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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fx8BTpQPL8Y6D6Vn7pbHxSd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001500007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000098</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor progn&#243;stico da ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico em portadores de bloqueio do ramo esquerdo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Francis de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Fernandes de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Nathalie de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faro</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Baptista de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Romerito de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Vin&#237;cio Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Sergipe</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Acaraju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Sergipe</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>478</fpage>
      <lpage>484</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A literatura carece de estudos a respeito do valor progn&#243;stico da ecocardiografia sob estresse pelo esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico (EF) em pacientes portadores de bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo do feixe de His (BRE). OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da EF em portadores de BRE. M&#201;TODOS: Trata-se de coorte retrospectiva, em que foram avaliados 135 pacientes portadores de BRE, no per&#237;odo entre janeiro de 2001 e outubro de 2009, dos quais 37,8% eram homens, com m&#233;dia de idade de 63,6 &#177; 11,5 anos, submetidos &#224; EF segundo o protocolo de Bruce em esteira ergom&#233;trica. Foi utilizada a regress&#227;o de Cox, considerando-se estes desfechos: &#243;bito por todas as causas e por eventos card&#237;acos, definidos como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), angioplastia percut&#226;nea (AP), revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM) e &#243;bito por causas card&#237;acas. RESULTADOS: A EF positiva foi encontrada em 42 pacientes (31%). O tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 45,8 &#177; 4,7 meses. Nesse per&#237;odo, houve nove &#243;bitos por todas as causas e nove eventos card&#237;acos (tr&#234;s &#243;bitos por causa card&#237;aca, tr&#234;s IAM, duas AP e uma RM). A taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas em cinco anos foi de 16,1% no grupo com exame positivo e de 2,5% no grupo com exame negativo (p = 0,171), enquanto a taxa de eventos card&#237;acos no mesmo per&#237;odo foi de 15,1% no grupo com exame positivo e de 1,6% no grupo com exame negativo (p = 0,009). CONCLUS&#195;O: A EF mostrou-se preditora de eventos card&#237;acos em pacientes portadores de BRE.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia sob estresse</kwd>
        <kwd>bloqueio de ramo</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Valor progn&#243;stico da ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico em portadores de bloqueio do ramo esquerdo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Francis de Lima Vasconcelos<sup>I</sup>; Bruno Fernandes de Oliveira Santos<sup>I</sup>; Nathalie de Oliveira Santana<sup>I</sup>; Gustavo Baptista de Almeida Faro<sup>I</sup>; Romerito de Oliveira Rocha<sup>I</sup>; Vin&#237;cio Vieira Leal<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Augusto Barreto-Filho<sup>I, II</sup>; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa<sup>I, II</sup>; Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Medicina - Universidade Federal de Sergipe - S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, SE </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia (ECOLAB) do Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas - Acaraju, SE, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A literatura carece de estudos a respeito do valor progn&#243;stico da ecocardiografia sob estresse pelo esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico (EF) em pacientes portadores de bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo do feixe de His (BRE). </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da EF em portadores de BRE. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Trata-se de coorte retrospectiva, em que foram avaliados 135 pacientes portadores de BRE, no per&#237;odo entre janeiro de 2001 e outubro de 2009, dos quais 37,8% eram homens, com m&#233;dia de idade de 63,6 &#177; 11,5 anos, submetidos &#224; EF segundo o protocolo de Bruce em esteira ergom&#233;trica. Foi utilizada a regress&#227;o de Cox, considerando-se estes desfechos: &#243;bito por todas as causas e por eventos card&#237;acos, definidos como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), angioplastia percut&#226;nea (AP), revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM) e &#243;bito por causas card&#237;acas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A EF positiva foi encontrada em 42 pacientes (31%). O tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 45,8 &#177; 4,7 meses. Nesse per&#237;odo, houve nove &#243;bitos por todas as causas e nove eventos card&#237;acos (tr&#234;s &#243;bitos por causa card&#237;aca, tr&#234;s IAM, duas AP e uma RM). A taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas em cinco anos foi de 16,1% no grupo com exame positivo e de 2,5% no grupo com exame negativo (p = 0,171), enquanto a taxa de eventos card&#237;acos no mesmo per&#237;odo foi de 15,1% no grupo com exame positivo e de 1,6% no grupo com exame negativo (p = 0,009). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A EF mostrou-se preditora de eventos card&#237;acos em pacientes portadores de BRE.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Ecocardiografia sob estresse, bloqueio de ramo, progn&#243;stico, doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O bloqueio do ramo esquerdo do feixe de <italic>His</italic> (BRE) &#233; facilmente detectado ao eletrocardiograma (ECG). Pode associar-se a dist&#250;rbio progressivo do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o ou ocorrer em pacientes sem evid&#234;ncia de cardiopatia. O BRE interfere na interpreta&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico, al&#233;m de induzir dissincronia ventricular, prejudicando, assim, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Segundo estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos dos &#250;ltimos trinta anos, a preval&#234;ncia do BRE tem variado entre 0,1 e 0,8% na popula&#231;&#227;o americana<sup>1-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresenta dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o, sendo o BRE o mais frequentemente encontrado (25%)<sup>6</sup>. Est&#225; associado a um aumento da morbimortalidade cardiovascular, podendo ser considerado marcador de uma lenta e progressiva degenera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por causa isqu&#234;mica ou n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia sob estresse por esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico (EF) &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo de grande valor para o diagn&#243;stico e a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC)<sup>8-11</sup>. Essa t&#233;cnica permite a an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda nas condi&#231;&#245;es de repouso e esfor&#231;o, bem como a detec&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a, localiza&#231;&#227;o e extens&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es de motilidade da parede, em reposta ao estresse. Al&#233;m disso, possui grande disponibilidade, seguran&#231;a e baixo custo e dispensa a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de material radioativo<sup>12</sup>. A EF &#233; capaz ainda de detectar altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas mais precocemente que o teste ergom&#233;trico (TE), como j&#225; foi demonstrado anteriormente por in&#250;meros estudos<sup>13</sup>. Essa &#233;, portanto, uma ferramenta estabelecida e vers&#225;til para o diagn&#243;stico e a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de DAC na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. No entanto, a aplicabilidade nos pacientes portadores de BRE ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida. Tendo isso em vista, o presente estudo objetiva avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da EF em pacientes portadores de BRE.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo entre janeiro de 2001 e outubro de 2009, um total de 6.731 pacientes foi submetido &#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse pelo esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico no Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia da Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas (ECOLAB), Aracaju-SE. Nessa amostra, foram identificados 243 portadores de BRE. Durante o seguimento, 108 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo, por n&#227;o ter sido poss&#237;vel seguimento por contato telef&#244;nico. Foram tamb&#233;m exclu&#237;dos os que se recusaram a participar do estudo, os que portavam exames com imagem de m&#225; qualidade e os que apresentavam doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar significativa.</p>
    <p>O BRE foi definido como QRS alargado (com dura&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a 120ms), com complexos QRS predominantemente positivos e ondas R alargadas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es DI, V5 e V6, e padr&#245;es QS ou rS em V1<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo do exame</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O exame foi iniciado com anamnese, exame f&#237;sico, mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e ecocardiograma em repouso. Em seguida, foi realizado o TE segundo o protocolo de Bruce.</p>
    <p>A capta&#231;&#227;o das imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foi realizada no repouso, imediatamente ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o e durante o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o, utilizando-se ecocardiografia bidimensional, Doppler puls&#225;til e Doppler tissular. A obten&#231;&#227;o e a aferi&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas seguiram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>12</sup>. As imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas bidimensionais foram gravadas em fitas de <italic>v&#237;deo home system</italic> (VHS) e <italic>display v&#237;deo disc</italic> (DVD), com o paciente em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo e com registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico simult&#226;neo nas janelas ac&#250;sticas paraesternais (longitudinal e transversal) e apicais (duas c&#226;maras e quatro c&#226;maras).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise da EF</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As imagens obtidas durante os tr&#234;s momentos do exame foram dispostas lado a lado em formato de tela qu&#225;drupla e foram analisadas e comparadas em diferentes frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas por ecocardiografista experiente com n&#237;vel III, conforme crit&#233;rio estabelecido pela Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia. Essa organiza&#231;&#227;o ainda recomenda que se avalie o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) por planos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos padr&#227;o, definindo 16 segmentos, e que os exames sejam gravados para posterior revis&#227;o. Foram dados escores a cada um dos 16 segmentos: 1 - segmentos normais; 2 - segmentos com diminui&#231;&#227;o do espessamento (hipocin&#233;ticos); 3 - segmentos com aus&#234;ncia de espessamento (acin&#233;ticos) e 4 - segmentos com movimentos discin&#233;ticos. O &#237;ndice de escore de motilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IEMVE) foi obtido pela soma dos escores conferidos a cada um dos 16 segmentos, divididos pelo n&#250;mero de segmentos estudados. Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada em repouso e ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o<sup>11,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>O exame foi considerado positivo se ocorreu anormalidade de contratilidade segmentar no mioc&#225;rdio no repouso e/ou ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o. A isquemia foi definida como o surgimento ou a piora de anormalidade de contratilidade segmentar no mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Seguimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O seguimento foi realizado mediante entrevistas obtidas por contato telef&#244;nico. Os desfechos analisados foram &#243;bitos por todas as causas e ocorr&#234;ncia do primeiro evento card&#237;aco maior (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP), cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM) ou &#243;bitos por causa card&#237;aca).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por n&#250;mero de casos e percentuais, e as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os dois grupos foram realizadas pelo teste qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) ou exato de Fisher. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram caracterizadas como m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, sendo as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos feitas mediante o teste T n&#227;o pareado. As curvas cumulativas de eventos foram estimadas pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e comparadas pelo teste de <italic>log-rank</italic>. Para avaliar os fatores de risco de eventos card&#237;acos e de mortalidade geral, foi utilizada a regress&#227;o de Cox. Consideraram-se significantes os valores de p &lt; 0,05. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram processadas com o programa SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aspectos &#233;ticos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Requisitou-se ao Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Sergipe a extens&#227;o do projeto de pesquisa "Incompet&#234;ncia Cronotr&#243;pica Adiciona Valor Preditivo Positivo para Doen&#231;a Coronariana Obstrutiva &#224; Ecocardiografia sob Estresse pelo Esfor&#231;o F&#237;sico", previamente aprovado sob o protocolo n&#186; 1818.0.000.107-06. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 135 pacientes, 51 (37,8%) eram homens. A idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 63,6 &#177; 11,6, com idades lim&#237;trofes de 36 e 89 anos. Foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o resultado da EF: EF negativa (n = 93; 69,9%) e EF positiva (n = 42; 31,1%). A maioria dos pacientes com EF positiva eram homens e possu&#237;am hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0478-00098-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos hemodin&#226;micos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames. Dos 135 pacientes submetidos &#224; EF, 42 (31,1%) tiveram exame positivo. Contudo, desses pacientes, 18 (42,9%) tinham altera&#231;&#227;o da motilidade apenas no repouso, 17 (40,5%) n&#227;o tinham altera&#231;&#227;o da motilidade no repouso e desenvolveram isquemia durante o exame, e sete (16,7%) tinham altera&#231;&#227;o da motilidade no repouso e desenvolveram isquemia durante o exame (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop10011t02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop10011t02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0478-00098-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Seguimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 45,8 &#177; 4,7 meses. Nesse per&#237;odo, ocorreram nove eventos card&#237;acos (tr&#234;s IAM, uma RM, duas AP e tr&#234;s &#243;bitos por causa card&#237;aca) e oito &#243;bitos (al&#233;m dos tr&#234;s por causa card&#237;aca, dois &#243;bitos por acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, um por neoplasia g&#225;strica, um por pneumonia e um por enfisema pulmonar).</p>
    <p>A taxa de mortalidade em cinco anos foi de 16,1% no grupo com exame positivo e de 2,5% no grupo com exame negativo (p = 0,171) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>), enquanto a taxa de eventos card&#237;acos nesse mesmo per&#237;odo foi de 15,1% no grupo com exame positivo e de 1,6% no grupo com exame negativo (p = 0,009) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0478-00098-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0478-00098-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Preditores de eventos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Eventos card&#237;acos foram preditos tanto pelo resultado da EF (RR = 6,5; IC 95% = 1,3-31,9; p = 0,021) quanto pela presen&#231;a de isquemia a EF (RR = 7,8; IC 95% = 1,7-31,2; p = 0,008). Os fatores preditores de mortalidade foram idade (RR = 1,8; IC 95% = 1,2-2,7; p = 0,003) e DAC pr&#233;via (RR = 4,9; IC 95% = 1,2-19,6; p = 0,023). O resultado da EF n&#227;o se mostrou preditor de mortalidade geral (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0478-00098-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A EF n&#227;o &#233; utilizada usualmente em portadores de BRE, provavelmente em decorr&#234;ncia da escassez de estudos na literatura que respaldem essa indica&#231;&#227;o. Esta &#233; a primeira investiga&#231;&#227;o com esse objetivo em popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. O principal achado desta pesquisa consiste na demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que pacientes com BRE e EF positiva t&#234;m aumentado o risco para eventos card&#237;acos.</p>
    <p>O valor progn&#243;stico da ecocardiografia sob estresse (EE), que tamb&#233;m inclui os exames que utilizam estresse farmacol&#243;gico, j&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecido em diversos outros grupos espec&#237;ficos de pacientes, como nos portadores de hipertens&#227;o, diabete melito, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda (SVE) e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>15</sup>. Marwick e cols.<sup>16</sup> demonstraram que o resultado positivo da EE &#233; um preditor independente de morte por causa card&#237;aca nos pacientes hipertensos com DAC suspeita ou conhecida. O estudo de Cortigiani e cols.<sup>17</sup> encontrou resultados semelhantes. Smart e cols.<sup>18</sup>, por meio de um estudo com 345 pacientes portadores de SVE, demonstraram que a isquemia induzida pela EE foi fator preditor de eventos nesse grupo de pacientes. A EE tamb&#233;m revelou importante valor progn&#243;stico para eventos card&#237;acos tardios em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, como ficou demonstrado no estudo de Poldermans e cols.<sup>19</sup>. Um estudo feito por Oliveira e cols.<sup>20</sup>, com o objetivo de avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da EF em pacientes portadores de diabete melito, demonstrou que aqueles com EF normal apresentavam baixas taxas de eventos card&#237;acos no primeiro ano ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame.</p>
    <p>O teste ergom&#233;trico &#233; o m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo mais utilizado para o diagn&#243;stico e a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de DAC, mas &#233; considerado inconclusivo em pacientes com BRE<sup>21,22</sup>. Como ainda s&#227;o escassos os dados acerca do potencial diagn&#243;stico da ecocardiografia sob estresse pelo esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico em pacientes portadores de BRE, essa modalidade ainda n&#227;o &#233; recomendada pelas diretrizes do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> e da <italic>American Heart Association</italic>, que indicam o uso da cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio com vasodilatador e da ecocardiografia sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico com dobutamina<sup>23</sup>. A suposta limita&#231;&#227;o da EF em pacientes com BRE &#233; a an&#225;lise da mobilidade do septo, que pode n&#227;o ter uma boa acur&#225;cia; apesar disso, uma piora do espessamento da parede septal durante a EF &#233; um bom marcador de isquemia<sup>24</sup>. O estudo de Peteiro e cols.<sup>25</sup> demonstrou que a EF tem uma boa efici&#234;ncia em pacientes com BRE. Em estudo com 35 pacientes portadores de BRE submetidos &#224; EF, encontraram-se sensibilidade de 76%, especificidade de 83% e acur&#225;cia de 80%.</p>
    <p>Artigos recentes v&#234;m demonstrando que a EE em pacientes com BRE pode ser &#250;til para detectar DAC e para prever eventos card&#237;acos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Uma metan&#225;lise considerando exames n&#227;o invasivos em pacientes portadores de BRE demonstrou que a acur&#225;cia para a detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC da EE se mostrou compar&#225;vel &#224; cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio. O valor progn&#243;stico para eventos card&#237;acos maiores tamb&#233;m evidenciou resultados semelhantes entre a EE e a cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio, o que favorece a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessas duas t&#233;cnicas para o diagn&#243;stico e o progn&#243;stico de pacientes portadores de BRE com suspeita de DAC<sup>26</sup>. A Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia, na &#250;ltima recomenda&#231;&#227;o, indica a EE como excelente exame para mensurar o progn&#243;stico desse grupo<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a taxa de eventos card&#237;acos (RM, AP, IAM e &#243;bitos por causas card&#237;acas) em cinco anos foi de 15,1% no grupo com exame positivo e de 1,6% no grupo com exame negativo (p = 0,009). Esse resultado &#233; semelhante ao encontrado por Bouzas-Mosquera e cols.<sup>27</sup>, que, estudando 618 pacientes com BRE, demonstraram uma taxa de 18% no grupo com EF positiva e de 4,6% no grupo com EF negativa (p &lt; 0,001). Esses dados demonstram que mesmo os pacientes portadores de BRE com EF positiva possuem maiores chances de evoluir com eventos card&#237;acos do que aqueles que tiveram exame negativo.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho &#243;bito por todas as causas, diferentemente de Bouzas-Mosquera e cols.<sup>27</sup>, que encontraram uma taxa de 24,6% nos pacientes com EF positiva e de 12,6% nos pacientes com EF negativa (p &lt; 0,001), nesta pesquisa, n&#227;o foi encontrada signific&#226;ncia na compara&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por todas as causas em cinco anos (16,1% <italic>vs.</italic> 2,5%, p = 0,171). Esse dado talvez reflita as limita&#231;&#245;es no que se refere ao poder do presente estudo (devido ao n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes) e n&#227;o uma igualdade na evolu&#231;&#227;o dos dois grupos no que se refere &#224; mortalidade geral.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia sob estresse pelo esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico mostrou-se preditora de eventos card&#237;acos (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, angioplastia percut&#226;nea, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e &#243;bito por causas card&#237;acas) em pacientes portadores de BRE.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira </p>
        <p> Pra&#231;a Graccho Cardoso, 76/402, S&#227;o Jos&#233; </p>
        <p> 49015-180 - Aracaju, SE, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jlobelem@cardiol.br">jlobelem@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="joselinasergipe@ig.com.br">joselinasergipe@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 08/03/11; revisado recebido em 30/05/11; aceito em 22/06/11.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prognostic value of exercise stress echocardiography in patients with left bundle branch block</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The literature lacks studies about the prognostic value of exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) in patients with complete left bundle branch block (LBBB) of the bundle of His. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic value of ESE in patients with LBBB. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort that evaluated 135 patients with LBBB, from January 2001 to October 2009, of which 37.8% were men, mean age 63.6 &#177; 11.5 years submitted to ESE according to Bruce protocol on a treadmill. Cox regression was used, considering these outcomes: death from all causes and from cardiac events, defined as acute myocardial infarction (AMI), percutaneous angioplasty (PA), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and death from cardiac causes. RESULTS: Positive ESE was observed in 42 patients (31%). The mean follow-up was 45.8 &#177; 4.7 months. During this period, there were 9 deaths from all causes and 9 cardiac events (3 deaths from cardiac causes, 3 myocardial infarctions, 2 PA and one CABG). The mortality rate from all causes during five years was 16.1% in the group with positive ESE and 2.5% in the group with negative test (p = 0.171), whereas the rate of cardiac events in the same period was 15.1% for the positive ESE and 1.6% in the group with negative test (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: ESE showed to be a predictor of cardiac events in patients with LBBB.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>stress</kwd>
        <kwd>bundle-branch block</kwd>
        <kwd>prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Prognostic value of exercise stress echocardiography in patients with left bundle branch block</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Francis de Lima Vasconcelos<sup>I</sup>; Bruno Fernandes de Oliveira Santos<sup>I</sup>; Nathalie de Oliveira Santana<sup>I</sup>; Gustavo Baptista de Almeida Faro<sup>I</sup>; Romerito de Oliveira Rocha<sup>I</sup>; Vin&#237;cio Vieira Leal<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Augusto Barreto-Filho<sup>I, II</sup>; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa<sup>I, II</sup>; Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Medicina - Universidade Federal de Sergipe - S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, SE</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia (ECOLAB) do Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas - Acaraju, SE, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The literature lacks studies about the prognostic value of exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) in patients with complete left bundle branch block (LBBB) of the bundle of His.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the prognostic value of ESE in patients with LBBB.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This is a retrospective cohort that evaluated 135 patients with LBBB, from January 2001 to October 2009, of which 37.8% were men, mean age 63.6 &#177; 11.5 years submitted to ESE according to Bruce protocol on a treadmill. Cox regression was used, considering these outcomes: death from all causes and from cardiac events, defined as acute myocardial infarction (AMI), percutaneous angioplasty (PA), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and death from cardiac causes.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Positive ESE was observed in 42 patients (31%). The mean follow-up was 45.8 &#177; 4.7 months. During this period, there were 9 deaths from all causes and 9 cardiac events (3 deaths from cardiac causes, 3 myocardial infarctions, 2 PA and one CABG). The mortality rate from all causes during five years was 16.1% in the group with positive ESE and 2.5% in the group with negative test (p = 0.171), whereas the rate of cardiac events in the same period was 15.1% for the positive ESE and 1.6% in the group with negative test (p = 0.009).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> ESE showed to be a predictor of cardiac events in patients with LBBB.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Echocardiography, stress; bundle-branch block; prognosis; coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The left bundle branch block (LBBB) of the bundle of <italic>His</italic> is easily detected by the electrocardiogram (ECG). It may be associated with progressive disorder of the conduction system or occur in patients with no evidence of heart disease. LBBB interferes with the interpretation of the exercise test, in addition to inducing ventricular dyssynchrony, thus impairing the evaluation of left ventricular function. According to epidemiological studies carried out in the last thirty years, the prevalence of the LBBB has varied between 0.1 and 0.8% in the U.S. population<sup>1-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Approximately one third of patients with heart failure have a conduction disorder and LBBB is the one most often found (25%)<sup>6</sup>. It is associated with increased cardiovascular morbimortality and may be considered a marker of a slowly and progressive cardiac degeneration of ischemic or nonischemic causes<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) is a noninvasive method of great value for the diagnosis and risk stratification of coronary artery disease (CAD)<sup>8-11</sup>. This technique allows the analysis of left ventricular function at rest and under stress, as well as the detection of the presence, location and extent of alterations in wall motion in response to stress. It also has high availability and reliability, in addition to being low cost and eliminating the need for radioactive material use<sup>12</sup>. The ESE is also able to detect ischemic changes earlier than the exercise test (ET), as previously demonstrated by several studies<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, this is an established and versatile tool for the diagnosis and risk stratification of CAD in the general population. However, its applicability in patients with LBBB is not yet well established. Considering that, the present study aims to evaluate the prognostic value of ESE in patients with LBBB.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between January 2001 and October 2009, a total of 6,731 patients underwent exercise stress echocardiography at the Laboratory of Echocardiography of Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas (ECOLAB), Aracaju-SE. In this sample, we identified 243 patients with LBBB. During follow-up, 108 patients were excluded from the study, as it was not possible to follow them by telephone contact. We also excluded those who refused to participate in the study, those with poor-quality imaging tests and those with significant valvular heart disease.</p>
      <p>LBBB was defined as wide QRS complex (duration e"120ms), with predominantly positive QRS complexes, and wide R waves in leads DI, V5 and V6 and rS or QS patterns in V1<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Test protocol</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The test was initiated with the medical history, physical examination, blood pressure and heart rate measurement, 12-lead electrocardiogram and echocardiography at rest. Subsequently, the ET was performed according to the Bruce protocol.</p>
      <p>The echocardiographic images were obtained at rest, immediately after the physical exertion and during the recovery period, using two-dimensional echocardiography, pulsed Doppler and tissue Doppler. The echocardiographic variables were obtained and measured according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>12</sup>. The two-dimensional echocardiographic images were recorded on video home system (VHS) tapes and digital video discs (DVDs), with the patient on left lateral decubitus and simultaneous electrocardiographic recording in the parasternal acoustic windows (longitudinal and transverse) and apical (two-chamber and four-chamber).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ESE Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The images obtained at the three moments of the examination were placed side by side in quad screen format and were analyzed and compared at different heart rates by an experienced level-III echocardiographist, according to criteria established by the American Society of Echocardiography. This organization also recommends that the left ventricle (LV) should be assessed by standard echocardiographic planes, defining 16 segments, and that the examinations should be recorded for later review. Scores were given to each of the 16 segments: 1 - normal segments, 2 - segments with decreased thickness (hypokinetic), 3 - segments without thickening (akinetic) and 4 - segments with dyskinetic movements. The left ventricular wall motion index (LVWMI) was obtained by adding the scores given to each of the 16 segments divided by the number of studied segments. This evaluation was performed at rest and after exercise stress<sup>11,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The test was considered positive if segmental contractility abnormalities occurred in the myocardium at rest and / or after exercise. Ischemia was defined as the onset or worsening of segmental contractility abnormalities in the myocardium after exercise<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Follow-up</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Follow-up was carried out through telephone interviews. The outcomes analyzed were deaths from all causes and occurrence of the first major cardiac event (acute myocardial infarction (AMI), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or death from cardiac causes).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Categorical variables were described as number of cases and percentages, and comparisons between groups were carried out by Chi-square (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) or Fisher exact test. Quantitative variables were characterized as mean &#177; standard deviation, and comparisons between groups were carried out using unpaired <italic>t</italic> test. The cumulative event curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log-rank test. Cox regression was used to assess risk factors for cardiac events and overall mortality and p values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant. Statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS software, release 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ethical Aspects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Sergipe was requested an extension for the research project "Chronotropic Incompetence Adds Positive Predictive Value to Obstructive Coronary Disease at Exercise Stress Echocardiography", previously approved under Protocol #1818.0.000.107-06. All patients signed the free informed consent form.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical characteristics of the studied population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 135 patients, 51 (37.8%) were men. The mean age was 63.6 &#177; 11.6, ranging from 36 to 89 years. The patients were divided in two groups according to the ESE result: Negative ESE (n = 93, 69.9%) and positive ESE (n = 42, 31.1%). The majority of patients with positive ESE was male and had a history of myocardial infarction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0478-00098-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical Hemodynamic and Echocardiographic Parameters</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no complications during the examinations. Of the 135 patients submitted to ESE, 42 (31.1%) had a positive test. However, of these patients, 18 (42.9%) had altered motility only at rest, 17 (40.5%) had no motility alterations at rest and developed ischemia during the examination, and seven (16.7%) had motility alterations at rest and developed ischemia during the examination (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0478-00098-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Follow-up</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mean follow-up was 45.8 &#177; 4.7 months. During this period, there were nine cardiac events (three AMI, one CABG, two PA and three deaths from cardiac causes) and eight deaths (in addition to the three from cardiac causes, two deaths due to cerebrovascular accident, one due to gastric neoplasm, one due to pneumonia and one due to pulmonary emphysema). The five-year mortality rate was 16.1% for the group with a positive test and 2.5% in the group with a negative test (p = 0.171) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>), whereas the rate of cardiac events during the same period was 15.1% in the group with a positive test and 1.6% in the group with a negative test (p = 0.009) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0478-00098-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0478-00098-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Predictors of events</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiac events were predicted by both the result of the ESE (RR = 6.5, 95%CI = 1.3 to 31.9, p = 0.021) and by the presence of ischemia at the ESE (RR = 7.8, 95%CI = 1.7 to 31.2, p = 0.008). The mortality predictors were age (RR = 1.8, 95%CI = 1.2 to 2.7, p = 0.003) and previous CAD (RR = 4.9, 95%CI = 1.2 to 19.6, p = 0.023). The ESE result was not a predictor of overall mortality (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0478-00098-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The exercise stress echocardiography is not usually used in patients with LBBB, probably due to the lack of studies in the literature to support this indication. This is the first investigation with such objective in a Brazilian population. The main finding of this research is to demonstrate that patients with LBBB and positive ESE have increased risk for cardiac events.</p>
      <p>The prognostic value of the exercise stress echocardiography (ESE), which also includes the tests using pharmacologic stress, has already been established in many other specific groups of individuals, such as in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular overload (LVO) and atrial fibrillation<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Marwick et al<sup>16</sup> demonstrated that the positive result of the ESE is an independent predictor of death from cardiac causes in hypertensive patients with suspected or known CAD. The study by Cortigiani et al<sup>17</sup> found similar results. Smart et al<sup>18</sup>, in a study of 345 patients with LVO, showed that ESE-induced ischemia was a predictor of events in this group of patients. The ESE also showed a significant prognostic value for late cardiac events in patients with atrial fibrillation, as demonstrated in the study by Poldermans et al<sup>19</sup>. A study by Oliveira et al<sup>20</sup>, with the objective to evaluate the prognostic value of ESE in patients with diabetes, showed that those with normal ESE had low rates of cardiac events in the first year after the examination.</p>
      <p>The exercise test is the most widely used noninvasive method for diagnosis and risk stratification of CAD, but it is considered inconclusive in patients with LBBB<sup>21,22</sup>. As there are scarce data regarding the diagnostic potential of exercise stress echocardiography in patients with LBBB, this modality is not recommended by the guidelines of the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association, which indicate the use of myocardial scintigraphy on coronary vasodilator and pharmacological stress echocardiography with dobutamine<sup>23</sup>. The alleged limitation of ESE in patients with LBBB is the analysis of septal motility, which may not have good accuracy; in spite of that, the worsening in the septal wall thickening during the ESE is a good marker of ischemia<sup>24</sup>. The study by Peteiro et al<sup>25</sup> demonstrated that the ESE has a good effectiveness in patients with LBBB. A study of 35 patients with LBBB undergoing ESE showed a sensitivity of 76%, specificity of 83% and accuracy of 80%.</p>
      <p>Recent articles have demonstrated that the ESE in patients with LBBB may be useful to detect CAD and predict cardiac events in this population. A meta-analysis considering non-invasive tests in patients with LBBB showed that the ESE accuracy to detect CAD was comparable to that of myocardial scintigraphy. The prognostic value for major cardiac events also showed similar results between the ESE and myocardial scintigraphy, which supports the use of these two techniques for the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with LBBB and suspected CAD<sup>26</sup>. The American Society of Echocardiography, in its last recommendation, indicated the ESE as an excellent test to measure prognosis in this group<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the rate of cardiac events (CABG, PA, AMI and death from cardiac causes) over five years was 15.1% for the group with a positive test and 1.6% in the group with a negative test (p = 0.009).</p>
      <p>This result is similar to that found by Bouzas-Mosquera et al<sup>27</sup>, who studied 618 patients with LBBB and showed a rate of 18% in the group with positive ESE and 4.6% in the group with negative ESE (p &lt;0.001) . These data demonstrate that even patients with LBBB and positive ESE are more likely to develop cardiac events than those who had a negative test.</p>
      <p>Regarding the outcome of death from all causes, unlike Bouzas-Mosquera et al<sup>27</sup> who found a rate of 24.6% in patients with positive ESE and 12.6% in patients with negative ESE (p &lt;0.001), in the present study we found no significance in the comparison of mortality from all causes at five years (16.1% vs. 2.5%, p = 0.171). This finding may reflect the limitations regarding the power of this study (due to the limited number of patients) and not a homogenous evolution of the two groups with regard to overall mortality.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The exercise stress echocardiography showed to be a predictor of cardiac events (myocardial infarction, percutaneous angioplasty, CABG, and death from cardiac causes) in patients with LBBB.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
