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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8HqzvtC4L5QKSKk5JqdP8BJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000200005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Medidas antropom&#233;tricas como preditoras de fatores de risco cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o urbana do Ir&#227;</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gharakhanlou</surname>
            <given-names>Reza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farzad</surname>
            <given-names>Babak</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Agha-Alinejad</surname>
            <given-names>Hamid</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Steffen</surname>
            <given-names>Lyn M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bayati</surname>
            <given-names>Mahdi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Teer&#227;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tarbiat Modarres University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Humanas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Ci&#234;ncias Desportivas</institution>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Minneapolis</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Minnesota</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Epidemiologia e Sa&#250;de Comunit&#225;ria</institution>
        <country country="">EUA</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>126</fpage>
      <lpage>135</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O sobrepeso e a obesidade s&#227;o um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na sociedade pela sua associa&#231;&#227;o com diversas doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo &#233; determinar a preval&#234;ncia e a distribui&#231;&#227;o de sobrepeso e obesidade, usando diferentes medidas antropom&#233;tricas, e identificar o melhor indicador antropom&#233;trico intimamente relacionado aos fatores de risco de Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares (DCV) em popula&#231;&#227;o iraniana urbana. M&#201;TODOS: O presente estudo transversal foi realizado com 991 homens e 1.188 mulheres de 15 a 64 anos. Foram medidos &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), Circunfer&#234;ncia Abdominal (CA), Rela&#231;&#227;o Cintura-Quadril (RCQ), Rela&#231;&#227;o Cintura-Altura (RCA) e porcentagem de gordura corporal. Foi obtida amostra de sangue em jejum. Foram avaliados os fatores de risco cardiovascular, incluindo glicemia de jejum, triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol total (col-T), colesterol de baixa densidade (LDL-colesterol) e colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-colesterol). RESULTADOS: Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMC, 49% dos homens e 53% das mulheres estavam acima do peso ou obesos, e 10,2% dos homens e 18,6% das mulheres encontravam-se obesos. Tanto nos homens quanto nas mulheres, a preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso esteve maior entre aqueles com 40-49 anos de idade, e a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade esteve maior entre aqueles com 50 anos ou mais. Usando a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, IMC, RCA e RCQ explicaram o maior percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o de triglicer&#237;deos, raz&#227;o entre col-T e HDL-colesterol e LDL-colesterol em homens, respectivamente, ao passo que RCQ explicou o maior percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o de triglicer&#237;deos e CA explicou o maior percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o entre col-T e HDL-colesterol e LDL-colesterol em mulheres. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nossos dados indicam que RCQ e RCA foram os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos que melhor previram fatores de risco cardiovascular em homens e RCQ e CA, em mulheres.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Peso e Medidas Corporais</kwd>
        <kwd>Peso Corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Popula&#231;&#227;o Urbana</kwd>
        <kwd>Ir&#227; (Geogr&#225;fico)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Medidas antropom&#233;tricas como preditoras de fatores de risco cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o urbana do Ir&#227;</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Anthropometric measures as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in the urban population of Iran</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Reza Gharakhanlou<sup>I</sup>; Babak Farzad<sup>I</sup>; Hamid Agha-Alinejad<sup>I</sup>; Lyn M. Steffen<sup>II</sup>; Mahdi Bayati<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Ci&#234;ncias Desportivas - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Humanas - Universidade de Tarbiat Modares, Teer&#227;, Ir&#227; </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Divis&#227;o de Epidemiologia e Sa&#250;de Comunit&#225;ria da Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da Universidade de Minnesota, Minneapolis, EUA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O sobrepeso e a obesidade s&#227;o um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na sociedade pela sua associa&#231;&#227;o com diversas doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O objetivo deste estudo &#233; determinar a preval&#234;ncia e a distribui&#231;&#227;o de sobrepeso e obesidade, usando diferentes medidas antropom&#233;tricas, e identificar o melhor indicador antropom&#233;trico intimamente relacionado aos fatores de risco de Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares (DCV) em popula&#231;&#227;o iraniana urbana. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> O presente estudo transversal foi realizado com 991 homens e 1.188 mulheres de 15 a 64 anos. Foram medidos &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), Circunfer&#234;ncia Abdominal (CA), Rela&#231;&#227;o Cintura-Quadril (RCQ), Rela&#231;&#227;o Cintura-Altura (RCA) e porcentagem de gordura corporal. Foi obtida amostra de sangue em jejum. Foram avaliados os fatores de risco cardiovascular, incluindo glicemia de jejum, triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol total (col-T), colesterol de baixa densidade (LDL-colesterol) e colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-colesterol). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMC, 49% dos homens e 53% das mulheres estavam acima do peso ou obesos, e 10,2% dos homens e 18,6% das mulheres encontravam-se obesos. Tanto nos homens quanto nas mulheres, a preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso esteve maior entre aqueles com 40-49 anos de idade, e a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade esteve maior entre aqueles com 50 anos ou mais. Usando a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, IMC, RCA e RCQ explicaram o maior percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o de triglicer&#237;deos, raz&#227;o entre col-T e HDL-colesterol e LDL-colesterol em homens, respectivamente, ao passo que RCQ explicou o maior percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o de triglicer&#237;deos e CA explicou o maior percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o entre col-T e HDL-colesterol e LDL-colesterol em mulheres. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Nossos dados indicam que RCQ e RCA foram os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos que melhor previram fatores de risco cardiovascular em homens e RCQ e CA, em mulheres.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Peso e Medidas Corporais, Peso Corporal, Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares, Fatores de Risco, Popula&#231;&#227;o Urbana, Ir&#227; (Geogr&#225;fico).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Overweight and obesity are an important public health problem in society, due to their association with various chronic diseases. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and distribution of overweight and obesity, using different anthropometric measurements and to identify the best anthropometric indicator which is most closely related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in an Iranian urban population. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This cross-sectional study was conducted with 991 men and 1188 women aged 15 to 64 years. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and percentage of body fat were measured. A fasting blood specimen was obtained. CVD risk factors, including fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol (Tchol), low-density (LDL-C) and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were assessed. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Based on BMI, more than 49% of men and 53% of women were either overweight or obese with 10.2% of men and 18.6% of women being obese. In both men and women, the prevalence of overweight was greater among 40-49 year olds and the prevalence of obesity was greater among those 50+ years. Using the multiple regression analysis, BMI, WHtR and WHR explained the highest percentage of variation of triglycerides, Tchol/HDL-C ratio and LDL-C in men, respectively, whereas WHR explained the highest percentage of variation of triglycerides and WC explained the highest percentage of variation of Tchol/HDL-C ratio and LDL-C in women. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Our data indicated that WHR and WHtR were the anthropometric indicators that best predicted CVD risk factors in men and WHR and WC in women.</p>
    <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Body weights and measures; body weight; cardiovascular diseases; risk factors; urban population; iran.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade est&#225; aumentando rapidamente em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, bem como em pa&#237;ses industrializados<sup>1,2</sup>. Regimes alimentares pouco saud&#225;veis e sedentarismo s&#227;o os principais contribuintes para o sobrepeso e a obesidade, que est&#227;o entre os principais fatores de risco para as principais doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis. Pesquisas anteriores j&#225; haviam mostrado consistentemente que tanto a gordura corporal total absoluta como a distribui&#231;&#227;o central de gordura corporal est&#227;o intimamente associadas com os riscos de diabetes, hiperlipidemia, hipertens&#227;o e Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular (DCV)<sup>3</sup>. Mortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; aproximadamente tr&#234;s vezes maior entre os homens e mulheres obesas, e de 21% a 28% da mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em homens e mulheres, respectivamente, podem ser atribu&#237;dos ao excesso de peso e obesidade<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>O Ir&#227; &#233; um pa&#237;s cidade-Estado urbanizado na regi&#227;o do Oriente M&#233;dio, sendo considerado um pa&#237;s em transi&#231;&#227;o nutricional. Como a maioria dos pa&#237;ses que passaram por transi&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica e demogr&#225;fica r&#225;pida, as doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, especialmente as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, s&#227;o a principal causa de mortalidade e morbidade no Ir&#227;, com alta preval&#234;ncia<sup>5</sup>. Por sua vez, embora o tecido adiposo abdominal visceral medido pela Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica possa refletir com mais precis&#227;o a distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal para prever riscos metab&#243;licos<sup>6,7</sup>, os altos custos inerentes e o perigo de radia&#231;&#227;o impedem sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos ou autoavalia&#231;&#245;es de larga escala. Diversos indicadores da obesidade t&#234;m sido descritos nos &#250;ltimos 25 anos ou mais<sup>8</sup>. O &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) &#233; muitas vezes usado para refletir a gordura corporal total, enquanto a Circunfer&#234;ncia Abdominal (CA), a Rela&#231;&#227;o Cintura-Quadril (RCQ) e a Rela&#231;&#227;o Cintura-Altura (RCA) s&#227;o usadas como substitutos para a gordura corporal central<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos recentes mostram que a CA &#233; a melhor medida antropom&#233;trica simples do tecido adiposo abdominal visceral, podendo ser o melhor indicador para a previs&#227;o dos riscos cardiovasculares<sup>11-13</sup>. Como h&#225; diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero marcadas na distribui&#231;&#227;o regional de gordura corporal, os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos tamb&#233;m podem variar em sua aplicabilidade por sexo.</p>
    <p>Considerando que a preval&#234;ncia da obesidade tem sido cada vez mais relatada em todas as regi&#245;es do mundo, a situa&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia da obesidade como um melhor preditor de fatores de risco cardiovascular em uma popula&#231;&#227;o urbana do Ir&#227; &#233; desconhecida. Portanto, este estudo foi elaborado para: (1) fornecer dados de base sobre a preval&#234;ncia e distribui&#231;&#227;o de sobrepeso e obesidade usando medidas antropom&#233;tricas na popula&#231;&#227;o das cidades urbanas do Ir&#227;; e (2) determinar as rela&#231;&#245;es entre os fatores de risco cardiovascular e indicadores antropom&#233;tricos selecionados e identificar os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos mais estreitamente relacionados com fatores de risco cardiovascular e se a magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o varia de acordo com o sexo na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os indiv&#237;duos do estudo foram recrutados por pesquisa telef&#244;nica aleat&#243;ria<sup>14</sup> de sete grandes cidades do Ir&#227;, com base em sua popula&#231;&#227;o, e convidados a comparecerem a um dos centros de sa&#250;de para se submeterem a exames antropom&#233;tricos e laboratoriais. Neste estudo transversal, 2.179 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis com idades entre 15 e 74 anos (991 homens e 1.188 mulheres), sem nenhuma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica pr&#233;via ou medicamentos relacionados com a mudan&#231;a de peso corporal ou que afetem os n&#237;veis de glicemia e lip&#237;dios, foram inclu&#237;dos em nosso estudo, tendo feito exames de sangue e medidas antropom&#233;tricas. Os indiv&#237;duos foram divididos por sexo e idade (em cinco faixas et&#225;rias: 15-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49 e 50+ anos). Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram volunt&#225;rios e deram seu consentimento para a participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo cujo protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade de Tarbiat Modares, em conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medidas antropom&#233;tricas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas foram avaliadas em todos os indiv&#237;duos: peso, altura, IMC, CA, RCQ, RCA, soma de dobras cut&#226;neas de tr&#234;s pontos e percentual de gordura corporal. Para a altura, os indiv&#237;duos foram instru&#237;dos a ficar o mais reto poss&#237;vel com as costas contra uma r&#233;gua vertical de parede. Os p&#233;s foram apoiados no ch&#227;o e os cal&#231;ados, removidos. O peso foi medido com a aproxima&#231;&#227;o de 100 g, utilizando uma balan&#231;a calibrada com o indiv&#237;duo em p&#233; usando apenas roupas &#237;ntimas. O IMC foi calculado como peso/altura ao quadrado (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>12</sup> e foi classificado em cinco categorias: baixo peso (IMC &lt;18,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), peso normal (IMC 18,5-24,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), sobrepeso (IMC 25,0-29,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e obesos (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>15</sup>. As circunfer&#234;ncias foram medidas ao mil&#237;metro utilizando uma fita flex&#237;vel. A circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal foi medida em um n&#237;vel intermedi&#225;rio entre o &#250;ltimo arco costal e a crista il&#237;aca. Homens com circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal de &lt; 94, 94-101,9 e <underline>&gt;</underline> 102 cm foram classificados como de peso normal, sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente, enquanto as mulheres foram classificadas nas mesmas categorias de obesidade com base na CA &lt; 80, 80-87,9 e <underline>&gt;</underline> 88 cm. A circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril foi medida no n&#237;vel de protrus&#227;o m&#225;xima dos m&#250;sculos gl&#250;teos. A RCQ foi calculada como CA (cm) dividida pela circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril (cm) e a RCA foi calculada como a CA (cm) dividida pela altura (cm). Homens com RCQ &lt; 0,90, 0,90-0,99 e <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,0 foram classificados como de peso normal, sobrepeso ou obesidade, respectivamente, enquanto as mulheres foram classificadas nas mesmas categorias com base em RCQ de &lt; 0,80, 0,80-0,84 e <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,85<sup>1</sup>. A espessura da dobra cut&#226;nea (no peito, abdominal, meio da coxa para homens e tr&#237;ceps, suprail&#237;aco, meio da coxa para as mulheres) foi medida em triplicata com precis&#227;o milim&#233;trica, no lado direito do corpo pelo Calibre Holtain (Holtain Ltd, Crymmych, Dyfed, Reino Unido). A m&#233;dia das tr&#234;s medidas representou o valor para cada local. O percentual de gordura corporal (PGC) foi calculado usando a equa&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s locais<sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coleta e an&#225;lise sangu&#237;nea</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As amostras de sangue foram coletadas 7h00 e 9h00, ap&#243;s um jejum de 12 horas durante a noite. O colesterol total (col-T) e os triglicer&#237;deos (TGs) foram medidos por testes enzim&#225;ticos colorim&#233;tricos com colesterol esterase e colesterol oxidase e glicerol fosfato oxidase, respectivamente. O colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) foi medido usando o mesmo m&#233;todo ap&#243;s a precipita&#231;&#227;o da apolipoprote&#237;na B contendo lipoprote&#237;nas com &#225;cido fosfotungstico. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de glicemia s&#233;rica foi testada pelo m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico enzim&#225;tico com a t&#233;cnica de glicose oxidase (Analisador de qu&#237;mica, Roche/Hitachi 904, com kits Pars Azmoun, Teer&#227;, Ir&#227;). Os coeficientes inter e intraensaio de varia&#231;&#245;es foram de 2, 0,5% para o colesterol total e 1,6, 0,6% para os TGs e ambos 2,2% para glicemia s&#233;rica, respectivamente. O colesterol de baixa densidade (LDL-colesterol) foi calculado a partir do colesterol total s&#233;rico, TGs e concentra&#231;&#245;es de HDL-colesterol expressas em mg/dL usando a f&#243;rmula Friedwald<sup>18</sup> se a concentra&#231;&#227;o de TGs fosse menor que 400 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou porcentagem. O teste independente <italic>t</italic> e a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas (ANOVA) foram usados para comparar as vari&#225;veis quantitativas entre os dois grupos (homens e mulheres) e mais de dois grupos, respectivamente. Coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o parcial ajustados por idade foram calculados para investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e fatores de risco cardiovascular. Foi realizada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla (m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise</italic>) dos dados. Todos os testes de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foram bicaudais e realizados assumindo probabilidade de erro de tipo I de <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05. Todos os dados foram analisados pelo software SPSS (SPSS para Windows; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA; Vers&#227;o 16.00).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medidas antropom&#233;tricas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Houve tend&#234;ncias significativas entre os grupos de idade para cada medida antropom&#233;trica em ambos os sexos (p &lt; 0,05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop00212t01">tab. 1</xref>). Dentro de qualquer categoria de idade, os homens tiveram maior peso e RCQ e menor PGC do que as mulheres (p &lt; 0,001). As maiores diferen&#231;as de CA e RCQ foram vistas entre os grupos et&#225;rios de 20-29 e 30-39 e 40-49 e 50+ em homens e mulheres, respectivamente (p = 0,000). A maior diferen&#231;a na RCA foi vista entre as faixas et&#225;rias de 15-19 e 20-29 e 40-49 e 50+ em homens e mulheres, respectivamente (p = 0,000).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop00212t01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0126-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Independentemente da idade ou medidas utilizadas, as mulheres apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de obesidade do que os homens (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop00212t02">tab. 2</xref>). Com base no IMC, quase metade dos homens e mais de 50% das mulheres estavam acima do peso ou com obesidade, e 10,2% dos homens e 18,6% das mulheres encontravam-se na categoria de obesos. A preval&#234;ncia da obesidade pelo IMC aumentou com a idade at&#233; os 50 anos ou mais. Essa tend&#234;ncia mostrou-se mais pronunciada entre as mulheres (principal efeito da intera&#231;&#227;o idade-sexo, p = 0,001). A diferen&#231;a na preval&#234;ncia da obesidade entre homens e mulheres foi particularmente grande no grupo et&#225;rio mais velho (50 anos ou mais).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop00212t02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0126-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fatores de risco cardiovascular</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Glicemia, TGs e raz&#227;o entre col-T/HDL mostraram-se significativamente maior nos homens, enquanto o LDL e HDL mostraram-se significativamente maiores em mulheres (p &lt; 0,05; <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop00212t03">tab. 3</xref>). Os valores m&#233;dios de glicose, col-T e TGs aumentaram significativamente nos grupos et&#225;rios ascendentes nos homens, enquanto os valores de col-T, TGs, LDL-colesterol e col-T/HDL-colesterol aumentaram significativamente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s faixas et&#225;rias ascendentes nas mulheres (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop00212t03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0126-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Indicadores antropom&#233;tricos e fatores de risco cardiovascular baseados em grupos de IMC</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os valores m&#233;dios de peso, CA, RCQ, RCA e PGC aumentaram significativamente em categorias ascendentes de IMC em ambos os sexos (p &lt; 0,001, <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop00212t04">tab. 4</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas nos fatores de risco cardiovascular de acordo com diferentes grupos de IMC em homens (p &lt; 0,05), enquanto essas diferen&#231;as eram significativas apenas na raz&#227;o entre col-T/HDL-colesterol nas mulheres.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop00212t04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0126-00007-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas antropom&#233;tricas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>CA, IMC, RCQ e RCA estiveram fortemente correlacionados em ambos os sexos (p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,001, <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop00212t05">tab. 5</xref>), sugerindo que as medidas de obesidade com base nesses par&#226;metros ir&#227;o fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es compar&#225;veis. No entanto, o PGC mostrou uma menor correla&#231;&#227;o com as medidas antropom&#233;tricas nas mulheres.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop00212t05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0126-00007-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas antropom&#233;tricas e fatores de risco cardiovascular</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nos homens, uma correla&#231;&#227;o altamente significativa foi encontrada entre a CA, IMC, RCQ e RCA, por um lado, e os valores de lip&#237;deos s&#233;ricos, por outro (p &lt; 0,05, <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop00212t06">tab. 6</xref>). Quando foram feitos ajustes para idade e IMC, havia apenas correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre CA, RCQ, RCA e HDL-colesterol e entre CA e col-T/HDL-colesterol (p &lt; 0,05). Quando foram feitos ajustes para idade e CA, havia apenas correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre o IMC, RCQ, RCA e triglicer&#237;deos (dados n&#227;o mostrados na tabela; p &lt; 0,05). Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o mais fraca entre as medidas antropom&#233;tricas e os valores de lip&#237;deos s&#233;ricos em mulheres. CA, RCQ e RCA tiveram correla&#231;&#245;es mais significativas com a maioria dos valores de lip&#237;deos s&#233;ricos (p &lt; 0,05). Quando foram feitos ajustes para idade e IMC, havia apenas correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre CA, RCQ, RCA e col-T/HDL-colesterol e entre RCQ e triglicer&#237;deos (p &lt; 0,05). Quando foram feitos ajustes para idade e CA, havia apenas correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre RCQ e triglicer&#237;deos (dados n&#227;o mostrados na tabela; p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop00212t06">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0126-00007-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Determinantes independentes de fatores de risco cardiovascular</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nos homens, a RCQ foi um preditor significativo para a glicemia, col-T e LDL-colesterol, enquanto a RCA foi um preditor significativo para a glicose, HDL-colesterol e raz&#227;o entre col-T/HDL-colesterol (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop00212t07">tab. 7</xref>). Por sua vez, o IMC foi um preditor significativo de triglicer&#237;deos e HDL-colesterol. A porcentagem de varia&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis de glicemia e lip&#237;dios explicada por esses par&#226;metros, entretanto, foi modesta. A RCQ explicou 7,4% de varia&#231;&#227;o na glicemia, 31,1% da varia&#231;&#227;o no col-T e 29,2% da varia&#231;&#227;o no LDL-colesterol. A RCA explicou 9,3% da glicemia, 15,2% do HDL-colesterol e 36% da varia&#231;&#227;o na raz&#227;o entre col-T/HDL. O IMC explicou 26,4% da varia&#231;&#227;o nos triglicer&#237;deos e 10% do HDL-colesterol. Nas mulheres, a RCQ foi um preditor significativo para a glicemia, col-T e triglicer&#237;deos, enquanto a CA foi um preditor significativo para o LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol e raz&#227;o entre col-T/HDL. A RCQ explicou 17% de varia&#231;&#227;o na glicemia, 20,4% da varia&#231;&#227;o no col-T e 31,7% da varia&#231;&#227;o nos triglicer&#237;deos. A RCQ explicou 9,3% da glicemia, 15,2% do HDL-colesterol e 36% da varia&#231;&#227;o na raz&#227;o entre col-T/HDL-colesterol.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop00212t07">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0126-00007-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A For&#231;a-tarefa Internacional de Obesidade informou que o Oriente M&#233;dio &#233; uma das regi&#245;es com as maiores taxas de preval&#234;ncia de obesidade no mundo<sup>19</sup>. Em nosso estudo, a preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso definida pelo IMC aumentou para um pico de 63,0% e 42,7% na faixa et&#225;ria de 40-49 anos em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. A preval&#234;ncia de obesidade avaliada pelo IMC continuou aumentando at&#233; um m&#225;ximo de 14,8% e 35,7% na faixa et&#225;ria de 50 ou mais em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, a obesidade central &#233; um preditor reconhecido de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, e os homens geralmente possuem CA e RCQ maior que as mulheres<sup>3</sup>; no entanto, descobrimos que a obesidade central estava presente com mais frequ&#234;ncia nas mulheres de qualquer faixa et&#225;ria. A preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade geral nessa popula&#231;&#227;o (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, homens 49.6% e mulheres 53%) &#233; maior do que entre a popula&#231;&#227;o urbana da Rep&#250;blica dos Camar&#245;es (28,1% em homens e 48,1% em mulheres)<sup>2</sup>. Com base nesses achados, observou-se alta preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta urbana do Ir&#227; e a preval&#234;ncia da obesidade em mulheres de qualquer faixa et&#225;ria foi maior que a dos homens. O IMC ideal para a preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares &#233; considerado 22,6 e 21,1 para homens e mulheres, respectivamente<sup>20</sup>. Nesse estudo, o IMC m&#233;dio de cada grupo sexo-idade estava acima desses pontos de corte. Os resultados dos poucos estudos realizados em algumas cidades do Ir&#227; mostraram grandes diferen&#231;as.</p>
    <p>Um estudo realizado em Teer&#227;, capital do Ir&#227;, mostrou taxas de preval&#234;ncia muito maiores de obesidade geral e abdominal; 67% das mulheres e 29% dos homens estavam obesos e obesidade abdominal foi detectada em 93% das mulheres e 74,1% dos homens<sup>21</sup>. Hosseinpanah e cols.<sup>22</sup> estudaram a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade em um estudo de seguimento no distrito 13 de Teer&#227;. A preval&#234;ncia da obesidade geral foi de 15,8%, 18,6% e 21% nos homens, e 31,5%, 37,7% e 38,6% nas mulheres nas fases I, II e III, respectivamente, enquanto a preval&#234;ncia da obesidade abdominal em homens foi de 36,5%, 57,2% e 63,3%, e em mulheres foi de 76,7%, 83,8% e 83,6%, nos tr&#234;s per&#237;odos mencionados. Esses resultados mostram uma tend&#234;ncia crescente da obesidade na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta de Teer&#227; durante 6,6 anos de seguimento. Taxas de preval&#234;ncia em diversos estudos do Oriente M&#233;dio mostram uma varia&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Em um estudo realizado no Egito, a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade foi de 40,6% entre as mulheres que vivem em &#225;reas urbanas<sup>23</sup>. A preval&#234;ncia da obesidade entre mulheres e homens turcos foi de 32,4% e 14,1%<sup>24</sup>, enquanto a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade abdominal foi de 29,4% (38,9 % entre as mulheres e 18,1% entre os homens)<sup>25</sup>. Um estudo recente nacional no L&#237;bano demonstrou preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso maior nos homens em compara&#231;&#227;o com as mulheres, ou seja, 57,7% <italic>vs</italic>. 49,4%, respectivamente, por&#233;m a obesidade mostrou-se mais prevalente em mulheres (18,8%) do que em homens (14,3%)<sup>26</sup>. Da mesma forma, a preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso foi maior em homens do que em mulheres, ou seja, 39,4% <italic>vs.</italic> 34,4%, respectivamente, por&#233;m a obesidade apresentou-se mais prevalente em mulheres (18,6%) do que em homens (10,2%) no nosso estudo.</p>
    <p>Resultados de TC indicam que a obesidade central, principalmente a acumula&#231;&#227;o de gordura intra-abdominal, &#233; uma vari&#225;vel cr&#237;tica no estudo da rela&#231;&#227;o entre distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal para complica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas<sup>3</sup>. Apesar da estreita associa&#231;&#227;o entre a adiposidade central e os riscos cardiovasculares, ainda h&#225; controv&#233;rsias sobre a melhor medida antropom&#233;trica da adiposidade central. Uma vez que existem marcantes diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero na distribui&#231;&#227;o regional de gordura corporal, os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos tamb&#233;m podem variar em sua aplicabilidade por sexo. Neste estudo, comparamos as correla&#231;&#245;es entre cinco par&#226;metros de obesidade (IMC, CC, RCQ, RCA e PGC) e selecionamos fatores de risco cardiovascular. As medidas antropom&#233;tricas, exceto PGC, apresentaram-se fortemente correlacionadas entre si neste estudo. As correla&#231;&#245;es de &#237;ndices de obesidade geral e central s&#227;o altamente sugestivas de uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a obesidade global elevada (medida pelo IMC) com a obesidade abdominal elevada.</p>
    <p>Despr&#233;s e cols. relataram que a distribui&#231;&#227;o regional da gordura corporal, particularmente a deposi&#231;&#227;o excessiva de gordura abdominal, esteve associada a baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es de HDL<sup>3</sup>. Na Pesquisa Canadense Sa&#250;de do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Ledoux e cols.<sup>27</sup> constataram que as medidas antropom&#233;tricas estiveram moderadamente associadas com a presen&#231;a de press&#227;o arterial elevada, dislipidemia e diabete melito em adultos e que o IMC, bem como a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e RCQ, desempenhou um papel similar. De todos os fatores de risco para DCV avaliados neste estudo, aumento de TGs e col-T/HDL estiveram significativamente associados com a maioria dos &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos em homens e mulheres em nosso estudo; no entanto, as correla&#231;&#245;es foram mais pronunciadas nos homens.</p>
    <p>Usando a tomografia computadorizada para medir o tecido adiposo, defende-se que a CA seja uma melhor estimativa de ac&#250;mulo de tecido adiposo abdominal visceral do que a RCA, podendo ser um melhor preditor de m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco cardiovascular em compara&#231;&#227;o com a RCQ<sup>10</sup>. Com base nos resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla em nosso estudo, o IMC, RCQ e RCA explicaram o maior percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o de TGs, col-T/HDL-colesterol e LDL-colesterol em homens, respectivamente, ao passo que o RCQ explicou o maior percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o de TGs e a CA explicou o maior percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o de col-T/HDL-colesterol e LDL-colesterol em mulheres.</p>
    <p>Ho e cols.<sup>14</sup> constataram que o IMC em homens e RCQ em mulheres foram os &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos importantes para predizer a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (hipertens&#227;o ou diabetes ou dislipidemia). Al&#233;m disso, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos e fatores de risco cardiovascular pode ser espec&#237;fica por idade. Rimm e cols.<sup>28</sup>, por exemplo, encontraram em um grande estudo prospectivo de homens dos Estados Unidos em que, antes da idade de 65 anos, o IMC foi o melhor preditor de doen&#231;a coronariana, enquanto nos homens com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 65, a RCQ foi um melhor preditor de risco. Goodman-Gruen e Barret-Connor<sup>29</sup> descobriram que, ap&#243;s 80 anos de idade, a RCQ &#233; um m&#233;todo deficiente para avaliar a adiposidade central ou visceral e a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal &#233; uma medida melhor da distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura. O estudo de coorte da Sa&#250;de da Mulher de Iowa<sup>30</sup> examinou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a RCQ e IMC autorreportados com a mortalidade de cinco anos em uma coorte de mulheres mais velhas. Eles mostraram que a RCQ est&#225; forte e positivamente associada com risco de morte de forma monot&#244;nica com dose-resposta. Onat e cols.<sup>31</sup> relataram que apenas a RCQ esteve independentemente associada com morbidade coronariana nas mulheres. Em outro estudo, Ward e cols.<sup>32</sup> relataram que a RCQ esteve relacionada com triglicer&#237;deos, independentemente do IMC e de n&#237;veis de insulina em indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade e mais velhos. Resultados semelhantes foram observados em nosso estudo. Claramente, h&#225; uma necessidade de esclarecimento sobre o uso apropriado desses indicadores ao analisar sua rela&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco cardiovascular. A literatura carece de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica dos indicadores propostos para a adiposidade, levando em conta as diferen&#231;as poss&#237;veis entre os sexos, faixas et&#225;rias e grupos &#233;tnicos e diferentes doen&#231;as, assim como a mortalidade. Importantes limita&#231;&#245;es da RCQ incluem o fato de que a RCQ n&#227;o pode ser claramente interpretada, pois duas vari&#225;veis est&#227;o envolvidas e uma rela&#231;&#227;o elevada pode ser obtida em um indiv&#237;duo com baixa circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril ou uma baixa rela&#231;&#227;o em um indiv&#237;duo com uma circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril elevada para a mesma largura abdominal<sup>3</sup>. Por sua vez, a falta de um local corporal padr&#227;o para medir a CA dificulta a compara&#231;&#227;o com outros estudos. &#201; necess&#225;ria uma metodologia para obter medidas confi&#225;veis da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal. Tamb&#233;m se observou que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre CA e fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares pode depender da popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>8</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, nos idosos, as medi&#231;&#245;es da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal podem ser superestimadas e imprecisas, uma vez que a flacidez dos m&#250;sculos abdominais, o que &#233; t&#237;pico nos idosos, pode prejudicar o valor preditivo das circunfer&#234;ncias abdominais<sup>33</sup>. Portanto, nenhum ponto de corte da CA &#233; ideal para todas as idades e para diferentes fatores de risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo forneceu algumas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre idade, sexo, sobrepeso e obesidade, usando uma variedade de medidas antropom&#233;tricas. Nossos resultados destacaram a alta preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso geral e abdominal e obesidade em ambos os sexos das popula&#231;&#245;es urbanas do Ir&#227;, tal como definido pelos crit&#233;rios da OMS e forneceu evid&#234;ncias para apoiar o estabelecimento de programas de interven&#231;&#227;o para gerenciar e prevenir dist&#250;rbios relacionados com a obesidade, como diabetes e hipercolesterolemia. Atualmente, h&#225; uma crescente taxa de urbaniza&#231;&#227;o nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, o que pode ter impacto sobre a obesidade e seus fatores de risco cardiovascular no futuro. Al&#233;m disso, a associa&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos e fatores de risco cardiovascular variam com o g&#234;nero. Nossos dados indicam que a RCQ e RCA foram os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos que melhor previram fatores de risco cardiovascular em homens e RCQ e CC em mulheres no Ir&#227;.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi financiado pelo Centro de Pesquisa de Ci&#234;ncias do Desporto (SSRC-850607). Queremos agradecer aos participantes do estudo e trabalhadores de campo sua presen&#231;a e empenho no presente estudo. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Babak Farzad </p>
        <p> Jalal Al Ahmad Street Tarbiat Modares University </p>
        <p> 1655615861 - Teer&#227;, Ir&#227; </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="farzad.babak@gmail.com">farzad.babak@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="babakfarzad@rocketmail.com">babakfarzad@rocketmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 20/06/11; revisado recebido em 11/08/11; aceito em 24/08/11.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Anthropometric measures as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in the urban population of Iran</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity are an important public health problem in society, due to their association with various chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and distribution of overweight and obesity, using different anthropometric measurements and to identify the best anthropometric indicator which is most closely related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in an Iranian urban population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 991 men and 1188 women aged 15 to 64 years. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and percentage of body fat were measured. A fasting blood specimen was obtained. CVD risk factors, including fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol (Tchol), low-density (LDL-C) and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were assessed. RESULTS: Based on BMI, more than 49% of men and 53% of women were either overweight or obese with 10.2% of men and 18.6% of women being obese. In both men and women, the prevalence of overweight was greater among 40-49 year olds and the prevalence of obesity was greater among those 50+ years. Using the multiple regression analysis, BMI, WHtR and WHR explained the highest percentage of variation of triglycerides, Tchol/HDL-C ratio and LDL-C in men, respectively, whereas WHR explained the highest percentage of variation of triglycerides and WC explained the highest percentage of variation of Tchol/HDL-C ratio and LDL-C in women. CONCLUSION: Our data indicated that WHR and WHtR were the anthropometric indicators that best predicted CVD risk factors in men and WHR and WC in women.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Body weights and measures</kwd>
        <kwd>body weight</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>urban population</kwd>
        <kwd>iran</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Anthropometric measures as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in the urban population of Iran</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Reza Gharakhanlou<sup>I</sup>; Babak Farzad<sup>I</sup>; Hamid Agha-Alinejad<sup>I</sup>; Lyn M. Steffen<sup>II</sup>; Mahdi Bayati<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Ci&#234;ncias Desportivas - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Humanas - Universidade de Tarbiat Modares, Teer&#227;, Ir&#227;</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Divis&#227;o de Epidemiologia e Sa&#250;de Comunit&#225;ria da Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica da Universidade de Minnesota, Minneapolis, EUA</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Overweight and obesity are an important public health problem in society, due to their association with various chronic diseases.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and distribution of overweight and obesity, using different anthropometric measurements and to identify the best anthropometric indicator which is most closely related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in an Iranian urban population.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This cross-sectional study was conducted with 991 men and 1188 women aged 15 to 64 years. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and percentage of body fat were measured. A fasting blood specimen was obtained. CVD risk factors, including fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol (Tchol), low-density (LDL-C) and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were assessed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Based on BMI, more than 49% of men and 53% of women were either overweight or obese with 10.2% of men and 18.6% of women being obese. In both men and women, the prevalence of overweight was greater among 40-49 year olds and the prevalence of obesity was greater among those 50+ years. Using the multiple regression analysis, BMI, WHtR and WHR explained the highest percentage of variation of triglycerides, Tchol/HDL-C ratio and LDL-C in men, respectively, whereas WHR explained the highest percentage of variation of triglycerides and WC explained the highest percentage of variation of Tchol/HDL-C ratio and LDL-C in women.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Our data indicated that WHR and WHtR were the anthropometric indicators that best predicted CVD risk factors in men and WHR and WC in women.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Body weights and measures; body weight; cardiovascular diseases; risk factors; urban population; iran.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The prevalence of overweight and obesity is rapidly increasing in developing as well as in industrialized countries<sup>1,2</sup>. Unhealthy diets and physical inactivity are the main contributors to overweight and obesity, which are among the leading risk factors for major non-communicable diseases. Previous research has consistently shown that both absolute total body fat and central distribution of body fat are closely associated with the risks of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease (CVD)<sup>3</sup>. Cardiovascular disease mortality is about 3-fold higher among obese men and women, and about 21 and 28% of cardiovascular disease mortality in men and women, respectively may be attributed to overweight and obesity<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Iran is an urbanized city-state country in the Middle East Region and is considered to be a country in nutrition transition. Like most countries that have undergone rapid economic and demographical transition, non-communicable diseases, especially cardiovascular disease, are the major cause of mortality and morbidity in Iran with a high prevalence reported<sup>5</sup>. On the other hand, although abdominal visceral adipose tissue measured by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging may more accurately reflect body fat distribution to predict metabolic risks<sup>6,7</sup>, the inherent high cost and radiation hazard prevent their use in large-scale epidemiological studies or self-assessments. Various indicators for obesity have been described over the last 25 years or so<sup>8</sup>. Body mass index (BMI) is often used to reflect total body fat while the waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), and waist to height ratio (WHtR) are used as surrogates for central body fat<sup>9,10</sup>. Recent studies have shown that WC is the best simple anthropometric measure of abdominal visceral adipose tissue, and may be the best indicator for predicting cardiovascular risks<sup>11-13</sup>. Since there are marked gender differences in regional body fat distribution, the anthropometric indicators may also vary in applicability by sex.</p>
      <p>Whereas the prevalence of obesity has been increasingly reported in all regions of the world, the status of the prevalence of obesity as a better predictor of cardiovascular risk factors in an urban population of Iran is unknown. Therefore, this study was designed to: (1) provide baseline data on the prevalence and distribution of overweight and obesity, using anthropometric measurements in the population from urban cities in Iran; and (2) determine the relationships between selected cardiovascular risk factors and anthropometric indicators and to identify the anthropometric indicator most closely related to CVD risk factors and whether the magnitude of association varies with gender in the study population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study individuals were recruited through a random telephone survey<sup>14</sup> from 7 big cities of Iran based on their populations and invited to one of the appointed health screen centers to undergo anthropometric examination and laboratory tests. In this cross-sectional study, 2179 healthy individuals aged 15 to 74 years (991 men and 1188 women) without any previous systemic diseases or medications related to body weight change or affecting glucose and lipid levels, were included in our study and completed blood tests and anthropometric measurements. The individuals were divided by gender and age (into five age groups: 15-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49 and 50+ years old). All the individuals were volunteers and gave their consent for participation into the study, whose protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Medical Sciences of Tarbiat Modares University and was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anthropometric measures</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The following anthropometric variables were evaluated in all individuals: weight, height, BMI, WC, WHR, WHtR, sum of three-point skinfolds and percentage of body fat. For height, the individuals were instructed to stand as straight as possible with their back against a wall-mounted vertical ruler. Feet were flat on the floor with shoes removed. Weight was measured to the nearest 100 g using a calibrated balance beam scale and with the individual standing and wearing underwear only. BMI was calculated as weight/height squared (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>12</sup> and was classified into five categories: underweight (BMI &lt; 18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/ m<sup>2</sup>) and obese (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>15</sup>. Circumferences were measured to the nearest millimeter using a flexible tape. WC was taken at the end of normal expiration, with the measuring tape positioned at the midway between the lower rib and the iliac crest. Men with waist circumference of &lt; 94, 94-101.9 and <underline>&gt;</underline> 102 cm were classified as normal weight, overweight and obese, respectively, while women were classified in the same obesity categories based on WC &lt; 80, 80-87.9 and <underline>&gt;</underline> 88 cm. Hip circumference was measured at the level of maximal protrusion of the gluteal muscles. WHR was calculated as WC (cm) divided by hip circumference (cm) and WHtR was calculated as WC (cm) divided by height (cm). Men with WHR &lt; 0.90, 0.90-0.99 and <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.0 were classified as normal weight, overweight or obese, respectively, while women were classified in the same categories based on WHR of &lt; 0.80, 0.80-0.84 and <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.85<sup>1</sup>. Skinfold thickness (Chest, abdominal, midthigh for men and triceps, suprailium, midthigh for women) was measured in triplicate to the nearest mm, on the right side of the body by Holtain Skinfold Caliper (Holtain Ltd, Crymmych, Dyfed, UK). The mean of three measurements represented the value for each site. Percentage of body fat (PBF) was calculated using the three-site equation<sup>16,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Blood sampling and analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood samples were collected between 7:00 am and 9:00 am after a 12-hour overnight fast. Serum total cholesterol (Tchol) and triglycerides (TGs) were measured using enzymatic colorimetric tests with cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase and glycerol phosphate oxidase, respectively. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was measured using the same method after precipitating apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins with phosphotungstic acid. Serum glucose concentration was assayed using the enzymatic colorimetric method with the glucose oxidase technique (Chemistry analyzer, Roche/Hitachi 904, with Pars Azmoun kits, Tehran, Iran). Inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variations were 2, 0.5% for Tchol and 1.6, 0.6% for TGs and both 2.2% for serum glucose, respectively. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated from the serum Tchol, TGs, and HDL-C concentrations expressed in mg/dl using the Friedwald formula<sup>18</sup> if TGs concentration is lower than 400 mg/dl.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All variables are presented as mean and standard deviation or percentage. Independent t-test and repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare quantitative variables between the two groups (men and women) and more than two groups, respectively. Age-adjusted partial correlation coefficients were calculated to investigate the association between anthropometric variables and cardiovascular risk factors. Multiple regression analysis (stepwise method) of the data was carried out. All tests for statistical significance were two-tailed and performed assuming a type I error probability of <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05. All data were analyzed by the SPSS software package (SPSS for Windows; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA; Version 16.00).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anthropometric measurements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were significant trends across the age groups for each anthropometric measure in both genders (p &lt; 0.05; <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop00212t01-body2">Table 1</xref>). Within any given age category, men had higher weight and WHR and lower PBF than women (p &lt; 0.001). The greatest differences in WC and WHR were seen between the 20-29 and 30-39 y age groups and 40-49 and 50+ y age groups in men and women, respectively (p = 0.000). The greatest difference in WHtR were seen between the 15-19 and 20-29 y age groups and 40-49 and 50+ y age groups in men and women, respectively (p = 0.000).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop00212t01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0126-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Prevalence of overweight and obesity</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Irrespective of age or measures used, women had a higher prevalence of obesity than men (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop00212t02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Based on BMI, almost half of men and over 50% of women were either overweight or obese with 10.2% of men and 18.6% of women in the obese category. The prevalence of BMI obesity increased with age until 50+ yrs. This trend was more pronounced among women (main effect for age-gender interaction p = 0.001). The difference in the prevalence of obesity between men and women was particularly large in the older age group (50+ years).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop00212t02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0126-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cardiovascular risk factors</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Glucose, TGs and Tchol/HDL-C ratio were significantly higher in men, while LDL-C and HDL-C were significantly higher in women (p &lt; 0.05; <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop00212t03-body2">Table 3</xref>). The mean values of glucose, Tchol and TGs increased significantly in ascending age groups in men, while values of Tchol, TGs, LDL-C and Tchol/HDL-C ratio increased significantly in ascending age groups in women (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anthropometric indicators and cardiovascular risk factors based on BMI groups</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mean values of weight, WC, WHR, WHtR and PBF increased significantly in ascending BMI categories in both genders (p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop00212t04-body2">Table 4</xref>). In addition, significant differences were observed in cardiovascular risk factors according to different BMI groups in men (p &lt; 0.05), while it was just significant in Tchol/HDL-C ratio for women.</p>
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Correlation between anthropometric measurements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>WC, BMI, WHR and WHtR were strongly correlated in both sexes (p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop00212t05-body2">Table 5</xref>), suggesting that measures of obesity based on these parameters will provide comparable information. However, PBF showed a weaker correlation with the other anthropometric measurements in women.</p>
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Correlation between anthropometric measurements and cardiovascular risk factors</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In men, a highly significant correlation was found between WC, BMI, WHR and WHtR on the one hand and serum lipid values on the other hand (p &lt; 0.05; <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop00212t06-body2">Table 6</xref>). When adjustments were made for both age and BMI, there were just significant correlations between WC, WHR, WHtR and HDL-C and between WC and Tchol/HDL-C ratio (p &lt; 0.05). When adjustments were made for both age and WC, there were just significant correlations between BMI, WHR, WHtR and triglycerides (data not shown in table; p &lt; 0.05). There were weaker correlations between anthropometric measurements and serum lipid values in women. WC, WHR and WHtR had significant correlations with most of the serum lipid values (p &lt; 0.05). When adjustments were made for both age and BMI, there were just significant correlations between WC, WHtR and Tchol/HDL-C ratio and between WHR and triglycerides (p &lt; 0.05). When adjustments were made for both age and WC, there were just significant correlations between WHR and triglycerides (data not shown in table; p &lt; 0.05).</p>
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Independent determinants of cardiovascular risk factors</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In men, WHR was a significant predictor for glucose, Tchol and LDL-C, whereas WHtR was a significant predictor for glucose, HDL-C and Tchol/HDL-C ratio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop00212t07-body2">Table 7</xref>). On the other hand, BMI was a significant predictor for triglycerides and HDL-C. The percentage of variation of glucose and lipid levels explained by these parameters, however, was modest. WHR explained 7.4% of glucose variation, 31.1% of Tchol variation and 29.2% of LDL-C variation. WHtR explained 9.3% of glucose, 15.2% of HDL-C and 36% of Tchol/HDL-C ratio variation. BMI explained 26.4% of triglyceride and 10% of HDL-C variation. In women, WHR was a significant predictor for glucose, Tchol and triglycerides, whereas WC was a significant predictor for LDL-C, HDL-C and Tchol/HDL-C ratio. WHR explained 17% of glucose, 20.4% of Tchol and 31.7% of triglyceride variation. WC explained 16.1% of LDL-C, 8.6% of HDL-C and 22.7% of Tchol/HDL-C ratio variation.</p>
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The International Obesity Task Force reported that the Middle East is one of the regions with the highest prevalence rates of obesity worldwide<sup>19</sup>. In our study, prevalence of overweight as defined by BMI increased to a peak of 63.0% and 42.7% in the 40-49 y age group in men and women, respectively. Prevalence of obesity as calculated by BMI continued to increase to a maximum of 14.8 and 35.7% in the 50+ y age group in men and women, respectively. In addition, central obesity is a recognized predictor of coronary artery disease, and men usually have a higher WC and WHR than women<sup>3</sup>; however, we found that central obesity was more frequent in the women of any age groups. The prevalence of general overweight and obesity in this population (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, males 49.6% and females 53%) is higher than that among the urban population of Cameroon (males 28.1% and females 48.1%)<sup>2</sup>. Based on these findings, overweight and obesity were of high prevalence in the adult urban population of Iran and the prevalence of obesity in women of any age groups was higher than that of men. Ideal BMI for the prevention of cardiovascular disease is considered to be 22.6 and 21.1 for men and women, respectively<sup>20</sup>. In this study, the mean BMI of each sex-age group was above these cutoff points. The results of few studies conducted in some cities of Iran showed large differences.</p>
      <p>A study in Tehran, the capital of Iran, showed much higher prevalence rates of general and abdominal obesity; 67% of women and 29% of men were obese and abdominal obesity was detected in 93% of women and 74.1% of men<sup>21</sup>. Hosseinpanah et al<sup>22</sup> studied the prevalence of obesity in a follow-up study in district 13 of Tehran. The prevalence of general obesity was 15.8, 18.6 and 21% in men and 31.5, 37.7 and 38.6% in women in phases I, II and III, respectively, while the prevalence of abdominal obesity in men was 36.5, 57.2 and 63.3% and in women was 76.7, 83.8 and 83.6% in the three periods mentioned. These results showed an increasing trend of obesity in the adult Tehranian population over 6.6 years of follow-up. Prevalence rates in various studies from the Middle East show considerable variation.</p>
      <p>In a study conducted in Egypt, the prevalence of obesity was 40.6% among women living in urban areas<sup>23</sup>. The prevalence of obesity among Turkish women and men was 32.4% and 14.1%<sup>24</sup>, whereas the prevalence of abdominal obesity was 29.4% (38.9% among women and 18.1% among men)<sup>25</sup>. A recent national study in Lebanon demonstrated that the prevalence of overweight was higher in men than in women, i.e. 57.7% vs. 49.4%, respectively, but obesity was more prevalent in women (18.8%) than in men (14.3%)<sup>26</sup>. Similarly, the prevalence of overweight was higher in men than women, i.e. 39.4% vs. 34.4%, respectively, but obesity was more prevalent in women (18.6%) than in men (10.2%) in our study.</p>
      <p>Results from CT indicate that central obesity, especially intra-abdominal fat accumulation, is a critical variable in the study of the ratio of body fat distribution to metabolic complications<sup>3</sup>. Despite the close association between central adiposity and cardiovascular risks, there is still some controversy regarding the best anthropometric measure for central adiposity. Since there are marked gender differences in regional body fat distribution, the anthropometric indicators may also vary in applicability by sex. In this study, we compared the correlations between five obesity parameters (BMI, WC, WHR, WHtR and PBF) and selected cardiovascular risk factors. The anthropometric measurements, except PBF, were strongly correlated with each other in this study. The correlations of indices of overall and central obesity are highly suggestive of an association between increased overall obesity (as measured by BMI) with increased abdominal obesity.</p>
      <p>Despr&#233;s et al have reported that the regional distribution of body fat, especially an excessive deposition of abdominal fat, was associated with low concentrations of HDL-C.<sup>3</sup> In the Canadian Heart Health Survey, Ledoux et al<sup>27</sup> found that anthropometric measures were moderately associated with the presence of high blood pressure, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus in adults and that BMI as well as waist circumference and WHR played a roughly equal role. Of all risk factors measured for CVD in this study, increased TGs and Tcho/HDL-C ratio were significantly associated with most of the anthropometric indices in both men and women in our study; however, the correlations were more pronounced in men. Using computed tomographic scanning to measure adipose tissue, WC is found to be a better estimate of abdominal visceral adipose accumulation than WHtR and may be a better predictor of multiple cardiovascular risk factors than WHR<sup>10</sup>. Based on the results of multiple regression analysis in our study, BMI, WHtR and WHR explained the highest percentage of variation of TGs, Tcho/HDL-C ratio and LDL-C in men, respectively, whereas WHR explained the highest percentage of variation of TGs and WC explained the highest percentage of variation of Tcho/HDL-C ratio and LDL-C in women. Ho et al<sup>14</sup> found that BMI in men and WHR in women were the important anthropometric indices to predict metabolic syndrome (hypertension or diabetes or dislipidemia). Furthermore, the relationship between anthropometric indices and cardiovascular risk factors may be age-specific. Rimm et al<sup>28</sup>, for instance, found in a large prospective study of US men, that before the age of 65 y, BMI was the best predictor of coronary heart disease, whereas in men aged <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 y the WHR was a better predictor of risk. Goodman-Gruen and Barret-Connor<sup>29</sup> found that after the age of 80 y, WHR is a poor method of assessing central or visceral adiposity and waist circumference is a better measure of fat distribution. The Iowa Women's Health Study cohort<sup>30</sup> examined the relation of both self-reported WHR and BMI with 5-year mortality in a cohort of older women. They showed that WHR is strongly and positively associated with risk of death in a monotonic dose-response fashion. Onat and coworkers<sup>31</sup> reported that only WHR was independently associated with coronary morbidity in women. In another study, Ward et al<sup>32</sup> reported that WHR was related to triglycerides regardless of BMI and insulin levels in middle-aged and older people. Similar results were observed in our study. Clearly, there is a need for clarification about the appropriate use for these indicators when examining their relationship with CVD risk factors. The literature lacks a systematic evaluation of the proposed indicators for adiposity, taking into account possible differences between the genders, age categories and ethnic groups and different diseases as well as mortality. Important limitations of WHR are that WHR cannot be clearly interpreted, because two variables are involved and a high ratio that may be obtained in an individual with a small hip circumference or a low ratio in an individual with a large hip circumference for the same abdominal girth<sup>3</sup>. On the other hand, the lack of a standard body location for measuring WC makes comparison with other studies difficult. Standard methodology is necessary to obtain reliable measures of abdominal circumference. It has also been reported that the association between WC and risk factors for cardiovascular disease may be population-dependent<sup>8</sup>. Furthermore, in the elderly, waist circumference measurements may be overestimated and be inaccurate, since the laxity of abdominal muscles, which is typical in the elderly, is likely to undermine the predictive value of abdominal circumferences<sup>33</sup>. Therefore, no single cut-off point of WC is optimal for all ages and for different cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study provided insights into the relationship between age, sex, overweight and obesity using a variety of anthropometric measures. Our results highlighted the high prevalence of general and abdominal overweight and obesity in both sexes of urban populations of Iran as defined by the WHO criteria and provided evidence to support the establishment of intervention programs to manage and prevent obesity-related disorders such as diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. There currently is an increasing rate of urbanization in developing countries, which may have an impact on obesity and its associated CVD risk factors in the future. In addition, the association of anthropometric indices and cardiovascular risk factors varied with gender. Our data indicated that WHR and WHtR were the anthropometric indicators that best predicted CVD risk factors in men and WHR and WC in women living in Iran.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by the Sport Sciences Research Center (SSRC-850607). We would like to acknowledge the study participants and field workers for their participation in the hard work of this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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