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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4kvkqrxCKJbqJLNXZFJrgdP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001500009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700609</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000109</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Vagner Clayton de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Kelen Rabelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Pl&#237;nio Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lovisi</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ricardo</surname>
            <given-names>Djalma Rabelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital e Maternidade Therezinha de Jesus</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Gama Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>493</fpage>
      <lpage>501</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Diversos m&#233;todos t&#234;m sido utilizados para avaliar a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca; entretanto, h&#225; lacunas quanto a associa&#231;&#227;o e acur&#225;cia desses m&#233;todos. OBJETIVO: Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre tr&#234;s m&#233;todos v&#225;lidos, reprodut&#237;veis e comumente utilizados para avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca, e comparar as suas acur&#225;cias. M&#201;TODOS: Trinta homens saud&#225;veis (23 &#177; 4 anos) e 15 homens com coronariopatia (61 &#177; 10 anos) foram avaliados em ordem contrabalanceada pela Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (VFC; vari&#225;veis: dom&#237;nio do tempo = pNN50, DPNN e RMSSD, dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia = AF ms&#178; e AF u.n.), Arritmia Sinusal Respirat&#243;ria (ASR) e Teste de Exerc&#237;cio de 4 segundos (T4s). RESULTADOS: Indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis apresentaram maior modula&#231;&#227;o vagal nos tr&#234;s m&#233;todos (p &lt; 0,05). No grupo saud&#225;vel houve correla&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,05) entre os resultados da VFC (pNN50 e DPNN) e da ASR, mas n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o T4s e os outros dois m&#233;todos estudados. No grupo com coronariopatia houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados da VFC (pNN50, DPNN, RMSSD, AF ms&#178; e AF u.n.) e da ASR. Em adi&#231;&#227;o, houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o T4s e a ASR. Por fim, os m&#233;todos ASR e T4s apresentaram tamanho do efeito mais preciso e melhor acur&#225;cia (p &lt; 0,05) comparados &#224; VFC. CONCLUS&#195;O: A VFC e a ASR geraram resultados parcialmente redundantes em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e em pacientes com coronariopatia, enquanto o T4s gerou resultados complementares a VFC e ASR em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Al&#233;m disso, os m&#233;todos ASR e T4s foram mais precisos para discriminar a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca entre indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e pacientes com coronariopatia comparados &#224; VFC.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>avalia&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>arritmia sinusal</kwd>
        <kwd>exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vagner Clayton de Paiva<sup>I</sup>; Kelen Rabelo Santana<sup>I</sup>; Bruno Moreira Silva<sup>I</sup>; Pl&#237;nio Santos Ramos<sup>I,II</sup>; J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Moraes Lovisi<sup>III</sup>; Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo<sup>IV,V</sup>; Djalma Rabelo Ricardo<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora - SUPREMA, Juiz de Fora, MG </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital e Maternidade Therezinha de Jesus, Juiz de Fora, MG </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular - CUORE </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Universidade Gama Filho </p>
    <p><sup>V</sup>Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio - CLINIMEX, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="endb">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Diversos m&#233;todos t&#234;m sido utilizados para avaliar a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca; entretanto, h&#225; lacunas quanto a associa&#231;&#227;o e acur&#225;cia desses m&#233;todos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre tr&#234;s m&#233;todos v&#225;lidos, reprodut&#237;veis e comumente utilizados para avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca, e comparar as suas acur&#225;cias. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Trinta homens saud&#225;veis (23 &#177; 4 anos) e 15 homens com coronariopatia (61 &#177; 10 anos) foram avaliados em ordem contrabalanceada pela Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (VFC; vari&#225;veis: dom&#237;nio do tempo = pNN50, DPNN e RMSSD, dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia = AF ms<sup>2</sup> e AF u.n.), Arritmia Sinusal Respirat&#243;ria (ASR) e Teste de Exerc&#237;cio de 4 segundos (T4s). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis apresentaram maior modula&#231;&#227;o vagal nos tr&#234;s m&#233;todos (p &lt; 0,05). No grupo saud&#225;vel houve correla&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,05) entre os resultados da VFC (pNN50 e DPNN) e da ASR, mas n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o T4s e os outros dois m&#233;todos estudados. No grupo com coronariopatia houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados da VFC (pNN50, DPNN, RMSSD, AF ms<sup>2</sup> e AF u.n.) e da ASR. Em adi&#231;&#227;o, houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o T4s e a ASR. Por fim, os m&#233;todos ASR e T4s apresentaram tamanho do efeito mais preciso e melhor acur&#225;cia (p &lt; 0,05) comparados &#224; VFC. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A VFC e a ASR geraram resultados parcialmente redundantes em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e em pacientes com coronariopatia, enquanto o T4s gerou resultados complementares a VFC e ASR em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Al&#233;m disso, os m&#233;todos ASR e T4s foram mais precisos para discriminar a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca entre indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e pacientes com coronariopatia comparados &#224; VFC. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, avalia&#231;&#227;o, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmia sinusal, exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica &#233; caracterizada em parte pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca<sup>1-3</sup>, o que pode desencadear o in&#237;cio<sup>4,5</sup> e agravar o progn&#243;stico de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>2,6</sup>. Em raz&#227;o da import&#226;ncia da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca, muitos m&#233;todos foram validados para sua avalia&#231;&#227;o<sup>7-9</sup>. Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; um m&#233;todo padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para avali&#225;-la, e h&#225; lacunas quanto &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes m&#233;todos, assim como quanto &#224; acur&#225;cia para discriminar diferen&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, o que dificulta a utiliza&#231;&#227;o e interpreta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nicas.</p>
    <p>O m&#233;todo mais utilizado em estudos cient&#237;ficos para avaliar a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca &#233; a Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (VFC)<sup>10</sup>. Esse consiste na an&#225;lise da variabilidade espont&#226;nea de uma s&#233;rie cont&#237;nua de intervalos entre s&#237;stoles ventriculares (intervalos RR em um eletrocardiograma), normalmente registrados em repouso<sup>10</sup>. Mediante an&#225;lise de pot&#234;ncia espectral, a VFC permite avaliar isoladamente a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca<sup>11</sup>. No entanto, em geral, estudos quanto &#224; reprodutibilidade apresentam resultados bastante heterog&#234;neos<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outro m&#233;todo muito utilizado na literatura &#233; a Arritmia Sinusal Respirat&#243;ria (ASR). Esse consiste na avalia&#231;&#227;o da diminui&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos RR na inspira&#231;&#227;o e aumento na expira&#231;&#227;o, durante alguns ciclos respirat&#243;rios profundos e lentos<sup>8,13</sup>. A ASR possui como vantagem a rapidez para a coleta e an&#225;lise dos dados. Entretanto, a ASR n&#227;o avalia a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca de maneira isolada, pois seus resultados dependem em parte da modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, diversas caracter&#237;sticas do sistema cardiovascular tornam-se mais evidentes em compara&#231;&#227;o com o repouso<sup>15</sup>. Nesse contexto, Ara&#250;jo e cols.<sup>16</sup> propuseram o Teste de Exerc&#237;cio de 4 segundos (T4s), que consiste na avalia&#231;&#227;o da diminui&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos RR na transi&#231;&#227;o entre o repouso e o exerc&#237;cio din&#226;mico, resposta que ocorre exclusivamente em raz&#227;o da r&#225;pida diminui&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca<sup>14,17,18</sup>. O T4s foi validado farmacologicamente<sup>14,18</sup>, possui boa reprodutibilidade<sup>19</sup>, e a coleta e an&#225;lise dos dados &#233; relativamente simples. </p>
    <p>Em face ao exposto, nosso objetivo foi investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o e acur&#225;cia dos resultados obtidos mediante os m&#233;todos VFC, ASR e T4s, em indiv&#237;duos jovens saud&#225;veis, nos quais &#233; esperado que a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica esteja h&#237;gida, e em indiv&#237;duos com coronariopatia, nos quais &#233; esperada diminui&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra foi constitu&#237;da por dois grupos de homens. O primeiro grupo foi constitu&#237;do por 30 indiv&#237;duos, com idade m&#233;dia de 23 &#177; 4 anos (amplitude entre 18 e 34 anos), que n&#227;o apresentavam doen&#231;as diagnosticadas, n&#227;o eram tabagistas e n&#227;o faziam uso de medicamentos pass&#237;veis de interfer&#234;ncia na fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica cardiovascular. O segundo grupo foi constitu&#237;do por 15 indiv&#237;duos, com idade m&#233;dia de 61 &#177; 10 anos (amplitude entre 44 e 81 anos), todos com coronariopatia em acompanhamento em uma cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica particular, e a maioria deles j&#225; havia sofrido um ou mais infartos agudos do mioc&#225;rdio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop10211tab01m">tab. 1</xref>). Todos os indiv&#237;duos do grupo com coronariopatia tinham diagn&#243;stico realizado por cardiologista de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana cr&#244;nica, e exames complementares comprobat&#243;rios, como cintilografia e/ou cateterismo card&#237;aco. Os indiv&#237;duos de ambos os grupos tinham alto padr&#227;o socioecon&#244;mico e educacional, e desempenharam os protocolos satisfatoriamente. Todos os indiv&#237;duos leram e assinaram um Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido espec&#237;fico, antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos, de acordo com a resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, e o estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; Institucional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Institucional sob o n&#250;mero 099/09.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop10211tab01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0493-00109-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo experimental</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Inicialmente foi realizada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica composta por anamnese, para identifica&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as previamente diagnosticadas e uso de medicamentos, e avalia&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares, no caso do grupo com coronariopatia. Os indiv&#237;duos foram ent&#227;o orientados quanto aos protocolos aos quais seriam submetidos e, em seguida, foram posicionados eletrodos descart&#225;veis de eletrocardiograma para registro na deriva&#231;&#227;o CC5 ou CM5. O eletrocardiograma foi registrado durante toda a execu&#231;&#227;o dos testes com uma frequ&#234;ncia de amostragem de 1.000 Hz (Powerlab 4/25 T e programa LabChart, vers&#227;o 6, ADInstruments, Austr&#225;lia). Os indiv&#237;duos de ambos os grupos foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o com os tr&#234;s m&#233;todos (VFC, ASR e T4s), em ordem contrabalanceada. Os testes foram realizados sempre no per&#237;odo matutino, pelo menos uma hora ap&#243;s o desjejum com uma refei&#231;&#227;o leve. A dura&#231;&#227;o total de todo o procedimento foi de aproximadamente uma hora, e houve pelo menos 5 minutos de intervalo entre cada um dos procedimentos, al&#233;m do per&#237;odo de repouso espec&#237;fico de cada procedimento. A dura&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos RR foi mensurada utilizando o programa LabChart vers&#227;o 6 (AD Instruments, Austr&#225;lia).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram avaliados seguindo os crit&#233;rios preconizados pela Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia e a Sociedade Norte-Americana de Marca-Passos e Eletrofisiologia<sup>10</sup>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o foi feita em repouso, na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, por um per&#237;odo de 15 minutos, sendo os 5 minutos iniciais utilizados para estabiliza&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos RR e os 10 minutos seguintes, para registro e posterior an&#225;lise. Durante o per&#237;odo de registro, os indiv&#237;duos foram instru&#237;dos a respirar em uma frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 15 ciclos/minuto seguindo sinal sonoro de um metr&#244;nomo. A partir do registro do eletrocardiograma foram identificados os intervalos entre ondas R de batimentos sinusais, que foram analisados no dom&#237;nio do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia. No dom&#237;nio do tempo, a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca foi avaliada pelo porcentual de intervalos RR consecutivos que apresentaram diferen&#231;a maior que 50 ms (pNN50), desvio padr&#227;o de intervalos RR normais (DPNN) e raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia dos quadrados das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR consecutivos (RMSSD). A an&#225;lise no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia foi realizada utilizando a Transformada R&#225;pida de Fourrier. A densidade de pot&#234;ncia espectral da banda de alta frequ&#234;ncia (AF; 0,15 a 0,4 Hz), em valores absolutos (AF ms<sup>2</sup>) e em unidade normalizada (AF u.n.), foi utilizada como &#237;ndice da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca<sup>10</sup>. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o m&#243;dulo de an&#225;lise da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca do programa LabChart vers&#227;o 6 (AD Instruments, Austr&#225;lia).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Arritmia Sinusal Respirat&#243;ria</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram avaliados na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e ficaram em repouso por no m&#237;nimo 5 minutos para estabiliza&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos RR. O teste consistiu em respirar de maneira profunda e lenta em frequ&#234;ncia de 6 ciclos/minuto seguindo um sinal sonoro. Para quantificar a ARS foi calculada a raz&#227;o entre o maior intervalo RR durante a expira&#231;&#227;o (E) e o menor intervalo RR durante a inspira&#231;&#227;o (I), denominada E/I<sup>8</sup>. A manobra foi realizada duas vezes, com um minuto de dura&#231;&#227;o cada e pelo menos um minuto de intervalo entre as manobras. O &#237;ndice E/I utilizado para posteriores an&#225;lises foi o maior valor obtido nas duas manobras.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste de Exerc&#237;cio de 4 segundos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O T4s consistiu em pedalar, o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel, em um cicloerg&#244;metro sem carga, do quarto ao oitavo segundos de uma apneia inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima. Durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste, os indiv&#237;duos permaneceram sentados no cicloerg&#244;metro. Ap&#243;s estabiliza&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos RR em repouso, foram dados quatro comandos verbais, cuja sequ&#234;ncia foi: (1) realizar inspira&#231;&#227;o pela boca, de maneira r&#225;pida e com o maior volume poss&#237;vel; (2) pedalar o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel; (3) parar subitamente de pedalar; e (4) expirar. Para quantificar a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca foram identificados e medidos o intervalo RR imediatamente antes ou o primeiro do exerc&#237;cio, aquele que foi mais longo, e o intervalo RR mais curto durante o exerc&#237;cio, geralmente o &#250;ltimo. Em seguida, dividiu-se o maior intervalo RR pelo menor, obtendo-se um &#237;ndice adimensional, denominado &#205;ndice Vagal Card&#237;aco (IVC)<sup>14,16,18</sup>. Foram realizadas duas manobras do T4s e foi utilizada para an&#225;lise aquela com maior IVC. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Inicialmente, realizamos o c&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral, considerando que as m&#233;dias dos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e coronariopatas seriam de, respectivamente, 1,5 e 1,0 unidades arbitr&#225;rias, e considerando desvio padr&#227;o dos resultados de ambos os grupos de 0,5 unidade arbitr&#225;ria. Identificou-se assim que, para a an&#225;lise emparelhada com um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia &lt; 0,05 e um poder de 0,80, seriam necess&#225;rios 15 indiv&#237;duos em cada grupo. A seguir, utilizou-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para verificar a distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis e o teste de Levene para verificar a homogeneidade de vari&#226;ncias. As caracter&#237;sticas dos grupos est&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e os grupos foram comparados mediante teste<italic> t</italic> de Student. As vari&#225;veis auton&#244;micas est&#227;o apresentadas como mediana &#177; diferen&#231;a interquart&#237;lica e os dois grupos foram comparados mediante o teste de Mann-Whitney. Para quantificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os testes auton&#244;micos utilizou-se a correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. O tamanho do efeito de Cohen foi calculado para comparar a capacidade dos m&#233;todos para diferenciar os grupos. De acordo com Hopkins e cols.<sup>20</sup>, consideraramse os seguintes par&#226;metros para interpretar a magnitude do tamanho do efeito: entre 0 e 0,19 = trivial; entre 0,20 e 0,59 = pequeno; entre 0,60 e 1,19 moderado; entre 1,2 e 1,99 grande; e entre 2,00 e 4,00 muito grande. Caso o intervalo de confian&#231;a do tamanho de efeito n&#227;o contemplasse o valor zero, os resultados foram considerados significativos. Curvas ROC foram usadas para verificar a sensibilidade e especificidade das vari&#225;veis auton&#244;micas para distinguir os grupos saud&#225;vel e com coronariopatia. Para todos os c&#225;lculos a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi considerada para p &lt; 0,05 em an&#225;lises bicaudais. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas nos programas STATISTICA vers&#227;o 8 (StatSoft, Estados Unidos) e MedCalc vers&#227;o 7.3.0.1 (MedCalc Software, B&#233;lgica).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p> o grupo de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis apresentou menor idade, peso e &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de indiv&#237;duos com coronariopatia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop10211tab01m">tab. 1</xref>). Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop10211fig01m">figura 1</xref> est&#225; apresentada a compara&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca entre os grupos saud&#225;vel e com coronariopatia. Pode-se observar que o grupo de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis apresentou modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca significativamente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com grupo com coronariopatia para todas as vari&#225;veis estudadas. O poder para identificar diferen&#231;a significativa para p &lt; 0,05 para cada uma das vari&#225;veis foi: pNN50 = 0,93, DPNN = 0,57, RMSSD = 0,31, HF ms<sup>2</sup> = 0,22, HF n.u. = 0,83, E/I = 0,92 e IVC = 0,92.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop10211fig01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0493-00109-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p> Quanto &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca, em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop10211tab02m">tab. 2</xref>) houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados obtidos pela VFC (pNN50 e DPNN) e pela ASR, mas n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados do T4s e os resultados dos outros dois m&#233;todos estudados. No grupo com coronariopatia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop10211tab03m">tab. 3</xref>) tamb&#233;m houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados obtidos pela VFC (pNN50, DPNN, RMSSD, AF ms<sup>2</sup> e AF u.n.) e pela ASR, e n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados do T4s e VFC. Entretanto houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados do T4s e da ASR.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop10211tab02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0493-00109-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop10211tab03m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0493-00109-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p> A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop10211tab04m">tabela 4</xref> mostra que o tamanho do efeito foi maior, mais preciso [menor intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC)] e significativo para os m&#233;todos ASR e T4s. A an&#225;lise de curvas ROC identificou que o valor 5% para a vari&#225;vel pNN50 apresentou 60% de sensibilidade (IC 95%: 32 - 84) e 97% de especificidade (IC 95%: 83 - 99). O valor 45 ms para a vari&#225;vel DPNN apresentou 66% de sensibilidade (IC 95%: 32 - 84) e 93% de especificidade (IC 95%: 78 - 99). O valor 29 ms para a vari&#225;vel RMSSD apresentou 53% de sensibilidade (IC 95%: 27 - 79) e 97% de especificidade (IC 95%: 83 - 99). O valor 244 ms<sup>2</sup> para a vari&#225;vel AF ms<sup>2</sup> apresentou 53% de sensibilidade (IC 95%: 27 - 79) e 93% de especificidade (IC 95%: 78 - 99). O valor 44 para a vari&#225;vel AF u.n. apresentou 53% de sensibilidade (IC 95%: 27 - 79) e 90% de especificidade (IC 95%: 73 - 98). O valor 1.32 para a vari&#225;vel E/I apresentou 87% de sensibilidade (IC 95%: 60 - 98) e 80% de especificidade (IC 95%: 61 - 92). Por fim, o valor 1,25 para a vari&#225;vel IVC apresentou 71% de sensibilidade (IC 95%: 42 - 91) e 93% de especificidade (IC 95%: 78 - 99). Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop10211fig02m">figura 2</xref> est&#225; destacado o ponto de melhor sensibilidade e especificidade, al&#233;m da &#225;rea sob a curva e o IC para cada uma das vari&#225;veis estudadas.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop10211tab04m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0493-00109-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop10211fig02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0493-00109-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p> Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop10211tab05m">tabela 5</xref> est&#227;o apresentados os n&#237;veis de signific&#226;ncia da compara&#231;&#227;o entre as &#225;reas sob as curvas ROC. A &#225;rea sob a curva da vari&#225;vel pNN50 foi significativamente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com &#225;rea sob a curva das vari&#225;veis DPNN, RMSSD e AF ms<sup>2</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a &#225;rea sob curva da vari&#225;vel E/I foi significativamente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com a &#225;rea sob a curva das vari&#225;veis DPNN, RMSSD e AF ms<sup>2</sup> e a &#225;rea sob a curva da vari&#225;vel IVC foi significativamente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com a &#225;rea sob a curva da vari&#225;vel AF ms<sup>2</sup>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre a &#225;rea das vari&#225;veis E/I e IVC. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop10211fig02m">figura 2</xref> s&#227;o apresentados os valores de &#225;rea sob a curva.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop10211tab05m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0493-00109-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold> Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p> o presente estudo verificou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre tr&#234;s m&#233;todos para avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca, em dois grupos distintos. Um dos grupos foi constitu&#237;do por indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, jovens, sem quaisquer doen&#231;as previamente diagnosticadas, enquanto o outro grupo foi constitu&#237;do por indiv&#237;duos com coronariopatia e outras doen&#231;as associadas, com idade e IMC significativamente maiores em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Essas diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas dos dois grupos refletiram uma maior modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca no grupo saud&#225;vel em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo com coronariopatia, nos tr&#234;s m&#233;todos utilizados para avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal. Portanto, esses resultados corroboram os achados de outros estudos pr&#233;vios<sup>4,6</sup>, e indicam a diminui&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica vagal no grupo com coronariopatia. Entretanto, apesar de os tr&#234;s m&#233;todos terem mostrado que indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis apresentaram maior modula&#231;&#227;o vagal, a an&#225;lise da associa&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos, do tamanho do efeito, e da sensibilidade e especificidade, mostraram que h&#225; algumas diferen&#231;as importantes nos resultados obtidos pelos m&#233;todos estudados.</p>
    <p> Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os m&#233;todos VFC e ASR, tanto na avalia&#231;&#227;o do grupo saud&#225;vel quanto na avalia&#231;&#227;o do grupo com coronariopatia, o que sugere que os resultados de ambos s&#227;o parcialmente redundantes. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o entre a VFC e a ASR provavelmente atribui-se a uma semelhan&#231;a entre mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos que determinam os resultados de ambos, que seria a flutua&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em sincronia o ciclo respirat&#243;rio, mediada por mecanismos neurais centrais (neur&#244;nios respons&#225;veis ritmo respirat&#243;rio) e perif&#233;ricos (reflexo de estiramento pulmonar, barorreceptores cardiopulmonares e quimiorreflexo)<sup>21-23</sup>. Apesar da semelhan&#231;a mencionada entre a VFC e a ASR, cabe ressaltar que a VFC consiste na avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal na condi&#231;&#227;o de repouso e a ASR consiste em uma manobra respirat&#243;ria que provoca aumento da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal em compara&#231;&#227;o com o repouso. Provavelmente por isso, a ASR apresentou melhor sensibilidade e especificidade em compara&#231;&#227;o com a maioria das vari&#225;veis obtidas por meio da VFC, o que est&#225; discutido mais detalhadamente adiante.</p>
    <p> No grupo de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o T4s e os outros dois m&#233;todos. Entretanto, no grupo com coronariopatia houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop10211fig02m">Fig. 2</xref> - Curvas ROC para as vari&#225;veis pNN50, DPNN, RMSSD, AF ms<sup>2</sup>, AF u.n., E/I e IVC. Vide legenda da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop10211fig01m">figura 1</xref> para descri&#231;&#227;o das abrevia&#231;&#245;es. Em cada uma das curvas ROC est&#225; destacado o ponto de melhor sensibilidade e especificidade, al&#233;m da &#225;rea sob a curva e seu intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC). entre o T4s e a ARS. Os mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos envolvidos no T4s s&#227;o diferentes dos mecanismos envolvidos na VFC e ASR. No T4s h&#225; uma retirada r&#225;pida da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca de repouso, por causa de uma intera&#231;&#227;o redundante entre impulsos nervosos que convergem no tronco encef&#225;lico provenientes de centros cerebrais motores<sup>24,25</sup> e de fibras nervosas aferentes (predominantemente tipo III - mecanorreflexas) oriundas dos m&#250;sculos esquel&#233;ticos<sup>26,27</sup>. Assim, os mecanismos central e perif&#233;rico inibem a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca, promovendo aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Nesse contexto, a aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre o T4s e a VFC e entre o T4s e a ASR em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis sugere que esses m&#233;todos avaliam a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis sob diferentes aspectos, e que os seus resultados s&#227;o complementares, e n&#227;o redundantes. Houve, por sua vez, associa&#231;&#227;o entre o T4s e a ASR em indiv&#237;duos com coronariopatia, os quais apresentaram menor modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca, o que sugere que na presen&#231;a de baixa modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca os resultados do T4s e ASR tendem a se aproximar, embora esses m&#233;todos dependam de mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos distintos.</p>
    <p> Outros estudos pr&#233;vios tamb&#233;m investigaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes m&#233;todos para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e em pacientes com coronariopatia. Por exemplo, Esco e cols.<sup>28</sup> n&#227;o encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre a VFC e a Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca de recupera&#231;&#227;o (FC<sub>rec</sub>) ap&#243;s um teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo em uma amostra de indiv&#237;duos jovens saud&#225;veis, enquanto Evrengul e cols.<sup>29</sup> encontram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre VFC e FC<sub>rec</sub> em uma amostra de indiv&#237;duos com coronariopatia. Ricardo e cols.<sup>3</sup> avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados obtidos pelo T4s e a FC<sub>rec</sub> em 544 indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos ou com coronariopatia, com idade entre 10 e 91 anos. Os autores observaram que em indiv&#237;duos com melhor fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica os resultados do T4s e FC<sub>rec</sub> apresentaram menor associa&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com os resultados de indiv&#237;duos com pior fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica. Outro exemplo &#233; o estudo de Teixeira e cols.<sup>9</sup>, no qual foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o T4s e a variabilidade de intervalos RR em um eletrocardiograma de repouso de rotina, em uma amostra heterog&#234;nea composta por mais de 1.000 indiv&#237;duos, e os resultados dos dois m&#233;todos apresentaram melhor concord&#226;ncia em indiv&#237;duos com menor modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca. Portanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados da ASR e do T4s apenas em indiv&#237;duos com coronariopatia, observada no presente estudo, &#233; coerente com os resultados de outros estudos pr&#233;vios que compararam m&#233;todos para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e de pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
    <p> A an&#225;lise do tamanho do efeito mostrou que os m&#233;todos ASR e T4s diferenciaram com mais precis&#227;o os grupos saud&#225;vel e com coronariopatia. Em adi&#231;&#227;o, a an&#225;lise de curvas ROC mostrou que a vari&#225;vel pNN50 e os m&#233;todos ASR e T4s apresentaram sensibilidade e especificidade significativamente maiores para discriminar a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca entre indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e com coronariopatia em compara&#231;&#227;o com as demais vari&#225;veis obtidas por meio da VFC. Como mencionado anteriormente, os mecanismos envolvidos na ASR e T4s s&#227;o distintos. Entretanto, ambos utilizam uma manobra para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica (ASR - ciclos respirat&#243;rios profundos e lentos; T4s - transi&#231;&#227;o entre o repouso e o exerc&#237;cio din&#226;mico), o que os diferenciam da avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica realizada em repouso pela VFC. Portanto, esses resultados sugerem que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma manobra para avaliar a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca evidencia com mais clareza o controle vagal card&#237;aco entre indiv&#237;duos com diferentes n&#237;veis de modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica vagal. </p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo devem ser interpretados considerando algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. O tamanho amostral utilizado, embora adequado para o delineamento proposto para responder aos objetivos do estudo, foi relativamente pequeno em compara&#231;&#227;o com alguns dos outros estudos semelhantes na literatura. Por sua vez, foram utilizados crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o bem definidos para selecionar duas amostras claramente distintas quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; assumir que indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis apresentam fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica h&#237;gida e pacientes com coronariopatia apresentam diminui&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica. Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; um m&#233;todo, ou um conjunto de m&#233;todos, padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e, baseado na literatura, as amostras selecionadas deveriam apresentar diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, como foi observado no presente estudo. Em adi&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes com coronariopatia faziam uso regular de medicamentos prescritos para tratamento de suas doen&#231;as de base. Por isso, &#233; prov&#225;vel que os medicamentos tenham influenciado os resultados obtidos. Entretanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes dessa maneira aumenta a validade externa dos resultados, assim como a aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica do estudo, visto que essa &#233; uma situa&#231;&#227;o similar &#224; encontrada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Por fim, muito embora o presente estudo tenha utilizado apenas indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino, controlando assim poss&#237;veis influ&#234;ncias de varia&#231;&#245;es nos horm&#244;nios femininos durante o ciclo menstrual no caso de mulheres jovens, e da menopausa no caso de mulheres na meia idade, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel afirmar que o grau de associa&#231;&#227;o entre os diferentes m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca seja id&#234;ntico em mulheres, o que dever&#225; ser alvo de estudos futuros.</p>
    <p>
      <bold> Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p> indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis apresentaram maior modula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nos tr&#234;s m&#233;todos estudados (VFC, ASR e T4s) em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com coronariopatia. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos VFC e ASR tanto em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis como em indiv&#237;duos com coronariopatia, e entre os m&#233;todos ASR e T4s apenas nos portadores de doen&#231;a coronariana. Esses resultados sugerem que a VFC e a ASR geraram resultados parcialmente redundantes em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e em pacientes com coronariopatia, enquanto o T4s gerou resultados complementares &#224; VFC e ASR em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise do tamanho do efeito e de curvas ROC mostrou que os m&#233;todos ASR e T4s foram mais precisos para discriminar a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca entre indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e pacientes com coronariopatia em compara&#231;&#227;o com a VFC.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="endb" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Pl&#237;nio Santos Ramos </p>
        <p> Rua Luiz Brant Horta - 14, Portal da Torre </p>
        <p> 36037-463 - Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, MG, Brasil </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of assessment methods of cardiac vagal modulation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Several methods have been used to assess cardiac vagal modulation, but there are gaps regarding the association and accuracy of these methods. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between three valid, reproducible and commonly methods used to assess cardiac vagal modulation and compare their accuracies. METHODS: Thirty healthy men (23 &#177; 4 years) and 15 men with coronary artery disease (61 &#177; 10 years) were evaluated in counterbalanced design by Heart Rate Variability (HRV; variables: the time domain = pNN50, SDNN and RMSSD, the frequency domain HF = ms&#178; and HF n.u.), Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) and 4-second Exercise Test (T4s). Thirty healthy men (23 &#177; 4 years) and 15 men with coronary artery disease (61 &#177; 10 years) were evaluated in counterbalanced order by Heart Rate Variability (HRV; variables: the time domain = pNN50, SDNN and RMSSD, the frequency domain HF = ms&#178; and HF n.u.), Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) and 4-second Exercise Test (T4s). RESULTS: Healthy subjects had higher vagal modulation by the three methods (p &lt;0.05). There was a correlation in the healthy group (p &lt;0.05) between the results of HRV (SDNN and pNN50 and RSA, but there was no correlation between the T4s and the other two methods. In the group with coronary artery disease, there was a correlation between the results of HRV (pNN50, SDNN, RMSSD, HF ms&#178; and HF n.u.) and RSA. In addition, there was a correlation between the RSA and T4s. Finally, the T4s and RSA methods presented more accurate effect size and better accuracy (p &lt;0.05), when compared to the HRV. CONCLUSION: HRV and RSA generated partially redundant results in healthy subjects and in patients with coronary artery disease, while the T4s generated results that were complementary to HRV and RSA in healthy subjects. In addition, RSA and T4s methods were more accurate when discriminating cardiac vagal modulation between healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease, when compared to HRV.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>autonomic nervous system</kwd>
        <kwd>evaluation</kwd>
        <kwd>heart rate</kwd>
        <kwd>arrhythmia, sinus</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Comparison of assessment methods of cardiac vagal modulation</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Vagner Clayton de Paiva<sup>I</sup>; Kelen Rabelo Santana<sup>I</sup>; Bruno Moreira Silva<sup>I</sup>; Pl&#237;nio Santos Ramos<sup>I,II</sup>; J&#250;lio C&#233;sar Moraes Lovisi<sup>III</sup>; Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo<sup>IV,V</sup>; Djalma Rabelo Ricardo<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora - SUPREMA, Juiz de Fora, MG </p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital e Maternidade Therezinha de Jesus </p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular - CUORE</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Universidade Gama Filho </p>
      <p><sup>V</sup>Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio - CLINIMEX, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil </p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Several methods have been used to assess cardiac vagal modulation, but there are gaps regarding the association and accuracy of these methods.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To investigate the association between three valid, reproducible and commonly methods used to assess cardiac vagal modulation and compare their accuracies.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Thirty healthy men (23 &#177; 4 years) and 15 men with coronary artery disease (61 &#177; 10 years) were evaluated in counterbalanced design by Heart Rate Variability (HRV; variables: the time domain = pNN50, SDNN and RMSSD, the frequency domain HF = ms<sup>2</sup> and HF n.u.), Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) and 4-second Exercise Test (T4s). Thirty healthy men (23 &#177; 4 years) and 15 men with coronary artery disease (61 &#177; 10 years) were evaluated in counterbalanced order by Heart Rate Variability (HRV; variables: the time domain = pNN50, SDNN and RMSSD, the frequency domain HF = ms<sup>2</sup> and HF n.u.), Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) and 4-second Exercise Test (T4s). </p>
      <p> RESULTS: Healthy subjects had higher vagal modulation by the three methods (p &lt;0.05). There was a correlation in the healthy group (p &lt;0.05) between the results of HRV (SDNN and pNN50 and RSA, but there was no correlation between the T4s and the other two methods. In the group with coronary artery disease, there was a correlation between the results of HRV (pNN50, SDNN, RMSSD, HF ms<sup>2</sup> and HF n.u.) and RSA. In addition, there was a correlation between the RSA and T4s. Finally, the T4s and RSA methods presented more accurate effect size and better accuracy (p &lt;0.05), when compared to the HRV. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> HRV and RSA generated partially redundant results in healthy subjects and in patients with coronary artery disease, while the T4s generated results that were complementary to HRV and RSA in healthy subjects. In addition, RSA and T4s methods were more accurate when discriminating cardiac vagal modulation between healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease, when compared to HRV. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> autonomic nervous system; evaluation; heart rate; arrhythmia, sinus; exercise.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Autonomic dysfunction is characterized in part by decreased cardiac vagal modulation<sup>1-3</sup>, which can trigger the onset<sup>4,5</sup> and worsen the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases<sup>2,6</sup>. Due to the importance of cardiac vagal modulation, many methods have been validated for its assessment<sup>7-9</sup>. However, there is no reference standard method to evaluate it, and there are gaps regarding the association between different methods, as well as the accuracy to discriminate differences in autonomic function, which hinders their clinical use and interpretation. </p>
      <p>The method most frequently used in scientific studies to assess cardiac vagal modulation is the Heart Rate Variability (HRV)<sup>10</sup>. It consist in the analysis of the spontaneous variability of a continuous series of intervals between ventricular systoles (RR interval in an electrocardiogram), usually recorded at rest<sup>10</sup>. Through the analysis of spectral power, HRV allows the separate assessment of cardiac vagal modulation<sup>11</sup>. However, in general, reproducibility studies show very heterogeneous results<sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>Another method very often used in the literature is Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA). It consists in the assessment of RR interval decrease in the inspiration and increase in the expiration, during a few deep and slow respiratory cycles<sup>8,13</sup>. The RSA has the advantage of faster data collection and analysis. However, RSA does not evaluate cardiac vagal modulation alone, as its results depend in part on the sympathetic modulation<sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>During exercise, several characteristics of the cardiovascular system become more evident in comparison with those at rest<sup>15</sup>. In this context, Araujo et al<sup>16</sup> proposed the 4-second Exercise Test (T4s), which consists in the assessment of RR interval decrease in the transition between rest and dynamic exercise, a response that occurs exclusively due to the rapid decrease of cardiac vagal modulation<sup>14,17,18</sup>. The T4s was pharmacologically validated<sup>14,18</sup>, has good reproducibility<sup>19</sup>, and data collection and analysis are relatively simple. </p>
      <p>Considering the above, our goal was to investigate the association and accuracy of results obtained by the methods HRV, RSA and T4s in healthy young subjects, who are expected to have healthy autonomic function, and in individuals with coronary artery disease, in whom a decrease in cardiac vagal modulation is expected.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sample</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample consisted of two groups of male individuals. The first group consisted of 30 subjects, mean age 23 &#177; 4 years (range 18 to 34 years) who had no diagnosed diseases, were non-smokers and did not use any drugs that might have affected the cardiovascular autonomic function. The second group consisted of 15 subjects, mean age 61 &#177; 10 years (range 44 and 81 years), all with coronary artery disease, treated in a private medical clinic, and most of them had already had one or more acute myocardial infarctions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop10211tab01m-body2">Table 1</xref>). All individuals in the group with CAD had received a diagnosis of chronic coronary artery disease by a cardiologist after evidentiary examinations, such as scintigraphy and/or cardiac catheterization. Individuals from both groups had high socioeconomic and educational level and showed satisfactory protocol performance. All subjects read and signed a specific Free and Informed Consent Form before undergoing the procedures, according to Resolution 196/96 of the Ministry of Health, and the study was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee, number 099/09. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop10211tab01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0493-00109-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Experimental protocol </bold>
      </p>
      <p>A clinical evaluation was initially carried out, consisting of clinical history, to identify previously diagnosed diseases and medication use, and evaluation of complementary examinations, in the case of the CAD group. Subjects were then instructed about the protocols they would be submitted to and then disposable electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes were placed to record leads CM5 or CC5. The ECG was recorded throughout the tests with a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz (Powerlab 4/25 T and LabChart program, release 6, AD Instruments, Australia). Individuals from both groups underwent assessment with three methods (HRV, RSA and T4s) in counterbalanced order. The tests were performed in the morning, at least one hour after breakfast, which consisted of a light meal.</p>
      <p>The total duration of the entire procedure was approximately one hour, with at least a 5-minute interval between each procedure, in addition to the resting period of each specific procedure. The duration of RR intervals was measured using the LabChart program, release 6 (AD Instruments, Australia). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Heart Rate Variability </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Subjects were assessed following the criteria recommended by the European Society of Cardiology and the American Society of Electrophysiology and Pacemakers<sup>10</sup>. The evaluation was performed at rest in the supine position for a period of 15 minutes, with the first 5 minutes being used for RR interval stabilization and the subsequent 10 minutes for recording and further analysis. </p>
      <p>During the recording period, subjects were instructed to breathe at a respiratory rate of 15 cycles/minute, following a metronome beep. Based on the ECG record, the intervals between R waves of sinus beats were identified, which were analyzed in the domain of time and frequency. In the time domain, the cardiac vagal modulation was assessed by the percentage of consecutive RR intervals that showed differences greater than 50 ms (pNN50), standard deviation of normal RR intervals (SDNN) and the square root of the mean squared differences between consecutive RR intervals (RMSSD). </p>
      <p>The frequency domain analysis was performed using the Fast Fourier Transform. The spectral power density of the high frequency band (HF, 0.15 to 0.4 Hz) in absolute values (HF ms<sup>2</sup>) and normalized units (HF n.u.) was used as an index of cardiac vagal modulation<sup>10</sup>. All tests were performed using the heart rate variability analysis module of the LabChart program, release 6 (AD Instruments, Australia). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Subjects were evaluated in the supine position and remained at rest for at least 5 minutes for RR interval stabilization. The test consisted in breathing deeply and slowly at a frequency of six cycles/minute following a beep. To quantify the RSA, the ratio between the greatest RR interval during expiration (E) and the smallest RR interval during inspiration (I) was calculated, called E/I index<sup>8</sup>. The maneuver was performed twice, with a one-minute duration each and with at least one minute interval between maneuvers. The E/I index used for further analysis was the highest value obtained in the two maneuvers. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>4-Second Exercise Test (T4s)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The T4s consisted in cycling as fast as possible on a cycle ergometer with no load, from the fourth to the eighth seconds of a maximal inspiratory apnea. During the test, subjects remained seated on the cycle ergometer. After RR interval stabilization at rest, four verbal commands were given, of which sequence was: (1) take a deep inspiration through the mouth, quickly and with the highest possible volume, (2) cycle as fast as possible, (3) suddenly stop cycling, and (4) perform expiration. To quantify the cardiac vagal modulation the RR interval immediately before or the first of the exercise, the longest one, and the shortest RR interval during the exercise, usually the last one, were identified and measured. </p>
      <p>Then, the greatest RR interval was divided by the smallest one, resulting in an adimensional index, called the cardiac vagal index (CVI)<sup>14,16,18</sup>. Two T4s maneuvers were performed and the one with the highest CVI was used for analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Initially, the sample size calculation was performed, considering that the means of healthy subjects and of individuals with coronary artery disease were, respectively, 1.5 and 1.0 arbitrary units, and considering the standard deviation of the results of both groups of 0.5 arbitrary unit. Hence, it was identified that for the paired analysis with a significance level &lt;0.05 and a power of 0.80, a sample size with 15 subjects in each group would be necessary. Next, we used the Shapiro-Wilks test to check the distribution of variables and the Levene test to check homogeneity of variances. The characteristics of the groups are shown as mean &#177; SD and the groups were compared by Student's <italic>t</italic> test. The autonomic variables are shown as median &#177; interquartile difference and the two groups were compared by the Mann-Whitney test. Spearman's correlation was used to quantify the association between the autonomic tests. </p>
      <p>Cohen's effect size was calculated to compare the ability of the methods to differentiate the groups. According to Hopkins et al<sup>20</sup>, the following parameters are considered to interpret the magnitude of the effect size: between 0 and 0.19 = trivial; between 0.20 and 0.59 = small; between 0.60 and 1.19, moderate; between 1.2 and 1.99, large; and between 2.00 and 4.00, very large. If the confidence interval for the effect size did not allow the zero value, the results were considered significant. ROC curves were used to calculate sensitivity and specificity of the autonomic variables to differentiate the healthy and CAD groups. For all calculations, the statistical significance was set at p &lt;0.05 in two-tailed analyses. Analyses were performed using STATISTICA, release 8 (StatSoft, USA) and MedCalc software programs, release 7.3.0.1 (MedCalc Software, Belgium).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The group of healthy individuals were younger, had lower weight and Body Mass Index (BMI), when compared with the group of individuals with CAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop10211tab01m-body2">Table 1</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop10211fig01m-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the comparison of cardiac vagal modulation between the healthy and CAD groups. It can be observed that the group of healthy individuals showed significantly higher cardiac vagal modulation compared with the group with CAD for all studied variables. The power to identify significant differences for p &lt;0.05 for each variable was: pNN50 = 0.93, SDNN = 0.57, RMSSD = 0.31, HF = 0.22 ms<sup>2</sup>, HF n.u. = 0.83, E/I = 0.92 and CVI = 0.92. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop10211fig01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0493-00109-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the association between methods of cardiac vagal modulation assessment in healthy subjects (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop10211tab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>) there was a correlation between the results obtained by HRV (SDNN and pNN50) and the RSA, but there was no correlation between the T4s results and the results of the two other methods. In the group with CAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop10211tab03m-body2">Table 3</xref>) there was also a correlation between the results obtained by HRV (pNN50, SDNN, RMSSD, HF ms<sup>2</sup> and HF n.u.) and RSA, and there was no correlation between the results of T4s and HRV. However, there was a correlation between the results of T4s and RSA.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop10211tab02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0493-00109-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop10211tab03m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0493-00109-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop10211tab04m-body2">Table 4</xref> shows that the effect size was larger, more accurate [lower confidence interval (CI)] and significant for the RSA and T4s methods. The ROC curve analysis identified that the 5% value for the variable pNN50 showed 60% sensitivity (95% CI: 32 - 84) and 97% specificity (95% CI: 83 - 99). The value of 45 ms for the SDNN variable showed 66% sensitivity (95% CI: 32 - 84) and 93% specificity (95% CI: 78 - 99). The 29 ms value for the variable RMSSD showed 53% sensitivity (95% CI: 27 - 79) and 97% specificity (95% CI: 83 - 99). The 244 ms<sup>2</sup> value for the HF ms<sup>2</sup> variable showed 53% sensitivity (95% CI: 27 - 79) and 93% specificity (95% CI: 78 - 99). The 44 value for the HF n.u. variable showed 53% sensitivity (95% CI: 27 - 79) and 90% specificity (95% CI: 73 - 98). The 1:32 value for the E / I variable showed 87% sensitivity (95% CI: 60 - 98) and 80% specificity (95% CI: 61 - 92). Finally, the value of 1.25 for the CVI variable showed 71% sensitivity (95% CI: 42 - 91) and 93% specificity (95% CI: 78 - 99).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop10211tab04m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0493-00109-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop10211fig02m-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the point of better sensitivity and specificity, in addition to the area under the cur </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop10211fig02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0493-00109-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop10211tab05m-body2">Table 5</xref> shows the significance levels of comparison between the areas under the ROC curves. The area under the curve of the pNN50 variable was significantly higher when compared with the area under the curve of the SDNN, RMSSD and HF ms<sup>2</sup> variables. Additionally, the area under the curve of the E/I variable was significantly higher when compared with the area under the curve of the SDNN, RMSSD and HF ms<sup>2</sup> variables and the area under the curve of the CVI variable was significantly higher, when compared with the area under the curve of the HF ms<sup>2</sup> variable. There was no difference between the areas of the E/I and CVI variables. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop10211fig02m-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the area under the curve values.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop10211tab05m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0493-00109-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p> the present study analyzed the association between three methods for cardiac vagal modulation assessment in two distinct groups. One group consisted of healthy young individuals with no previously diagnosed diseases, whereas the other group consisted of individuals with coronary artery disease and other associated diseases, who were older and whose BMI was significantly higher when compared with the group of healthy individuals. These differences in the characteristics of the two groups resulted in a higher cardiac vagal modulation in the healthy group, when compared with the group with CAD in the three methods used for vagal modulation assessment.</p>
      <p> Therefore, these results corroborate the findings of other previous studies<sup>4,6</sup> and indicate a decrease in vagal autonomic modulation in the group with CAD. However, although the three methods showed that healthy individuals had higher vagal modulation, the analysis of association between the methods, the effect size, and the sensitivity and specificity, showed that there are some important differences in the results obtained with the studied methods.</p>
      <p> There was a significant association between HRV and RSA methods, both in the evaluation of the healthy group and in the group with CAD, suggesting that the results of both are partially redundant. This association between HRV and RSA is probably attributed to a similarity between the physiological mechanisms that determine the results of both methods, which would be the fluctuation of autonomic modulation in synchrony with the respiratory cycle, mediated by central neural mechanisms (neurons responsible for the respiratory rate) and peripheral (pulmonary stretch reflex, cardiopulmonary baroreceptors and chemoreflex)<sup>21-23</sup>. In spite of the mentioned similarity between the HRV and RSA, it is noteworthy that HRV is an assessment of vagal modulation at rest and RSA consists in a respiratory maneuver that causes increased vagal modulation compared with rest. Probably for that reason, the RSA showed better sensitivity and specificity when compared with most of the variables obtained through the HRV, which is discussed in more details subsequently. </p>
      <p>In the group of healthy subjects, there was no association between the T4s and the other two methods. However, in the group with CAD, there was a significant association between the T4s and RSA. The physiological mechanisms involved in T4s are different from the mechanisms involved in HRV and RSA. In T4s, there is a rapid withdrawal of cardiac vagal modulation at rest due to a redundant interaction between nerve impulses that converge in the brainstem from motor centers in the brain<sup>24,25 </sup>and from afferent nerve fibers (mainly type III - mechanoreflex) coming from the skeletal muscles<sup>26,27</sup>. Thus, the central and peripheral mechanisms inhibit cardiac vagal modulation, promoting an increase in heart rate.</p>
      <p> In this context, the lack of association between T4s and HRV and between T4s and RSA in healthy subjects suggests that these methods evaluate the autonomic function of healthy individuals in different ways, and that their results are complementary, not redundant. There was, in turn, an association between RSA and T4s in individuals with CAD, who had lower cardiac vagal modulation, suggesting that in the presence of low cardiac vagal modulation the results of T4s and RSA tend to be closer, although these methods depend on different physiological mechanisms.</p>
      <p> Other previous studies have also investigated the association between different methods to assess autonomic function in healthy subjects and in patients with CAD. For instance, Esco et al<sup>28</sup> found no association between HRV and Heart Rate Recovery (HRrec) after a maximal exercise test in a sample of healthy young subjects, whereas Evrengul et al29 found a significant association between HRV and in HRrec in a sample of individuals with CAD. Ricardo et al<sup>3</sup> evaluated the association between the results obtained by T4s and HRrec in 544 asymptomatic subjects or individuals with coronary disease, aged 10 to 91 years. The authors observed that individuals with better autonomic function the results of T4s and HRrec showed a lower association when compared with the results of individuals with lower autonomic function.</p>
      <p> Another example is the study of Teixeira et al<sup>9</sup>, which showed a significant association between the T4s and the RR interval variability during a routine resting electrocardiogram in a heterogeneous sample of more than 1,000 individuals and the results of the two methods showed better agreement in patients with lower cardiac vagal modulation. Therefore, the association between the results of RSA and T4s only in individuals with CAD, observed in this study is consistent with the results of previous studies that compared methods for assessing autonomic function in healthy subjects and patients with cardiovascular disease.</p>
      <p> The effect size analysis showed that the T4s and RSA methods differentiated with more accuracy the healthy and CAD groups. In addition, the ROC curve analysis showed that the pNN50 variable and RSA and T4s methods showed significantly higher sensitivity and specificity when discriminating between cardiac vagal modulation in healthy subjects and with coronary artery disease, when compared with the other variables obtained by HRV.</p>
      <p> As mentioned before, the mechanisms involved in RSA and T4s are distinct. However, both use a maneuver to evaluate autonomic function (RSA - deep and slow respiratory cycles; T4s - transition between rest and dynamic exercise), which differentiate them from the autonomic assessment performed at rest by HRV. Therefore, these results suggest that the use of a maneuver to assess cardiac vagal modulation shows more clearly the cardiac vagal control among individuals with different levels of vagal autonomic modulation.</p>
      <p> The results of the present study should be interpreted considering some limitations. The sample size used in the study, although adequate for the design proposed to meet the study goals, was relatively small compared to some other similar studies in the literature. In turn, we used inclusion and exclusion criteria to select two well-defined samples, clearly different regarding clinical characteristics. Another limitation is the assumption that healthy individuals have healthy autonomic function and patients with CAD have decreased autonomic modulation. However, there is not a single method, or a set of methods, which is a reference standard to assess autonomic function and, based on the literature, selected samples should show the difference in autonomic function, as observed in the present study. Moreover, patients with CAD regularly used prescription drugs for the treatment of underlying diseases.</p>
      <p> Therefore, it is likely that medications have influenced the results. However, the evaluation of patients in this manner increases the external validity of results, as well as the clinical applicability of the study, as this is a situation similar to that found in clinical practice. Finally, although this study has assessed male individuals only, thus controlling the possible influence of variations in female hormones during the menstrual cycle in the case of young women, and menopause for middle-aged women, we cannot state that the degree of association between different methods of cardiac vagal assessment is identical in women, which should be the target of future studies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Healthy subjects had higher cardiac modulation in all three methods studied (HRV, RSA and T4s) compared with those with coronary artery disease. There was an association between the HRV and RSA methods both in healthy subjects and in patients with coronary artery disease, and between the RSA and T4s methods only in patients with coronary disease. These results suggest that HRV and RSA generated partially redundant results in healthy subjects and in patients with coronary artery disease, while T4s generated results complementary to HRV and RSA in healthy subjects. Furthermore, analysis of the effect size and ROC curves showed that the RSA and T4s methods were more accurate to discriminate cardiac vagal modulation between healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease, when compared with HRV.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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