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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XJLdLCFxGFZCLp3b3HnmVvs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001500004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700604</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000114</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;vel de NT-proBNP em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Ricardo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Clara N.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Carmo P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ronaldo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Socor</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>456</fpage>
      <lpage>461</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCASEST) est&#225; associada ao supradesnivelamento do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) e aos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, embora se desconhe&#231;a a correla&#231;&#227;o dessa s&#237;ndrome ao escore de tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (TIMI) e &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis do fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-proBNP) e os marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica (creatinofosfoquinase fra&#231;&#227;o m&#250;sculo-c&#233;rebro CK-MB e troponina I), bem como entre o escore de risco TIMI e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) nos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. M&#201;TODOS: Oitenta e sete pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST foram divididos em dois grupos: 37 (42,5%) com angina inst&#225;vel e 50 (57,5%) com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST). RESULTADOS: A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo superior a 40% foi encontrada em 86,2% do total da amostra. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT-proBNP foram maiores em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com angina inst&#225;vel (p&lt;0,001). O aumento dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP foi associado ao aumento de troponina I (rs=0,425, p&lt;0,001), pico de CK-MB (rs=0,458, p&lt;0,001) e FEVE (rs=-0,345, p=0,002), n&#227;o havendo correla&#231;&#227;o com o escore de risco TIMI (rs=0,082, p=0,44). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a troponina I correlacionaram-se de forma independente aos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP (p=0,017 e p=0,002, respectivamente). CONCLUS&#195;O: O aumento dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST n&#227;o est&#225; relacionado exclusivamente &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, mas tamb&#233;m pode ser provocado pela presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e necrose.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>angina inst&#225;vel</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>N&#237;vel de NT-proBNP em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luiz Ricardo A. Castro<sup>I, II, III</sup>; Maria Clara N. Alencar; M&#225;rcia M. Barbosa<sup>I, III, V</sup>; Maria do Carmo P. Nunes<sup>I, II, V</sup>; Jos&#233; Ronaldo Cardoso<sup>IV</sup>; Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital Socor, Belo Horizonte, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Laboratel, Belo Horizonte, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>V</sup>Ecocenter Socor, Belo Horizonte, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCASEST) est&#225; associada ao supradesnivelamento do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) e aos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, embora se desconhe&#231;a a correla&#231;&#227;o dessa s&#237;ndrome ao escore de tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (TIMI) e &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis do fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-proBNP) e os marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica (creatinofosfoquinase fra&#231;&#227;o m&#250;sculo-c&#233;rebro CK-MB e troponina I), bem como entre o escore de risco TIMI e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) nos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Oitenta e sete pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST foram divididos em dois grupos: 37 (42,5%) com angina inst&#225;vel e 50 (57,5%) com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo superior a 40% foi encontrada em 86,2% do total da amostra. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT-proBNP foram maiores em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com angina inst&#225;vel (p&lt;0,001). O aumento dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP foi associado ao aumento de troponina I (rs=0,425, p&lt;0,001), pico de CK-MB (rs=0,458, p&lt;0,001) e FEVE (rs=-0,345, p=0,002), n&#227;o havendo correla&#231;&#227;o com o escore de risco TIMI (rs=0,082, p=0,44). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a troponina I correlacionaram-se de forma independente aos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP (p=0,017 e p=0,002, respectivamente). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> O aumento dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST n&#227;o est&#225; relacionado exclusivamente &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, mas tamb&#233;m pode ser provocado pela presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e necrose.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina inst&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Determinar a concentra&#231;&#227;o de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos em circula&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante para o diagn&#243;stico e o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA)<sup>1,2</sup>. Na SCA de pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IMCST), os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos podem ser utilizados para detectar a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e s&#227;o poderosos preditores independentes de &#243;bito, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e posteriores infartos do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>1,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>H&#225; consistente associa&#231;&#227;o, em diversos estudos, entre n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos aumentados de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos tipo B (BNP) ou do fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-proBNP) com o progn&#243;stico prec&#225;rio em longo prazo em pacientes com SCASEST<sup>4-8</sup>. Entretanto, esses estudos n&#227;o exclu&#237;ram os pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, uma condi&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria da SCASEST que, por si s&#243;, apresenta relatos de aumento dos n&#237;veis de BNP e NT-proBNP. Por conseguinte, o real papel dos altos n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos como marcadores de isquemia e necrose no progn&#243;stico da SCASEST permanece incerto.</p>
    <p>Os objetivos do presente estudo s&#227;o: avaliar os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP em pacientes internados com SCASEST sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e correlacionar esses achados com outros marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica (CK-MB e troponina I), escore de risco TIMI e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Grupo de estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo observacional transversal foi conduzido no Hospital Socor, em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), Brasil. Oitenta e sete pacientes com suspeita de SCASEST internados na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) foram consecutivamente selecionados e acompanhados at&#233; a alta. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade acima de 18 anos, diagn&#243;stico estabelecido de SCASEST e admiss&#227;o com menos de 72 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo os pacientes que se recusaram ou n&#227;o puderam participar, bem como aqueles que apresentaram uma destas condi&#231;&#245;es: insufici&#234;ncia renal (creatinina s&#233;rica superior a 2,5 mg/dL); valvopatia preexistente; cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica grave (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica superior a 180 mmHg ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica superior a 110 mmHg); choque cardiog&#234;nico; arritmia ventricular refrat&#225;ria; infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio recente (menos de quatro semanas antes da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o); cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica recente (menos de quatro semanas); interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea recente (menos de duas semanas); diagn&#243;stico ou sinais e sintomas pr&#233;vios de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; doen&#231;a n&#227;o cardiovascular grave limitadora da expectativa de vida; pr&#233;vio transplante de &#243;rg&#227;os vitais (pulm&#245;es, f&#237;gado, cora&#231;&#227;o e rins); paciente em listas de espera de transplante. Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e do Hospital Socor, em Belo Horizonte, Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos e as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as condi&#231;&#245;es ou as interven&#231;&#245;es anteriores, assim como sobre os fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e sobre as medica&#231;&#245;es em uso, foram coletados durante a perman&#234;ncia de cada paciente na UTI. Os eletrocardiogramas foram realizados para avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es no segmento ST e na onda T.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de angina inst&#225;vel foi confirmado com base na presen&#231;a de, pelo menos, uma destas caracter&#237;sticas: (i) dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica e prolongada em repouso (superior a 20 minutos); (ii) angina de in&#237;cio recente com gravidade de, pelo menos, classe III, de acordo com a <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic> (CCS)<sup>9</sup>; e (iii) angina crescente. Todas essas caracter&#237;sticas foram diagnosticadas previamente e tornaram-se mais frequentes, com maior dura&#231;&#227;o e menor limiar. Qualquer um desses achados deve ser associado &#224; aus&#234;ncia de marcadores aumentados de necrose mioc&#225;rdica (CK-MB e troponina I), com ou sem altera&#231;&#245;es no segmento ST ou na onda T no eletrocardiograma<sup>10</sup>. O IAMSSST foi definido como presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica prolongada (superior a 20 minutos) associada a n&#237;veis aumentados de CK-MB ou troponina I, com ou sem altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas (a presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis aumentados apenas de troponina, sem um aumento da CK-MB, foi tamb&#233;m considerada diagn&#243;stico)<sup>10</sup>. Os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram classificados como altera&#231;&#245;es na onda T, depress&#227;o do segmento ST ou eleva&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria do segmento em, pelo menos, duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>As rotinas de tratamento e laboratoriais seguiram as orienta&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> (ACC) e da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA) para o tratamento de pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel e com IAMSSST<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados laboratoriais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As medi&#231;&#245;es de CK-MB foram realizadas por meio do sistema Cobas Mira Plus&#174; (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Alemanha), no segmento basal e em 8 e 16 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o. Os resultados para CK-MB foram expressos em U/L (valor de refer&#234;ncia &lt; 10 U/L). Os n&#237;veis de troponina I foram medidos por meio do m&#233;todo de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia no sistema Immulite&#174; (DPC, Nova Jersey, EUA), em geral na admiss&#227;o. O limite de refer&#234;ncia recomendado pelo fabricante foi inferior a 1,0 ng/mL.</p>
    <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de NT-proBNP foi determinada por eletroquimioluminesc&#234;ncia por meio de um analisador de imunoensaio E170 Elecsys&#174; 2010/Modular Analytics <sup>(</sup>Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Alemanha). As amostras de sangue foram coletadas em um tubo sem anticoagulantes, em 72 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas, com o paciente descansando em posi&#231;&#227;o semirreclinada. As amostras foram centrifugadas a 3.000 rota&#231;&#245;es por minuto durante dez minutos, e o soro foi extra&#237;do. Os resultados para NT-proBNP foram expressos em pg/ml.</p>
    <p>O escore de risco de tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (TIMI) foi utilizado para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, conforme descrito anteriormente<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dopplercardiograma</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O ecodopplercardiograma foi realizado por meio do sistema Phillips 5500 (Phillips Medical Systems, Washington, EUA). Dois pesquisadores, sem conhecimento acerca dos dados cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes, realizaram e analisaram todos os testes Ambos avaliaram os exames e resolveram as discord&#226;ncias mediante consenso. O m&#233;todo &#225;rea-comprimento foi utilizado para determinar a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado para encontrar uma correla&#231;&#227;o (r) de, pelo menos, 0,3 entre os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP e os marcadores de necrose (CK-MB e troponina I), considerando um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 e uma pot&#234;ncia de 0,80 em um teste bilateral.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram descritas em termos de frequ&#234;ncia; as vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram apresentadas como medidas de tend&#234;ncia central (m&#233;dia e mediana) e dispers&#227;o (desvio padr&#227;o e intervalo interquartil, IQR). Testou-se a distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas para verificar a normalidade; e as transforma&#231;&#245;es matem&#225;ticas foram realizadas quando necess&#225;rio. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas por meio do teste t de Student (vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) ou testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre NT-proBNP, troponina I, CK-MB, escore de risco TIMI e FEVE foi analisada por meio do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson ou Spearman. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em 0,05.</p>
    <p>Uma an&#225;lise multivariada foi realizada para avaliar se a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica e os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP era independente da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o parcial encontrado entre os n&#237;veis de marcadores de necrose e NT-proBNP foi avaliado por meio do m&#233;todo de Pearson, ajustado para a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla tamb&#233;m foi realizada para testar a normalidade residual em que o logaritmo natural (ln) de NT-proBNP foi a vari&#225;vel dependente, ao passo que a FEVE e os n&#237;veis de marcadores de necrose foram as vari&#225;veis independentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o diagn&#243;stico: (i) angina inst&#225;vel (troponina I &lt; 1,0 ng/ml), grupo com 37 pacientes (42,5%), e (ii) IAMSSST (troponina I <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,0 ng/ml), grupo com 50 pacientes (57,5%). A idade m&#233;dia dos 87 pacientes foi de 61,1 (&#177; 11,4) anos, semelhante nos dois grupos, havendo uma predomin&#226;ncia de pacientes do sexo masculino (64,4%). A maioria dos pacientes utilizava aspirina (97,7%) e clopidogrel (95,4%). Um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes com IAMSSST foi tratado com inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa (n = 36, 72,0%), enquanto apenas tr&#234;s (8,1%) do grupo com angina inst&#225;vel (p &lt; 0,001) receberam essa medica&#231;&#227;o. Cinquenta e dois pacientes (60,5%), principalmente do grupo com IAMSSST (n = 40, 76,9%), foram submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana durante a perman&#234;ncia na UTI.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0456-00114-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Foram raros os eventos que afetaram os pacientes com IAMSSST durante a interna&#231;&#227;o: um &#243;bito devido a choque cardiog&#234;nico; dois pacientes com angina refrat&#225;ria; um paciente com edema pulmonar agudo; um paciente com taquicardia supraventricular; apenas um paciente do grupo com angina inst&#225;vel apresentou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial aguda.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mais da metade dos pacientes (n = 49, 58,3%) n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas no segmento ST e na onda T, o que poderia estar associado &#224; isquemia. As altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas foram encontradas em 35 pacientes (41,7%); as altera&#231;&#245;es no segmento ST (depress&#227;o ou eleva&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria), em 18 (21,4%); e as altera&#231;&#245;es nas ondas T, em 17 (21,3%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0456-00114-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados laboratoriais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados laboratoriais foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. A creatinina mediana foi de 0,9 mg/dL (IQR = 0,3), sendo o maior valor 2,0 mg/dL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0456-00114-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis medianos (IQR) de NT-proBNP foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes com IAMSSST (796,7 pg/ml, 1860,8), comparados aos pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel (262,4 pg/ml, 512,0) (p &lt; 0,001). O escore de risco TIMI variou de zero a cinco pontos, com uma mediana de 3,0 (IQR = 2,0). Os valores de mediana e IQR foram semelhantes nos dois grupos: 3,0 (1,0) no grupo com angina inst&#225;vel e 2,0 (2,3) entre os pacientes com IAMSSST (p = 0,89).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A FEVE m&#233;dia nos 87 pacientes foi de 60,0% (&#177;11,0), 63,5% (&#177;10,9) no grupo com angina inst&#225;vel e 59,2% (&#177;12,4%) no grupo com IAMSSST (p = 0,10) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Uma FEVE superior a 40% foi encontrada em 86,2% dos pacientes, com um n&#250;mero semelhante de pacientes nos dois grupos (p = 0,39).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Correla&#231;&#245;es do NT-proBNP</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve evid&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de NT-proBNP com os escores de risco TIMI (rs =0,082, p = 0,44). No entanto, uma correla&#231;&#227;o altamente significativa foi observada entre o NT-proBNP, o pico de CK-MB (rs= 0,458, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) e os n&#237;veis de troponina I (rs=0,425, p &lt; 0,001). Tamb&#233;m houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP e a FEVE (rs=-0.345, p = 0,002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0456-00114-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0456-00114-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de NT-proBN, pico de CK-MB (r=0,387, p &lt; 0,001) e os n&#237;veis de troponina I (r=0,389, p &lt; 0,001) persistiu mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste para a FEVE. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla, tanto os n&#237;veis de troponina I (p = 0,002) quanto os de FEVE (p = 0,017) apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP (r<sup>2=</sup>0,24, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O principal achado deste estudo foi a correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP e os marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com IAMSSST, de forma independente da FEVE. Nossos achados revelaram uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP e FEVE (rs=-0,345, p=0,002), sugerindo que a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o NT-proBNP e os marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o foi causada por disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. De fato, 86,2% dos nossos pacientes apresentavam FEVE superior a 40%, e, depois de uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla (r<sup>2=</sup>0,24, p &lt; 0,001), tanto a troponina I (p = 0,002) quanto a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,017) apresentaram-se associadas significativamente e de maneira independente aos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP. Bazzino e cols.<sup>13</sup> j&#225; haviam descrito a exist&#234;ncia de uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o NT-proBNP e a troponina T (r=0,23, p = 0,01), assim como uma fraca correla&#231;&#227;o com CK-MB (r=0,07, p &lt; 0,001). Entretanto, esses autores n&#227;o avaliaram a FEVE, uma condi&#231;&#227;o que, por si s&#243;, provoca aumento nos n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos. Mais recentemente, Palazzuoli e cols.<sup>14</sup> revelaram um progressivo aumento do BNP na angina est&#225;vel, angina inst&#225;vel e IAMSSST, com preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>Estudos anteriores demonstraram que n&#237;veis elevados de BNP e NT-proBNP em pacientes com SCASEST estavam associados a maiores taxas de mortalidade em per&#237;odos de seguimento em longo prazo ap&#243;s alta hospitalar e a maior risco de desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>4,13,15-18</sup>. Omland e cols.<sup>19</sup> conduziram um estudo com pacientes com SCA (IMCST, IAMSSST e angina inst&#225;vel) e constataram que o NT-proBNP &#233; um poderoso indicador de mortalidade em longo prazo. Os autores utilizaram a ecocardiografia para avaliar a FEVE em todos os pacientes; no entanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a FEVE e os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP n&#227;o foi investigada em pacientes com SCASEST. Esses autores<sup>19</sup> objetivavam investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP e a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares posteriores na vida, enquanto a investiga&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo se limitava &#224; perman&#234;ncia do paciente no hospital. Al&#233;m disso, nosso estudo excluiu pacientes com hist&#243;rico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para evitar que essa vari&#225;vel interferisse nos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP no soro. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a avaliar, simultaneamente, a correla&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP com os marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, o escore de risco TIMI e a FEVE em pacientes internados com SCASEST.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, a sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes baseou-se em crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico objetivos para a angina inst&#225;vel e para o IAMSSST; dessa forma, os pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica foram exclu&#237;dos<sup>10,20</sup>. O estudo teve como foco os pacientes com isquemia ou dano mioc&#225;rdico agudo que apresentaram marcadores de necrose acima dos valores de refer&#234;ncia, a despeito da presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. No entanto, o uso desses r&#237;gidos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o n&#227;o foi regra do estudo anterior<sup>4,5,21,22</sup>. No presente estudo, 41,7% dos pacientes apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas isqu&#234;micas indicativas de doen&#231;a coronariana inst&#225;vel<sup>23</sup>. Essa incid&#234;ncia &#233; inferior &#224; encontrada em outros estudos, uma vez que, de maneira diferente de muitos outros autores, as altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas n&#227;o foram crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o no presente estudo, de acordo com as diretrizes internacionais<sup>4,10,22,23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para todos os nossos pacientes, o tempo decorrido entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas isqu&#234;micos e a avalia&#231;&#227;o de NT-proBNP foi menor do que 72 horas, no entanto, o intervalo exato n&#227;o foi avaliado. Essa lacuna de um tempo preciso tamb&#233;m est&#225; presente em muitos outros estudos, o que pode representar uma limita&#231;&#227;o adicional para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados, considerando dependentes do tempo as mudan&#231;as que ocorrem nos n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico em pacientes com SCASEST<sup>4,7,13,17,18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se que a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e o envelhecimento aumentam os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP no plasma<sup>24</sup>. A idade m&#233;dia de nossos pacientes foi de 61,15 (11,38) anos, o que &#233; semelhante aos valores relatados em outros estudos<sup>21,22</sup>. Tanto o NT-proBNP quanto o BNP s&#227;o influenciados pela fun&#231;&#227;o renal, e os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP aumentam significativamente quando os n&#237;veis de creatinina s&#233;rica excedem 2,0 mg/dL<sup>14,25,26</sup>. No entanto, no presente estudo, nenhum paciente apresentou n&#237;veis de creatinina acima de 2,0 mg/dL, sugerindo que os n&#237;veis elevados de NT-proBNP em nossos pacientes n&#227;o estavam associados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
    <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco &#233; essencial no manejo da SCA, e o escore de risco TIMI &#233; uma ferramenta valiosa na SCASEST<sup>11</sup>. Em nosso estudo, o escore de risco TIMI n&#227;o se correlacionou com os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP no plasma (rs=0,082, p=0,448). Bazzino e cols.<sup>13</sup> constataram que o NT-proBNP apresentava um valor progn&#243;stico mais significativo em compara&#231;&#227;o ao escore de risco TIMI e &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o da ACC e da AHA na predi&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes com SCASEST. No entanto, n&#227;o relataram qualquer associa&#231;&#227;o entre o NT-proBNP e o escore de risco TIMI, evidenciando que o presente estudo &#233; o primeiro a notar a aus&#234;ncia dessa correla&#231;&#227;o. Na verdade, nossos achados sugerem que o NT-proBNP e o escore de risco TIMI refletem aspectos distintos da SCASEST. O escore de risco TIMI &#233; classicamente utilizado na SCA como um marcador de risco para eventos combinados de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e &#243;bito em 30 dias, enquanto o NT-proBNP pode estar relacionado &#224; isquemia apenas durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
    <p>A demonstra&#231;&#227;o de um aumento significativo nos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP no plasma, a despeito da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em pacientes com SCASEST, possui importantes consequ&#234;ncias fisiopatol&#243;gicas e cl&#237;nicas. Em modelos experimentais com ratos, demonstrou-se que a indu&#231;&#227;o de hip&#243;xia mioc&#225;rdica estimulava a produ&#231;&#227;o de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) e atrial, assim como a r&#225;pida indu&#231;&#227;o do BNP ventricular<sup>27,28</sup>. Os estudos em pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas mostrou que o aumento em curta dura&#231;&#227;o de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos se correlacionava com o tamanho da &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica<sup>29,30</sup>. Ademais, uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva tamb&#233;m foi observada entre a express&#227;o gen&#233;tica de BNP em bi&#243;psias ventriculares e os n&#237;veis de BNP no plasma em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>31</sup>. Portanto, tanto a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica revers&#237;vel quanto a necrose mioc&#225;rdica podem provocar aumentos nos n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos do tipo B. Mais recentemente, sugeriu-se que o n&#237;vel elevado de BNP pode identificar isquemia induz&#237;vel, conforme detectado por testes padr&#227;o de estresse n&#227;o invasivos, aplicados em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana documentada ou suspeita<sup>32</sup>. O presente estudo acrescenta informa&#231;&#245;es aos achados dessas pesquisas, evidenciando que, em pacientes com SCASEST, o aumento dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP se relaciona, pelo menos parcialmente, ao grau de dano mioc&#225;rdico isqu&#234;mico, o que pode ter import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo devem ser salientadas. A amostra estudada &#233; relativamente pequena, e nossos resultados devem ser confirmados em estudos maiores. Al&#233;m disso, as amostras de sangue foram coletadas, e o ecocardiograma foi realizado em qualquer ocasi&#227;o entre a admiss&#227;o e 72 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas. Uma vez que tanto os &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular quanto os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP oscilam dinamicamente durante a SCA, essa janela de tempo relativamente imprecisa poderia ser uma causa da variabilidade dos resultados. No entanto, essa mesma janela de tempo foi utilizada em outros estudos<sup>4,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, nossas descobertas sugerem que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos em pacientes com SCASEST pode proporcionar informa&#231;&#245;es mais relevantes, em compara&#231;&#227;o a outros marcadores biol&#243;gicos (troponina I e CK-MB), em raz&#227;o do potencial de definir, de melhor forma, a quantidade de mioc&#225;rdio lesado. Novos m&#233;todos imagiol&#243;gicos podem definir, com mais precis&#227;o, a &#225;rea e a localiza&#231;&#227;o da isquemia ou da necrose mioc&#225;rdica na fase aguda da SCASEST. Devem ser realizados estudos com esses m&#233;todos para que o tamanho da &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica ou necr&#243;tica possa ser analisada em correla&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis de BNP e NT-proBNP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em pacientes com SCASEST, o NT-proBNP correlacionou-se n&#227;o somente com a FEVE, mas tamb&#233;m com os n&#237;veis de CK-MB e de troponina I. Os n&#237;veis elevados de NT-proBNP em pacientes com SCASEST n&#227;o est&#227;o relacionados exclusivamente a uma baixa FEVE, mas tamb&#233;m podem ser causados pela presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e necrose.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Luiz Ricardo Castro pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ant&#244;nio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro </p>
        <p> Rua Campanha, 98/ 101, Carmo </p>
        <p> 30310770 - Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="antonior@cardiol.br">antonior@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="antonior@uai.com.br">antonior@uai.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 09/03/11; revisado recebido em 12/05/11; aceito em 07/06/11.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">NT-proBNP levels in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome is associated with elevation of brain natriuretic peptide and markers of myocardial necrosis, although its relationship with the TIMI score and left ventricular function are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and markers of myocardial necrosis [creatine phosphokinase muscle-brain fraction (CK-MB) and troponin I], TIMI risk score and left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: Eighty-seven patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome were divided into two groups: 37 (42.5%) with unstable angina and 50 (57.5%) with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. RESULTS: Left ventricular ejection fraction more than 40% was found in 86.2% of the total sample. Serum levels of NT-proBNP was higher in patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction than in those with unstable angina (p&lt;0.001). Increased levels of NT-proBNP were associated with increases in troponin I (rs=0.425, p&lt;0.001), peak CK-MB (rs=0.458, p&lt;0.001) and low left ventricular ejection fraction (rs=-0.345, p=0.002); no correlation was found with the TIMI risk score (rs=0.082, p=0.44). Multivariate analysis revealed that left ventricular ejection fraction and troponin I levels were independently correlated with NT-proBNP levels (p=0.017 and p=0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION: Increased levels of NT-proBNP in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome are not related exclusively to low left ventricular ejection fraction, but can also be caused by the presence of myocardial ischemia and necrosis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute coronary syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>natriuretic peptides</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>angina, unstable</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>NT-proBNP levels in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Luiz Ricardo A. Castro<sup>I, II, III</sup>; Maria Clara N. Alencar; M&#225;rcia M. Barbosa<sup>I, III, V</sup>; Maria do Carmo P. Nunes<sup>I, II, V</sup>; Jos&#233; Ronaldo Cardoso<sup>IV</sup>; Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro<sup>I, II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - UFMG</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina - UFMG</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital Socor;</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Laboratel</p>
      <p><sup>V</sup>Ecocenter Socor, Belo Horizonte, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome is associated with elevation of brain natriuretic peptide and markers of myocardial necrosis, although its relationship with the TIMI score and left ventricular function are largely unknown.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVE: </bold> To evaluate the correlation between plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and markers of myocardial necrosis [creatine phosphokinase muscle-brain fraction (CK-MB) and troponin I], TIMI risk score and left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> Eighty-seven patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome were divided into two groups: 37 (42.5%) with unstable angina and 50 (57.5%) with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> Left ventricular ejection fraction more than 40% was found in 86.2% of the total sample. Serum levels of NT-proBNP was higher in patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction than in those with unstable angina (p&lt;0.001). Increased levels of NT-proBNP were associated with increases in troponin I (rs=0.425, p&lt;0.001), peak CK-MB (rs=0.458, p&lt;0.001) and low left ventricular ejection fraction (rs=-0.345, p=0.002); no correlation was found with the TIMI risk score (rs=0.082, p=0.44). Multivariate analysis revealed that left ventricular ejection fraction and troponin I levels were independently correlated with NT-proBNP levels (p=0.017 and p=0.002, respectively).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> Increased levels of NT-proBNP in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome are not related exclusively to low left ventricular ejection fraction, but can also be caused by the presence of myocardial ischemia and necrosis.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Acute coronary syndrome; natriuretic peptides; myocardial infarction; angina, unstable.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Determining the concentration of circulating natriuretic peptides is important in the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS)<sup>1,2</sup>. In ACS patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), natriuretic peptides can be used to detect left ventricular dysfunction and are powerful independent predictors of death, heart failure and further myocardial infarctions<sup>1,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several studies have consistently associated increased plasmatic levels of brain natriuretic peptides (BNP) or N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) with poor long-term prognosis in NSTE-ACS patients<sup>4-8</sup>. However, those studies have not excluded patients with left ventricular dysfunction, a condition secondary to NSTE-ACS that, by itself, is known to increase BNP and NT-proBNP levels; as a result, the real role of high levels of natriuretic peptides as markers of ischemia and necrosis on the prognosis of NSTE-ACS remains uncertain.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to assess plasma NT-proBNP levels in NSTE-ACS inpatients without heart failure, and to correlate these findings with other markers of myocardial necrosis (CK-MB and troponin I), TIMI risk score and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Group</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted at Hospital Socor, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Eighty-seven patients with suspicion of NSTE-ACS admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) were consecutively selected and followed up until discharge. Inclusion criteria were age over 18 years, established diagnosis of NSTE-ACS, and admission within less than 72 hours after the onset of symptoms. Patients who refused or were unable to participate in the study, or who presented one of the following conditions, were excluded: renal failure (serum creatinine &gt; 2.5 mg/dL), preexisting valvular disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, severe systemic hypertension (systolic blood pressure &gt; 180 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure &gt; 110 mmHg), cardiogenic shock, refractory ventricular arrhythmia, recent acute myocardial infarction (&lt; four weeks prior to hospitalization), recent myocardial revascularization surgery (&lt; four weeks), recent percutaneous coronary intervention (&lt; two weeks), previous diagnosis or signs/symptoms of congestive heart failure, severe non-cardiovascular disease limiting life expectancy, previous transplant of vital organs (lungs, liver, heart, and kidneys) or patients on transplant waiting lists. All patients included in the study signed an informed consent form. The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais and Hospital Socor, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical and electrocardiographic data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical data and information on previous conditions or interventions, risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) and medications in use were collected during each patient's stay in the ICU. Electrocardiograms were performed to assess ST-segment and T-wave abnormalities.</p>
      <p>Diagnosis of unstable angina was confirmed based on the presence of at least one of the three features: (i) typical and prolonged (&gt; 20 minutes) chest pain at rest; (ii) new-onset angina of at least class III severity according to the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS)<sup>9</sup>; and (iii) increasing angina previously diagnosed and becoming more frequent, longer in duration or lower in threshold; any of these findings should be associated with absence of increased markers of myocardial necrosis (CK-MB and troponin I), with or without ST-segment or T-wave abnormalities on electrocardiogram<sup>10</sup>. NSTEMI was defined as the presence prolonged chest pain (&gt; 20 minutes) associated with increased CK-MB or troponin I levels (the presence of increased troponin levels only, without a CK-MB increase, was also considered diagnostic), with or without electrocardiographic abnormalities<sup>10</sup>. Electrocardiographic findings were classified as T-wave abnormalities, ST-segment depression or transitory ST-segment elevation in at least in two contiguous leads<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Treatment and laboratory routines followed the guidelines of the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) for the management of patients with unstable angina and NSTEMI<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Laboratory data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>CK-MB measurements were performed using the Cobas Mira Plus system<sup>&#174;</sup> (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), at baseline and at 8 and hours 16 after admission. CK-MB results were expressed in U/l (reference value: &lt; 10U/l). Troponin I levels were measured using a chemiluminescence method on the Immulite&#174; system (DPC, New Jersey, USA), usually on admission. The reference limit recommended by the manufacturer was &lt; 1.0 ng/mL.</p>
      <p>Plasma NT-proBNP concentration was determined by electrochemiluminescence using an Elecsys<sup>&#226;</sup> 2010/Modular Analytics E170 immunoassay analyzer (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). Blood samples were collected in a tube without anticoagulants within 72 hours after the onset of symptoms, with the patient resting quietly while semirecumbent. Samples were centrifuged at 3,000 revolutions per minute during 10 minutes and the serum was extracted. NT-proBNP results were expressed in pg/ml.</p>
      <p>The TIMI risk score (thrombolysis in myocardial infarction) was used for risk stratification, as previously described<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Doppler Echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Doppler echocardiography was performed using a 5500 Phillips system (Phillips Medical Systems, Washington, USA). Two investigators performed and analyzed all the tests and both were blinded to patients' clinical data. Both investigators evaluated the exams and disagreements were solved by consensus. The area-length method was used to determine ejection fraction<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sample size was calculated to find a correlation (r) of at least 0.3 between NT-proBNP levels and necrosis markers (CK-MB and troponin I), considering a significance level of 0.05 and a power of 0.80 in a two-sided test.</p>
      <p>Qualitative variables were described in terms of frequency; quantitative variables were presented as measures of central tendency (mean and median) and dispersion (standard deviation and interquartile range, IQR). The distribution of continuous variables was tested for normality, and mathematical transformations were carried out when necessary. Comparisons between groups were carried out using Student's t-test (variables with normal distribution) or nonparametric tests. The correlation between NT-proBNP, troponin I, CK-MB, TIMI risk score and LVEF was analyzed using Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficient. Statistical significance was set at 0.05.</p>
      <p>A multivariate analysis was carried out to assess whether the relationship between the markers of myocardial necrosis and NT-proBNP levels was independent of ejection fraction. The partial correlation coefficient found between necrosis markers and NT-proBNP levels was evaluated using Pearson's method, adjusted to ejection fraction. A multiple linear regression analysis was also performed to test for residual normality, where the natural logarithm (ln) NT-proBNP was the dependent variable, and LVEF and levels of necrosis markers were the independent variables.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>. Patients were divided into two groups according to the diagnosis: (i) unstable angina (troponin I &lt; 1.0 ng/ml), 37 patients (42.5%), and (ii) NSTEMI (troponin I <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.0 ng/ml), 50 patients (57.5%). The mean age of the 87 patients was 61.1 (&#177;11.4) years and it was similar in the two groups; there was a predominance of male patients (64.4%). Most patients were using aspirin (97.7%) and clopidogrel (95.4%). A great number of NSTEMI patients had been treated with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (n = 36, 72.0%), whereas only three (8.1%) of the group with unstable angina (p &lt; 0.001) had received this medication. Fifty-two patients (60.5%), mostly from the NSTEMI group (n = 40, 76.9%), were submitted to coronary angiography during their stay at the ICU.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0456-00114-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Events were rare among NSTEMI patients during hospital stay: one death due to cardiogenic shock, two patients with refractory angina, one with acute pulmonary edema, and one with supraventricular tachycardia; in the unstable angina group, only one patient presented acute atrial fibrillation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Electrocardiographic data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>More than half of the patients (n = 49, 58.3%) did not present electrocardiographic ST-segment and T-wave abnormalities that could be associated with ischemia. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were found in 35 (41.7%) patients: ST-segment abnormalities (transitory depression or elevation) in 18 (21.4%), and T waves abnormalities in 17 (21.3%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0456-00114-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Laboratory data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Laboratory results were similar in both groups. Median creatinine was 0.9mg/dL (IQR=0.3), the highest value being 2.0mg/dL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0456-00114-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Median (IQR) levels of NT-proBNP were significantly higher in NSTEMI patients (796.7pg/ml, 1860.8) than in patients with unstable angina (262.4pg/ml, 512.0) (p &lt; 0.001). TIMI risk score ranged from zero to five points, with a median of 3.0 (IQR=2.0). Its median and IQR values were similar in both groups: 3.0 (1.0) in the unstable angina group and 2.0 (2.3) among NSTEMI patients (p = 0.89).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ejection Fraction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mean LVEF in the 87 patients was 60.0% (&#177;11.0), 63.5% (&#177;10.9) in the unstable angina group and 59.2% (&#177;12.4%) in the NSTEMI group (p=0.10) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>). LVEF &gt; 40% was found in 86.2% of the patients, with similar number of patients in both groups (p = 0.39).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>NT-proBNP correlations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There was no evidence of correlation between NT-proBNP plasma levels and TIMI risk scores (rs=0.082, p = 0.44). However, a highly significant correlation was observed between NT-proBNP, peak CK-MB (rs=0.458, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>), and troponin I levels (rs=0.425, p &lt; 0.001). There was also a correlation between NT-proBNP levels and LVEF (rs=-0.345, p = 0.002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0456-00114-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0456-00114-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The correlation between NT-proBNP levels, peak CK-MB (r=0.387, p &lt; 0.001) and troponin I levels (r=0.389, p &lt; 0.001) persisted even after adjustment for LVEF. In the multiple linear regression analysis, both troponin I levels (p=0.002) and LVEF (p = 0.017) correlated with NT-proBNP levels (r<sup>2</sup>=0.24, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>the main finding of this study was the positive correlation between NT-proBNP levels and markers of myocardial necrosis in patients with NSTEMI, irrespective of LVEF. Our findings revealed a negative correlation between NT-proBNP levels and LVEF (rs=-0.345, p = 0.002), suggesting that the correlation between NT-proBNP and markers of myocardial necrosis was not caused by left ventricular dysfunction. In fact, 86.2% of our patients presented LVEF &gt; 40%, and after a multiple linear regression analysis (r<sup>2</sup>=0.24, p &lt; 0.001), both troponin I (p = 0.002) and ejection fraction (p = 0.017) were significantly and independently associated with NT-proBNP levels. Bazzino et al<sup>13</sup> had already described the existence of a correlation between NT-proBNP and troponin T (r=0.23, p = 0.01), as well as a weak correlation with CK-MB (r=0.07, p &lt; 0.001); however, those authors did not assess LVEF, a condition that, by itself, may provoke increases in natriuretic peptide levels. More recently, Palazzuoli et al<sup>14</sup> have shown a progressive increase of BNP in stable angina, unstable angina and NSTEMI, with preservation of systolic function.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have shown that increased levels of BNP and NT-proBNP in NSTE-ACS patients are associated with increased mortality in long-term follow-up periods after hospital discharge and a higher risk for developing heart failure<sup>4,13,15-18</sup>. Omland et al<sup>19</sup> conducted a study with ACS patients (STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina) and found that NT-proBNP is a powerful indicator of long-term mortality. The authors used echocardiography to assess LVEF in all patients; however, the association between LVEF and NT-proBNP levels was not investigated in patients with NSTE-ACS. Omland et al<sup>19</sup> aimed to investigate the association between NT-proBNP levels and the occurrence of cardiovascular events later in life, while the investigation of this study was limited to patient's stay at the hospital. In addition, our study excluded patients with a history of heart failure, to prevent this variable from interfering with serum NT-proBNP levels. As far as we know, this is the first study to simultaneously evaluate the correlation of NT-proBNP levels with markers of myocardial necrosis, TIMI risk score and LVEF in NSTE-ACS inpatients.</p>
      <p>In our study, patient selection was based on objective diagnostic criteria, for unstable angina and for NSTEMI, and patients with non-ischemic chest pain were excluded<sup>10,20</sup>. The study focused on patients with ischemia or acute myocardial damage who presented necrosis markers above reference values, regardless of the presence of electrocardiographic abnormalities. However, the use of these strict inclusion criteria has not been the rule in previous study<sup>4,5,21,22</sup>. In the present study, 41.7% of the patients presented electrocardiographic ischemic changes indicative of unstable coronary disease<sup>23</sup>. This incidence is lower than in other studies, which may be explained by the fact that, as opposed to many other authors, electrocardiographic abnormalities were not inclusion criteria in this study, in accordance with international guidelines<sup>4,10,22,23</sup>.</p>
      <p>In all our patients, the time elapsed between onset of ischemic symptoms and NT-proBNP assessment was shorter than 72 hours; the exact interval, however, has not been assessed. The lack of a precise time is also present in many other studies, which may represent a further limitation for the comparison of results, considering the time-dependent changes that occur in natriuretic peptide levels in NSTE-ACS patients<sup>4,7,13,17,18</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is known that renal failure and aging increase plasma NT-proBNP levels<sup>24</sup>. The mean age of our patients was 61.15 (11.38) years, which is similar to values reported in other studies<sup>21,22</sup>. Both NT-proBNP and BNP are influenced by renal function, and NT-proBNP levels increase significantly when serum creatinine levels exceed 2.0mg/dL<sup>14,25,26</sup>. However, in this study, no patient had creatinine levels above 2.0mg/dL, suggesting that the increased levels of NT-proBNP in our patients were not associated with renal failure.</p>
      <p>Risk stratification is essential in managing ACS and the TIMI risk score is a valuable tool in NSTE-ACS<sup>11</sup>. In our study, TIMI risk score it did not correlate with plasma NT-proBNP levels (rs=0.082, p = 0.448). Bazzino et al<sup>13</sup> found that NT-proBNP had a more significant prognostic value than TIMI risk score and the ACC/AHA classification in predicting the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with NSTE-ACS. However, they did not report any association between NT-proBNP and TIMI risk score, which suggests that this study is the first to note the absence of such a correlation. In fact, our findings suggest that NT-proBNP and TIMI risk score reflect distinct aspects of NSTE-ACS. TIMI risk score is classically used in ACS as a risk marker for combined events of coronary artery bypass grafting, myocardial infarction and death in 30 days, while NT-proBNP may be related to ischemia only during the in-hospital period.</p>
      <p>The demonstration of a significant increase in plasma NT-proBNP levels regardless of left ventricular dysfunction in NSTE-ACS patients has important pathophysiological and clinical consequences. In experimental models with rats, the induction of myocardial hypoxia has been shown to stimulate the production of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides, as well as the rapid induction of ventricular BNP<sup>27,28</sup>. Studies in patients submitted to percutaneous coronary interventions showed that a short-duration increase in natriuretic peptides correlated with the size of the ischemic area<sup>29,30</sup>. Furthermore, a positive association was also observed between BNP gene expression in ventricular biopsies and plasma BNP levels in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting<sup>31</sup>. Hence, both reversible myocardial ischemia and myocardial necrosis may provoke increases in the levels of type B natriuretic peptides. More recently, it was suggested that increased BNP level can identify inducible ischemia as detected by standard noninvasive stress tests in patients with documented or suspected coronary artery disease<sup>32</sup>. This study adds information to the findings of these studies by showing that, in NSTE-ACS patients, increased NT-proBNP levels are at least partly related to the degree of ischemic myocardial damage, which can have prognostic importance<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some limitations of this study should be stressed. The studied sample is relatively small and our results have to be confirmed in larger studies. Furthermore, blood samples were collected and the echocardiogram was performed any time between the admission and 72 hours after the beginning of the symptoms. Since both ventricular function indexes and NT-pro BNP levels oscillate dynamically during the ACS, this relatively imprecise time window could be a cause of variability of the results. However, this same time window has been used in other studies<sup>4,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>From a clinical point of view, our findings suggest that natriuretic peptide concentration in patients with NSTE-ACS can bring more relevant information than other biological markers (troponin I, CK-MB) because of their potential to better define the amount of injured myocardium. New imaging methods can define more accurately the area and location of ischemia or myocardial necrosis in the acute phase of NSTE-ACS. Studies using these methods should be done, so that the size of the ischemic/necrotic area can be analyzed in correlation with BNP and NT-proBNP levels.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In patients with NSTE-ACS, NT-proBNP correlated not only with LVEF, but also with CK-MB and troponin I levels. Increased levels of NT-proBNP in patients with NSTE-ACS are not related exclusively to low LVEF, but can also be caused by the presence of myocardial ischemia and necrosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Luiz Ricardo Castro, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
