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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">m3ycfYBY56MhMsWpnmXZYVH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001500010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700610</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000117</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preditores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minicucci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Paula S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel F. B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polegato</surname>
            <given-names>Bertha F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>502</fpage>
      <lpage>506</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A predi&#231;&#227;o do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) pode ter importantes implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. OBJETIVO: Analisar as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas preditoras da remodela&#231;&#227;o no modelo do infarto em ratos. M&#201;TODOS: Os animais foram submetidos ao ecocardiograma em dois momentos, cinco dias e tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o infarto (grupo IAM) ou a cirurgia simulada (grupo controle). A regress&#227;o linear foi utilizada para identificar as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas no quinto dia posteriormente ao infarto, as quais foram preditoras de remodela&#231;&#227;o depois de tr&#234;s meses da oclus&#227;o coronariana. Consideramos, como crit&#233;rio de remodela&#231;&#227;o, neste estudo, os valores do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses do infarto. RESULTADOS: O infarto induziu o aumento das c&#226;maras esquerdas, associado com altera&#231;&#245;es das fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. As vari&#225;veis peso corporal, &#237;ndice do estresse parietal ventricular esquerdo (IEPVE), &#225;rea sist&#243;lica (AS), &#225;rea diast&#243;lica (AD), DDVE, di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE), fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea (FVA), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE), porcentagem de encurtamento endoc&#225;rdico (% Enc), velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior (VEPP) e tamanho do infarto, avaliadas cinco dias depois do infarto, foram preditoras do DDVE ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, inclu&#237;mos o tamanho do infarto, o IEPVE e a VEPP. O IEPVE (coeficiente: 4,402, erro padr&#227;o: 2,221, p = 0,05), mas n&#227;o o tamanho do infarto e a VEPP, foi fator preditor de remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses do infarto. CONCLUS&#195;O: O IEPVE foi preditor independente de remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses do infarto e poderia ser incorporado na estratifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica depois da oclus&#227;o coronariana.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Preditores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em ratos</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcos F. Minicucci; Paula S. Azevedo; Daniel F. B. Santos; Bertha F. Polegato; Priscila P. Santos; Katashi Okoshi; Sergio A. R. Paiva; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#150; Botucatu &#150; SP, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A predi&#231;&#227;o do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) pode ter importantes implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas preditoras da remodela&#231;&#227;o no modelo do infarto em ratos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Os animais foram submetidos ao ecocardiograma em dois momentos, cinco dias e tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o infarto (grupo IAM) ou a cirurgia simulada (grupo controle). A regress&#227;o linear foi utilizada para identificar as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas no quinto dia posteriormente ao infarto, as quais foram preditoras de remodela&#231;&#227;o depois de tr&#234;s meses da oclus&#227;o coronariana. Consideramos, como crit&#233;rio de remodela&#231;&#227;o, neste estudo, os valores do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses do infarto. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O infarto induziu o aumento das c&#226;maras esquerdas, associado com altera&#231;&#245;es das fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. As vari&#225;veis peso corporal, &#237;ndice do estresse parietal ventricular esquerdo (IEPVE), &#225;rea sist&#243;lica (AS), &#225;rea diast&#243;lica (AD), DDVE, di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE), fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea (FVA), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE), porcentagem de encurtamento endoc&#225;rdico (% Enc), velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior (VEPP) e tamanho do infarto, avaliadas cinco dias depois do infarto, foram preditoras do DDVE ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, inclu&#237;mos o tamanho do infarto, o IEPVE e a VEPP. O IEPVE (coeficiente: 4,402, erro padr&#227;o: 2,221, p = 0,05), mas n&#227;o o tamanho do infarto e a VEPP, foi fator preditor de remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses do infarto. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O IEPVE foi preditor independente de remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses do infarto e poderia ser incorporado na estratifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica depois da oclus&#227;o coronariana.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ventricular, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, ratos, ecocardiografia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), podem ocorrer altera&#231;&#245;es da arquitetura ventricular, envolvendo tanto a regi&#227;o infartada quanto a n&#227;o infartada. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas s&#227;o consequ&#234;ncias de altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas, celulares e moleculares card&#237;acas que ocorrem em resposta a determinada agress&#227;o. O conjunto dessas adapta&#231;&#245;es, que s&#227;o detectadas clinicamente por altera&#231;&#245;es na composi&#231;&#227;o, na massa, no volume e na geometria ventricular, &#233; chamado "remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca" <sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a e a intensidade da remodela&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o diretamente associadas ao pior progn&#243;stico, pois esse processo resulta em maior preval&#234;ncia de ruptura ventricular, aneurismas e arritmias malignas. Adicionalmente, a remodela&#231;&#227;o est&#225; relacionada ao aparecimento e &#224; progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s o infarto<sup>1-6</sup>. Por esse motivo, a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de vari&#225;veis que possam determinar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o depois do infarto pode ter importantes implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
    <p>Outro aspecto relevante refere-se ao fato de que uma das estrat&#233;gias mais utilizadas para o estudo da remodela&#231;&#227;o decorrente da oclus&#227;o coronariana &#233; o modelo do infarto experimental no rato. Entre outros fatores, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desse modelo decorre da similaridade entre as altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas que ocorrem nos ratos e nos humanos ap&#243;s o infarto<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, o ecocardiograma vem sendo utilizado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular secund&#225;ria em diferentes etiologias, inclusive no modelo do infarto experimental no rato. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis preditoras do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular, avaliadas por meio do ecocardiograma, em ratos infartados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O protocolo experimental do presente trabalho foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, estando em conformidade com os Princ&#237;pios &#201;ticos na Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal adotados pelo Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (COBEA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Infarto experimental</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos, pesando entre 200 e 250 gramas. O infarto agudo foi produzido de acordo com o m&#233;todo descrito previamente<sup>9</sup>. Em resumo, os ratos foram anestesiados com cloridrato de ketamina (50 mg/kg) e submetidos &#224; toracotomia lateral esquerda. Ap&#243;s exterioriza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, o &#225;trio esquerdo foi afastado, e a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, ligada com fio monon&#225;ilon 5.00 entre a sa&#237;da da art&#233;ria pulmonar e o &#225;trio esquerdo. A seguir, o cora&#231;&#227;o retornou ao t&#243;rax, os pulm&#245;es foram inflados com press&#227;o positiva, e o t&#243;rax, fechado por suturas com algod&#227;o 10. Em 15 animais, n&#227;o foi realizada a oclus&#227;o coronariana (grupo controle).</p>
    <p>Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas para recupera&#231;&#227;o, foram alimentados com ra&#231;&#227;o comercial padr&#227;o e tiveram livre acesso &#224; &#225;gua, com controle de luz &#150; ciclos de 12 horas, temperatura de aproximadamente 25&#186;C e umidade controlada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma foi realizado em dois momentos, cinco dias e tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o infarto. Os animais sobreviventes foram anestesiados com cloridrato de ketamina (50 mg/kg) e xilazina (1 mg/kg), por via intramuscular, para o estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico. Ap&#243;s tricotomia da regi&#227;o anterior do t&#243;rax, os animais foram posicionados em dec&#250;bito dorsal em canaleta especialmente projetada, que permite leve rota&#231;&#227;o lateral esquerda para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, utilizando-se equipamento da Philips (modelo HDI 5000), dotado de transdutor eletr&#244;nico multifrequencial at&#233; 12 MHz. Todas as medidas foram efetuadas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> e da<italic> European Association of Echocardiography</italic><sup>10</sup> e j&#225; descritas no modelo de ratos infartados<sup>11,12</sup>. A imagem da cavidade ventricular esquerda foi obtida posicionando o cursor do modo M entre os m&#250;sculos papilares, logo abaixo do plano da valva mitral. O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) e a espessura septal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (HDVE) foram medidos no momento correspondente ao di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo da cavidade. O di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE) foi medido no momento da excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica m&#225;xima da parede posterior da cavidade. As &#225;reas diast&#243;licas (AD) e sist&#243;licas (AS) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foram medidas no modo bidimensional, por meio de planimetria, no plano paraesternal do eixo menor. Consideramos, como crit&#233;rio de remodela&#231;&#227;o, neste estudo, os valores do DDVE ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses do infarto. </p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de estresse da parede ventricular esquerda (IEPVE) foi determinado pela f&#243;rmula: (&#225;rea diast&#243;lica/2 x HDVE)<sup>13</sup>. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE foi avaliada calculando-se a fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea (FVA), a velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior (VEPP), a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) e a porcentagem de encurtamento endoc&#225;rdica (% Enc). A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi avaliada pela rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, pelo tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (TDE) e pelo tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico ajustado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (TRIV/RR).</p>
    <p>Para a estimativa do tamanho do infarto, foram determinadas as circunfer&#234;ncias endoc&#225;rdicas da regi&#227;o acin&#233;tica ou discin&#233;tica e os segmentos n&#227;o infartados, conforme descrito previamente<sup>14,15</sup>. O tamanho do infarto foi calculado pela divis&#227;o das circunfer&#234;ncias ventriculares endoc&#225;rdicas da regi&#227;o infartada pelas circunfer&#234;ncias endoc&#225;rdicas totais.</p>
    <p>O par&#226;metro utilizado para caracterizar a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi o DDVE.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses foram feitas com o teste t de Student, quando os dados apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. J&#225; com a distribui&#231;&#227;o anormal, as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas com o teste U de Mann-Whitney. Os dados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana, com percentil 25 e 75. Os valores preditivos foram analisados por regress&#227;o linear uni e multivariada. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi 5%. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram feitas com o programa SigmaStat for Windows v3.5 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cinco dias ap&#243;s o infarto, v&#225;rios potenciais par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos que poderiam prever o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o depois de tr&#234;s meses foram avaliados nos animais infartados (n = 39), incluindo-se tamanho do infarto, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, DDVE, DSVE, HDVE, IEPVE, AD, AS, FAV, VEPP, FE, % End, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), E/A, TDE e TRIV/RR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0502-00117-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o ao peso corporal (grupo controle = 467 &#177; 51 g, IAM = 351 &#177; 51 g; p = 0,345) e &#224; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (grupo controle = 267 &#177; 19 bpm, IAM = 266 &#177; 27 bpm; p = 0,956). </p>
    <p>Os resultados do estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses, est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">Tabela 2</xref>. No grupo IAM, os tamanhos de infarto foram 41 &#177; 9 %. Conforme esperado, os animais infartados (n = 32) apresentaram maiores di&#226;metros do &#225;trio esquerdo e maior cavidade do VE na di&#225;stole e na s&#237;stole, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais do grupo controle (n = 15). Do mesmo modo, os animais infartados apresentaram menores valores de FAV, VEPP, FE e % Enc. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, o infarto resultou em maiores valores da onda E e do TRIV/RR, com menores valores do TDE. O IEPVE foi estatisticamente maior nos animais infartados, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos do grupo controle.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0502-00117-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os fatores preditores de remodela&#231;&#227;o, na an&#225;lise univariada, est&#227;o dispostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">Tabela 3</xref>. As vari&#225;veis peso corporal, IEPVE, AD, AS, DDVE, DSVE, FAV, VEPP, FE, % End e tamanho do infarto foram preditoras do DDVE ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses. Por outro lado, as vari&#225;veis de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo ajustado ao peso corporal n&#227;o foram preditores de remodela&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0502-00117-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada, inclu&#237;mos, em nosso modelo, o tamanho do infarto, o IEPVE e a VEPP. O IEPVE (coeficiente: 4,402, erro padr&#227;o: 2,221, p = 0,05), mas n&#227;o o tamanho do infarto (coeficiente: -0,005, erro padr&#227;o: 0,0221, p = 0,80) e a VEPP (coeficiente: -0,041, erro padr&#227;o: 0,029, p = 0,17), foi fator preditor de remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses do infarto. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis preditoras do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular, avaliadas por meio do ecocardiograma, em ratos infartados. Nossos resultados sugerem que as vari&#225;veis morfol&#243;gicas, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, o tamanho do infarto e o estresse parietal do VE, avaliados cinco dias ap&#243;s o infarto, s&#227;o fatores preditores de remodela&#231;&#227;o depois de tr&#234;s meses da oclus&#227;o coronariana. No entanto, na an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas o estresse parietal do VE foi preditor de remodela&#231;&#227;o tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o IAM. </p>
    <p>Apesar da extrema complexidade do processo, ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, a remodela&#231;&#227;o caracteriza-se, clinicamente, por aumento da cavidade ventricular. Na fase aguda, a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; consequ&#234;ncia do processo de expans&#227;o do infarto, enquanto a dilata&#231;&#227;o cavit&#225;ria tardia &#233; resultado do processo de hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica<sup>1-4</sup>. Assim, o diagn&#243;stico da remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o infarto, clinicamente, baseia-se na detec&#231;&#227;o do aumento da cavidade do VE. Por essa raz&#227;o, em nosso estudo, o par&#226;metro de remodela&#231;&#227;o escolhido foi o DDVE. Nesse sentido, podemos observar que os animais infartados apresentaram valores significativamente maiores de DDVE que os animais do grupo controle, confirmando que o infarto induziu remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses da oclus&#227;o coronariana.</p>
    <p>Atualmente, os aspectos mais importantes a serem considerados no tratamento do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio s&#227;o a preven&#231;&#227;o e a atenua&#231;&#227;o do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o. Em consequ&#234;ncia, a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de fatores associados &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o pode ser extremamente relevante, j&#225; que situa&#231;&#245;es de alto risco podem ser tratadas mais agressivamente. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores determinantes do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o infarto, aceita-se que um dos principais moduladores da dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular progressiva &#233; o tamanho do infarto. Apesar de a remodela&#231;&#227;o incidir em diferentes tamanhos de les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, sua predomin&#226;ncia &#233; observada em infartos de maior tamanho. Da mesma maneira, parece haver, como pr&#233;-requisito, tamanho m&#237;nimo de les&#227;o (16%-20%) para que ocorra a remodela&#231;&#227;o<sup>1,16,17</sup>. Em nosso estudo, os resultados est&#227;o em concord&#226;ncia com esse conceito, j&#225; que o tamanho do infarto foi preditor do di&#226;metro da cavidade ventricular. Dado interessante, no entanto, foi que o tamanho do infarto n&#227;o permaneceu determinante da remodela&#231;&#227;o na an&#225;lise multivariada, sugerindo que, no modelo do rato, outros fatores podem ser mais importantes como causadores desse processo.</p>
    <p>Outro fator que, potencialmente, pode determinar a frequ&#234;ncia e a intensidade da remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o infarto &#233; a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. No entanto, os dados dispon&#237;veis em estudos cl&#237;nicos sobre o papel da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica como preditora de remodela&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o conflitantes<sup>6,18,19</sup>. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esse conflito foi dada pelo estudo <italic>Heart</italic><sup>20</sup>. Nesse estudo, 20% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; terapia de reperfus&#227;o apresentaram recupera&#231;&#227;o completa, e aproximadamente 50% dos doentes mostraram recupera&#231;&#227;o parcial da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica durante as duas primeiras semanas ap&#243;s o infarto. Esse fato sugere que, devido ao fen&#244;meno do mioc&#225;rdio atordoado, o valor preditivo de vari&#225;veis da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em pacientes reperfundidos, na fase precoce ap&#243;s o infarto, pode ser limitado. Em nosso modelo experimental, sem estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, avaliada por quatro vari&#225;veis, foi preditora de remodela&#231;&#227;o na an&#225;lise univariada, mas n&#227;o na multivariada, sugerindo a depend&#234;ncia de outros fatores como determinantes da remodela&#231;&#227;o. A presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica esteve associada ao processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o em alguns estudos<sup>21</sup>, mas n&#227;o em todos<sup>22</sup>. Em nosso estudo, a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#227;o foi determinante da dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular nesse modelo.</p>
    <p>Outro aspecto relevante a ser considerado &#233; a participa&#231;&#227;o do estresse parietal como determinante do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o. Uma das explica&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas para a dilata&#231;&#227;o cavit&#225;ria progressiva na fase cr&#244;nica do infarto &#233; o estresse parietal. Em cora&#231;&#245;es infartados, pode ocorrer a perda da configura&#231;&#227;o el&#237;ptica normal do cora&#231;&#227;o, com aparecimento de forma mais esf&#233;rica. Em consequ&#234;ncia, verifica-se o aumento significativamente maior da tens&#227;o parietal na di&#225;stole do que na s&#237;stole. Acredita-se que o aumento desse estresse estimularia a replica&#231;&#227;o dos sarc&#244;meros, preferencialmente em s&#233;rie<sup>23,24</sup>. Portanto, o estresse parietal pode ser considerado est&#237;mulo para a progress&#227;o do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o na fase cr&#244;nica do infarto. Apesar da import&#226;ncia conceitual desse estresse, n&#227;o temos conhecimento de estudos pr&#233;vios que tenham avaliado essa vari&#225;vel, por meio do ecocardiograma, como fator determinante da remodela&#231;&#227;o nesse modelo. Em nosso trabalho, o estresse parietal, avaliado de forma n&#227;o invasiva na fase precoce do infarto, foi fator preditor independente de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coronariana. Portanto, acreditamos que nosso estudo acrescenta importantes dados sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o do estresse parietal com a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular, sugerindo que essa vari&#225;vel poderia ser usada como marcador do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O IEPVE, avaliado cinco dias ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coronariana por meio do ecocardiograma, foi preditor independente de remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses do infarto em ratos e poderia ser incorporado como ferramenta de estratifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica nesse modelo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Leonardo Ant&#244;nio Mamede Zornoff </p>
        <p> Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Jr, s/n </p>
        <p> 18618-000 &#8211; Botucatu &#8211; SP, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br">lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lzornoff@cardiol.br">lzornoff@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 03/05/11, revisado recebido em 09/06/11, aceito em 22/06/11.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Echocardiographic predictors of ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction in rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The prediction of the ventricular remodeling process after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) may have important clinical implications. OBJECTIVE: To analyze echocardiographic variables predictors of remodeling in the infarction model in rats. MEHTODS: The animals underwent echocardiography in two moments, five days and three months after infarction (AMI group) or sham surgery (control group). Linear regression was used to identify the echocardiographic variables on the fifth day after the infarction, which were predictive of remodeling after three months of coronary occlusion. We considered as a criterion of remodeling in this study, the values of left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD) after three months of infarction. RESULTS: The infarction induced increase in the left chambers, associated with changes in systolic and diastolic functions. The variables body weight, left ventricular wall stress index (LVWSI), systolic area (SA), diastolic area (DA), LVDD, left ventricular systolic diameter (LVSD), area variation fraction (AVF), ejection fraction (EF), percent of endocardial shortening (%Short), posterior wall shortening velocity (PWSV) and infarct size assessed five days after infarction were predictors of LVDD after three months. At the multivariate regression analysis, we included the size of infarction, the LVWSI and PWSV. The LVWSI (coefficient: 4.402, standard error: 2.221, p = 0.05), but not the size of infarction and PWSV, was a predictor of remodeling after three months of infarction. CONCLUSION: LVPSI was an independent predictor of remodeling three months after the myocardial infarction and could be included in the clinical stratification after the coronary occlusion.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ventricular remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>rats</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Echocardiographic predictors of ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction in rats</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marcos F. Minicucci; Paula S. Azevedo; Daniel F. B. Santos; Bertha F. Polegato; Priscila P. Santos; Katashi Okoshi; Sergio A. R. Paiva; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Botucatu &#8211; SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The prediction of the ventricular remodeling process after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) may have important clinical implications.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To analyze echocardiographic variables predictors of remodeling in the infarction model in rats.</p>
      <p><bold>MEHTODS:</bold> The animals underwent echocardiography in two moments, five days and three months after infarction (AMI group) or sham surgery (control group). Linear regression was used to identify the echocardiographic variables on the fifth day after the infarction, which were predictive of remodeling after three months of coronary occlusion. We considered as a criterion of remodeling in this study, the values of left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD) after three months of infarction.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The infarction induced increase in the left chambers, associated with changes in systolic and diastolic functions. The variables body weight, left ventricular wall stress index (LVWSI), systolic area (SA), diastolic area (DA), LVDD, left ventricular systolic diameter (LVSD), fractional area change (FAC), ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (%Short), posterior wall shortening velocity (PWSV) and infarct size assessed five days after infarction were predictors of LVDD after three months. At the multivariate regression analysis, we included the size of infarction, the LVWSI and PWSV. The LVWSI (coefficient: 4.402, standard error: 2.221, p = 0.05), but not the size of infarction and PWSV, was a predictor of remodeling after three months of infarction.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> LVPSI was an independent predictor of remodeling three months after the myocardial infarction and could be included in the clinical stratification after the coronary occlusion.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Ventricular remodeling, myocardial infarction, rats, echocardiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), changes can occur in ventricular architecture involving both infarcted and the non-infarcted region. These morphological alterations are the result of genetic, cellular and molecular cardiac alterations that occur in response to certain injury. All these adaptations, which are clinically detected by changes in the ventricular composition, mass, volume and geometry, is called "cardiac remodeling"<sup>1-4</sup>. </p>
      <p>The presence and intensity of remodeling are directly associated with worse prognosis, as this process results in a higher prevalence of ventricular rupture, aneurysms and malignant arrhythmias. Additionally, remodeling is related to the onset and progression of ventricular dysfunction after the infarction<sup>1-6</sup>. Therefore, early identification of variables that could determine the evolution of remodeling after infarction may have important clinical implications. </p>
      <p>Another relevant aspect refers to the fact that one of the most frequently used strategies for the study of remodeling due to coronary occlusion is the experimental infarction model in rats. Among other factors, the use of this model is due to the similarity between the pathophysiological changes that occur in rats and humans after the infarction<sup>7,8</sup>. </p>
      <p>In recent years, echocardiography has been used for the assessment of secondary ventricular remodeling in different etiologies, including the one in the experimental infarction model in rats. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify possible predictors of the ventricular remodeling process assessed by echocardiography in infarcted rats. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The experimental protocol of the present study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation of our institution, and complies with the Ethical Principles in Animal Research adopted by Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Experimental infarction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Male Wistar rats, weighing 200-250 grams, were evaluated in the study. Acute myocardial infarction was produced according to the previously described method<sup>9</sup>. In brief, the rats were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) and submitted to left thoracotomy. After exteriorization of the heart, the left atrium was pushed aside, and the left coronary artery was ligated with a 5.00 mononylon thread between the emergence of the pulmonary artery and the left atrium. The heart was then returned to the thorax, the lungs were inflated with positive pressure and the surgical wound was closed by sutures with cotton 10. Coronary occlusion was not performed in 15 animals (control group). </p>
      <p>The animals were kept in cages for recovery, were fed standard commercial rodent chow and had free access to water, with light control - 12-hour cycles, temperature of about 25 &#176; C and controlled humidity. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiographic study</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Echocardiography was performed at two different moments, five days and three months after the infarction. The surviving animals were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (1 mg/kg) intramuscularly, for the echocardiographic study. After trichotomy of the anterior chest region, the animals were placed supine on specially designed holder, which allows slight rotation to the left for the examination to be carried out, using a Philips equipment (model HDI 5000), equipped with a multifrequency electronic transducer of up to 12 MHz. All measurements were carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Echocardiography<sup>10</sup>, which have been described in the infarcted rat model<sup>11,12</sup>. </p>
      <p>The image of the left ventricular cavity was obtained by positioning the M mode cursor between the papillary muscles, just below the mitral valve plane. The left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD) and left ventricular septal thickness (LVST) were measured at the time corresponding to the maximum cavity diameter. The left ventricular systolic diameter (LVSD) was measured at the maximum systolic excursion of the cavity posterior wall. The left ventricular (LV) diastolic area (DA) and systolic area (AS) were measured in two-dimensional mode, using planimetry in the parasternal short-axis plane. We considered as a criterion of remodeling in this study, the values of LVDD after three months of infarction. </p>
      <p>The left ventricular wall stress index (LVWSI) was determined by the formula: (diastolic area / 2 x LVST)<sup>13</sup>. The LV systolic function was assessed by calculating the fractional area change (FAC), posterior wall shortening velocity (PWSV), ejection fraction (EF) and endocardial fractional shortening (%Short). Diastolic function was assessed by E/A ratio, the E wave deceleration time (EDT) and the isovolumetric relaxation time adjusted by heart rate (IVRT/HR). </p>
      <p>To estimate the infarction size, endocardial circumferences of the akinetic or dyskinetic regions and non-infarcted segments were determined, as previously described<sup>14,15</sup>. The infarct size was calculated by dividing the ventricular endocardial circumferences of the infarcted region by the total endocardial circumferences. </p>
      <p>The parameter used to characterize cardiac remodeling was the LVDD. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Comparisons between the groups after three months were carried out with Student's <italic>t</italic> test when the data showed normal distribution. However, when the distribution was not normal, comparisons between groups were carried out using Mann-Whitney U test. Data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median with 25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles. Predictive values were analyzed by univariate and multivariate linear regression. The significance level was set at 5%. Statistical analysis was performed with the SigmaStat for Windows v3.5 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Five days after the infarction, several potential echocardiographic parameters that could predict the remodeling process after three months were assessed in infarcted animals (n = 39), including infarct size, left atrial diameter, LVDD, LVSD, LVST, LVWSI, DA, SA, FAC, PWSV, EF, %Short, heart failure (HF), E/A, EDT and IVRT/HR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0502-00117-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>After three months, no differences were found between the groups regarding body weight (control group = 467 &#177; 51 g, AMI = 351 &#177; 51 g, p = 0.345) and heart rate (control = 267 &#177; 19 bpm, AMI = 266 &#177; 27 bpm, p = 0.956). </p>
      <p>The results of the echocardiographic study after three months are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. In the AMI group, the infarct sizes were 41 &#177; 9%. As expected, infarcted animals (n = 32) had greater left atrial diameters and increased LV cavity in diastole and systole, as compared to control animals (n = 15). Likewise, infarcted animals had lower levels of FAC, PWSV, EF and %Short. Regarding diastolic function, myocardial infarction resulted in higher values of E wave and IVRT / HR, with lower values of the EDT. The LVWSI was statistically higher in infarcted animals when compared to the control group. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0502-00117-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The factors predictive of remodeling in the univariate analysis are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. The variables body weight, LVPSI, DA, SA, LVDD, LVSD, FAC, PWSV, EF, % Short and infarct size were predictors of LVDD after three months. On the other hand, the variables of diastolic function and left atrial diameter adjusted for body weight were not predictors of remodeling. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0502-00117-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the multivariate linear regression analysis, our model included infarct size, the LVWSI and PWSV. The LVWSI (coefficient: 4.402, standard error: 2.221, p = 0.05), but not infarct size (coefficient: -0.005, standard error: 0.0221, p = 0.80) and PWSV (coefficient: - 0.041, standard error: 0.029, p = 0.17) was a predictor of remodeling three months after the infarction. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to identify possible predictors of the ventricular remodeling process assessed by echocardiography in infarcted rats. Our results suggest that the morphological variables, systolic function, infarct size and LV wall stress, evaluated five days after the infarction, are predictors of remodeling after three months of coronary occlusion. However, at the multivariate analysis, only the LV wall stress was a predictor of remodeling three months after the AMI. </p>
      <p>Although the process is extremely complex, after the myocardial infarction, remodeling is clinically characterized by an increased ventricular cavity. In the acute phase, ventricular dilation is a consequence of the infarction expansion process, whereas late cavitary dilation is a result of eccentric hypertrophy<sup>1-4</sup>. Thus, the diagnosis of remodeling after infarction is clinically based on the detection of an increased LV cavity. For this reason, in our study, the chosen parameter of remodeling was LVDD. Hence, we observe that the infarcted animals showed significantly higher values of LVDD than the control group animals, confirming that the infarction induced remodeling three months after the coronary occlusion. </p>
      <p>Currently, the most important aspects to be considered in myocardial infarction treatment are prevention and remodeling process attenuation. Consequently, the early identification of factors associated with remodeling can be extremely relevant, as high-risk situations can be treated more aggressively. </p>
      <p>Regarding the determinants of the remodeling process after the infarction, it is accepted that a key modulator of progressive ventricular dilatation is the infarction size. Although the remodeling occurs with different sizes of ischemic injury, its predominance is observed in larger infarctions. Similarly, a minimum lesion size (16%-20%) seems to be necessary, as a prerequisite, for the remodeling to occur<sup>1,16,17</sup>. In our study, the results are in agreement with this concept, as the size of infarction was a predictor of the ventricular cavity diameter. Interesting, however, was the fact that the infarct size did not remain a determinant of remodeling in the multivariate analysis, suggesting that in the rat model, other factors may be more important the cause of this process. </p>
      <p>Another factor that can potentially determine the frequency and intensity of remodeling after infarction is the ventricular function. However, the available data in clinical trials on the role of systolic dysfunction as a predictor of remodeling are controversial<sup>6,18,19</sup>. A possible explanation for this conflict was given by the Heart study<sup>20</sup>. In that study, 20% of the patients undergoing reperfusion therapy showed complete recovery, and approximately 50% of the patients showed partial recovery of systolic function during the first two weeks after infarction. This fact suggests that, due to the stunned myocardium phenomenon, the predictive value of systolic function variables in reperfused patients in the early phase after the infarction may be limited. </p>
      <p>In our experimental model, with no reperfusion strategy, systolic function, assessed by four variables, was predictive of remodeling in the univariate, but not in the multivariate analysis, suggesting dependence on other factors as determinants of remodeling. The presence of diastolic dysfunction was associated with the remodeling process in some studies<sup>21</sup>, but not all<sup>22</sup>. In our study, diastolic function was not a determinant of ventricular dilatation in this model. </p>
      <p>Another important aspect to consider is the participation of wall stress as a determinant of the remodeling process. One of the pathophysiological explanations for the progressive cavity dilatation in the chronic phase of infarction is the wall stress. In infarcted hearts, the normal elliptical configuration of the heart can be lost and a more spherical shape can appear. Consequently, there is a significantly greater increase in wall tension during diastole than in systole. It is believed that the increase in stress would stimulate sarcomere replication, preferably in series<sup>23,24</sup>. Therefore, the wall stress can be considered a stimulus for the remodeling process progression in the chronic phase of infarction. </p>
      <p>In spite of the conceptual importance of this stress, we are not aware of previous studies that have evaluated this variable through echocardiography as a determinant of remodeling in this model. In our study, wall stress, measured noninvasively in the early phase of infarction, was an independent predictor of ventricular remodeling three months after coronary occlusion. Therefore, we believe that our study adds important data to the association of wall stress with left ventricular dilatation, suggesting that this variable could be used as a marker of the remodeling process. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The LVWSI, evaluated five days after the coronary occlusion by echocardiography, was an independent predictor of remodeling three months after the infarction in rats and could be incorporated as a tool for clinical stratification in this model.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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