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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">S5Xv98hc4zkpQShkLKM9qxz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001500005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000110</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 e polimorfismo 4G/5G em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Maria das Gra&#231;as</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Cirilo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Marinez Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vi&#231;osa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina e Enfermagem </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Socor</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas e Toxicol&#243;gicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>462</fpage>
      <lpage>389</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O polimorfismo 4G/5G do inibidor ativador do plasminog&#234;nio tipo 1 (PAI-1) pode influenciar a express&#227;o do PAI-1. N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos elevados de PAI-1 est&#227;o associados com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC). OBJETIVO: O presente estudo investigou a influ&#234;ncia do polimorfismo 4G/5G do PAI-1 nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com DAC avaliada por angiografia coron&#225;ria. M&#201;TODOS: Foi avaliada amostra de sangue de 35 indiv&#237;duos com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias angiograficamente normais, 31 indiv&#237;duos apresentando ateromatose leve/moderada, 57 indiv&#237;duos apresentando ateromatose grave e 38 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (controles). Em pacientes e controles, o polimorfismo 4G/5G do PAI-1 foi determinado por amplifica&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na-C reativa utilizando primers espec&#237;ficos de alelo. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 foram quantificados pelo ensaio ELISA (American Diagnostica). RESULTADOS: N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto a sexo, idade e &#237;ndice de massa corporal. N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 e frequ&#234;ncia do gen&#243;tipo 4G/4G mostravam-se significativamente maiores no grupo com ateromatose grave em compara&#231;&#227;o com os outros grupos (p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes com gen&#243;tipo 4G/4G (r = 0,28, p &lt; 0,001) apresentaram n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 significativamente maiores do que aqueles com o gen&#243;tipo 5G/5G (r = 0,02, p = 0,4511). Al&#233;m disso, em um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, ajustado para todas as outras vari&#225;veis, o PAI-1 esteve independentemente associado com DAC &gt; 70% (p &lt; 0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: O achado mais importante deste estudo foi a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o gen&#243;tipo 4G/4G, elevados n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 e estenose coronariana superior a 70% em indiv&#237;duos brasileiros. Ainda n&#227;o foi estabelecido se elevados n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 s&#227;o um fator decisivo para o agravamento da aterosclerose ou se s&#227;o uma consequ&#234;ncia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Inibidor 1 de ativador de plasminog&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>polimorfismo gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a das coron&#225;rias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fn id="enda">
        <label>
          <bold>Associa&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 e polimorfismo 4G/5G em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</bold>
        </label>
        <p>
          <bold>Luciana Moreira Lima<sup>I,II</sup>; Maria das Gra&#231;as Carvalho<sup>II</sup>; Cirilo Pereira Fonseca Neto<sup>III</sup>; Jos&#233; Carlos Faria Garcia<sup>III</sup>; Marinez Oliveira Sousa<sup>II</sup></bold>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Medicina e Enfermagem - Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa, Vi&#231;osa, MG </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas e Toxicol&#243;gicas - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica - Hospital Socor, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O polimorfismo 4G/5G do inibidor ativador do plasminog&#234;nio tipo 1 (PAI-1) pode influenciar a express&#227;o do PAI-1. N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos elevados de PAI-1 est&#227;o associados com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC). </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O presente estudo investigou a influ&#234;ncia do polimorfismo 4G/5G do PAI-1 nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com DAC avaliada por angiografia coron&#225;ria. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foi avaliada amostra de sangue de 35 indiv&#237;duos com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias angiograficamente normais, 31 indiv&#237;duos apresentando ateromatose leve/moderada, 57 indiv&#237;duos apresentando ateromatose grave e 38 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (controles). Em pacientes e controles, o polimorfismo 4G/5G do PAI-1 foi determinado por amplifica&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na-C reativa utilizando primers espec&#237;ficos de alelo. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 foram quantificados pelo ensaio ELISA (American Diagnostica). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto a sexo, idade e &#237;ndice de massa corporal. N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 e frequ&#234;ncia do gen&#243;tipo 4G/4G mostravam-se significativamente maiores no grupo com ateromatose grave em compara&#231;&#227;o com os outros grupos (p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes com gen&#243;tipo 4G/4G (r = 0,28, p &lt; 0,001) apresentaram n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 significativamente maiores do que aqueles com o gen&#243;tipo 5G/5G (r = 0,02, p = 0,4511). Al&#233;m disso, em um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, ajustado para todas as outras vari&#225;veis, o PAI-1 esteve independentemente associado com DAC &gt; 70% (p &lt; 0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O achado mais importante deste estudo foi a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o gen&#243;tipo 4G/4G, elevados n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 e estenose coronariana superior a 70% em indiv&#237;duos brasileiros. Ainda n&#227;o foi estabelecido se elevados n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 s&#227;o um fator decisivo para o agravamento da aterosclerose ou se s&#227;o uma consequ&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Inibidor 1 de ativador de plasminog&#234;nio/gen&#233;tica, polimorfismo gen&#233;tico, doen&#231;a das coron&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O principal inibidor da fibrin&#243;lise &#233; o inibidor do ativador do plasminog&#234;nio tipo 1 (PAI-1), que &#233; o inibidor prim&#225;rio do ativador fisiol&#243;gico do plasminog&#234;nio (t-PA). N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos elevados de PAI-1 foram relatados em pacientes sobreviventes de Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio (IM) em compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, e esse aumento est&#225; correlacionado com a recorr&#234;ncia de IM<sup>1,2</sup>. Disfun&#231;&#227;o fibrinol&#237;tica tem estado associada a Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC) e IM.</p>
    <p>A inser&#231;&#227;o ou exclus&#227;o de um nucleot&#237;deo na regi&#227;o promotora do gene PAI-1 (-675 4G/5G) foi identificada em 675 pares de bases antes do in&#237;cio da transcri&#231;&#227;o<sup>3</sup>. Indiv&#237;duos homozigotos para a dele&#231;&#227;o de 4G/4G possuem elevados n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1, portadores de 5G/5G possuem n&#237;veis reduzidos, e indiv&#237;duos heterozigotos 4G/5G possuem n&#237;veis intermedi&#225;rios<sup>4,5</sup>. A incapacidade de ligar uma prote&#237;na transcricional repressora esteve associado com o alelo 4G, resultando em maior express&#227;o de PAI-1 mRNA e maior n&#237;vel de circula&#231;&#227;o de PAI-1<sup>6</sup>. N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 podem ser influenciados por idade, sexo, obesidade, hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, hipercolesterolemia e polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos, incluindo polimorfismo -675 4G/5G<sup>6,7</sup>. N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos elevados de PAI-1 podem prejudicar o sistema fibrinol&#237;tico e promover a sobreviv&#234;ncia do co&#225;gulo de fibrina. Portanto, a genotipagem desse polimorfismo pode ser relevante para avaliar o desempenho do sistema fibrinol&#237;tico em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico estabelecido de DAC.</p>
    <p>Existem dados limitados e controversos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao impacto do polimorfismo 4G/5G do gene do PAI-1 na extens&#227;o da DAC. Esse polimorfismo est&#225; envolvido na CAD, com o maior risco em homozigotos 4G/4G em algumas popula&#231;&#245;es<sup>8</sup>, mas n&#227;o em outras<sup>9</sup>. O papel do polimorfismo PAI-1 em pacientes brasileiros que sofrem de DAC n&#227;o foi estabelecido at&#233; o momento. A frequ&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o do gene PAI-1 foi estudada para testar a hip&#243;tese de que o gen&#243;tipo 4G/4G favorece a gravidade da DAC em indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Indiv&#237;duos e desenho do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A aprova&#231;&#227;o para o estudo foi concedida pelo Hospital Socor e o Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes, e os detalhes cl&#237;nicos relevantes para cada indiv&#237;duo foram registrados. Entre esses detalhes, destacam-se dados pessoais e demogr&#225;ficos, hist&#243;rico familiar, fatores de risco e resultados de angiografia coron&#225;ria que foram inicialmente registrados por tr&#234;s cardiologistas independentes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop10111tab01m">tab. 1</xref>). Um total de 123 indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino e feminino presentes na cl&#237;nica de angiografia coron&#225;ria do Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica do Hospital Socor de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, com idade entre 42 a 69 anos, foram estudados. Com base nos resultados da angiografia coronariana, os participantes foram classificados em tr&#234;s grupos: art&#233;rias angiograficamente normais (n = 35), ateromatose leve/moderada (n = 31) e ateromatose grave (n = 57). O grupo com ateromatose grave tamb&#233;m foi subdividido de acordo com o n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias afetadas em ateromatose grave em um vaso (SA-1, n = 16), dois vasos (SA-2, n = 13) e tr&#234;s ou mais vasos sangu&#237;neos afetados (SA -3, n = 28). Todos os pacientes tinham hist&#243;rico de angina est&#225;vel. No entanto, nenhum dos pacientes tinha tido infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recente ou angina inst&#225;vel (pelo menos nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, dist&#250;rbios de coagula&#231;&#227;o, problemas renais, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica ou autoimune ou c&#226;ncer, ou estavam em tratamento com <italic>warfarin</italic> ou em terapia de modifica&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica. No mesmo per&#237;odo, 38 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis foram selecionados a partir da comunidade em geral (grupo controle), com idade m&#233;dia e &#205;ndice de Massa Corp&#243;rea (IMC) semelhante &#224; m&#233;dia dos tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes. No entanto, este estudo n&#227;o tinha a inten&#231;&#227;o de desenvolver um estudo do tipo caso-controle.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop10111tab01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0462-00110-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Angiografia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A angiografia coronariana foi realizada pela via percut&#226;nea transfemoral. As imagens foram gravadas digitalmente e todas as angiografias foram analisadas por tr&#234;s cardiologistas experientes que n&#227;o tinham conhecimento dos detalhes cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes. Apenas os pacientes que tiveram tr&#234;s resultados id&#234;nticos foram selecionados. A extens&#227;o e a progress&#227;o da DAC angiograficamente documentada foram classificadas da seguinte forma:</p>
    <p><bold><italic>1. Art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais </italic></bold>(sem estenose angiogr&#225;fica)</p>
    <p><bold><italic>2. Leve</italic></bold> (at&#233; 30% de estenose do di&#226;metro luminal em uma ou mais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias)</p>
    <p><bold><italic>3. Moderada</italic></bold> (de 30% a 70% de estenose do di&#226;metro luminal em uma ou mais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias)</p>
    <p><bold><italic>4. Grave</italic></bold> (estenose maior que 70% do di&#226;metro luminal em uma ou mais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias)</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coleta de amostras e determina&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Amostras de sangue venoso perif&#233;rico foram coletadas em jejum de cada participante antes da angiografia. Quatro mL e meio de sangue foram coletados em tubos vacutainer contendo 3,8% de citrato triss&#243;dico anticoagulante (Becton-Dickinson) utilizando uma agulha calibre 21. Al&#233;m disso, 5 mL foram coletados em um tubo sem anticoagulante e 5 mL com EDTA. As amostras foram imediatamente centrifugadas por 15 minutos a 1.100 g. O plasma e o soro foram imediatamente isolados e as al&#237;quotas foram armazenadas a -70 &#186;C para a an&#225;lise dos lotes. As amostras de sangue com EDTA foram submetidas &#224; extra&#231;&#227;o do DNA gen&#244;mico utilizando o sistema de purifica&#231;&#227;o de Wizard (Promega, Inc.). A dosagem do PAI-1 foi realizada utilizando al&#237;quotas de plasma com o kit de diagn&#243;stico IMUBIND<sup>&#174;</sup> Plasma PAI-1 ELISA (American Diagnostica<sup>&#174;</sup> Inc. - USA) de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante.</p>
    <p>O polimorfismo 4G/5G foi determinado utilizando a rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeira da polimerase (PCR) alelo-espec&#237;fica, como j&#225; descrito<sup>2</sup>. As rea&#231;&#245;es de PCR foram realizadas em um termociclador PCR PT100 (MJ Research, Waltham, EUA) usando 1 pMol de cada primer (Invitrogen<sup>&#174;</sup>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP), 0,2 mM de dNTPs (GIBCO BRL<sup>&#174;</sup>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP), e 1 unidade de Taq polimerase (Phoneutria<sup>&#174;</sup>-Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil). As rea&#231;&#245;es de PCR foram submetidas a 15 ciclos constitu&#237;dos por 1 min a 95 &#186;C para desnatura&#231;&#227;o, 1 minuto a 59 &#186;C para o anelamento do primer e 1 min a 72 &#186;C para a extens&#227;o do primer, precedida por uma etapa inicial de desnatura&#231;&#227;o a 95 &#186;C por 5 minutos, seguidos de 20 ciclos com anelamento a 52 &#186;C e terminando com um espa&#231;amento de 72 &#186;C por 5 minutos. DNAs de indiv&#237;duos previamente analisados foram inclu&#237;dos em cada amostra a fim de controlar a atividade enzim&#225;tica. As amostras foram ent&#227;o analisadas por eletroforese em gel de acrilamida em banho de prata.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Considera&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados foram analisados pelo software Sigma Stat vers&#227;o 1.0 utilizando-se ANOVA de um fator ou Kruskal-Wallis em classifica&#231;&#245;es seguidas pelo teste de Tukey. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas (fatores de risco e polimorfismo 4G/5G) foram analisadas usando o teste do qui-quadrado. O teste de Spearman foi utilizado para a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o estado de polimorfismo (vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica) e PAI-1 plasm&#225;tico (vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua) e entre DAC (vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica) e PAI-1 (vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua). Utilizou-se o teste<italic> goodness-of-fit</italic> X<sup>2</sup> para confirmar se as frequ&#234;ncias genot&#237;picas observadas eram consistentes com as esperados sob a hip&#243;tese de Hardy-Weinberg. Al&#233;m disso, utilizou-se a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, pois as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o podem ser consideradas independentes.</p>
    <p>Nesse modelo, DAC &gt; 70% foi considerada como vari&#225;vel dependente. O tamanho da amostra foi calculada considerando os valores m&#233;dios obtidos e os desvios-padr&#227;o para PAI-1 com base em um estudo piloto que incluiu 50 amostras. O n&#237;vel de erro alfa ou n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a foi de 5% correspondente a um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. O n&#237;vel de erro beta ou poder estat&#237;stico [1 - beta] foi de 20%. A pot&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica calculada (erro tipo II ou beta), com n&#237;vel de erro alfa de 5% foi de 97,3%. Assim, um tamanho m&#237;nimo de uma amostra satisfat&#243;ria para avaliar n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos poderia ser de 15 indiv&#237;duos em cada grupo. Tendo em vista que o grupo com ateromatose grave foi subdividido, o tamanho m&#237;nimo da amostra foi definida de acordo com o coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o descrito anteriormente na literatura, considerando-se uma varia&#231;&#227;o de dez por cento para um n&#250;mero m&#233;dio e um n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de onze indiv&#237;duos por grupo. Foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas com 5% de n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia. Para os gen&#243;tipos do polimorfismo 4G5G do PAI-1, considerando a varia&#231;&#227;o observada do alelo e frequ&#234;ncias genot&#237;picas de diferentes estudos, o tamanho da amostra calculada foi de um m&#237;nimo de 29 indiv&#237;duos em cada grupo com um n&#237;vel de erro alfa de 5%, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% e poder estat&#237;stico de 80% (1-beta).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos grupos, incluindo sexo e idade, bem como os fatores de risco associados com a aterosclerose, n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos e percentual de cada vari&#225;vel s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop10111tab01m">tabela 1</xref>. Os quatro grupos estudados apresentaram homogeneidade em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, sexo e &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea. Observou-se uma diferen&#231;a significativa o par&#226;metro tabagismo para o grupo com ateromatose grave em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo angiograficamente normal (p = 0,02). Com rela&#231;&#227;o a um estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio, os grupos com ateromatose leve/moderada e grave mostraram-se significativamente diferentes do grupo controle e angiograficamente normal (p &lt; 0,05). Par&#226;metros do perfil lip&#237;dico convencional tamb&#233;m s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop10111tab01m">tabela 1</xref> como m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos para colesterol total, HDL e LDL. Apenas os n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos foram significativamente menores no grupo controle em compara&#231;&#227;o com os outros.</p>
    <p>Os resultados dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos do PAI-1 e polimorfismo 4G/5G s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop10111tab02m">tabela 2</xref>. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos do PAI-1 mostraram-se significativamente maiores no grupo com ateromatose grave do que nos demais (p &lt; 0,001). O grupo com ateromatose grave tamb&#233;m parece ter maior frequ&#234;ncia de gen&#243;tipo 4G/4G e menor frequ&#234;ncia de 4G/5G em compara&#231;&#227;o com os outros grupos. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada no gen&#243;tipo 5G/5G entre os grupos. Nenhum desvio do equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg foi observado. Quando o grupo com ateromatose grave foi subdividido, os participantes com um vaso sangu&#237;neo afetado apresentou maiores n&#237;veis de PAI-1, em compara&#231;&#227;o com dois e tr&#234;s vasos sangu&#237;neos afetados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop10111fig01m">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop10111tab02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0462-00110-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop10111fig01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0462-00110-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A regress&#227;o linear mostrou que o PAI-1 pode ser previsto a partir de uma combina&#231;&#227;o linear de DAC (r = 0,47, p &lt; 0,0001). De fato, uma vez que esses resultados foram analisados usando um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria, ajustado para todas as outras vari&#225;veis , o PAI-1 parece estar independentemente associado com DAC &gt; 70% (p &lt; 0,001). Essa observa&#231;&#227;o foi confirmada pela raz&#227;o de chances obtida para o PAI-1 (2,358, 95%, IC = 1,085-9,432, p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa com o gen&#243;tipo 4G/4G (r = 0,28, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>V&#225;rios autores t&#234;m demonstrado a associa&#231;&#227;o de elevados n&#237;veis de PAI-1 com a presen&#231;a de DAC. Esses resultados corroboram o conceito da contribui&#231;&#227;o de fibrina intravascular na aterotrombog&#234;nese<sup>10</sup>. A diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade fibrinol&#237;tica, causada principalmente pelo aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica do PAI-1, tem estado associada com a DAC em diversos estudos<sup>11</sup>. Neste estudo, os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 mostraram-se significativamente maiores no grupo com ateromatose grave em compara&#231;&#227;o com os outros grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop10111tab02m">tab. 2</xref>). As m&#233;dias obtidas para os subgrupos SA-1, SA-2 e SA-3 tamb&#233;m foram significativamente elevadas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle e o grupo angiograficamente normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop10111fig01m">fig. 1</xref>). Esses dados mostram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de PAI-1 e a gravidade da DAC, considerando uma estenose com porcentagem maior que 70%, independentemente do n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias afetadas. Ap&#243;s o ajuste para fatores de risco e outras vari&#225;veis, os resultados da an&#225;lise multivariada podem ser inferidos sobre uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos do PAI-1 e a presen&#231;a de estenose da art&#233;ria coronariana superior a 70% (p &lt; 0,001). O subgrupo SA-1 tamb&#233;m mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo com ateromatose leve/ moderada (p = 0,004, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop10111fig01m">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Outro achado do presente estudo foi a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o gen&#243;tipo 4G/4G, aumento dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI- 1 (r = 0,28, p &lt; 0,001) e estenose da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria com obstru&#231;&#227;o superior a 70%, sugerindo que a presen&#231;a do alelo 4G pode ter influenciado o aumento dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1, e que esse aumento pode ter afetado o sistema fibrinol&#237;tico, sendo assim um fator decisivo para a progress&#227;o da aterosclerose nos indiv&#237;duos avaliados. Estudos anteriores haviam demonstrado a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o alelo 4G, alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de PAI-1 e DAC<sup>12-16</sup>. Embora essa associa&#231;&#227;o possa ser uma correla&#231;&#227;o promissora, n&#227;o pode ser demonstrada em todas as popula&#231;&#245;es<sup>17-19</sup>. Este &#233; o primeiro estudo a demonstrar essa correla&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 podem ser influenciados por diversos fatores<sup>20</sup>, dentre os quais fatores gen&#233;ticos. Hong e cols.<sup>21</sup> mostraram que 42% das varia&#231;&#245;es encontradas nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 se deram por fatores gen&#233;ticos, em um estudo envolvendo a popula&#231;&#227;o sueca. Naram e cols.<sup>11</sup>, examinando a popula&#231;&#227;o sul-africana, observaram que n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos inferiores de PAI-1 foram obtidos entre a popula&#231;&#227;o negra em compara&#231;&#227;o com caucasianos. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que a principal raz&#227;o para a detec&#231;&#227;o de baixos n&#237;veis de PAI- 1 em indiv&#237;duos negros foi a baixa preval&#234;ncia do alelo 4G nesse grupo de indiv&#237;duos. Embora a etnia influencie os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1, este estudo n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as significativas nos n&#237;veis PAI-1 para os diferentes grupos &#233;tnicos. O desenho do estudo poderia justificar tal achado porque o grupo estudado neste trabalho (n = 161) foi composto de 30,9% de caucasianos, 26,8% de negros e 42,3% de mesti&#231;os, por&#233;m uniformemente distribu&#237;dos em tr&#234;s grupos, mostrando diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre eles para as diferentes etnias. A frequ&#234;ncia de alelos 4G e 5G descritos para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, que apresenta uma variedade de grupos &#233;tnicos, ainda n&#227;o foi completamente estabelecida na literatura. Neste estudo, 51% dos participantes (n = 161) tinham alelo 4G, enquanto 49% tinham o alelo 5G.</p>
    <p>Se o aumento nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 &#233; um fator decisivo para o agravamento da aterosclerose ou seus n&#237;veis mais elevados s&#227;o uma consequ&#234;ncia dessa les&#227;o ainda est&#225; para ser esclarecido. O PAI-1 foi estudado em diferentes contextos com fisiopatologia tromb&#243;tica. O PAI-1 tamb&#233;m desempenha um papel importante na transdu&#231;&#227;o de sinal, ades&#227;o celular e migra&#231;&#227;o<sup>1</sup>. Em casos de art&#233;rias comprometidas, h&#225; uma popula&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea de c&#233;lulas que podem estar sintetizando o PAI-1<sup>17</sup>. Essas observa&#231;&#245;es sugerem que O PAI-1 pode estar envolvido na DAC como resultado da inicializa&#231;&#227;o e progress&#227;o da ateromatose com maior ac&#250;mulo de fibrina, seja por efeito de fibrin&#243;lise diminu&#237;da ou por meio do aumento da resposta da s&#237;ntese via realimenta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O achado mais importante deste estudo foi a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o gen&#243;tipo 4G/4G, elevados n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 e estenose coronariana superior a 70% em indiv&#237;duos brasileiros. A rela&#231;&#227;o observada com ateromatose grave mostrou-se independente do tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial, sedentarismo, hist&#243;rico familiar e perfil lip&#237;dico. Esses dados ap&#243;iam a hip&#243;tese de que o PAI-1 desempenha um papel na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose ou na sua principal manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, a DAC. Ainda n&#227;o foi estabelecido se elevados n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de PAI-1 s&#227;o um fator decisivo para o agravamento da aterosclerose ou se s&#227;o uma consequ&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq, CAPES e FAPEMIG. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Luciana Moreira Lima pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luciana Moreira Lima </p>
        <p> Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Centro </p>
        <p> 36570-000 - Vi&#231;osa, MG, Brasil </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism and plasma levels association in patients with coronary artery disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) 4G/5G polymorphism may influence the PAI-1 expression. High plasma levels of PAI-1 are associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the influence of PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism on plasma PAI-1 levels and its association with CAD assessed by coronary angiography. METHODS: Blood sample of 35 individuals with angiographycally normal coronary arteries, 31 individuals presenting mild/moderate atheromatosis, 57 individuals presenting severe atheromatosis and 38 healthy individuals (controls) were evaluated. In patients and controls, the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism was determined by PCR amplification using allele-specific primers. Plasma PAI-1 levels were quantified by ELISA assay (American Diagnostica). RESULTS: No difference was found between groups regarding age, gender and body mass index. Plasma PAI-1 levels and 4G/4G genotype frequency were significantly higher in the severe atheromatosis group compared to the other groups (p&lt;0.001). Furthermore, patients with 4G/4G genotype (r=0.28, p&lt;0.001) had significantly higher plasma PAI-1 levels than those with 5G/5G genotype (r=0.02, p=0.4511). In addition, in a multiple logistic regression model, adjusted for all the other variables, PAI-1 was observed to be independently associated with CAD &gt; 70% (p&lt;0.001). CONCLUSION: The most important finding of this study was the association between 4G/4G genotype, high plasma PAI-1 levels and coronary stenosis higher than 70% in Brazilian individuals. Whether high plasma PAI-1 levels are a decisive factor for atherosclerosis worsening or it is a consequence remains to be established.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1</kwd>
        <kwd>polymorphism, genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism and plasma levels association in patients with coronary artery disease</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Luciana Moreira Lima<sup>I,II</sup>; Maria das Gra&#231;as Carvalho<sup>II</sup>; Cirilo Pereira Fonseca Neto<sup>III</sup>; Jos&#233; Carlos Faria Garcia<sup>III</sup>; Marinez Oliveira Sousa<sup>II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Medicina e Enfermagem - Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa, Vi&#231;osa, MG</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas e Toxicol&#243;gicas - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Departamento de Hemodin&#226;mica - Hospital Socor, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) 4G/5G polymorphism may influence the PAI-1 expression. High plasma levels of PAI-1 are associated with coronary artery disease (CAD).</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> This study investigated the influence of PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism on plasma PAI-1 levels and its association with CAD assessed by coronary angiography. <bold>METHODS:</bold> Blood sample of 35 individuals with angiographycally normal coronary arteries, 31 individuals presenting mild/moderate atheromatosis, 57 individuals presenting severe atheromatosis and 38 healthy individuals (controls) were evaluated. In patients and controls, the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism was determined by PCR amplification using allele-specific primers. Plasma PAI-1 levels were quantified by ELISA assay (American Diagnostica).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> No difference was found between groups regarding age, gender and body mass index. Plasma PAI-1 levels and 4G/4G genotype frequency were significantly higher in the severe atheromatosis group compared to the other groups (p&lt;0.001). Furthermore, patients with 4G/4G genotype (r=0.28, p&lt;0.001) had significantly higher plasma PAI-1 levels than those with 5G/5G genotype (r=0.02, p=0.4511). In addition, in a multiple logistic regression model, adjusted for all the other variables, PAI-1 was observed to be independently associated with CAD &gt; 70% (p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The most important finding of this study was the association between 4G/4G genotype, high plasma PAI-1 levels and coronary stenosis higher than 70% in Brazilian individuals. Whether high plasma PAI-1 levels are a decisive factor for atherosclerosis worsening or it is a consequence remains to be established. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1/genetics; polymorphism, genetic; coronary disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main inhibitor of fibrinolysis is the type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), which is the primary inhibitor of the physiological plasminogen activator (t-PA). Increased plasma PAI-1 levels have been reported in survivors of myocardial infarction (MI) compared with the general population, and this increase is correlated with the recurrence of MI<sup>1,2</sup>. Impaired fibrinolytic function has been associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) and MI.</p>
      <p>The insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the promoter region of the PAI-1 gene (-675 4G/5G) was identified in 675 base pairs before the onset of the transcript<sup>3</sup>. Homozygous individuals for the 4G/4G deletion have high plasma PAI-1 levels, carriers of 5G/5G have reduced levels, and 4G/5G heterozygous individuals have intermediate levels<sup>4,5</sup>. The inability to bind a transcriptional repressor protein has been associated with the 4G allele, resulting in higher PAI-1 mRNA expression and higher circulating PAI-1 levels<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Plasma PAI-1 levels may be influenced by age, sex, obesity, hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and genetic polymorphisms, including polymorphism -675 4G/5G<sup>6,7</sup>. Increased plasma PAI-1 levels may undermine the fibrinolytic system and promote the survival of the fibrin clot. Therefore, the genotyping of this polymorphism could be relevant to assess the performance of the fibrinolytic system in patients with established diagnosis of CAD.</p>
      <p>There are limited and controversial data regarding the impact of 4G/5G polymorphism of the PAI-1 gene in the extent of CAD. This polymorphism is involved in CAD, with the highest risk in 4G/4G homozygotes in some populations<sup>8</sup>, but not in others<sup>9</sup>. The role of PAI-1 polymorphism in Brazilian patients suffering from CAD has not been established so far. The distribution frequency of the PAI-1 gene was studied to test the hypothesis that the 4G/4G genotype favors the CAD severity in individuals submitted to coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Individuals and study design</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The approval for the study was granted by the Hospital Socor and Ethical Research Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and the relevant clinical details for each individual were recorded. These details included personal and demographic data, family history, risk factors and coronary angiographic results that were initially recorded by three independent cardiologists (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop10111tab01m-body2">Table 1</xref>). A total of 123 male and female individuals attending the coronary angiography clinic in the Hemodynamic Department of Hospital Socor of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, with ages ranging from 42 to 69 years, were studied. Based on coronary angiography results, the participants were classified into three groups: angiographically normal arteries (n = 35), mild/moderate atheromatosis (n = 31) and severe atheromatosis (n = 57). The severe atheromatosis group was also subdivided according to the number of affected arteries into severe atheromatosis in one vessel (SA-1, n = 16), two vessels (SA-2, n = 13) and three or more affected blood vessels (SA-3, n = 28). All patients had a history of stable angina. However, none had a recent myocardial infarction or unstable angina (at least within the last three months), congestive heart failure, coagulation disorders, renal problems, hepatic or auto-immune diseases or cancer or were on warfarin treatment or undergoing lipid-modifying therapy. In the same period, 38 healthy individuals were selected from the community in general (control group), with mean age and body mass index (BMI) similar to the average of three groups of patients. However, this study was not intended to develop a case-control study type.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Angiography </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Coronary angiography was performed via percutaneous transfemoral approach. The images were digitally recorded and all angiograms were analyzed by three experienced cardiologists who were not aware of the patients' clinical details. Only patients who had three identical awards were selected. The extent and the progression of angiographically documented CAD were classified as follows: </p>
      <p><bold><italic>1. Normal</italic></bold> coronary arteries (No angiographic stenosis)</p>
      <p><bold><italic>2. Mild</italic></bold> (Up to 30% stenosis of the luminal diameter in one or more coronary arteries)</p>
      <p><bold><italic>3. Moderate</italic></bold> (30 to 70% stenosis of the luminal diameter in one or more coronary arteries)</p>
      <p><bold><italic>4. Severe</italic></bold> (Greater than 70% stenosis of the luminal diameter in one or more coronary arteries)</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sample collection and laboratory determinations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fasting peripheral venous blood samples were collected from each participant prior to angiography. Four and a half mL of blood was collected into vacutainer tubes containing 3.8% trisodium citrate anticoagulant (Becton-Dickinson) using a 21-gauge needle. Additionally, 5mL was collected in a tube without anticoagulant and 5mL with EDTA. Samples were immediately centrifuged for 15 minutes at 1100g. Plasma and serum were immediately isolated and aliquots were stored at -70&#186;C for batch-wise analysis. The EDTA blood samples were submitted to genomic DNA extraction using the Wizard purification system (Promega, Inc.). The PAI-1 dosage was performed using plasma aliquots with the IMUBIND<sup>&#174;</sup> Plasma PAI-1 ELISA (American Diagnostica<sup>&#174;</sup> Inc. - USA) kit diagnostics according to instructions from manufacturer.</p>
      <p>The 4G/5G polymorphism was determined using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as previously described<sup>2</sup>. PCR reactions were performed in a PT100 PCR thermocycler (MJ Research, <italic>Waltham, USA</italic>) using 1 pMol of each primer (<italic>Invitrogen</italic><sup>&#174;</sup>, <italic>S&#227;o Paulo, SP</italic>), 0.2 mM of dNTPs (<italic>GIBCO BRL</italic><sup>&#174;</sup>, <italic>S&#227;o Paulo, SP</italic>), and 1 unit of Taq polimerase (<italic>Phoneutria</italic><sup>&#174;</sup>-<italic>Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil</italic>). PCR reactions were submitted to 15 cycles consisting of 1 min at 95&#186;C for denaturing, 1 min at 59&#186;C for primer annealing and 1 min at 72&#186;C for primer extension, preceded by an initial step of the desnaturing at 95&#186;C for 5 minutes, followed by 20 cycles with girdling at 52&#186;C and finishing with a pitch of 72&#186;C for 5 minutes. DNAs from previously typed individuals were included in each sample set in order to control enzyme activity. Samples were then analyzed by silver stained acrylamide gel electrophoresis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical considerations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data were analyzed by a Sigma Stat version 1.0 software system using one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA on ranks followed by the Tukey test. Categorical variables (risk factors and 4G/5G polymorphism) were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Spearman's test was used for correlation between polymorphism status (categorical variable) and plasma PAI-1 (continuous variable) and between CAD (categorical variable) and PAI-1 (continuous variable). An X<sup>2</sup> goodness-of-fit test was used to confirm whether the observed genotype frequencies agreed with those expected under the hypothesis of Hardy-Weinberg. In addition, multiple logistic regression was performed since the variables cannot be considered independent. In this model, CAD &gt; 70% was considered as a dependent variable. The sample size was calculated considering the average values measured and standard deviations for PAI-1 based on a pilot study that included 50 samples. The alpha error level or confidence level was 5% corresponding to a 95% Confidence Interval. The beta error level or statistical power [1 - beta] was 20%. A calculated statistical power (type II or beta error), with alpha error level 5% was 97.3%. Accordingly, a minimum satisfactory sample size for plasma levels could be 15 individuals in each group. Since the severe atheromatosis group was subdivided, the minimum sample size was defined using the coefficient of variation previously described in the literature, considering a ten percent variation for the average and a minimum number of eleven individuals per group. Statistical differences with 5% of significance level were found. For genotypes of PAI-1 4G5G polymorphism, considering the variation observed of the allele and genotype frequencies from different studies, the sample size calculated was a minimum of 29 individuals in each group with an alpha error level of 5%, 95% confidence interval and 80% of statistical power (1-beta).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The characterization of groups, including sex and age, as well as the risk factors associated with atherosclerosis, number of individuals and percentage of each variable are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop10111tab01m-body2">Table 1</xref>. The four groups studied presented homogeneity with respect to age, sex and body mass index. A significant difference was observed for the smoking parameter for the severe atheromatosis group compared to the angiographycally normal group (p = 0.02). Regarding a sedentary lifestyle, mild/moderate and severe atheromatosis groups were significantly different from the control and angiographycally normal group (p &lt; 0.05). Conventional lipid profile parameters are also presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop10111tab01m-body2">Table 1</xref> as the means and standard deviations. No significant differences were found between groups for total cholesterol, HDL and LDL. Only triglyceride levels were significantly lower in the control group compared to the others.</p>
      <p>The results for plasma PAI-1 and 4G/5G polymorphism are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop10111tab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>. The plasma PAI-1 levels were significantly higher in the severe atheromatosis group than in the others (p&lt;0.001). The severe atheromatosis group also appear to have higher frequency of 4G/4G genotype and lower frequency of 4G/5G compared to the other groups. No significant difference was seen in the 5G/5G genotype between groups. No deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed. When the severe atheromatosis group was subdivided, participants with one affected blood vessel presented higher PAI-1 levels compared with two and three affected blood vessels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop10111fig01m-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
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        <fig id="aop10111fig01m-body2">
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      </p>
      <p>A linear regression showed that PAI-1 can be predicted from a linear combination of CAD (r = 0.47; p &lt; 0.0001). Indeed, since these results were analyzed by using a binary logistic regression model, adjusted for all the other variables, PAI-1 seems to be independently associated with CAD &gt; 70% (p &lt; 0.001). This observation was confirmed by the odds ratio obtained for PAI-1 (2.358; 95%; CI = 1.085 - 9.432; p &lt; 0.001). In addition, plasma PAI-1 levels showed a positive and significant association with 4G/4G genotype (r = 0.28, p &lt; 0.001). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Several authors have demonstrated the association of high PAI-1 levels with the presence of CAD. These results support the concept of the contribution of fibrin in intravascular atherothrombogenesis<sup>10</sup>. Decreased fibrinolytic activity, mainly caused by the increase in plasma PAI-1concentration, has been associated with CAD in several studies<sup>11</sup>. In this study, plasma PAI-1 levels were significantly higher in the severe atheromatosis group compared to the other groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop10111tab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>). The averages obtained for SA-1, SA-2, and SA-3 subgroups were also significantly high compared to the control and angiographycally normal group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop10111fig01m-body2">Figure 1</xref>). These data show an association between the plasma PAI-1 concentration and CAD severity, considering the percentage of stenosis of more than 70%, regardless of the number of affected arteries. After adjusting for risk factors and other variables, the results of the multivariate analysis be inferred about an independent association between plasma PAI-1 levels and the presence of coronary artery stenosis greater than 70% (p &lt; 0.001). The SA-1 subgroup also showed significant difference compared to the mild/moderate atheromatosis group (p = 0.004, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop10111fig01m-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p> Another finding of this study was the association between 4G/4G genotype, increased plasma PAI-1 levels (r = 0.28, p &lt; 0.001) and coronary artery stenosis with obstruction greater than 70%, suggesting that the presence of 4G allele may have influenced the increase in plasma PAI-1 levels, and that this increase may have affected the fibrinolytic system, being thus a decisive factor for the progression of atherosclerosis in the individuals evaluated. Previous studies had demonstrated the association between 4G allele, high PAI-1 concentrations and CAD<sup>12-16</sup>. Although this may be a promising correlation, it may not be demonstrated in all populations<sup>17-19</sup>. This is the first study to demonstrate this correlation in the Brazilian population. Plasma PAI-1 levels may be influenced by several factors<sup>20</sup>, among which genetic factors. Hong et al<sup>21</sup> showed that 42% of the variations found in plasma PAI-1 levels were due to genetic factors, in a study involving the Swedish population. Naram et al<sup>11</sup>, examining the South African population, observed that lower plasma PAI-1 levels were obtained for the black population compared with Caucasians. The authors concluded that the main reason for the detection of lower PAI-1 levels in black individuals was the low prevalence of 4G allele in this group of individuals. Although ethnicity influences plasma PAI-1 levels, this study showed no significant difference in PAI-1 levels for the different ethnic groups. The study design could justify such finding, because the group studied in this work (n=161) was composed of 30.9% of Caucasians, 26.8% of blacks and 42.3% of mestizos, but uniformly distributed in the three groups, showing no statistically significant differences between them for different ethnicities. The frequency of 4G and 5G alleles described for the Brazilian population, which presents a variety of ethnic groups, has not yet been fully established in literature. In this study, 51% of participants (n= 161) had 4G allele, while 49% had 5G allele.</p>
      <p> Whether an increase in plasma PAI-1 levels is a decisive factor for worsening of atherosclerosis or its increased levels are a consequence of this injury still remains to be clarified. PAI-1 has been studied in different settings with thrombotic pathophysiology. PAI-1 also plays an important role in signal transduction, cell adherence, and migration1. In a diseased artery environment there is a heterogeneous population of cells, all of which may be synthesizing PAI-1<sup>17</sup>. These observations suggest that PAI-1 may be involved in CAD as a result of the initialization and progression of atheromatosis with enhanced fibrin accumulation, either by a fibrinolysis impaired effect or by enhancing the feedback synthesis response.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p> The most important finding of this study was the association between 4G/4G genotype, high plasma PAI-1 levels and coronary stenosis higher than 70% in Brazilian individuals. The relationship observed with severe atheromatosis was irrespective of smoking, arterial hypertension, sedentary lifestyle, family history and lipid profile. These data support the hypothesis that PAI-1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis or its major clinical manifestation, CAD. Whether high plasma PAI-1 levels are a decisive factor for atherosclerosis worsening or it is a consequence of it, remains to be established.</p>
      <p>
        <bold> Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p> This study was partially funded by CNPq, CAPES and FAPEMIG.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p> This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Luciana Moreira Lima, from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
