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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZtktGQ55jhHdmSNMnBzGcsS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2012000200002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(12)09800202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hora da admiss&#227;o na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia e mortalidade hospitalar na s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Takada</surname>
            <given-names>Julio Yoshio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roza</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Bicudo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avakian</surname>
            <given-names>Solange Desiree</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio de P&#225;dua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HC </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>98</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>104</fpage>
      <lpage>110</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: H&#225; controv&#233;rsias sobre a hora da admiss&#227;o e os desfechos hospitalares da s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA). A admiss&#227;o em hor&#225;rios n&#227;o regulares seria associada ao pior progn&#243;stico dos pacientes. OBJETIVO: Analisar a influ&#234;ncia da hora da admiss&#227;o na interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada e na mortalidade de pacientes com SCA, segundo os per&#237;odos diurno (das 7h &#224;s 19h) e noturno (das 19h &#224;s 7h). M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados, prospectivamente, 1.104 pacientes consecutivos com SCA. O &#243;bito intra-hospitalar e a interna&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a cinco dias foram os desfechos analisados. RESULTADOS: A admiss&#227;o no per&#237;odo diurno foi maior em compara&#231;&#227;o ao noturno (63% vs. 37%; p &lt; 0,001). A angina inst&#225;vel foi mais prevalente no per&#237;odo diurno (43% vs. 32%; p &lt; 0,001) e o infarto sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMssST) no noturno (33% vs. 43%; p = 0,001). N&#227;o se observaram diferen&#231;as na mortalidade e no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o nos per&#237;odos estudados. Os fatores de predi&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a cinco dias foram: idade [OR 1,042 (IC 95% 1,025 - 1,058), p &lt; 0,001]; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) [OR 0,977 (IC 95% 0,966 - 0,988), p &lt; 0,001]; IAMssST [OR 1,699 (IC 95% 1,221 - 2,366), p = 0,001]; e tabagismo [OR 1,723 (IC 95% 1,113 - 2,668), p = 0,014]. Para o &#243;bito intra-hospitalar, foram: idade [OR 1,090 (IC 95% 1,047 - 1,134), p &lt; 0,001]; FE [OR 0,936 (IC 95% 0,909 - 0,964), p &lt; 0,001]; e tratamento cir&#250;rgico [OR 3,781 (IC 95% 1,374 - 10,409), p = 0,01]. CONCLUS&#195;O: A interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada e &#243;bito intra-hospitalar em pacientes com SCA independem do hor&#225;rio de admiss&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>admiss&#227;o do paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de tempo</kwd>
        <kwd>primeiros socorros</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Hora da admiss&#227;o na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia e mortalidade hospitalar na s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Julio Yoshio Takada; Larissa Cardoso Roza; Rog&#233;rio Bicudo Ramos; Solange Desiree Avakian; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires; Antonio de P&#225;dua Mansur</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#150; HC FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> H&#225; controv&#233;rsias sobre a hora da admiss&#227;o e os desfechos hospitalares da s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA). A admiss&#227;o em hor&#225;rios n&#227;o regulares seria associada ao pior progn&#243;stico dos pacientes. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar a influ&#234;ncia da hora da admiss&#227;o na interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada e na mortalidade de pacientes com SCA, segundo os per&#237;odos diurno (das 7h &#224;s 19h) e noturno (das 19h &#224;s 7h). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram avaliados, prospectivamente, 1.104 pacientes consecutivos com SCA. O &#243;bito intra-hospitalar e a interna&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a cinco dias foram os desfechos analisados. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A admiss&#227;o no per&#237;odo diurno foi maior em compara&#231;&#227;o ao noturno (63% vs. 37%; p &lt; 0,001). A angina inst&#225;vel foi mais prevalente no per&#237;odo diurno (43% vs. 32%; p &lt; 0,001) e o infarto sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMssST) no noturno (33% vs. 43%; p = 0,001). N&#227;o se observaram diferen&#231;as na mortalidade e no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o nos per&#237;odos estudados. Os fatores de predi&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a cinco dias foram: idade [OR 1,042 (IC 95% 1,025 &#150; 1,058), p &lt; 0,001]; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) [OR 0,977 (IC 95% 0,966 &#150; 0,988), p &lt; 0,001]; IAMssST [OR 1,699 (IC 95% 1,221 &#150; 2,366), p = 0,001]; e tabagismo [OR 1,723 (IC 95% 1,113 &#150; 2,668), p = 0,014]. Para o &#243;bito intra-hospitalar, foram: idade [OR 1,090 (IC 95% 1,047 &#150; 1,134), p &lt; 0,001]; FE [OR 0,936 (IC 95% 0,909 &#150; 0,964), p &lt; 0,001]; e tratamento cir&#250;rgico [OR 3,781 (IC 95% 1,374 &#150; 10,409), p = 0,01]. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada e &#243;bito intra-hospitalar em pacientes com SCA independem do hor&#225;rio de admiss&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, admiss&#227;o do paciente, fatores de tempo, primeiros socorros/mortalidade, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o as maiores causas de morte no Brasil<sup>1</sup>, fato comprovado pelos registros do DATASUS de 2008, que mostram 95 mil &#243;bitos por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>2 </sup>em um universo de 1.077 milh&#227;o de mortes no pa&#237;s. Tendo isso em vista, as estrat&#233;gias de tratamento da fase aguda do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, com &#234;nfase na precocidade dos tratamentos, s&#227;o fundamentais para a redu&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade associada &#224; doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio. N&#227;o obstante, h&#225; controv&#233;rsias na literatura a respeito da influ&#234;ncia que o hor&#225;rio de chegada do paciente na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia (UE) e os atrasos ocorridos exercem na realiza&#231;&#227;o de tratamentos eficazes. Nesse sentido, alguns estudos demonstraram aumento do tempo para a angioplastia e para a administra&#231;&#227;o de fibrinol&#237;ticos nos pacientes que chegam durante o hor&#225;rio noturno; por&#233;m, os resultados s&#227;o divergentes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade intra-hospitalar<sup>3-7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se efetivamente h&#225; influ&#234;ncia do hor&#225;rio de admiss&#227;o do paciente com SCA na mortalidade, no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e na escolha do tratamento institu&#237;do, a saber, cl&#237;nico, angioplastia ou cirurgia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 1.104 pacientes consecutivos, admitidos com diagn&#243;stico de SCA na UE de um hospital universit&#225;rio de atendimento terci&#225;rio, no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2004 a junho de 2007. O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pela comiss&#227;o cient&#237;fica e de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o dos pacientes no estudo foi a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar por SCA de pessoas acima de 18 anos, ou seja, presen&#231;a de dor precordial sugestiva, altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda ao eletrocardiograma ou altera&#231;&#245;es dos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdicas. J&#225; os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram a recusa em participar do estudo e a avalia&#231;&#227;o de dor tor&#225;cica sem a consequente interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise, selecionaram-se os fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria em geral, o uso de medica&#231;&#245;es e os exames laboratoriais preliminares, al&#233;m da hora da chegada ao servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia. A partir disso, avaliamos os per&#237;odos de admiss&#227;o dos pacientes com SCA, a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC), os exames laboratoriais, o n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias envolvidas, o tratamento, o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e a mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Os per&#237;odos de admiss&#227;o foram categorizados segundo o hor&#225;rio da chegada &#224; UE: diurno (das 7h &#224;s 19h) e noturno (das 19h &#224;s 7h). J&#225; os fatores de risco para a DAC foram: tabagismo, diabetes melito, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, dislipidemia e antecedentes familiares de DAC. No que se refere &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o da SCA, categorizou-se em angina inst&#225;vel (AI), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMssST) e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMcsST). Tamb&#233;m foram analisados os exames laboratoriais, o ecocardiograma, o uso de medicamentos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e a cinecoronariografia. A les&#227;o coron&#225;ria foi considerada na presen&#231;a de 50% ou mais de redu&#231;&#227;o do l&#250;men vascular nas principais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas. O tratamento utilizado foi caracterizado em cl&#237;nico, angioplastia com coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A interna&#231;&#227;o de cinco ou mais dias foi considerada perman&#234;ncia hospitalar elevada, conforme estudos pr&#233;vios<sup>5,8</sup>. O objetivo prim&#225;rio do estudo foi avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do hor&#225;rio de admiss&#227;o do paciente com SCA na mortalidade intra-hospitalar. O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e a escolha de tratamento institu&#237;do (cl&#237;nico, angioplastia ou cirurgia) foram os objetivos secund&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e as cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado e pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, respectivamente. A mortalidade ao longo da interna&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada na curva de Kaplan-Meyer e estratificada pelos per&#237;odos de admiss&#227;o. Para a an&#225;lise multivariada, utilizou-se o m&#233;todo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e o modelo <italic>stepwise</italic>, com entrada e perman&#234;ncia de vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,05. Entretanto, o &#243;bito foi a vari&#225;vel dependente e ajustada para: (1) chegada no per&#237;odo diurno ou noturno; (2) idade; (3) presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial; (4) presen&#231;a de tabagismo; (5) antecedente de dislipidemia; (6) antecedente de diabete; (7) antecedente familiar para DAC; (8) sexo; (9) tipo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da SCA (angina inst&#225;vel, IAMssST e IAMcsST); (10) fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; e (11) tipo de tratamento (cl&#237;nico, angioplastia ou cirurgia). O mesmo modelo e as vari&#225;veis independentes foram usados para uma segunda an&#225;lise multivariada, tendo como vari&#225;vel dependente o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o (&lt; 5 ou <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 dias). Consideraram-se estatisticamente significativos os valores de p inferiores 0,05. O <italic>software</italic> utilizado foi o SAS, vers&#227;o 9.2.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. O tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 5,1 &#177; 8,0 dias, e a mediana foi de tr&#234;s dias. Na an&#225;lise univariada, a compara&#231;&#227;o dos per&#237;odos de admiss&#227;o demonstrou que o diurno teve: maior preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemias (48% <italic>vs.</italic> 42%; p = 0,043); maior IMC (26,9 <italic>vs.</italic> 26,3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; p = 0,043); menor press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (87,6 <italic>vs.</italic> 89,9 mmHg; p = 0,047): menor contagem de leuc&#243;citos totais (9.120 <italic>vs.</italic> 9.628 c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup>; p = 0,016); valores mais elevados de s&#243;dio (139,5 <italic>vs.</italic> 139,9 mEq/l; p = 0,032); valores menores de colesterol total (179,0 <italic>vs.</italic> 186,8 mg/dl; p = 0,042); e LDL-colesterol (105,9 <italic>vs.</italic> 112,5 mg/dl; p = 0,048). Dos pacientes com AI ou IAMssST, um total de 92% usou clopidogrel ou inibidor da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa antes do estudo angiogr&#225;fico. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref> resume os diagn&#243;sticos, o resultado do cateterismo card&#237;aco, com as art&#233;rias acometidas na SCA, e os desfechos &#243;bito e interna&#231;&#227;o de cinco ou mais dias. Observou-se maior preval&#234;ncia de angina inst&#225;vel (42,6% <italic>vs.</italic> 31,9%; p &lt; 0,001) e menor de IAMssST (33,4% <italic>vs.</italic> 43,3%; p = 0,001) no per&#237;odo diurno. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; art&#233;ria acometida, houve predomin&#226;ncia do ramo descendente anterior (32,7%) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; coron&#225;ria direita (23,9%) e ao ramo circunflexo (20,9%). O ramo diagonal (7,4%), os enxertos de veia safena (2,3%) e a les&#227;o do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda (1,8%) foram menos frequentes. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas, a art&#233;ria acometida, o tipo de tratamento da SCA e os desfechos &#243;bito (3,4% <italic>vs.</italic> 4,7%; p = 0,292) e interna&#231;&#227;o de cinco ou mais dias (23,3% <italic>vs.</italic> 25,7%; p = 0,358).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0104-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0104-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
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    <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, identificam-se como fatores independentes relacionados ao tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o de cinco ou mais dias: idade (OR = 1,042; p &lt; 0,001); FE (OR = 0,977; p &lt; 0,001), IAMssST (OR = 1,699; p = 0,001) e tabagismo (OR = 1,723; p = 0,014) &#150; conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">Tabela 3</xref>. Para o &#243;bito intra-hospitalar, encontramos como fatores independentes a idade (OR = 1,090; p &lt; 0,001), a FE (OR = 0,936; p &lt; 0,001) e o tratamento cir&#250;rgico (OR = 3,781; p = 0,01). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o per&#237;odo de admiss&#227;o e o tipo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da SCA (p = 0,636) no grupo SCA. Ao dividir os pacientes por apresenta&#231;&#227;o, os resultados para mortalidade hospitalar foram semelhantes quando utilizado o mesmo modelo descrito: nos pacientes com AI (n = 427), a mortalidade hospitalar relacionou-se &#224; maior idade (OR = 1,155; IC95% = 1,029 &#150; 1,297; p = 0,015); enquanto para a IAMssST (n = 409), referiu-se &#224; menor idade (OR = 1,087; IC95% = 1,029 &#150; 1,149; p = 0,003) e &#224; menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (OR = 0,924; IC95% = 0,886 &#150; 0,962; p &lt; 0,001). Para os pacientes com IAMcsST (n = 268), n&#227;o foi identificado fator de risco independente para morte hospitalar.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0104-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
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    <p>Os efeitos da faixa et&#225;ria acima ou abaixo de 65 anos, da apresenta&#231;&#227;o da SCA, do tipo de tratamento e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o maior ou menor que 50% sobre a mortalidade e o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o de cinco ou mais dias est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">Tabela 4</xref>. A mortalidade foi maior em: idosos (7,0% <italic>vs.</italic> 1,9%; p &lt; 0,001); pacientes com IAMcsST (6,0% <italic>vs.</italic> 3,5% <italic>vs.</italic> 1,6%, na compara&#231;&#227;o com IAMssST e AI, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001); pacientes que necessitaram de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o na mesma interna&#231;&#227;o (9,4% <italic>vs.</italic> 3,5% <italic>vs.</italic> 3,5%, na compara&#231;&#227;o com angioplastia e com tratamento cl&#237;nico, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001); pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 50% (7,6% <italic>vs.</italic> 1,9%; p &lt; 0,001). A interna&#231;&#227;o de cinco ou mais dias foi mais prevalente em pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos (32,4% <italic>vs.</italic> 19,0%; p &lt; 0,001), com IAMssST (32,8% <italic>vs.</italic> 23,1% <italic>vs.</italic> 16,6%, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IAMcsST e &#224; AI, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001), a cirurgia (81,2% <italic>vs.</italic> 24,5% <italic>vs.</italic> 15,2%, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; angioplastia e ao tratamento cl&#237;nico, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001); e a FE inferior a 50% (39,8% <italic>vs.</italic> 27,1%; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0104-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Figura 1</xref> mostra a curva de Kaplan-Meyer que evidenciou mortalidade semelhante (Log-Rank; p = 0,317) entre as admiss&#245;es diurna e noturna ao longo da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0104-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo mostrou que, em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o se observou influ&#234;ncia do hor&#225;rio de admiss&#227;o na UE na mortalidade intra-hospitalar de pacientes com SCA. Ting e cols.<sup>9</sup> mostraram que a admiss&#227;o noturna pode aumentar o tempo no atendimento das urg&#234;ncias, em raz&#227;o de equipes reduzidas<sup>9</sup>. Em geral, os servi&#231;os de hemodin&#226;mica possuem somente equipes &#224; dist&#226;ncia no per&#237;odo noturno. O tempo do in&#237;cio do atendimento at&#233; a abertura da art&#233;ria, o chamado "tempo porta-bal&#227;o" para a angioplastia prim&#225;ria ou "tempo porta-agulha" para a fibrin&#243;lise, pode ser afetado no hor&#225;rio noturno, havendo uma prefer&#234;ncia por fibrinol&#237;ticos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; angioplastia prim&#225;ria no IAMcsST. Embora n&#227;o esteja estabelecido que a estrat&#233;gia invasiva precoce resulte em menor mortalidade no IAMssST, alguns pacientes inst&#225;veis, cl&#237;nica ou hemodinamicamente, podem se beneficiar desse procedimento<sup>8,10</sup>. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais dos pacientes estudados foram semelhantes, exceto na maior preval&#234;ncia de angina inst&#225;vel no per&#237;odo diurno e de IAMssST no noturno. Isso se deve ao fato de que, no per&#237;odo diurno, o paciente com sintomas menos espec&#237;ficos poderia mais facilmente procurar o servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia para avalia&#231;&#227;o. Os desfechos tamb&#233;m foram semelhantes entre os per&#237;odos estudados, sobressaindo como fatores independentes para &#243;bito: a maior idade, a menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE e a maior frequ&#234;ncia de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio na mesma interna&#231;&#227;o, os quais j&#225; s&#227;o conhecidos para progn&#243;sticos desfavor&#225;veis<sup>11,12</sup>. Na interna&#231;&#227;o de cinco ou mais dias, as vari&#225;veis independentes foram a maior idade, a menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, a presen&#231;a de tabagismo e o IAMssST, o qual pode estar relacionado &#224; maior gravidade geral do paciente, pois foi mais frequente em pacientes idosos e com maior preval&#234;ncia de DAC pr&#233;via. A literatura mostra resultados conflitantes da influ&#234;ncia do hor&#225;rio de admiss&#227;o nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos, por&#233;m, influ&#234;ncias temporais e metodol&#243;gicas podem ser respons&#225;veis por essas diferen&#231;as. Kostis e cols.<sup>5</sup> avaliaram, no registro MIDAS no per&#237;odo de 1987 a 2002, a admiss&#227;o nos finais de semana, tendo como desfecho prim&#225;rio a mortalidade em 30 dias. Comparando com a admiss&#227;o em dias &#250;teis, a an&#225;lise mais ampla ajustada pelo modelo de Cox, apenas do per&#237;odo de 1999 a 2002, mostrou maior mortalidade a partir do segundo dia de interna&#231;&#227;o, assim como em um ano de seguimento nos pacientes admitidos nos finais de semana. A poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o decorre do fato de que esses pacientes se submeteram a menos cineangiocoronariografias, angioplastias ou cirurgias nos primeiros dias da interna&#231;&#227;o. Magid e cols.<sup>3</sup> estudaram a base de dados <italic>National Registry of Myocardial Infarction</italic> (NRMI), no per&#237;odo de 1999 a 2002, em pacientes com IAMcsST e compararam pacientes admitidos em hor&#225;rios regulares e n&#227;o regulares. Houve maior tempo porta-bal&#227;o nos pacientes admitidos nos hor&#225;rios n&#227;o regulares, enquanto o tempo porta-agulha foi semelhante entre os hor&#225;rios. O modelo ajustado para todas as vari&#225;veis mostrou maior mortalidade para os pacientes admitidos nos hor&#225;rios n&#227;o regulares; entretanto, ao tamb&#233;m se ajustar pelo tempo para a reperfus&#227;o, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as na mortalidade. Esse fato &#233; importante, pois 2/3 dos pacientes nesse registro foram atendidos nos hor&#225;rios n&#227;o regulares. Maier e cols.<sup>6</sup> avaliaram, no <italic>Berlin Myocardial Infarction Registry </italic>(BMIR), pacientes com IAMcsST que foram tratados somente com angioplastia prim&#225;ria, no per&#237;odo de 2004 a 2007. Os pacientes admitidos no per&#237;odo noturno tiveram maior tempo porta-bal&#227;o (79 <italic>vs.</italic> 90 minutos; p &lt; 0,001) e maior mortalidade (6,8% <italic>vs.</italic> 4,3%; p = 0,020). Todavia, no subgrupo de pacientes atendidos pelo Servi&#231;o de Emerg&#234;ncia M&#233;dica (atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar, composto por ambul&#226;ncia e m&#233;dico, que aciona a equipe de hemodin&#226;mica do hospital mais pr&#243;ximo, levando o paciente diretamente para o laborat&#243;rio), n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na mortalidade entre os per&#237;odos noturno e diurno (7,2% <italic>vs.</italic> 5,1%; p = 0,128), mesmo com maior tempo porta-bal&#227;o (80 <italic>vs.</italic> 68 minutos; p &lt; 0,001). Os autores conclu&#237;ram que o servi&#231;o pr&#233;-hospitalar poderia ser uma estrat&#233;gia para reduzir o tempo porta-bal&#227;o e a mortalidade. Casella e cols.<sup>7</sup> mostraram que pacientes admitidos no per&#237;odo noturno tiveram maior tempo dor-bal&#227;o (195 <italic>vs.</italic> 186 minutos; p = 0,03), mas mortalidade semelhante (5,8% <italic>vs.</italic> 7,2%), quando a angioplastia foi realizada em centro de refer&#234;ncia para infarto. Os autores defendem que, em centros especializados na reperfus&#227;o do IAMcsST, n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a do per&#237;odo de admiss&#227;o para mortalidade. Outros fatores como influ&#234;ncia do ritmo circadiano<sup>13,14</sup> e evolu&#231;&#227;o dos tratamentos<sup>15</sup> tamb&#233;m podem contribuir para diferen&#231;as nos per&#237;odos de admiss&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Por limita&#231;&#245;es da base de dados, n&#227;o mensuramos o tempo porta-bal&#227;o ou o tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a abertura da art&#233;ria, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ou escores de risco. Entretanto, acreditamos que o desfecho final (&#243;bito e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o) seja a melhor ferramenta de avalia&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;as nos resultados entre os per&#237;odos noturno e diurno. Nosso estudo limitou-se &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de desfechos hospitalares, n&#227;o medindo diferen&#231;as em prazos maiores. O estudo foi unic&#234;ntrico e incluiu, concomitantemente, AI, IAMssST e IAMcsST. A morbimortalidade dessas apresenta&#231;&#245;es da SCA &#233; diferente, mas, para o prop&#243;sito de avaliar diferen&#231;as entre os per&#237;odos de admiss&#227;o, acreditamos que o agrupamento dessas apresenta&#231;&#245;es seja mais informativo do que a an&#225;lise isolada de cada componente. Mesmo que o impacto de eventuais atrasos nas terapias possa ser maior no IAMcsST em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; SCA sem supradesnivelamento, em nosso estudo, n&#227;o observamos independ&#234;ncia na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para nenhuma apresenta&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de SCA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia especializados no atendimento intervencionista, o progn&#243;stico do paciente com SCA independe do hor&#225;rio de admiss&#227;o, mas est&#225; relacionado &#224; idade, &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica e &#224; necessidade de cirurgia coron&#225;ria precoce, denotando gravidade da doen&#231;a do paciente. O tempo de perman&#234;ncia maior refere-se &#224; idade e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica, al&#233;m da presen&#231;a de tabagismo e de IAMssST, fatores que tamb&#233;m implicam a doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria mais extensa. Esses resultados s&#227;o semelhantes aos observados em outros pa&#237;ses, em servi&#231;os de alta complexidade cardiol&#243;gica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#192; FAPESP, pela bolsa de inicia&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica (sob o protocolo n&#186; 06/52367-1), e ao CNPq, pelo suporte financeiro parcial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPEMIG, SES-MG, FINEP e CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Julio Yoshio Takada </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - Cerqueira C&#233;sar </p>
        <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="jyt@bol.com.br">jyt@bol.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="julio.takada@incor.usp.br">julio.takada@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 11/05/11; revisado recebido em 23/08/11; aceito em 30/08/11.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Emergency service admission time and in-hospital mortality in acute coronary syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The relationship between admission time to an emergency service and in-hospital outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is controversial. Admission during off-hours would be associated with worse prognosis. OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of admission time on prolonged hospitalization and mortality for ACS patients, regarding regular hours (7AM-7PM) and off-hours (7PM-7AM). METHODS: The study assessed prospectively 1,104 consecutive ACS patients. In-hospital mortality and length of hospital stay &gt; 5 days were the outcomes analyzed. RESULTS: Admission during regular hours was greater as compared with that during off-hours (63% vs. 37%; p &lt; 0.001). Unstable angina was more prevalent during regular hours (43% vs. 32%; p &lt; 0.001), while non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) was during off-hours (33% vs. 43%; p = 0.001). Differences in neither mortality nor length of hospital stay were observed in the time periods studied. Predictive factors for length of hospital stay &gt; 5 days were as follows: age [OR 1.042 (95%CI: 1.025 - 1.058), p &lt; 0.001]; ejection fraction (EF) [OR 0.977 (95%CI: 0.966 - 0.988), p &lt; 0.001]; NSTEMI [OR 1.699 (95%CI: 1.221 - 2.366), p = 0.001]; and smoking [OR 1.723 (95%CI: 1.113 - 2.668), p = 0.014]. Predictive factors for in-hospital mortality were as follows: age [OR 1.090 (95%CI: 1.047 - 1.134), p &lt; 0.001]; EF [OR 0.936 (95%CI: 0.909 - 0.964), p &lt; 0.001]; and surgical treatment [OR 3.781 (95%CI: 1.374 - 10.409), p = 0.01]. CONCLUSION: Prolonged length of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality in ACS patients do not depend on admission time.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>patient admission</kwd>
        <kwd>time factors</kwd>
        <kwd>first aid</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Emergency service admission time and in-hospital mortality in acute coronary syndrome</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Julio Yoshio Takada; Larissa Cardoso Roza; Rog&#233;rio Bicudo Ramos; Solange Desiree Avakian; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires; Antonio de P&#225;dua Mansur</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#150; HC FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#150; Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The relationship between admission time to an emergency service and in-hospital outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is controversial. Admission during off-hours would be associated with worse prognosis.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the influence of admission time on prolonged hospitalization and mortality for ACS patients, regarding regular hours (7AM-7PM) and off-hours (7PM-7AM).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study assessed prospectively 1,104 consecutive ACS patients. In-hospital mortality and length of hospital stay <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 days were the outcomes analyzed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Admission during regular hours was greater as compared with that during off-hours (63% vs. 37%; p &lt; 0.001). Unstable angina was more prevalent during regular hours (43% vs. 32%; p &lt; 0.001), while non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) was during off-hours (33% vs. 43%; p = 0.001). Differences in neither mortality nor length of hospital stay were observed in the time periods studied. Predictive factors for length of hospital stay <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 days were as follows: age [OR 1.042 (95%CI: 1.025 &#150; 1.058), p &lt; 0.001]; ejection fraction (EF) [OR 0.977 (95%CI: 0.966 &#150; 0.988), p &lt; 0.001]; NSTEMI [OR 1.699 (95%CI: 1.221 &#150; 2.366), p = 0.001]; and smoking [OR 1.723 (95%CI: 1.113 &#150; 2.668), p = 0.014]. Predictive factors for in-hospital mortality were as follows: age [OR 1.090 (95%CI: 1.047 &#150; 1.134), p &lt; 0.001]; EF [OR 0.936 (95%CI: 0.909 &#150; 0.964), p &lt; 0.001]; and surgical treatment [OR 3.781 (95%CI: 1.374 &#150; 10.409), p = 0.01].</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Prolonged length of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality in ACS patients do not depend on admission time.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Hospitalization, patient admission, time factors, first aid/mortality, myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death in Brazil<sup>1</sup>. This was confirmed by the 2008 DATASUS registries, showing 95,000 deaths due to ischemic heart disease<sup>2 </sup>in a universe of 1,077 million deaths in Brazil. Considering that, management strategies for the acute phase of myocardial infarction, with emphasis on early treatment, are essential to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with ischemic myocardial disease. However, there is still controversy regarding the literature on how time of presentation to the emergency service (ES) and delays in care may influence effective treatment. Some studies have reported an increase in the time leading up to angioplasty and administration of fibrinolytics for patients presenting during the night; outcomes, however, differ regarding in-hospital mortality<sup>3-7</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing whether the admission time of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) does influence mortality, length of hospital stay, and type of treatment (clinical, surgical, or angioplasty).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study assessed 1,104 consecutive patients diagnosed with ACS and admitted to the ES of a tertiary university-affiliated hospital from January 2004 to June 2007. The research protocol was approved by the research ethics committee of the institution.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: patient's age over 18 years; and hospital admission due to ACS, meaning presence of suggestive chest pain, electrocardiographic changes suggestive of acute myocardial ischemia, or alterations in markers of myocardial necrosis. The exclusion criteria were as follows: patient's refusal to participate in the study; and chest pain assessment without subsequent hospitalization.</p>
      <p>The following patients' characteristics were assessed: presence of classical risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD); use of medications; preliminary laboratory tests; time of presentation to the ES; number of coronary arteries affected; treatment; length of hospital stay; and in-hospital mortality.</p>
      <p>The time of admission to the ES was categorized according to the time of arrival to the ES as follows: regular hours (7AM to 7PM) and off-hours (7PM to 7AM). The risk factors for CAD were as follows: smoking; diabetes mellitus; systemic arterial hypertension; dyslipidemia; and family history of CAD. Regarding presention, the ACS was classified as follows: unstable angina (UA); non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI); and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). In addition, laboratory tests, echocardiogram, use of medications during hospitalization, and coronary angiography were assessed. Coronary artery lesion was considered in the presence of at least a 50% reduction in the lumen of major epicardial coronary arteries. The treatment used was characterized as follows: clinical; angioplasty with stent placement; and coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A length of hospital stay <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 days was considered long, according to previous studies<sup>5,8</sup>. The primary objective of this study was to assess the influence of the admission time of ACS patients on in-hospital mortality. The secondary objective was to assess the length of hospital stay and type of treatment used (clinical, surgical, or angioplasty).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Categorical and continuous variables were analyzed by use of the chi-square and Student<italic> t</italic> tests, respectively. In-hospital mortality was assessed by use of Kaplan-Meyer curves and stratified according to the admission periods. For multivariate analysis, logistic regression and stepwise model were used, with inclusion and permanence of variables with p &lt; 0.05. However, death was the dependent variable adjusted for: (1) presentation to the ES during regular hours or off-hours; (2) age; (3) presence of arterial hypertension; (4) presence of smoking; (5) familial history of dyslipidemia; (6) familial history of diabetes; (7) familial history of CAD; (8) sex; (9) type of ACS (UA, NSTEMI, and STEMI); (10) ejection fraction (EF); and (11) type of treatment (clinical, surgical, or angioplasty). The same model and independent variables were used for a second multivariate analysis, the length of hospital stay being the dependent variable (&lt; 5 or <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 days). The level of statistical significance adopted was p &lt; 0.05. The SAS software, version 9.2, was used. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patients' clinical and laboratory characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_118tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. The mean and median length of hospital stay were 5.1 &#177; 8.0 days and 3 days, respectively. On univariate analysis, the presentation during regular hours showed: a higher prevalence of dyslipidemias (48% <italic>vs.</italic> 42%; p = 0.043); higher BMI (26.9 <italic>vs.</italic> 26.3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; p = 0.043); lower diastolic blood pressure (87.6 <italic>vs.</italic> 89.9 mmHg; p = 0.047); lower total white blood cell count (9,120 <italic>vs.</italic> 9,628 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>; p = 0.016); higher sodium levels (139.5 <italic>vs.</italic> 139.9 mEq/L; p = 0.032); and lower levels of total cholesterol (179.0 <italic>vs.</italic> 186.8 mg/dL; p = 0.042) and LDL-cholesterol (105.9 <italic>vs.</italic> 112.5 mg/dL; p = 0.048). Considering patients with UA or NSTEMI, 92% used clopidogrel or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor before the angiographic study. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_118tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the diagnoses, the result of cardiac catheterization with blocked coronary arteries, and the outcomes death and length of hospital stay <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 days. Higher prevalence of UA (42.6% <italic>vs.</italic> 31.9%; p &lt; 0.001) and lower prevalence of NSTEMI (33.4% <italic>vs.</italic> 43.3%; p = 0.001) were observed during regular hours. Regarding the blocked coronary artery, the anterior descending artery (32.7%) was more often affected than the right coronary (23.9%) and circumflex (20.9%) arteries. The diagonal artery (7.4%), saphenous vein grafts (2.3%) and left main coronary artery (1.8%) were less frequently affected. No difference was observed in the following: medications used; the blocked coronary artery type of treatment for ACS; and the outcomes death (3.4% <italic>vs.</italic> 4.7%; p = 0.292) and length of hospital stay <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 days (23.3% <italic>vs.</italic> 25.7%; p = 0.358).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_118tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0104-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_118tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0104-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_118tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the variables identified, on multivariate analysis, as independent factors related to the length of hospital stay <underline>&gt;</underline> five days as follows: age (OR = 1.042; p &lt; 0.001); EF (OR = 0.977; p &lt; 0.001); NSTEMI (OR = 1.699; p = 0.001); and smoking (OR = 1.723; p = 0.014). The independent factors related to in-hospital death were as follows: age (OR = 1.090; p &lt; 0.001); EF (OR = 0.936; p &lt; 0.001); and surgical treatment (OR = 3.781; p = 0.01). No correlation was observed between the time of admission to the ES and the ACS presentation type (p = 0.636). Dividing patients according to ACS presentation, the results for in-hospital mortality were similar when the same model was used. For patients with UA (n = 427), in-hospital mortality related to higher age (OR = 1.155; 95% CI = 1.029 &#150; 1.297; p = 0.015), while for those with NSTEMI (n = 409) in-hospital mortality related to lower age (OR = 1.087; 95% CI = 1.029 &#150; 1.149; p = 0.003) and lower EF (OR = 0.924; 95% CI = 0.886 &#150; 0.962; p &lt; 0.001). For patients with STEMI (n = 268), no independent risk fator for in-hospital mortality was identified.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_118tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0104-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref> shows the effects of the following variables on mortality and length of hospital stay <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 days: age over or under 65 years; ACS presentation; treatment type; and EF greater or lower than 50%. Mortality was higher in the following patients: elderly (7.0% <italic>vs.</italic> 1.9%; p &lt; 0.001); patients with STEMI (6.0% <italic>vs.</italic> 3.5% <italic>vs.</italic> 1.6%, as compared with NSTEMI and UA, respectively; p &lt; 0.001); patients requiring coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the same hospitalization (9.4% <italic>vs.</italic> 3.5% <italic>vs.</italic> 3.5%, as compared with angioplasty and clinical treatment, respectively; p &lt; 0.001); patients with EF lower than 50% (7.6% <italic>vs.</italic> 1.9%; p &lt; 0.001). The length of hospital stay <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 days was more common among patients with the following characteristics: age <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 years (32.4% <italic>vs.</italic> 19.0%; p &lt; 0.001); NSTEMI (32.8% <italic>vs.</italic> 23.1% <italic>vs.</italic> 16.6%, as compared with STEMI and UA, respectively; p &lt; 0.001); surgery (81.2% <italic>vs.</italic> 24.5% <italic>vs.</italic> 15.2%, as compared with angioplasty and clinical treatment, respectively; p &lt; 0.001); and EF lower than 50% (39.8% <italic>vs.</italic> 27.1%; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0104-00005-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_118fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> depicts the Kaplan-Meyer curve evidencing similar in-hospital mortality (log-rank; p = 0.317) for regular-hour and off-hour admissions.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_118fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-98-02-0104-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, no influence of the time of admission to the ES was observed on in-hospital mortality of patients with ACS. Ting et al<sup>9</sup> have reported that admission during off-hours can increase the delay time, because of the reduced size of the health care teams<sup>9</sup>. Usually, catheterization laboratories offer only on-call services during off-hours. The amount of time between a patient's arrival at the ES and the time the blocked artery is opened, the so called "door-to-balloon time" in primary angioplasty or "door-to-needle time" in fibrinolysis, can be compromised during off-hours, and fibrinolytics are preferred to primary angioplasty for STEMI. Although it has not been established that the early invasive strategy results in lower mortality in NSTEMI, some clinically or hemodynamically unstable patients can benefit from that procedure<sup>8,10</sup>. The baseline clinical characteristics of the patients studied were similar, except for the higher prevalence of UA for arrival during regular hours, and of NSTEMI for arrival during off-hours. This might be due to the fact that, during regular hours, patients with less specific symptoms can more easily seak the ES for assessment. The outcomes were also similar for the regular-hour and off-hour arrivals, and the major independent factors for death were as follows: higher age; lower left ventricular EF; and higher frequency of coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the same hospitalization<sup>11,12</sup>. For the outcome hospitalization <underline>&gt;</underline> five days, the independent variables were as follows: higher age; lower left ventricular EF; presence of smoking; and NSTEMI, which might be related to greater overall severity, because it was more frequent in elderly patients and those with a greater prevalence of previous CAD. The literature about the influence of the admission time on clinical outcomes is conflicting, but temporal and methodological influences can account for such differences. Using the Myocardial Infarction Data Acquisition System (MIDAS) from 1987 to 2002, Kostis et al<sup>5</sup> have assessed admission on weekends, mortality at 30 days being the primary outcome. Comparing with admission on weekdays, the broader analysis adjusted by use of Cox model, for the period from 1999 to 2002, has shown higher mortality from the second day of admission on and at one year for patients admitted on weekends. That might be explained by the lower rate of invasive cardiac procedures on weekends, since those patients underwent fewer coronary angiographies, angioplasties or surgeries on their first day of admission. Magid et al<sup>3</sup> have assessed patients with STEMI of the database of the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI), in the period from 1999 to 2002, and compared their admissions during regular hours and off-hours. Patients admitted during off-hours had a longer door-to-balloon time, while door-to-needle time was similar in both groups. The model adjusted for all variables showed higher mortality for patients admitted off-hours; however, when also adjusted for reperfusion time, mortality did not differ. It is worth noting that two-thirds of the patients in that registry were admitted off-hours. Maier et al<sup>6</sup> have assessed, in the Berlin Myocardial Infarction Registry (BMIR), patients with STEMI treated exclusively with primary angioplasty, from 2004 to 2007. Patients admitted during off-hours had a longer door-to-balloon time (79 <italic>vs.</italic> 90 minutes; p &lt; 0.001) and higher mortality (6.8% <italic>vs.</italic> 4.3%; p = 0.020). However, in the subgroup of patients cared for at the Medical Emergency Service (pre-hospital health care service comprising an ambulance and clinician, who contacts the catheterization laboratory team of the closest hospital, and takes the patient directly to the catheterization laboratory), mortality did not differ between regular hours and off-hours (7.2% <italic>vs.</italic> 5.1%; p = 0.128), even with a longer door-to-balloon time (80 <italic>vs.</italic> 68 minutes; p &lt; 0.001). Those authors have concluded that the pre-hospital health care service could be a strategy to reduce both door-to-balloon time and mortality. Casella et al<sup>7</sup> have shown that patients admitted during off-hours had a longer pain-to-balloon time (195 <italic>vs.</italic> 186 minutes; p = 0.03), but similar mortality (5.8% <italic>vs.</italic> 7.2%), when angioplasty was performed at the reference center for infarction. Those authors have concluded that, at an efficient STEMI network focused on reperfusion, mortality does not differ according to admission time. Other factors, such as circadian rhythm<sup>13,14</sup> and treatment outcomes<sup>15</sup> can also contribute to differences between the admission times.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Because of limitations in the database, the following variables were not assesed: door-to-balloon time; time between symptom onset and opening of the blocked coronary artery; electrocardiographic alterations; and risk scores. However, we believe that the final outcome (death and length of hospital stay) is the best tool to assess differences between the results of presentation during regular hours and off-hours. Our study was limited to assessing in-hospital outcomes, and did not assess differences over longer periods. This is a single-center study and included simultaneously UA, NSTEMI and STEMI. The morbidity and mortality of those ACS presentations are different, but, for the purpose of assessing differences between admission times, we believed that grouping those presentations would be more informative than the analysis of each component in isolation. Even if the impact of occasional delays on therapy can be greater in STEMI as compared with that in NSTEMI, in our study, we observed no independence in logistic regression for any specific ACS presentation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In emergency services specialized in interventional care, the prognosis of patients with ACS do not depend on the admission time, but is related to age, systolic ventricular dysfunction, and the need for early coronary artery bypass graft surgery, reflecting the severity of the disease. The length of hospital stay relates to age, systolic ventricular dysfunction, smoking habit, and NSTEMI, factors that also reflect a more extensive CAD. Such results are similar to those of other countries, in services of high cardiological complexity.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To FAPESP, for the scientific initiation scholarship (protocol 06/52367-1), and to CNPq, for partial financial support.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by FAPEMIG, SES-MG, FINEP and CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
