the Amplatzer Cardiac Plug<sup>TM29</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In November 2010, patients with nonvalvular AF, permanent or long duration persistent, who use and present limitations to the use of oral anticoagulation (OAC), were selected to intervention. This is a retrospective account of this early experience.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Selection of patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The selection criteria were:</p>
      <p>1. High risk of thromboembolic events, with a history of ischemic attack, transient ischemic attacks, peripheral embolism, or CHADS<sub>2</sub> score <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Z8XQ9Fsh9rWWhKV65LTqmHy/0423d65bb744b163d0c4a6b63728186213ecee32.jpg"/> 2<sup>1,2,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>2. Objective evidence limiting the use of OAC, with a history of hemorrhagic stroke, major bleeding, great lability of the response to anticoagulant therapy, or high risk of bleeding with OAC. We considered major bleeding as bleeding episodes requiring hospitalization or transfusion<sup>30</sup>. Great lability of the therapeutic response to OAC was defined as less than 60% of the records of prothrombin time (PT)within the therapeutic range in the last year (INR &#8804; 2.0 or <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Z8XQ9Fsh9rWWhKV65LTqmHy/0423d65bb744b163d0c4a6b63728186213ecee32.jpg"/> 3.0)<sup>30</sup>, or when very high in more than one occasion (INR <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Z8XQ9Fsh9rWWhKV65LTqmHy/0423d65bb744b163d0c4a6b63728186213ecee32.jpg"/> 4.0)<sup>31,32</sup>. The time interval of one year to review the records of PT, as well as the need for very high INR in more than one occasion were set arbitrarily. High risk of bleeding with OAC was defined as HAS-BLED score <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Z8XQ9Fsh9rWWhKV65LTqmHy/0423d65bb744b163d0c4a6b63728186213ecee32.jpg"/> 3<sup>2,30</sup>. Alcohol abuse was considered only when it influenced this score calculation and the risk of recurrent falls was disregarded, since its importance as a contraindication for OAC has been underestimated<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>3. Should be excluded from the study at initial assessment the patients presenting with a clinical situation that contraindicated intervention or echocardiographic evidence of intracardiac thrombus, valvular disease with risk of embolism, ulcerated atherosclerotic plaque in the aorta, or significant obstruction of the carotid or vertebral arteries. Inadequate anatomy was also a factor of exclusion, because the manufacturer recommends that the neck of the LAA has a minimum diameter of 12 mm and a maximum of 28 mm.</p>
      <p>4. It was necessary the informed consent of patients and relatives involved.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Device</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Amplatzer<sup>TM</sup> Cardiac Plug (ACP - St. Jude Medical Inc., Saint Paul, USA) was developed specifically for the LAA occlusion by percutaneous mean through transseptal puncture<sup> 26-29</sup>. The device consists of a distal lobe and a proximal disk that are connected by an articulated beam. The lobe was designed to fill the LAA and the disk to seal its entrance. Both are made of a self-expanding nitinol stent and it has polyester bits that increase its occlusive power. The lobe has external stabilizers pointing to the disk that work as anchorage hooks to help secure the body of the LAA and the articulation allows proper alignment in the appendage (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01-body2">Fig. 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02-body2">2</xref>). In the center of the disk there is a screw attached to the release system which is composed of a flexible steel cable and a long transseptal sheath (TDS - Torqvue<sup>TM</sup> Delivery Sheat - St. Jude Medical Inc., Saint Paul, USA). The system allows repositioning and recapture; it has bends that facilitate catheterization of the LAA and has 13 French. The device (ACP) and its delivery system (TDS) have been approved for clinical use in Brazil by the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA)<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <fig id="f01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0143-00012-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0143-00012-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Study protocol</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the selection phase patients were referred to the performance of transesophageal, transthoracic echocardiography (TEE) and evaluation of the aorta, carotid and vertebral arteries. Successful intervention was defined as successful implantation of the prosthesis, with complete occlusion of the LAA without residual flow, which is the primary outcome to be confirmed by TEE during the procedure and in a control assessment after 30 days. Periprocedural complications such as stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), pleural or pericardial effusion, embolism and thrombosis of the device, vascular lesions and major bleeding were secondary outcomes. Patients were clinically evaluated at 30 days and by telephone calls after nine months.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Procedure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Percutaneous interventions were scheduled under general anesthesia and intra-procedural TEE. We planned extubation in cathlab and anesthesia recovery in the Coronary Care Unit. The manufacturer has released an animation that illustrates the procedure. It can be accessed at (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arquivosonline.com.br/2012/video/video.asp">http://www.arquivosonline.com.br/2012/video/video.asp</ext-link>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Baseline Characteristics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We studied five patients with mean age of 72.8 (62-78) years. <xref ref-type="table" rid="ea07tab01_-body2">Table 1</xref> shows baseline clinical characteristics. All patients were in regular use of OAC and showed great lability in response to therapy. One patient had INR = 15.0 at the moment of hospitalization and another patient presented lower gastrointestinal bleeding by angiodysplasia of the colon during hospitalization. Two patients were using concomitant aspirin. Out of the four patients with a history of cerebral ischemia, three suffered during OAC. One patient had had a leg amputated in a probable embolic phenomenon. The three patients with a history of HF had had myocardial infarction and two of them presented with preserved ejection fraction. Two patients were already in a prolonged hospitalization due to HF. No patient was excluded from the study. <xref ref-type="table" rid="ea07tab02_-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the profile of these high-risk patients, either for embolic events (CHADS<sub>2</sub><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Z8XQ9Fsh9rWWhKV65LTqmHy/0423d65bb744b163d0c4a6b63728186213ecee32.jpg"/> 2, CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASC <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Z8XQ9Fsh9rWWhKV65LTqmHy/0423d65bb744b163d0c4a6b63728186213ecee32.jpg"/> 2)<sup>8,33</sup> as for bleeding with the OAC (HAS-BLED <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Z8XQ9Fsh9rWWhKV65LTqmHy/0423d65bb744b163d0c4a6b63728186213ecee32.jpg"/> 3)<sup>30</sup>. But the HAS-BLED score of this group could have been a little better, if not for the fact that from the five patients with hypertension, four had systolic BP <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Z8XQ9Fsh9rWWhKV65LTqmHy/0423d65bb744b163d0c4a6b63728186213ecee32.jpg"/> 160 mmHg.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="ea07tab01_-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0143-00012-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="ea07tab02_-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0143-00012-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Percutaneous Intervention</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The OAC was discontinued two to five days before the procedure, starting heparin administration (5000 IU SC 12/12h)<sup>34</sup> and Dual Antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA - 200 mg daily) and clopidogrel (initial dose of 300mg and maintenance of 75mg/day)<sup>27</sup>. At the beginning of the procedure, endocarditis prophylaxis was performed with injection of cefazolin (1 g IV 8/8h - 3 doses)<sup>35</sup>. Vascular access was performed by femoral puncture. The arterial access was intended to monitor blood pressure and to positioning of a Pigtail catheter in the aortic valve for anatomical reference. The transseptal puncture was performed by counter-lateral venous access, with echocardiographic monitoring and the usual techniques (Mullins sheath and Brockenbrough needle). Pericardial drainage and autotransfusion equipment were available at hands. After transseptal puncture, heparin was administered (5000 to 10000 IU IV), with no monitoring of activated coagulation time. A millimeter Pigtail catheter was placed in LAA being performed measurements of the diameters of the appendice&#146;s ostium and neck. The neck is considered the optimal release zone of the prosthesis&#146; lobe (Fig. 3). The device size had been set, the Mullins sheath was replaced by TDS and the implant was placed. The images assessed the appropriate implant preserving the integrity of adjacent structures (Fig. 4 and 5). <xref ref-type="table" rid="ea07tab03_-body2">Table 3</xref> shows immediate results and explains the choice of prosthesis size.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="ea07tab03_-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0143-00012-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The occlusion of the LAA was successfully performed in all cases and by transseptal puncture, since no patient had a patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect. When there was no success at first attempt, we proceeded to recapture and exchange the device for another of a slightly different size. Due to the existence of stabilizers (hooks), it is recommended that the recapture is always accompanied by the exchange of TDS. Two patients had sinus bradycardia with hypotension during transseptal puncture, a scenario that was promptly reversed by administration of atropine (1 mg IV bolus). In subsequent cases, another deep venous access was available for an eventual implantation of pacemaker, which was never necessary.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Follow-up</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no cardiovascular events or bleeding complications related to vascular access in the hospital course. Due to the diagnosis of Takotsubo syndrome, the patient 4 made a cardiac MRI, which again confirmed the proper placement of the prosthesis. All patients were discharged using DAPT and without OAC. Endocarditis prophylaxis was recommended in the event of surgery in the first six months<sup>35</sup>. In the 30 days follow-up after discharge, no significant clinical events were observed and all patients were treated with DAPT for a month. Four patients were in chronic use of aspirin for other indications. All patients underwent TEE control 30 days after surgery, showing no residual flow in the appendage or thrombosis in the proximal disk. The assessment by telephone at nine months showed no adverse clinical outcomes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The importance of LAA in the pathophysiology of embolic events associated with AF has been widely reported and it is well established. Despite being effective, the use of OAC for the prevention of embolic events in these patients has proved difficult and underutilized. In addition to the concern about the possibility of bleeding and difficulty in maintaining the agent within the therapeutic range, there is a need for frequent monitoring and the personal preference of patients<sup>1,2</sup>. Although Dabigatran (Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals) has shown slightly better results, this agent is also not free of risk of bleeding<sup>19</sup> and its high cost is a matter of consideration. </p>
      <p>Different strategies have been used for ablation of AF with apparent success, but generally these efforts have been directed to symptomatic patients and in some few cases, to young patients refractory to drug therapy, or patients with prohibitive risk from occupational exposure<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The first attempts at obliteration of the LAA to prevent embolism in AF occurred in patients with mitral stenosis who underwent different isolation strategies or withdrawal of the LAA in surgeries<sup>11</sup> or thoracoscopy. But the performance of thoracoscopy or surgery in patients with atrial fibrillation without valvular disease has never been an attractive idea. However, these experiments substantiated the concept that the occlusion of the LAA could be effective in preventing CVA<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>The system PLAATO (ev3. Inc., Plymouth, USA) was the first to be developed for the percutaneous occlusion of LAA<sup>20</sup>. It was used since 2002 in patients with contraindication to OAC, and has proven to be safe and effective, with a 42% reduction in the expected rate of stroke/TIA in a multicenter observational study with five years follow-up<sup>23</sup>. For economic reasons, this device is no longer available<sup>36,37</sup>. A second dedicated device, the WATCHMAN Left Atrial Appendage System (Atritech., Plymouth, USA) has been used since 2007 in patients with indication of OAC<sup>22</sup>. A controlled multicenter study (PROTECT AF) randomized patients for intervention or warfarin<sup>25</sup>. The group undergoing implant needed to use warfarin for at least 45 days, the time usually required for endothelialization of this device. The primary endpoint consisted in the occurrence of stroke, cardiovascular or unexplained death and pulmonary embolism, and was 38% lower in the device group. The study documented the noninferiority of the device regarding warfarin, but as expected, the group undergoing the intervention experienced periprocedural complications. Some of these complications led to changes in the device<sup>22</sup> and others were related to the learning curve<sup>37</sup>. This device is not approved for clinical use in the United States, where the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is awaiting the results of a continuous record of patients<sup>38</sup>. Part of these results was published, demonstrating the importance of the learning curve<sup>37</sup>.</p>
      <p>Soon after the introduction of PLAATO, Meier et al<sup>21 </sup>reported percutaneous closure of the LAA with the use of Amplatzer<sup>TM</sup> devices traditionally used for closure of atrial septal defect. There were 16 cases, in which seven of them had a history of side effects or occupational exposure that prevents OAC usage. The other nine patients underwent implantation on their own volition. In 14 patients the procedure was performed under local anesthesia and in 11 patients there was no echocardiographic monitoring, being successful in all cases. Follow-up ranged from one to 12 months and there were no complications<sup>21</sup>. Despite this initial experiment, in a further series of 44 patients, three patients did not obtain the closure, one patient needed a new intervention and there were six events of embolization in the device<sup>35</sup>. Considering the fragility of the wall of the LAA, with approximately 1mm in thickness<sup>38</sup>, the manufacturer developed the ACP, a device designed for this intervention<sup>26-29</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our initial experience, considering the proven effectiveness of the OAC, we were concerned on establishing inclusion criteria regards the risk of embolism and bleeding. The primary outcome of the LAA occlusion was performed in all cases and the device proved to be safe without periprocedural complications. Contrary to the experience of Jilaihawi and Kar<sup>39</sup>, though the echocardiographic measurements appeared relatively accurate in our study, we often oriented the choice of the prosthesis by angiographic measurements. But echocardiography guidance was valuable in monitoring the integrity of surrounding structures and the absence of flow in the LAA, thereby ensuring the optimal implantation. We also believe that this method facilitates transseptal puncture and can expedite the detection of possible complications. The OAC was suspended days in advance to the intervention and device thrombosis was not found in the nine-month follow-up. Perhaps the use of DAPT could have been extended for up to three months<sup>40</sup>, but due to clinical and socioeconomic reasons it was not interesting in our population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Controlled clinical trials are needed before percutaneous closure of the LAA becomes an alternative to OAC in patients with permanent or long-term persistent nonvalvular AF. But the device has shown to be promising in patients at high risk of embolism and limitations to the use of OAC. Although the importance of the learning curve cannot be underestimated<sup>35,37,38</sup>, the operators&#146; familiarity with the devices Amplatzer<sup>TM</sup> might be an advantage in the initial experience with this intervention<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>By the time of publication, there was no adverse endpoints on the 14 months follow-up.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements </bold>
      </p>
      <p>We would like to thank the cooperation of Dr. Claudio Jos&#233; Gouvea Galhardo and the participation of the Nurse Wilson Pessanha, members of our clinical staff.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Drs. M&#225;rcio Jos&#233; Montenegro and An&#237;bal Damonte provide advice and supervision to St. Jude Medical Inc. cases and are paid for training sections</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
