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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TJ8HdNYQwzdRdpXh5hkQShM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001500008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700608</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000113</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Combina&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco relacionados &#224; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em militares da Marinha do Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe Ferreira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montenegro</surname>
            <given-names>Vila Bayma</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Jambo Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Caldas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Santa Catarina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Norte</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Norte</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Naval de Natal</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>485</fpage>
      <lpage>492</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares representam a principal causa de morte na popula&#231;&#227;o, e a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica significativamente associada ao aumento da morbimortalidade. OBJETIVO: Descrever o padr&#227;o de combina&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco relacionados ao diagn&#243;stico de SM em militares da Marinha do Brasil e identificar eventuais vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; presen&#231;a da referida s&#237;ndrome nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal envolvendo 1.383 homens (18-62 anos) lotados nas organiza&#231;&#245;es militares da Grande Natal-RN. O crit&#233;rio utilizado para diagn&#243;stico de SM foi o proposto pela International Diabetes Association. A raz&#227;o entre a preval&#234;ncia observada e a esperada e os respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a foram utilizados para identificar as combina&#231;&#245;es de fatores de risco que excediam o esperado para a popula&#231;&#227;o. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi utilizada para identificar vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; SM. RESULTADOS: A preval&#234;ncia de SM foi de 17,6%. Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos militares apresentou dois ou mais fatores de risco para SM. Todas as combina&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas dos fatores de risco para SM que excederam a preval&#234;ncia esperada apresentaram a obesidade abdominal como um de seus componentes. Nas an&#225;lises ajustadas, idade, tabagismo e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica mantiveram-se associados &#224; SM. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nossos achados refor&#231;am a constante presen&#231;a da obesidade abdominal no fen&#243;tipo da SM. Al&#233;m disso, nossos dados tamb&#233;m suportam a ideia de que idade, tabagismo e baixo n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica s&#227;o vari&#225;veis independentes para a ocorr&#234;ncia de SM.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fatores de risco</kwd>
        <kwd>s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>militares</kwd>
        <kwd>obesidade abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Combina&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco relacionados &#224; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em militares da Marinha do Brasil</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Filipe Ferreira da Costa<sup>I</sup>; Vila Bayma Montenegro<sup>II</sup>; Thiago Jambo Alves Lopes<sup>II</sup>; Eduardo Caldas Costa<sup>III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Naval de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares representam a principal causa de morte na popula&#231;&#227;o, e a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica significativamente associada ao aumento da morbimortalidade. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Descrever o padr&#227;o de combina&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco relacionados ao diagn&#243;stico de SM em militares da Marinha do Brasil e identificar eventuais vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; presen&#231;a da referida s&#237;ndrome nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Estudo transversal envolvendo 1.383 homens (18-62 anos) lotados nas organiza&#231;&#245;es militares da Grande Natal-RN. O crit&#233;rio utilizado para diagn&#243;stico de SM foi o proposto pela <italic>International Diabetes Association</italic>. A raz&#227;o entre a preval&#234;ncia observada e a esperada e os respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a foram utilizados para identificar as combina&#231;&#245;es de fatores de risco que excediam o esperado para a popula&#231;&#227;o. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi utilizada para identificar vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; SM. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A preval&#234;ncia de SM foi de 17,6%. Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos militares apresentou dois ou mais fatores de risco para SM. Todas as combina&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas dos fatores de risco para SM que excederam a preval&#234;ncia esperada apresentaram a obesidade abdominal como um de seus componentes. Nas an&#225;lises ajustadas, idade, tabagismo e n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica mantiveram-se associados &#224; SM. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> Nossos achados refor&#231;am a constante presen&#231;a da obesidade abdominal no fen&#243;tipo da SM. Al&#233;m disso, nossos dados tamb&#233;m suportam a ideia de que idade, tabagismo e baixo n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica s&#227;o vari&#225;veis independentes para a ocorr&#234;ncia de SM.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Fatores de risco, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, militares, obesidade abdominal/epidemiologia, Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Diversos fatores de risco biol&#243;gicos (por exemplo, press&#227;o arterial elevada e obesidade abdominal)<sup>1,2</sup> e comportamentais (como tabagismo e sedentarismo)<sup>3,4</sup> est&#227;o associados ao desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV). Embora os fatores de risco, isoladamente, tenham impacto espec&#237;fico na sa&#250;de, com muita frequ&#234;ncia encontram-se agregados nos indiv&#237;duos. Nesse sentido, o padr&#227;o de combina&#231;&#227;o desses fatores de risco tem sido alvo de investiga&#231;&#245;es<sup>5-9</sup>. Tais estudos podem fornecer ind&#237;cios sobre mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos envolvidos na doen&#231;a cardiovascular, al&#233;m da identifica&#231;&#227;o de um fen&#243;tipo espec&#237;fico para a ocorr&#234;ncia de determinada condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em uma popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que tem chamado a aten&#231;&#227;o no que se refere &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o com o aumento da morbimortalidade por todas as causas e, principalmente, por DCV &#233; a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM)<sup>10-13</sup>. De forma objetiva, a SM pode ser definida como um transtorno complexo representado por um conjunto de fatores de risco cardiovascular, usualmente relacionados &#224; deposi&#231;&#227;o central de gordura e &#224; resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>No ambiente da Marinha, algumas caracter&#237;sticas ocupacionais - extensas jornadas de trabalho, problemas ergon&#244;micos e isolamento social, como viagens para treinamento - influenciam negativamente o status de sa&#250;de dos indiv&#237;duos<sup>15</sup>. A uni&#227;o desses aspectos parece contribuir para mudan&#231;as negativas no estilo de vida dessa popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>15-17</sup>. Nesse sentido, &#233; plaus&#237;vel especular que os fatores ocupacionais destacados tamb&#233;m possam influenciar no desenvolvimento de condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas relacionadas a maior risco cardiovascular, como a SM.</p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o padr&#227;o de combina&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco relacionados &#224; SM em militares da Marinha do Brasil lotados na Grande Natal-RN. Ademais, este trabalho tamb&#233;m buscou identificar poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; presen&#231;a da referida s&#237;ndrome nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Por meio de estudo transversal, delineado para avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco relacionados &#224; SM em militares da Marinha do Brasil sediados na Grande Natal-RN, foram alocados volunt&#225;rios das seguintes organiza&#231;&#245;es militares (OMs): Comando do Terceiro Distrito Naval, Hospital Naval de Natal, Capitania dos Portos, Base Naval de Natal, Grupamento de Fuzileiros Navais de Natal, Grupamento Naval do Nordeste (navios Goiana, Graja&#250;, Manh&#227;es e Gra&#250;na), Servi&#231;o de Sinaliza&#231;&#227;o N&#225;utica, Dep&#243;sito Naval de Natal, Esta&#231;&#227;o R&#225;dio da Marinha e Navio Oceanogr&#225;fico S&#237;rius.</p>
    <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada diretamente nas OMs supracitadas, no per&#237;odo de julho a outubro de 2008. Isso ocorreu ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o do estudo pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), sob o protocolo n&#186; 176/08. Todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE), de acordo com a Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>De um total de aproximadamente 1.800 militares lotados na Grande Natal-RN, foram recrutados 1.581 indiv&#237;duos em servi&#231;o ativo (87,9%), que n&#227;o estavam de f&#233;rias ou licen&#231;a de suas atividades profissionais. Destes, foram exclu&#237;dos 95 indiv&#237;duos (6% da popula&#231;&#227;o) que n&#227;o estiveram presentes nos dias das avalia&#231;&#245;es ou n&#227;o realizaram jejum adequado para coleta de sangue. Al&#233;m disso, no presente estudo s&#243; foram analisados indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino, sendo exclu&#237;das as 103 mulheres avaliadas (6,9% do total). Fizeram parte da pesquisa 1.383 indiv&#237;duos, na faixa et&#225;ria de 18 a 62 anos (30,7 &#177; 10,4 anos), representando cerca de 77% do total dos militares ativos.</p>
    <p>Os volunt&#225;rios foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (medida da massa corporal, estatura, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e press&#227;o arterial), an&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica sangu&#237;nea (HDL-colesterol, triglicer&#237;deos e glicemia de jejum) e do n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica (AF), al&#233;m de ser investigado o h&#225;bito de fumar.</p>
    <p>Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas entre 8h e 10h ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas. Os sujeitos foram instru&#237;dos a n&#227;o realizar AF intensa e n&#227;o ingerir bebidas alco&#243;licas 24 horas antes da coleta de dados. A an&#225;lise das amostras sangu&#237;neas foi realizada por espectofotometria autom&#225;tica por rea&#231;&#227;o calorim&#233;trica enzim&#225;tica, atrav&#233;s de autoanalisador Wiener do laborat&#243;rio Metrolab 2300.</p>
    <p>Para a defini&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte referentes aos componentes da SM, foram utilizados os crit&#233;rios da <italic>International Diabetes Federation</italic> (IDF)<sup>18</sup>, sendo considerados fatores de risco para SM: HDL-colesterol &lt; 40mg/dL; triglicer&#237;deos <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dL; glicemia de jejum <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 mg/dL ou o fato de ser diab&#233;tico; circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 cm, medida no ponto m&#233;dio entre a &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca; press&#227;o arterial (PA) <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mmHg e/ou 85 mmHg ou o fato de ser hipertenso. Foi considerado com SM o indiv&#237;duo com circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal elevada e pelo menos mais dois outros fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>A medida da PA foi realizada de acordo com o previsto nas VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de HAS<sup>19</sup>. Ap&#243;s 10 minutos em repouso na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, foram feitas tr&#234;s verifica&#231;&#245;es da PA dos sujeitos, com intervalo de um minuto, e computada a m&#233;dia da segunda e da terceira medidas. Para tanto, utilizou-se o aparelho Onrom<sup>&#174;</sup> HEM-780-E (m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico), devidamente validado<sup>20,21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por fim, o n&#237;vel de AF foi avaliado atrav&#233;s do <italic>International Physical Activity Questionnaire</italic> (IPAQ - vers&#227;o curta)<sup>22</sup>, devidamente validado<sup>23</sup> e difundido no contexto brasileiro. Os sujeitos forneceram informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a frequ&#234;ncia e o tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o de AF moderadas e vigorosas na &#250;ltima semana. Para a classifica&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, consideraram-se os seguintes crit&#233;rios: a) <italic>Ativo</italic>: AF vigorosas 3 <underline>&gt;</underline> dias/sem e <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 minutos por sess&#227;o; AF moderadas ou caminhada 5 dias/sem e <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 minutos por sess&#227;o; ou uma combina&#231;&#227;o que resulte em <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 dias/sem e <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 minutos/sem (caminhada + moderada + vigorosa); b) <italic>Insuficientemente ativo</italic>: realizou AF, por&#233;m n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou os crit&#233;rios para ser classificado como ativo; c) <italic>Sedent&#225;rio</italic>: n&#227;o realizou nenhuma AF por pelo menos 10 minutos cont&#237;nuos durante a semana. O instrumento foi administrado para grupos de 25 a 30 indiv&#237;duos de forma coordenada por um dos pesquisadores, que fornecia os devidos esclarecimentos quando necess&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>Para fins de an&#225;lises, as fun&#231;&#245;es/patentes militares foram categorizadas em oficiais superiores (capit&#227;o de corveta, capit&#227;o de fragata e capit&#227;o de mar e guerra), oficiais subalternos (guarda-marinha, segundo-tenente, primeiro-tenente e capit&#227;o-tenente), sargentos e suboficiais e cabos, marinheiros e soldados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise incluiu a descri&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC95%) para os fatores de risco isoladamente e combinados. Para a an&#225;lise do padr&#227;o de combina&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco, calculou-se a raz&#227;o entre a preval&#234;ncia observada e a esperada (O/E) para cada uma das combina&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis. A preval&#234;ncia esperada de um padr&#227;o de agrupamento espec&#237;fico de fatores de risco foi calculada com base na probabilidade individual de cada fator de risco conforme sua ocorr&#234;ncia na amostra estudada. Por exemplo, a preval&#234;ncia esperada para a simultaneidade da presen&#231;a de obesidade abdominal (OA), PA elevada, hipertrigliceridemia (TG) e aus&#234;ncia de glicemia elevada (GL) e de HDL-colesterol baixo (HDL) &#233; calculada da seguinte maneira: <italic>p</italic>OA x <italic>p</italic>PA x <italic>p</italic>TG x (1 - <italic>p</italic>GL) x (1 - <italic>p</italic>HDL), onde <italic>p</italic> &#233; a probabilidade (preval&#234;ncia/100) do fator na amostra investigada. Assim, foi poss&#237;vel investigar quais combina&#231;&#245;es estavam acima ou abaixo do esperado, assumindo que os fatores de risco ocorrem de forma independente na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada<sup>5</sup>. Uma raz&#227;o estatisticamente significativa &#233; aquela que n&#227;o inclui a unidade em seu intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
    <p>A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bruta e ajustada foi utilizada para investigar os fatores associados &#224; SM. As categorias de idade (&lt; que 30 anos; 30 a 39 anos; <underline>&gt;</underline> que 40 anos), de patente (soldados, cabos e marinheiros; sargentos e suboficiais; oficiais subalternos; oficiais superiores), tabagismo (sim/n&#227;o) e n&#237;vel de AF (inativo, insuficientemente ativo e ativo) entraram no modelo como vari&#225;veis independentes. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no Stata vers&#227;o 9.0 (STATA Corp., Estados Unidos) e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi fixado em 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mais da metade da amostra (53,1%) tem at&#233; 29 anos. A maioria dos militares &#233; composta por soldados, cabos ou marinheiros, seguidos de sargentos e suboficiais. Menos de 10% da amostra relatou fumar. Mais de 70% dos militares foram classificados como ativos, enquanto apenas 8,9% relataram n&#227;o realizar qualquer AF por pelo menos 10 minutos na semana. Todos os valores m&#233;dios dos indicadores antropom&#233;tricos e bioqu&#237;micos estiveram dentro dos padr&#245;es adequados e abaixo dos pontos de corte utilizados para o diagn&#243;stico da SM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0485-00113-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O fator de risco mais prevalente na popula&#231;&#227;o foi o baixo n&#237;vel de HDL-colesterol, que esteve presente em 43% dos indiv&#237;duos. Aproximadamente 35% dos militares apresentaram obesidade abdominal. Em seguida, PA elevada, hipertrigliceridemia e glicemia de jejum maior ou igual a 100 mg/dL foram os fatores de risco mais prevalentes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). No <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop10411g01">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>, &#233; poss&#237;vel verificar claramente a tend&#234;ncia de aumento da preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco individuais para a SM com o aumento da idade, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o do baixo n&#237;vel de HDL-colesterol, que se manteve relativamente constante entre as faixas et&#225;rias. Do total da amostra, 17,6% apresentaram diagn&#243;stico de SM. A referida s&#237;ndrome esteve presente em apenas 1% dos militares com menos de 20 anos e em quase 40% dos militares com 40 anos ou mais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop10411g01">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>). O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop10411g02">Gr&#225;fico 2</xref> apresenta preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco individuais por n&#237;vel de AF. Nesse sentido, fica evidente a diminui&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para SM &#224; medida que o n&#237;vel de AF vai aumentando. &#201; importante destacar que a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o apresentou qualquer fator de risco. Entretanto, 32% apresentaram pelo menos dois fatores de risco relacionados &#224; presen&#231;a de SM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop10411g01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0485-00113-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop10411g02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0485-00113-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0485-00113-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0485-00113-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>, s&#227;o apresentadas as preval&#234;ncias observadas e esperadas para cada uma das combina&#231;&#245;es de fatores de risco poss&#237;veis para o diagn&#243;stico de SM. Destaca-se o padr&#227;o de combina&#231;&#227;o que inclui todos os fatores de risco, sendo este 20 vezes maior do que seria esperado se os fatores fossem independentes (ocorr&#234;ncia ao acaso). Al&#233;m disso, outros seis padr&#245;es de combina&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco para SM tiveram preval&#234;ncias acima daquelas esperadas, e a obesidade abdominal foi o fator comum a todas elas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0485-00113-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>, encontram-se as vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; SM. Na an&#225;lise bruta, uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o positiva foi encontrada com faixa et&#225;ria e n&#237;vel de patente. Devido &#224; baixa preval&#234;ncia de SM em indiv&#237;duos com menos de 20 anos, optou-se por agrupar essa categoria com a imediatamente superior. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#237;vel de AF foi inversamente associado &#224; presen&#231;a da referida s&#237;ndrome tanto na an&#225;lise bruta quanto na ajustada. Na an&#225;lise ajustada, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre SM e n&#237;vel da patente perdeu signific&#226;ncia, enquanto o tabagismo apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o positiva com SM.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0485-00113-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o padr&#227;o de combina&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco relacionados &#224; SM em militares da Marinha do Brasil. Al&#233;m disso, este trabalho tamb&#233;m buscou identificar poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; presen&#231;a da referida s&#237;ndrome nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Nesse sentido, os principais achados foram: a) ~30% dos militares apresentaram dois ou mais fatores de risco relacionados &#224; SM; b) diversas combina&#231;&#245;es de fatores de risco para diagn&#243;stico de SM excederam a preval&#234;ncia esperada, e a obesidade abdominal foi o fator comum a todas elas; c) idade, tabagismo e baixo n&#237;vel de AF foram associados &#224; presen&#231;a de SM.</p>
    <p>Ao analisar o padr&#227;o de simultaneidade, verificou-se que boa parte dos militares n&#227;o apresentou fator de risco (32%), enquanto, no outro extremo, cerca de um ter&#231;o dos sujeitos apresentou pelo menos dois fatores. Ao investigarem fatores de risco similares no <italic>Framingham Offspring Study</italic> (HDL-colesterol, triglicer&#237;deos, glicemia de jejum, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e PA), contudo, recorrendo a crit&#233;rios diferentes (quintil mais baixo de HDL-colesterol e quintil mais alto para os demais), Wilson e cols.<sup>12</sup> encontraram resultados semelhantes, com 33% dos homens n&#227;o apresentando fator de risco, enquanto 37% manifestaram pelo menos dois fatores. Em um amplo levantamento realizado na China, Gu e cols.<sup>6</sup> verificaram que mais da metade dos homens (55%) apresentava dois ou mais fatores de risco para DCV, embora isso n&#227;o seja compar&#225;vel ao presente estudo, devido aos indicadores selecionados (dislipidemia, HAS, diabetes, tabagismo e obesidade). A relev&#226;ncia de se identificarem indiv&#237;duos que acumulam mais fatores de risco fica clara quando estudos prospectivos evidenciam que o risco de ser acometido por DCV, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ou morrer aumenta &#224; medida que os sujeitos v&#227;o agregando mais fatores de risco<sup>7,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Se, por um lado, o conhecimento de quantos fatores de risco ocorrem simultaneamente &#233; importante, por outro, a investiga&#231;&#227;o de como se combinam pode fornecer subs&#237;dios para eventuais interven&#231;&#245;es, haja vista que o conhecimento sobre a exist&#234;ncia de um padr&#227;o cl&#237;nico mais prevalente pode fundamentar a&#231;&#245;es mais espec&#237;ficas tanto no tratamento quanto na preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nico-degenerativas de etiologia cardiovascular. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo verificou que v&#225;rias combina&#231;&#245;es ocorreram acima daquilo que seria esperado se os fatores de risco fossem independentes uns dos outros (se ocorressem ao acaso). Das 16 possibilidades de combina&#231;&#227;o, incluindo pelo menos tr&#234;s fatores de risco, sete apresentaram preval&#234;ncias acima do esperado, e a obesidade abdominal foi uma condi&#231;&#227;o comum em todas elas. Em trabalho semelhante ao presente estudo, Aizawa e cols.<sup>8</sup> verificaram, em uma ampla amostra de japosenes acima de 40 anos (41.819 homens e 77.593 mulheres), que quase todas as combina&#231;&#245;es que tinham pelo menos tr&#234;s dos cinco componentes para diagn&#243;stico da SM haviam ocorrido acima do esperado, indicando, assim como na presente pesquisa, que houve combina&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco, e que essa combina&#231;&#227;o parece n&#227;o ser casual.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, a obesidade central apareceu como o fator mais comum nas combina&#231;&#245;es com preval&#234;ncia acima do esperado, o que parece reiterar sua import&#226;ncia no fen&#243;tipo da SM. Isso sugere que, mais do que uma coincid&#234;ncia, a obesidade abdominal est&#225; intimamente relacionada aos demais fatores de risco. Apesar de os mecanismos causais que ligam diretamente a obesidade central &#224; SM n&#227;o estarem completamente esclarecidos, sua contribui&#231;&#227;o para as altera&#231;&#245;es presentes na referida s&#237;ndrome ocorre, de forma consider&#225;vel, pela secre&#231;&#227;o alterada de subst&#226;ncias biologicamente ativas derivadas dos adip&#243;citos (adipocinas), incluindo, entre outros, interleucina-6 (IL-6), fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-a) e inibidor do ativador de plasminog&#234;nio tipo 1 (PAI-1)<sup>24</sup>, o que favorece um quadro de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e de fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico associados<sup>25</sup>, potencializando, dessa forma, um perfil aterog&#234;nico, pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico e inflamat&#243;rio<sup>24-27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora seja evidente que a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina &#233; fator-chave para a ocorr&#234;ncia de diversas anormalidades cardiometab&#243;licas (dislipidemia, HAS, aterosclerose, esteatose hep&#225;tica n&#227;o alco&#243;lica etc.)<sup>25</sup>, tem-se evidenciado que a mais prevalente forma de constela&#231;&#227;o das anormalidades metab&#243;licas associadas a esse quadro ocorre em indiv&#237;duos com obesidade abdominal. Nesse sentido, a obesidade central, de fato, parece ser um marcador de estado dismetab&#243;lico e, parcialmente, a causa da SM<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>No tocante &#224; preval&#234;ncia de SM em nossa amostra, &#233; dif&#237;cil tecer compara&#231;&#245;es com outros estudos, em virtude da n&#227;o uniformidade de crit&#233;rios e pontos de corte para a defini&#231;&#227;o dessa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica<sup>28</sup>. Nesse sentido, ao verificar o impacto que diferentes pontos de corte apresentam na preval&#234;ncia de SM, Barbosa e cols.<sup>29</sup> verificaram que crit&#233;rios mais conservadores de circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura - 84 e 88 cm para mulheres e homens, respectivamente - ofereciam maiores condi&#231;&#245;es de se identificarem sujeitos com diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> e obesidade na cidade de Salvador-BA, e que, portanto, o crit&#233;rio do <italic>National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults - Adult Treatment Panel III</italic> (NCEP-ATP III) tendeu a subestimar a preval&#234;ncia de SM nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, no presente estudo optamos por considerar as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>IDF</italic>.</p>
    <p>Ao analisar poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; SM, verificou-se que apenas idade, tabagismo e n&#237;vel de AF mantiveram associa&#231;&#227;o no modelo ajustado. Apesar de supostamente estar associada tanto a fatores socioecon&#244;micos quanto ao perfil das demandas ocupacionais, a vari&#225;vel patente perdeu signific&#226;ncia ap&#243;s ajuste pela idade e demais vari&#225;veis. De fato, existem evid&#234;ncias que suportam a rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre AF e SM<sup>30</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, estudos prospectivos relatam o efeito protetor da AF para o desenvolvimento dessa condi&#231;&#227;o<sup>31,32</sup>. Entretanto, no Brasil, os trabalhos que avaliaram essa associa&#231;&#227;o encontraram resultados controversos. Doro e cols.<sup>33</sup>, ao avaliarem uma amostra de 1.330 nipo-brasileiros, n&#227;o encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de AF (lazer, trabalho e deslocamento) e SM. Na coorte de Pelotas-RS de 1982, investigou-se o efeito de vari&#225;veis comportamentais e sociodemogr&#225;ficas, e apenas renda familiar e escolaridade foram estatisticamente associadas &#224; SM, em detrimento de vari&#225;veis comportamentais como tabagismo, consumo de &#225;lcool, consumo de gordura, AF e outras<sup>34</sup>. Nossos achados podem ter sido resultado tamb&#233;m dos altos n&#237;veis de AF de nossa amostra. De fato, parte das fun&#231;&#245;es militares inclui exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos e AF ocupacional como tarefa cotidiana, o que contribui para o melhor perfil de sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e, consequentemente, menor risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>Alguns aspectos devem ser levados em considera&#231;&#227;o ao se interpretarem os dados do presente estudo. Primeiro, a compara&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de SM encontrada em nossa pesquisa com os achados de investiga&#231;&#245;es de base populacional deve ser realizada com cautela, uma vez que o perfil et&#225;rio e, principalmente, o n&#237;vel de AF dos militares da ativa diferem da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. Outro ponto importante s&#227;o os crit&#233;rios utilizados para a defini&#231;&#227;o da SM, haja vista que essa escolha impacta diretamente a preval&#234;ncia dessa entidade cl&#237;nica. Al&#233;m disso, a presente pesquisa foi delineada para responder a diversas quest&#245;es de pesquisa, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel incluir outras vari&#225;veis importantes relacionadas &#224; SM, como o comportamento alimentar e o consumo de &#225;lcool, o que parcialmente traz limita&#231;&#245;es a nosso estudo. Por outro lado, &#233; importante ressaltar o grande tamanho amostral investigado, que chegou a mais de tr&#234;s quartos da popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo, o que reduz a possibilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia de erros sistem&#225;ticos de amostragem e permite, dessa forma, generaliza&#231;&#245;es para esse grupo populacional - militares ativos da Marinha do Brasil. Somando-se a esse fato, tem-se que a qualidade da coleta de dados e das an&#225;lises laboratoriais refor&#231;a a validade interna do estudo.</p>
    <p>Por fim, reiteramos que os fatores de risco para diagn&#243;stico de SM agregaram-se nos indiv&#237;duos e que a obesidade abdominal constituiu o fator de risco mais presente entre aquelas combina&#231;&#245;es que ocorreram acima das preval&#234;ncias esperadas. Ao considerar que a Marinha do Brasil tem como miss&#227;o "<italic>preparar e empregar o Poder Naval, a fim de contribuir para a defesa da P&#225;tria</italic>", era de se esperar que a sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica dos militares da ativa fosse mais favor&#225;vel que a da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. &#201;, portanto, necess&#225;rio que se invista em programas preventivos e/ou terap&#234;uticos com foco na sa&#250;de cardiovascular e metab&#243;lica, haja vista que cerca de um ter&#231;o dos militares analisados agregou dois ou mais fatores de risco para SM, especialmente os menos ativos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Eduardo Caldas Costa </p>
        <p> Av. Rui Barbosa, 1100 - Bl. A / 604 </p>
        <p> 59056-300 - Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ecc.ufrn@hotmail.com">ecc.ufrn@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 18/03/11; revisado recebido em 14/06/11; aceito em 04/07/11.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Combination of risk factors for metabolic syndrome in the military personnel of the Brazilian Navy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death in the population, and metabolic syndrome (MS) is a clinical condition significantly associated with the increase in morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To describe the pattern of combination of the risk factors related to the diagnosis of MS in the military personnel of the Brazilian Navy and to identify variables associated with the presence of MS in that population. METHODS: Cross-sectional study involving 1,383 men (18-62 years) assigned to military organizations in the city of Natal, state of Rio Grande do Norte. The criterion proposed by the International Diabetes Association was used for the diagnosis of MS. The ratio between observed and expected prevalence and the respective confidence intervals were used to identify the combinations of risk factors that exceeded that expected for the population. Logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with MS. RESULTS: The prevalence of MS was 17.6%. Approximately one third of the military personnel studied had two or more risk factors for MS. All specific combinations of risk factors for MS that exceeded the expected prevalence had abdominal obesity as one of its components. In the adjusted analyses, age, smoking and physical activity level remained associated with MS. CONCLUSION: Our findings reinforce the constant presence of abdominal obesity in the phenotype of MS. In addition, our data also support the idea that age, smoking and low level of physical activity are independent variables for the occurrence of MS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>metabolic syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>military personnel</kwd>
        <kwd>obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Combination of risk factors for metabolic syndrome in the military personnel of the Brazilian Navy</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Filipe Ferreira da Costa<sup>I</sup>; Vila Bayma Montenegro<sup>II</sup>; Thiago Jambo Alves Lopes<sup>II</sup>; Eduardo Caldas Costa<sup>III</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian&#243;polis, SC</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Naval de Natal</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death in the population, and metabolic syndrome (MS) is a clinical condition significantly associated with the increase in morbidity and mortality.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES: </bold> To describe the pattern of combination of the risk factors related to the diagnosis of MS in the military personnel of the Brazilian Navy and to identify variables associated with the presence of MS in that population.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> Cross-sectional study involving 1,383 men (18-62 years) assigned to military organizations in the city of Natal, state of Rio Grande do Norte. The criterion proposed by the <italic>International Diabetes Association</italic> was used for the diagnosis of MS. The ratio between observed and expected prevalence and the respective confidence intervals were used to identify the combinations of risk factors that exceeded that expected for the population. Logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with MS.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> The prevalence of MS was 17.6%. Approximately one third of the military personnel studied had two or more risk factors for MS. All specific combinations of risk factors for MS that exceeded the expected prevalence had abdominal obesity as one of its components. In the adjusted analyses, age, smoking and physical activity level remained associated with MS.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS: </bold> Our findings reinforce the constant presence of abdominal obesity in the phenotype of MS. In addition, our data also support the idea that age, smoking and low level of physical activity are independent variables for the occurrence of MS.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Risk factors, metabolic syndrome, military personnel, obesity, abdominal/epidemiology, Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Several biological risk factors, such as high blood pressure and abdominal obesity<sup>1,2</sup>, and behavioral risk factors, such as smoking and sedentary life style<sup>3,4</sup>, are associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Although risk factors, in isolation, have a specific impact on health, they are often found in combination in individuals. The combination pattern of those risk factors has been investigated<sup>5-9</sup>. Studies can provide information about the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in cardiovascular disease, in addition to identifying a specific phenotype for the occurrence of a certain clinical condition in a population<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the past decade, a clinical condition, metabolic syndrome (MS), has drawn attention to its association with an increase in morbidity and all-cause, specially CVD, mortality<sup>10-13</sup>. Briefly, MS can be defined as a complex disorder represented by a set of cardiovascular risk factors, usually related to central accumulation of fat and insulin resistence<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the Navy setting, some occupational characteristics, such as long work hours, ergonomic problems, and social isolation (training trips), have a negative influence on the health status of individuals<sup>15</sup>. The combination of those aspects seems to contribute to negative changes in the lifestyle of that population<sup>15-17</sup>. It is worth speculating that the occupational factors highlighted might also influence the development of clinical conditions related to a greater cardiovascular risk, such as MS.</p>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing the pattern of combination of the risk factors for MS in the military personnel of the Brazilian Navy assigned to the city of Natal, state of Rio Grande do Norte. In addition, this study also tried to identify possible variables associated with the presence of MS in that population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a cross-sectional study designed to assess the prevalence of risk factors for MS in the military personnel of the Brazilian Navy in the city of Natal, state of Rio Grande do Norte. Volunteers of the following military organizations (MOs) were allocated: Third Naval District Command, Naval Hospital of Natal, Coast Guard, Naval Base of Natal, Marine Corps of Natal, major ships in the Northeastern Region (Goiana, Graja&#250;, Manh&#227;es and Gra&#250;na patrol vessels), Naval Signal Service, Naval Depot of Natal, Navy Radio Station, and Oceanographic Ship Sirius.</p>
      <p>Data were directly collected in the above-cited MOs from July to October 2008, after approval by the Committee of Ethics and Research of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) (protocol 176/08). All participants provided written informed consent according to Resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council.</p>
      <p>Of a total of approximately 1,800 military individuals assigned to the city of Natal, state of Rio Grande do Norte, 1,581 individuals serving on active duty (87.9%), who were neither on vacation nor on a leave of absence, were recruited. Of those 1,581 individuals, 95 (6%), who were neither present on the assessing days nor fasted adequately for blood withdrawal, were excluded. In addition, all 103 females (6.9% of the total) were excluded. Thus, this study assessed only males (1,383), aged from 18 to 62 years (mean age, 30.7 &#177; 10.4 years), representing approximately 77% of the total active military personnel.</p>
      <p>The volunteers underwent the following evaluations: clinical (body mass, height, waist circumference and blood pressure); blood biochemistry (HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glycemia); and physical activity level (PhA). They were also questioned about the habit of smoking.</p>
      <p>Venous blood was collected between 8h and 10h, after a 12-hour fasting period. The subjects were instructed neither to perform intense PhA nor to drink alcohol within the 24 hours preceding blood withdrawal. Blood sample analysis was performed by use of automated spectrophotometry with enzyme calorimetry (Wiener Metrolab 2300 autoanalyzer).</p>
      <p>The cutoff points referring to the components of MS were defined according to the criteria of the <italic>International Diabetes Federation</italic> (IDF)<sup>18</sup>, and the following were considered risk factors for MS: HDL-cholesterol &lt; 40mg/dL; triglycerides <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dL; fasting glycemia <underline>&gt;</underline> 100 mg/dL or the fact of having diabetes; waist circumference <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 cm, measured at a level midway between the lowest rib and the iliac crest; blood pressure (BP) <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mmHg and/or 85 mmHg or the fact of having high blood pressure. A subject with increased waist circumference and at least two other risk factors was considered as having MS.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure was measured according to the VI Brazilian Guidelines for Systemic Arterial Hypertension<sup>19</sup>. After a ten-minute rest at the sitting position, three measurements of BP were taken, at one-minute intervals, and the mean of the second and third measures was registered. For that, the properly validated Onrom<sup>&#174;</sup> HEM-780-E oscillometric device (oscillometric method) was used<sup>20,21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The PhA level was assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ - short version)<sup>22</sup>, properly validated<sup>23</sup> and used in the Brazilian context. The subjects provided information about the frequency and duration of moderate and vigorous PhA in the preceding weak. The PhA level was classified as follows: a) <italic>Active</italic>: vigorous PhA <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 days/week and <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 minutes per bout; moderate PhA or walking 5 days/week and <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 minutes per bout; or a combination resulting in <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 days/week and <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 minutes/week (walking + moderate + vigorous); b) <italic>Insufficiently active</italic>: PhA not sufficient to be classified as active; c) <italic>Sedentary</italic>: no PhA lasting more than ten continuous minutes per week. The questionnaire was coordinately applied to groups of 25 to 30 subjects by one of the examiners, who clarified doubts when necessary.</p>
      <p>For the purpose of analysis, the military functions/ranks were categorized as follows: senior officers (commodore, commander, and captain); junior officers (ensign, lieutenant junior grade, lieutenant, and lieutenant commander); sergeants and subordinate officers; and midshipmen, seamen, and soldiers.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis comprised the description of the prevalence and its respective confidence intervals (95% CI) for the risk factors in isolation and combination. To assess the pattern of combination of the risk factors, the ratio between observed and expected prevalence (O/E) was calculated for each possible combination. The expected prevalence of a pattern of specific combination of risk factors was calculated based on the individual probability of each risk factor according to its occurrence in the sample studied. For example, the expected prevalence of the combination of simultaneous abdominal obesity (AO), high BP, hypertriglyceridemia (TG) and lack of elevated glycemia (GL) and of low HDL-cholesterol (HDL) is calculated as follows: <italic>p</italic>AO x <italic>p</italic>BP x <italic>p</italic>TG x (1 - <italic>p</italic>GL) x (1 - <italic>p</italic>HDL), where <italic>p</italic> is the probability (prevalence/100) of the factor in the sample studied. Thus, one could assess which combinations were above or below the expected value, assuming that risk factors occur independently in the population studied<sup>5</sup>. One statistically significant ratio does not include the unit in its confidence interval.</p>
      <p>Raw and adjusted logistic regression was used to assess the factors associated with MS. The following categories entered the model as independent variables: age (&lt; 30 years; 30 to 39 years; <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 years); rank (soldiers, seamen and midshipmen; sergeants and subordinate officers; junior officers; senior officers); smoking (yes/no); and PhA level (inactive, insufficiently active, and active). All analyses were performed with Stata, version 9.0 (STATA Corp., United States), and the significance level adopted was 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>More than half of the sample (53.1%) was under the age of 29 years. Most of the sample was formed by soldiers, seamen and midshipmen, followed by sergeants and subordinate officers. Less than 10% of the sample reported smoking. More than 70% of the sample was classified as active, while only 8.9% reported not performing at least ten minutes of PhA per week. All mean values of the anthropometric and biochemical indicators were within the adequate range and below the cutoff points used for the diagnosis of MS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0485-00113-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The most prevalent risk factor in the population studied was the low HDL-cholesterol level, present in 43% of the subjects. Approximately 35% of the subjects studied had abdominal obesity, and the following most prevalent risk factors were high BP, hypertriglyceridemia, and fasting glycemia greater than or equal to 100 mg/dL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop10411f01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the clear tendency towards an increase in the prevalence of individual risk factors for MS with age increase, except for low HDL-cholesterol level, which remained relatively constant in the age groups. Of the whole sample, 17.6% were diagnosed with MS, which was present in only 1% of the subjects under the age of 20 years and in almost 40% of those aged 40 years or more (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop10411f01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop10411f02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the prevalence of individual risk factors according to the PhA level, evidencing the decrease in the occurrence of risk factors for MS as PhA levels increase. It is worth noting that most subjects had no risk factor. However, 32% had at least two risk factors for MS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop10411f01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0485-00113-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop10411f02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0485-00113-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0485-00113-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0485-00113-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref> shows the observed and expected prevalence for each possible combination of risk factors for MS. It is worth noting the pattern of combination including all risk factors, whose prevalence was 20 times greater than that expected if the factors were independent (random occurrence). In addition, six other patterns of combination of risk factors for MS had prevalence greater than that expected, and abdominal obesity was a factor common to all of them (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0485-00113-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5-body2">Table 5</xref> shows the variables associated with MS. In raw analysis, a strong positive association with age group and military rank was found. Because of the low prevalence of MS in subjects under the age of 20 years, that age category was grouped with the one immediately above. In addition, the PhA level was inversely associated with the presence of MS in both adjusted and raw analyses. In adjusted analysis, the association between MS and military rank lost significance, while smoking showed a positive association with MS.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0485-00113-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study aimed at assessing the pattern of combination of risk factors for MS in the Brazilian Navy personnel. In addition, it also attempted to identify possible variables associated with MS in that population. The main findings were as follows: a) ~30% of the sample had two or more risk factors for MS; b) several combinations of risk factors for MS exceeded the expected prevalence, and abdominal obesity was the common factor to all; c) age, smoking, and low PhA level were associated with the presence of MS.</p>
      <p>The analysis of the pattern of combination evidenced that 32% of the subjects studied showed no risk factor for MS, while one third of the subjects had at least two risk factors. When investigating similar risk factors in the Framingham Offspring Study (HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glycemia, body mass index, and BP), but using different criteria (lowest HDL-cholesterol quintile and highest quintile for the others), Wilson et al<sup>12</sup> have reported similar results: 33% of the men showed no risk factor for MS, while 37% showed at least two risk factors. In a large survey carried out in China, Gu et al<sup>6</sup> have reported that 55% of the men assessed had two or more risk factors for CVD, although that cannot be compared with this study, because of the indicators selected [dyslipidemia, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes, smoking, and obesity]. The relevance of identifying individuals who accumulate more risk factors is clear when prospective studies have evidenced that the risk of having CVD or stroke or of dying increases as more risk factors are aggregated<sup>7,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>If, on the one hand, knowing how many risk factors occur simultaneously is important, on the other, investigating how they combine can provide subsidies for interventions. Knowing the existence of a more prevalent clinical pattern can support more specific actions for both the treatment and prevention of chronic degenerative diseases of cardiovascular etiology. Thus the present study identified several combinations occurring more frequently than it would be expected if the risk factors were independent from one another (if they occurred randomly). Of the 16 possibilities of combination, including at least three risk factors, seven showed higher prevalence than expected, and abdominal obesity was a common condition to all. In a similar study with a large Japanese population over the age of 40 years (41,819 men and 77,593 women), Aizawa et al<sup>8</sup> have reported that almost all combinations with at least three of the five components of the MS diagnosis occurred at a frequency over the one expected, indicating, similarly to this study, that a combination of risk factors occurred, and that such combination does not seem to be casual.</p>
      <p>In our study, central obesity was the most common factor in the combinations, with a greater prevalence than expected, which seems to confirm its importance in the phenotype of MS. This suggests that, more than a coincidence, abdominal obesity is closely related to the other risk factors. Although the causal mechanisms that directly link central obesity to MS have not been completely clarified, the contribution of central obesity to the changes in MS occurs considerably because of the altered secretion of biologically active substances derived from adipocytes (adipokines), such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;), and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1)<sup>24</sup>, favoring insulin resistance and associated cardiometabolic risk factors<sup>25</sup>, thus potentiating an atherogenic, prothrombotic and inflammatory profile<sup>24-27</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although insulin resistance is known to be a key factor for the occurrence of several cardiometabolic abnormalities (dyslipidemia, SAH, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic liver steatosis)<sup>25</sup>, the most prevalent clustering of the metabolic abnormalities associated with MS has been evidenced in individuals with abdominal obesity. Thus, in fact, central obesity seems to be a marker of dysmetabolic state and a partial cause of MS<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the prevalence of MS in our sample, it is difficult to compare with other studies, because of the lack of uniform criteria and cutoff points for the definition of that clinical condition<sup>28</sup>. Thus, when assessing the impact of different cutoff points in the prevalence of MS, Barbosa et al<sup>29</sup> have reported that more conservative criteria of waist circumference - 84 and 88 cm for women and men, respectively - provided more effective conditions to identify subjects with diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> and obesity in the city of Salvador, state of Bahia. In addition, those authors have also reported that the criterion of the <italic>National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults - Adult Treatment Panel III</italic> (NCEP-ATP III) tended to underestimate the prevalence of MS in that population. Thus, in the present study, we chose to consider the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition of MS.</p>
      <p>Analyzing the possible variables associated with MS, only age, smoking and PhA level maintained the association in the adjusted model. Although supposedly associated with both socioeconomic factors and the profile of occupational demands, the variable military rank lost significance after adjusting for age and the other variables. In fact, there is evidence supporting the inverse relation between PhA and MS<sup>30</sup>. In addition, prospective studies have reported the protective effect of PhA on the development of that condition<sup>31,32</sup>. In Brazil, however, studies assessing that association have reported controversial results. Doro et al<sup>33</sup>, assessing a sample of 1,330 Japanese-Brazilians, have found no association between the PhA level (leisure, work, and movement) and MS. In the cohort of Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, of 1982, the effect of behavioral and sociodemographic variables was investigated, and only family income and educational level were statistically associated with MS, as compared with behavioral variables, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, fat ingestion, and PhA<sup>34</sup>. Our findings might have resulted from the high PhA levels of our sample. In fact, part of the military functions includes physical exercises and occupational PhA as a daily task, contributing to a better physical health profile and, thus, lower cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>Some aspects should be considered when interpreting the data of the present study. First, the comparison of the prevalence of MS found in our study with that of population-based studies should be cautiously performed, because the age profile and mainly the PhA level of the active military personnel differ from those of the general population. Another important point is the criteria used to define MS, because that choice has a direct impact on the prevalence of MS. In addition, the present study has been designed to answer several research questions, and other important variables related to MS, such as dietary behavior and alcohol consumption, could not be assessed, representing a partial limitation of the present study. It is worth noting the large size of the sample investigated, which represented more than three quarters of the study population, reducing the possibility of systematic sampling errors, thus allowing generalizations for that population group - the active military personnel of the Brazilian Navy. In addition, the quality of data collection and laboratory analyses reinforces the internal validity of the study.</p>
      <p>Finally, it is worth emphasizing that the risk factors for MS clustered in the subjects studied and that abdominal obesity was the most prevalent risk factor in the combinations occurring more frequently than expected. Considering that the mission of the Brazilian Navy is to "<italic>prepare and employ the Naval Power, to contribute to the defense of the Nation</italic>", the cardiometabolic health of active military personnel was expected to be more favorable than that of the general population. Therefore, preventive and/or therapeutic programs focused on cardiovascular and metabolic health are required, because one third of the military personnel assessed showed two or more risk factors for MS, especially the less active ones.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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