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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QDBrVFKmdrryM3cz5fWsPvq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001500006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700606</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000099</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Um novo &#237;ndice de doppler tecidual para a predi&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial futura em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mornos</surname>
            <given-names>Cristian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petrescu</surname>
            <given-names>Lucian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cozma</surname>
            <given-names>Dragos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ionac</surname>
            <given-names>Adina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pescariu</surname>
            <given-names>Sorin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dragulescu</surname>
            <given-names>Stefan Iosif</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Timisoara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases</institution>
        <country country="">Rom&#226;nia</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>390</fpage>
      <lpage>477</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O aparecimento de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA) em pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) est&#225; em geral associado a uma alta ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Constatou-se que a rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E' &#215; S') (E = velocidade transmitral diast&#243;lica inicial, E' = velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial no anel mitral e S = velocidade sist&#243;lica no anel mitral) reflete a press&#227;o de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Objetivo: Investigamos se E/(E' &#215; S') poderia ser um preditor de FA de in&#237;cio recente em pacientes com IC. M&#201;TODOS: Foram analisados 113 pacientes consecutivos hospitalizados com IC, em ritmo sinusal, ap&#243;s o tratamento m&#233;dico adequado. Os pacientes com hist&#243;rico de FA, imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas inadequadas, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, ritmo acelerado, doen&#231;a valvar prim&#225;ria significativa, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria durante o seguimento, doen&#231;a pulmonar ou insufici&#234;ncia renal grave n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos. E/(E' &#215; S') foi determinado utilizando a m&#233;dia das velocidades das bordas septal e lateral do anel mitral. A meta principal do estudo foi a FA de in&#237;cio recente. RESULTADOS: Durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento (35,7 &#177; 11,2 meses), 33 pacientes (29,2%) desenvolveram FA. A m&#233;dia de E/(E' &#215; S') foi de 3,09 &#177; 1,12 nesses pacientes, ao passo que foi de 1,72 &#177; 1,34 no restante (p &lt; 0,001). O corte de rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E' &#215; S') &#243;tima para predizer FA de in&#237;cio recente foi de 2,2 (88% de sensibilidade, 77% de especificidade). Havia 64 pacientes (56,6%) com E/(E' &#215; S') &lt; 2,2 e 49 (43,4%) com E/(E '&#215; S') &gt; 2,2. A FA de in&#237;cio recente foi maior em pacientes com E/(E' &#215; S') &gt; 2,2 que em pacientes com E/(E' &#215; S') &lt; 2,2 [29 (59,1%) versus 4 (6,2%), p &lt; 0,001]. Na an&#225;lise multivariada de Cox incluindo as vari&#225;veis que previram FA em an&#225;lise univariada, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E' &#215; S') foi o &#250;nico preditor independente de FA de in&#237;cio recente (rela&#231;&#227;o de risco = 2,26, 95% de intervalo de confian&#231;a = 1,25 - 4,09, p = 0,007). CONCLUS&#195;O: Em pacientes com IC, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E' &#215; S') parece ser um bom preditor de FA de in&#237;cio recente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Um novo &#237;ndice de doppler tecidual para a predi&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial futura em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cristian Mornos; Lucian Petrescu; Dragos Cozma; Adina Ionac; Sorin Pescariu; Stefan Iosif Dragulescu</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Timisoara, Rom&#226;nia</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O aparecimento de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA) em pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) est&#225; em geral associado a uma alta ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Constatou-se que a rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E' &#215; S') (E = velocidade transmitral diast&#243;lica inicial, E' = velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial no anel mitral e S = velocidade sist&#243;lica no anel mitral) reflete a press&#227;o de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. </p>
    <p> Objetivo: Investigamos se E/(E' &#215; S') poderia ser um preditor de FA de in&#237;cio recente em pacientes com IC. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram analisados 113 pacientes consecutivos hospitalizados com IC, em ritmo sinusal, ap&#243;s o tratamento m&#233;dico adequado. Os pacientes com hist&#243;rico de FA, imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas inadequadas, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, ritmo acelerado, doen&#231;a valvar prim&#225;ria significativa, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria durante o seguimento, doen&#231;a pulmonar ou insufici&#234;ncia renal grave n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos. E/(E' &#215; S') foi determinado utilizando a m&#233;dia das velocidades das bordas septal e lateral do anel mitral. A meta principal do estudo foi a FA de in&#237;cio recente. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento (35,7 &#177; 11,2 meses), 33 pacientes (29,2%) desenvolveram FA. A m&#233;dia de E/(E' &#215; S') foi de 3,09 &#177; 1,12 nesses pacientes, ao passo que foi de 1,72 &#177; 1,34 no restante (p &lt; 0,001). O corte de rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E' &#215; S') &#243;tima para predizer FA de in&#237;cio recente foi de 2,2 (88% de sensibilidade, 77% de especificidade). Havia 64 pacientes (56,6%) com E/(E' &#215; S') <underline>&lt;</underline> 2,2 e 49 (43,4%) com E/(E '&#215; S') &gt; 2,2. A FA de in&#237;cio recente foi maior em pacientes com E/(E' &#215; S') &gt; 2,2 que em pacientes com E/(E' &#215; S') <underline>&lt;</underline> 2,2 [29 (59,1%) versus 4 (6,2%), p &lt; 0,001]. Na an&#225;lise multivariada de Cox incluindo as vari&#225;veis que previram FA em an&#225;lise univariada, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E' &#215; S') foi o &#250;nico preditor independente de FA de in&#237;cio recente (rela&#231;&#227;o de risco = 2,26, 95% de intervalo de confian&#231;a = 1,25 - 4,09, p = 0,007). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Em pacientes com IC, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E' &#215; S') parece ser um bom preditor de FA de in&#237;cio recente.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ecocardiografia doppler, progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia mais comum na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral<sup>1,2</sup>, e a incid&#234;ncia aumenta com a gravidade da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC)<sup>3</sup>. A mortalidade e a morbidez ap&#243;s o aparecimento de FA permanecem altas a despeito dos avan&#231;os recentes no manejo dessa condi&#231;&#227;o, mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste de m&#250;ltiplas vari&#225;veis, incluindo idade, hipertens&#227;o, cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e IC congestiva<sup>2,4-6</sup>. Assim, as orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre a pr&#225;tica em IC e FA mudaram a sua &#234;nfase do tratamento para a preven&#231;&#227;o<sup>1,7</sup>. No entanto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos em risco de FA permanece um desafio. Portanto, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco com base em par&#226;metros cl&#237;nico, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e de biomarcadores para definir os pacientes que est&#227;o em risco de FA vem sendo amplamente estudada<sup>8-18</sup>. Com sua capacidade para identificar ou eliminar altera&#231;&#245;es na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acas, a ecocardiografia poderia ser &#250;til na predi&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento futuro de FA<sup>11-17</sup>. O Exame de Imagem por Doppler Tecidual (TDI), um novo m&#233;todo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, &#233; capaz de predizer a FA<sup>15-17</sup>. A rela&#231;&#227;o velocidade transmitral diast&#243;lica inicial/velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial no anel mitral (E/E'), refletindo as press&#245;es de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), foi proposta como um par&#226;metro &#250;nico para o Doppler, a ser utilizado na predi&#231;&#227;o de FA de in&#237;cio recente<sup>15-17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esses estudos sustentam a ideia de que a press&#227;o de enchimento intraventricular aumentada se correlaciona com o futuro desenvolvimento da FA. Recentemente, foi proposto um novo &#237;ndice de Doppler tecidual, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E' &#215; S'), para a avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE em uma popula&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea de cardiopatas<sup>19</sup>. Nesse estudo, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E' &#215; S') foi o melhor preditor de press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE em pacientes em ritmo sinusal, tendo sido superior a E/E', E', S' ou E, a despeito da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FEVE), em especial naqueles com E/E' entre 8 e 15 e naqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o regional. A rela&#231;&#227;o E / (E '&#215; S') associa um &#237;ndice de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (E/E') e um par&#226;metro que explora o desempenho sist&#243;lico do VE (S') e, portanto, poderia fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es complementares com rela&#231;&#227;o a cada componente considerado individualmente. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; a de que esse novo &#237;ndice TDI, E/(E' &#215; S'), pode ser mais sens&#237;vel do que os tradicionais m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos para prever o desenvolvimento futuro de FA de in&#237;cio recente em pacientes com IC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram analisados 158 pacientes consecutivos hospitalizados com IC em ritmo sinusal, diagnosticados de acordo com as orienta&#231;&#245;es<sup>7,20</sup>. Foram eliminados do estudo os pacientes que apresentavam qualquer um dos itens a seguir: hist&#243;ricos de FA, imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas inadequadas, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, ritmo acelerado, valvopatia prim&#225;ria significativa, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda na inclus&#227;o, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria durante o seguimento, doen&#231;a pulmonar ou insufici&#234;ncia renal grave. Os 113 pacientes restantes formaram o nosso grupo de estudo. O estudo foi aprovado pela comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa local.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas registradas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As seguintes vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas foram registradas e inclu&#237;das no modelo de progn&#243;stico: idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, etiologia da IC, classe funcional da Associa&#231;&#227;o Cardiol&#243;gica de Nova York (NYHA), n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal (NTproBNP) (determinados simultaneamente com a ecocardiografia).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiografia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia foi realizada ap&#243;s o tratamento m&#233;dico adequado, dentro de 24 horas ap&#243;s a alta utilizando o sistema de ultrassom Vivid 7 (General Electric, Milwaukee, WI). As medidas bidimensional e em modo-M foram realizadas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia, de maneira articulada com a Associa&#231;&#227;o Europeia de Ecocardiografia<sup>21</sup>. O mecanismo de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM) foi identificado por meio do uso de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica e/ou transesof&#225;gica<sup>22</sup>. A gravidade da RM foi avaliada a partir das vis&#245;es apicais utilizando o m&#233;todo de converg&#234;ncia proximal; a RM grave foi considerada se a &#225;rea do orif&#237;cio regurgitante era <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 mm<sup>2</sup> e o volume regurgitante era <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 mL/batimento<sup>23</sup>. Os padr&#245;es de fluxo transmitrais foram registrados com janelas de plano apical de quatro c&#226;maras com um volume de amostra de Doppler puls&#225;til de 3-5 mm inserido entre as extremidades da v&#225;lvula mitral. As velocidades m&#225;ximas de E e as ondas do fluxo transmitral diast&#243;lico final (A) foram medidos durante a apneia expirat&#243;ria final e a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A calculada<sup>24</sup>; as velocidades foram registradas por cinco ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos, e a m&#233;dia dos resultados foi determinada. O &#237;ndice do mioc&#225;rdio global (GMI) foi determinado utilizando intervalos de Doppler medidos com base nos tra&#231;ados do Doppler para o fluxo mitral e de sa&#237;da de VE, como a soma do tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica e tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico dividido pelo tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>O programa de Doppler tecidual foi ajustado no modo de Doppler de onda puls&#225;til. O movimento do anel mitral foi registrado na vis&#227;o apical de quatro c&#226;maras com uma taxa de frames de 80 a 140 frames por segundo. Um volume de amostra de 4-5 mm foi posicionado sequencialmente nas bordas lateral e septal do anel mitral. Os valores de E' e S' de pico foram registrados para cinco ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos durante a apneia expirat&#243;ria final, e os resultados foram determinados em m&#233;dia. As rela&#231;&#245;es E/E' e E/(E' &#215; S') foram calculadas utilizando a m&#233;dia das velocidades septal e lateral do anel mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>)<sup>19,24</sup>. O padr&#227;o de enchimento de VE restritivo foi definido de acordo com as orienta&#231;&#245;es vigentes<sup>24</sup>. Todas as medidas foram realizadas por um ecocardiografista experiente.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0390-00099-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultado cl&#237;nico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O principal evento consistia na FA de in&#237;cio recente. Estabelecemos a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA somente quando um m&#233;dico confirmou o diagn&#243;stico, analisando um eletrocardiograma. N&#227;o avaliamos a dura&#231;&#227;o da FA e n&#227;o fizemos nenhuma distin&#231;&#227;o entre FA parox&#237;stica, persistente ou permanente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (SD) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e propor&#231;&#245;es para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Os valores m&#233;dios das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparados por duas amostras independentes de testes "t", e as diferen&#231;as na preval&#234;ncia entre os grupos foram comparadas por meio de an&#225;lises Qui-quadradas. A an&#225;lise de curvas ROC (Receiver operating characteristic) foi utilizada para determinar valores de corte &#243;timos de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas para a previs&#227;o de FA de in&#237;cio recente. A an&#225;lise de sobreviv&#234;ncia foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. A rela&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros para o desenvolvimento de nova FA foi avaliada com um modelo de risco proporcional de Cox. Para testar o preditor independente de FA de in&#237;cio recente, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E' &#215; S') foi inserida em um modelo multivariado de Cox, que tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;a como covari&#225;veis todas as vari&#225;veis significativas por an&#225;lise univariada associadas com a FA de in&#237;cio recente. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o software estat&#237;stico SPSS (vers&#227;o 15.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois) e um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado para a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Este trabalho foi financiado pela CNCSIS-UEFISCU, n&#250;mero do projeto PN II/RU, c&#243;digo PD 526/2010.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo incluiu 113 pacientes consecutivos hospitalizados (a idade m&#233;dia foi de 61 &#177; 12 anos; 54 mulheres), com IC em ritmo sinusal. Havia vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas dispon&#237;veis para todos os pacientes. A m&#233;dia da FEVE foi de 41 &#177; 15%, 77 pacientes tinham IC com FEVE reduzida (68,1%) e 36 pacientes apresentavam IC com FEVE normal (31,9%). Os dados cl&#237;nicos basais e os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09911t01">tabela 1</xref>. As velocidades de anel mitral de TDI foram registr&#225;veis nos dois locais em todos os 113 pacientes. Ap&#243;s um seguimento m&#233;dio de 35,7 &#177; 11,2 meses, a FA de in&#237;cio recente foi desenvolvida em 33 pacientes (29,2%). Em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes que n&#227;o desenvolveram uma FA recente, os pacientes que desenvolveram FA de in&#237;cio recente apresentaram n&#237;veis de NTproBNP significativamente mais elevados e press&#245;es sist&#243;licas da art&#233;ria pulmonar, maiores volumes do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e de VE, menor FEVE, valores mais elevados para E, E/A, E/E' e GMI, menores velocidades de E' e S', maior incid&#234;ncia de RM grave. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o de idade, sexo, etiologia, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, classe de NYHA, medica&#231;&#227;o (considerando betabloqueador, inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina/antagonista do receptor de angiotensina e diur&#233;ticos) e tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o de E.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09911t01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0390-00099-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09911f02">figura 2</xref> mostra as curvas ROC para a predi&#231;&#227;o de FA de in&#237;cio recente. As &#225;reas sob as curvas de ROC (AUC) s&#227;o exibidas para os par&#226;metros de TDI analisados [rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E' &#215; S'), E/E', S', E'] e volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado (VAEI). O &#237;ndice E/(E' &#215; S') foi um preditor significativo de FA de in&#237;cio recente (AUC = 0,83, IC de 95% = 0,74 - 0.92, p &lt; 0,001). A rela&#231;&#227;o de E/E' basal, S' e VAEI tamb&#233;m foram significativos para predizer a FA de in&#237;cio recente (AUC = 0,77, IC de 95% = 0,68 - 0,86, p &lt; 0,001; AUC = 0,76, IC de 95% = 0,67 - 0,85, p &lt; 0,001, e AUC = 0,68, IC de 95% = 0,57 - 0.79, p = 0,002, respectivamente), ao passo que a onda E' foi individualmente um preditor significativo (AUC = 0,61, IC de 95% = 0,51 - 0,71, p = 0,056). Uma compara&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica das curvas de ROC demonstra diferen&#231;as significativas entre E/(E' &#215; S') e E/E' (p = 0,005), entre E/(E' &#215; S') e S' (p = 0,002), e entre E/(E' &#215; S') e VAEI (p &lt; 0,001), respectivamente. O valor de corte &#243;timo para a rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E' &#215; S') para prever FA de in&#237;cio recente foi de 2,2 com sensibilidade de 88% e especificidade de 77%.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09911f02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0390-00099-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Havia 64 pacientes (56,6%) com E/(E '&#215; S') = 2,2 e 49 (43,4%) com E/(E' &#215; S') &gt; 2.2. A m&#233;dia de E/(E' &#215; S') foi de 3,34 &#177; 0,98 no grupo de pacientes com E/(E' &#215; S') &gt; 2,2, enquanto foi de 1,19 &#177; 0,47 no restante (p &lt; 0,001). Os pacientes com E/(E' &#215; S') &gt; 2.2 apresentaram n&#237;veis de NTproBNP no plasma significativamente maiores (5.379 &#177; 4.910 vs. 1.265 &#177; 1.009 pg/mL, p &lt; 0,001), e maiores volumes de AE e diast&#243;licos finais de VE (108 &#177; 50 vs. 79 &#177; 33 mL, p = 0,001, e 116 &#177; 36 vs. 91 &#177; 29 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente), FEVE menor (34,8 &#177; 13,2 vs. 46,2 &#177; 13,3, p = 0,002) e maior incid&#234;ncia de RM grave [9 (18,3 %) vs. 6 (9,3%), p = 0,01]. A incid&#234;ncia de FA de in&#237;cio recente foi significativamente maior no grupo de pacientes com E/(E' &#215; S') &gt; 2.2 que no grupo com E/(E' &#215; S') <underline>&lt;</underline> 2,2 [29 (59,1%) vs. 4 (6,2%), p &lt; 0,001]. A <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="f3">f<italic>igura</italic> 3</xref> <italic>mostra</italic> as curvas de <italic>Kaplan-Meier</italic> FA livres de eventos para pacientes com E/(E' &#215; S') <underline>&lt;</underline> 2,2 e &gt; 2,2. Durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento, a morte card&#237;aca ocorreu em 18 pacientes (16%); foi relatada FA de in&#237;cio recente antes da morte card&#237;aca em 14 desses pacientes. No outro grupo de quatro pacientes, a morte card&#237;aca ocorreu entre 28 e 41 meses ap&#243;s a ecocardiografia basal. A morte n&#227;o card&#237;aca n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente no grupo de pacientes sem FA comparado ao grupo com a FA de in&#237;cio recente [3 (3,75%) vs. 1 (3,03%), p = 0,16]. Esses pacientes foram verificados quando realizamos a an&#225;lise de FA.</p>
    <p>
      <undefined id="f3"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0390-00099-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> mostra as vari&#225;veis que previram a FA de in&#237;cio recente na an&#225;lise univariada e regress&#227;o de Cox. Os n&#237;veis de NTproBNP, MR grave, FEVE, VAE, VAEI, E/A, S', E', E/E', E/(E' &#215; S'), FEVE <underline>&lt;</underline> 40% combinados com E/E' &gt; 15, e o padr&#227;o restritivo emergiram como preditores da FA nos pacientes do estudo. Sexo, idade, classe na NYHA, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, volume diast&#243;lico final e sist&#243;lico final indexado, press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar, GMI, E e tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o de E, betabloqueador, inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina/antagonista do receptor de angiotensina ou diur&#233;ticos n&#227;o foram associados de forma significativa com a FA de in&#237;cio recente na an&#225;lise univariada.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0390-00099-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Depois disso, todas as vari&#225;veis que previram a FA de in&#237;cio recente na an&#225;lise univariada foram inseridas em uma an&#225;lise multivariada e regress&#227;o de Cox. Essa an&#225;lise identificou a rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E '&#215; S') como o &#250;nico preditor independente de FA (RR = 2,26, IC de 95% = 1,25 - 4,09, p = 0,007) na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
    <p>O benef&#237;cio adicional da rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E' &#215; S') para prever a FA de in&#237;cio recente &#233; demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09911f04">figura 4</xref>. Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor de incremento, S' oferece um benef&#237;cio adicional (p = 0,003) sobre os par&#226;metros convencionais (FEVE, VAEI, E/A e E/E'). No entanto, a adi&#231;&#227;o de E/(E' &#215; S') melhorou sensivelmente a utilidade progn&#243;stica do modelo que continha FEVE, VAEI, E/A, E/E' e S' (p = 0,001). Inclu&#237;mos nesse modelo apenas os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos tradicionais, e n&#227;o todas as vari&#225;veis que previram a FA de in&#237;cio recente na an&#225;lise univariada.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09911f04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0390-00099-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Para determinar se esse efeito foi devido &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica anormal do VE, analisamos os pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE preservada (FEVE e" 50%) e aqueles com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE reduzida (FEVE &lt; 50%) separadamente. Em pacientes com FEVE &lt; 50%, o subgrupo com E/(E' &#215; S') d" 2,2 (n = 35) comparado com o subgrupo com E/(E' &#215; S') &gt; 2,2 (n = 42) apresentou uma taxa de sobrevida livre de eventos significativamente melhor (91,4 % vs. 42,8%, p &lt; 0,001). O benef&#237;cio foi mais proeminente em pacientes com FEVE e" 50%. Os pacientes com E/(E' &#215; S') d" 2,2 (n = 29) e os pacientes com E/(E' &#215; S') &gt; 2,2 (n = 7) demonstraram uma taxa de sobrevida livre de eventos de 96,5% e 28,5%, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,001). As Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para a condi&#231;&#227;o livre de eventos de FA nos dois grupos s&#227;o exibidas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09911f05">figura 5</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09911f05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0390-00099-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dentro de nosso conhecimento, esse &#233; o primeiro estudo a investigar o valor de um novo &#237;ndice derivado do Doppler tecidual, E/(E' &#215; S'), na predi&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento futuro da FA. Esse par&#226;metro &#233; &#250;til para prever a FA em pacientes com IC em ritmo sinusal, de forma independente da FEVE. A rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E' &#215; S') foi o preditor mais forte da FA com in&#237;cio recente, quando comparado com v&#225;rios outros par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (par&#226;metros convencionais e de TDI), vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e n&#237;veis de NTproBNP no plasma.</p>
    <p>A FA &#233; a arritmia mais comum na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral<sup>1,2</sup>. O aparecimento da FA em pacientes com IC est&#225; em geral associado com a alta ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares cardiovascular<sup>2,4-7</sup>. Em um grande coorte de pacientes do Estudo Card&#237;aco Framingham, no primeiro diagn&#243;stico de IC, 20% dos pacientes desenvolveram tardiamente uma nova FA, ap&#243;s cerca de quatro anos<sup>2</sup>. Em nosso estudo, a incid&#234;ncia de FA de in&#237;cio recente na IC ainda era alta, mesmo durante um tratamento cl&#237;nico &#243;timo, e ocorreu em 29,2% dos pacientes ap&#243;s um seguimento m&#233;dio de 35,7 &#177; 11,2 meses. Para permitir a preven&#231;&#227;o da FA, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco com base em grandes estudos observacionais vem demonstrando que v&#225;rios par&#226;metros s&#227;o associados com a FA<sup>8-18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os fatores de risco cardiovasculares convencionais previram FA incidente com razo&#225;vel precis&#227;o<sup>18</sup>. Um recente subestudo do ensaio da Investiga&#231;&#227;o de Seguimento de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial do Controle do Ritmo (AFFIRM) demonstrou uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na classe funciona na NYHA entre os pacientes com IC que eram capazes de manter o ritmo sinusal durante todo o ensaio com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles que n&#227;o a mantinham<sup>5</sup>. A incid&#234;ncia de FA &#233; aumentada com a gravidade da FA<sup>3</sup>. Em nosso estudo, a classe funcional da NYHA foi um preditor significativo da FA em uma an&#225;lise univariada, mas foi eliminada na an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi altamente predominante na presente s&#233;rie e n&#227;o se pode descartar a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos isqu&#234;micos que contribu&#237;ram para a FA de in&#237;cio recente. Quando a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana causas hiberna&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica regional, a velocidade de E' cai<sup>17,26</sup> e vem sendo demonstrado a sua nova subida ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea<sup>26</sup>. Nesses pacientes, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' aumenta e a de S' diminui devido &#224;s mudan&#231;as regionais no mioc&#225;rdio, frequentemente causadas pela doen&#231;a coronariana subcl&#237;nica<sup>17,26</sup>. Em nosso estudo, a presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana n&#227;o foi um preditor independente de FA de in&#237;cio recente na an&#225;lise univariada.</p>
    <p>H&#225; sugest&#227;o de que os biomarcadores que refletem processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos comuns podem realizar uma melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o de riscos<sup>7,9,10,18</sup>. Um NT-proBNP elevado no segmento basal foi associado com o futuro desenvolvimento da FA, conforme recentemente relatado<sup>9</sup>. Smith e cols.<sup>18</sup> demonstraram que os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos, mas n&#227;o outros biomarcadores, aumentam a distin&#231;&#227;o de FA de in&#237;cio recente. Os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos elevados parecem identificar os pacientes com risco aumentado de FA parox&#237;stica em pacientes hipertensos<sup>15</sup> ou ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de art&#233;ria coronariana isolada<sup>10</sup>. A an&#225;lise univariada de nossos dados apoia a observa&#231;&#227;o de que o NTproBNP tem valor progn&#243;stico, mas de maneira diferente do que se observa na literatura, o NTproBNP n&#227;o foi um preditor na regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos anteriores com exame de imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas v&#234;m sugerindo que um volume maior do AE est&#225; associado com um risco maior de FA em pacientes com relaxamento do VE<sup>8</sup>, em pacientes idosos<sup>11,13</sup>, ou em pacientes n&#227;o selecionados<sup>14</sup>. &#193;trios aumentados s&#227;o mais bem correlacionados com a tens&#227;o de parede por causa da eleva&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica das press&#245;es de enchimento ventricular e refletem o processo de remodelamento, representando um substituto quantific&#225;vel do substrato arritmog&#234;nico. A varia&#231;&#227;o de mi&#243;citos cr&#244;nica aumenta a matriz intercelular, a produ&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno e a fibrose, mediada pelo sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona<sup>27</sup>. Alguns autores demonstraram o valor de incremento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (avaliada com o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o de E, E/A, e o volume do AE) para os fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos funcionando como um preditor independente de FA<sup>11,12</sup>. Esses par&#226;metros s&#227;o influenciados pela condi&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica, press&#227;o do AE, idade e relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico, e est&#227;o associados com as limita&#231;&#245;es reconhecidas<sup>24</sup>. Em nosso estudo, a FEVE, E/A, volume do AE, VAEI, padr&#227;o restritivo, RM grave, preditores do resultado da an&#225;lise univariada, foram eliminados na an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
    <p>O TDI &#233; uma t&#233;cnica relativamente nova dispon&#237;vel em equipamentos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de diversos fabricantes, que pode detectar a disfun&#231;&#227;o de VE longitudinal subcl&#237;nica<sup>28</sup>. Uma press&#227;o de enchimento de VE aumentada est&#225; relacionada com o aumento do AE e com o futuro desenvolvimento da FA<sup>27</sup>. Uma estimativa confi&#225;vel da press&#227;o de enchimento do VE &#233; a informa&#231;&#227;o mais &#250;til da avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da di&#225;stole. Conceitualmente, &#233; muito dif&#237;cil separar o relaxamento da contra&#231;&#227;o, e &#233; melhor consider&#225;-los juntos como parte de um ciclo cont&#237;nuo, sendo que as altera&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica t&#234;m uma contribui&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel com um VE deficiente<sup>29</sup>. Alguns autores consideram que a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica &#233;, de fato, um dos determinantes mais importantes da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<sup>28-30</sup>. A rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' vem sendo proposta como o melhor par&#226;metro individual do Doppler na predi&#231;&#227;o de FA<sup>15-17</sup>. A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular assintom&#225;tica frequentemente precede a IC ou a FA<sup>18</sup>. Hirata e cols.<sup>31</sup> demonstraram que um par&#226;metro combinando o &#237;ndice diast&#243;lico (E/E') com a FEVE (um par&#226;metro que explora a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica) prev&#234; os resultados em pacientes com IC (FEVE <underline>&lt;</underline> 40% e E/E' &gt; 15). Em um estudo anterior, demonstramos que um novo &#237;ndice, E/(E' &#215; S'), &#233; &#250;til para avaliar a press&#227;o de enchimento do VE, a despeito da FEVE<sup>19</sup>. Neste estudo, E/(E' &#215; S') foi o melhor preditor da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final no VE em uma popula&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea de cardiopatas, e se estava mais intimamente relacionado com a press&#227;o de enchimento do VE que E/E', E', S' ou E. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FA de in&#237;cio recente, E/(E' &#215; S') foi o &#250;nico preditor independente na an&#225;lise multivariada no presente estudo. Esse novo par&#226;metro associa um &#237;ndice de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (E/E') e um marcador que explora o desempenho sist&#243;lico do VE (S') e, portanto, poderia fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es complementares no que se refere a cada componente considerado individualmente. A superioridade da rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E' &#215; S') com rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#237;ndice combinado de Hirata pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; capacidade de S' reduzida para identificar a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE em indiv&#237;duos com FEVE<sup>28</sup> normal. O TDI n&#227;o exige o tra&#231;ado de contornos endoc&#225;rdicos, ao contr&#225;rio dos volumes do VE e FEVE. Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao desenvolvimento futuro da FA, o complexo &#237;ndice E/(E' &#215; S') oferece um benef&#237;cio adicional comparado aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos tradicionais (FEVE, VAEI, E/A, S' e E/E').</p>
    <p>Nossos resultados devem ser considerados no contexto de v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. O n&#250;mero de pacientes neste estudo foi relativamente pequeno; no entanto, fomos capazes de chegar a algumas observa&#231;&#245;es importantes. Optamos por n&#227;o utilizar par&#226;metros mais sofisticados associados ao Doppler, tais como curvas venocapilares, o intervalo entre o in&#237;cio do fluxo mitral e a velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial no anel (T<sub>E'-E</sub>) e o fluxo mitral durante a manobra de Valsalva. Esses par&#226;metros de Doppler s&#227;o dif&#237;ceis de registrar e, dessa forma, n&#227;o s&#227;o adequados &#224; pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria. Limitamos as medi&#231;&#245;es de TDI a dois locais (margens septal e lateral do anel mitral) e n&#227;o examinamos as velocidades anterior e posterior que pudessem ter fornecido informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais. Nosso estudo &#233; um estudo unic&#234;ntrico e sua reprodu&#231;&#227;o em outros centros ou por estudos multic&#234;ntricos colocaria em evid&#234;ncia a sua validade.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, nesse grupo de pacientes com IC em ritmo sinusal, o novo &#237;ndice derivado do Doppler tecidual, E/(E' &#215; S'), parece ser um bom preditor de longo prazo independente da FA de in&#237;cio recente. A rela&#231;&#227;o E/(E' &#215; S') &gt; 2,2 pode ser uma ferramenta simples e eficaz para avaliar pacientes de alto risco no que se refere ao desenvolvimento futuro da FA de in&#237;cio recente, de forma independente da FEVE.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Cristian Mornos </p>
        <p> Str G Adam 13 A - Timis </p>
        <p> 300310 - Timisoara </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mornoscristi@yahoo.com">mornoscristi@yahoo.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 30/01/11, revisado recebido em 15/06/11, aceito em 22/06/11.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">A new tissue doppler index in predicting future atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Onset of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with heart failure (HF) is usually associated with a high occurrence of cardiovascular complications. E/(E'&#215;S') ratio (E=early diastolic transmitral velocity, E'=early mitral annular diastolic velocity and S'=systolic mitral annulus velocity) has been shown to reflect left ventricular filling pressure. OBJECTIVE: We investigate whether E/(E'&#215;S') could be a predictor of new-onset AF in patients with HF. METHODS: We analyzed 113 consecutive hospitalized patients with HF, in sinus rhythm, after appropriate medical treatment. Patients with histories of AF, inadequate echocardiographic images, congenital heart disease, paced rhythm, significant primary valvular disease, acute coronary syndrome, coronary revascularization during follow-up, severe pulmonary disease or renal failure were not included. E/(E'&#215;S') was determined using the average of septal and lateral mitral annular velocities. The primary study end-point was the new-onset AF. RESULTS: During the follow-up period (35.7&#177;11.2 months), 33 patients (29.2%) developed AF. Mean E/(E'&#215;S') was 3.09&#177;1.12 in these patients, while it was 1.72&#177;1.34 in the other patients (p&lt;0.001). The optimal E/(E'&#215;S') cut-off to predict new-onset AF was 2.2 (88% sensitivity, 77% specificity). There were 64 patients (56.6%) with E/(E'&#215;S')&lt;2.2 and 49 (43.4%) with E/(E'&#215;S')&gt;2.2. New-onset AF was higher in patients with E/(E'&#215;S')&gt;2.2 than in patients with E/(E'&#215;S')&lt;2.2 [29 (59.1%) versus 4 (6.2%), p&lt;0.001]. On multivariate Cox analysis including the variables that predicted AF on univariate analysis, E/(E'&#215;S') was the only independent predictor of new-onset AF (hazard ratio=2.26, 95% confidence interval=1.25-4.09, p=0.007). CONCLUSION: In patients with HF, E/(E'&#215;S') seems to be a good predictor of new-onset AF.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Tissue Doppler imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>prognostic</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>atrial fibrillation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>A new tissue doppler index in predicting future atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Cristian Mornos; Lucian Petrescu; Dragos Cozma; Adina Ionac; Sorin Pescariu; Stefan Iosif Dragulescu</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Timisoara, Rom&#226;nia</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> Onset of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with heart failure (HF) is usually associated with a high occurrence of cardiovascular complications. E/(E'&#215;S') ratio (E=early diastolic transmitral velocity, E'=early mitral annular diastolic velocity and S'=systolic mitral annulus velocity) has been shown to reflect left ventricular filling pressure.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVE:</bold> We investigate whether E/(E'&#215;S') could be a predictor of new-onset AF in patients with HF.</p>
      <p> METHODS: We analyzed 113 consecutive hospitalized patients with HF, in sinus rhythm, after appropriate medical treatment. Patients with histories of AF, inadequate echocardiographic images, congenital heart disease, paced rhythm, significant primary valvular disease, acute coronary syndrome, coronary revascularization during follow-up, severe pulmonary disease or renal failure were not included. E/(E'&#215;S') was determined using the average of septal and lateral mitral annular velocities. The primary study end-point was the new-onset AF.</p>
      <p> RESULTS: During the follow-up period (35.7 &#177; 11.2 months), 33 patients (29.2%) developed AF. Mean E/(E'&#215;S') was 3.09 &#177; 1.12 in these patients, while it was 1.7 2 &#177; 1.34 in the other patients (p &lt; 0.001). The optimal E/(E'&#215;S') cut-off to predict new-onset AF was 2.2 (88% sensitivity, 77% specificity). There were 64 patients (56.6%) with E/(E'&#215;S') <underline>&lt;</underline> 2.2 and 49 (43.4%) with E/(E'&#215;S') &gt; 2.2.</p>
      <p> New-onset AF was higher in patients with E/(E'&#215;S') &gt; 2.2 than in patients with E/(E'&#215;S') <underline>&lt;</underline> 2.2 [29 (59.1%) versus 4 (6.2%), p &lt; 0.001]. On multivariate Cox analysis including the variables that predicted AF on univariate analysis, E/(E'&#215;S') was the only independent predictor of new-onset AF (hazard ratio = 2.26, 95% confidence interval = 1.25-4.09, p = 0.007).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> In patients with HF, E/(E'&#215;S') seems to be a good predictor of new-onset AF.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Tissue doppler imaging, prognostic, heart failure, atrial fibrillation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in the general population<sup>1,2</sup> and its incidence increases with the severity of heart failure (HF)<sup>3</sup>. Mortality and morbidity after the onset of AF remains high despite recent progress in the management of this condition, even after adjustment for multiple variables including age, hypertension, ischemic heart disease and congestive HF<sup>2,4-6</sup>. Accordingly, practice guidelines for HF and AF have shifted their emphasis from treatment to prevention<sup>1,7</sup>. The identification of individuals at risk for AF remains a challenge, though. Therefore, risk stratification based on clinical, biomarkers and echocardiographic parameters to define patients who are at risk for AF has been studied extensively<sup>8-18</sup>. With its ability to identify or exclude abnormalities in cardiac structure and function, echocardiography could be useful for prediction of future development of AF<sup>11-17</sup>. Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI), a new echocardiographic method, can predict AF<sup>15-17</sup>. The early diastolic transmitral velocity/early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E/E') ratio, reflecting left ventricular (LV) filling pressures, was proposed as a single Doppler parameter in prediction of new-onset AF<sup>15-17</sup>. These studies support the idea that increased intraventricular filling pressure correlates with the future development of AF. We have recently proposed a novel tissue Doppler index, E/(E'&#215;S'), for the non-invasive assessment of LV end-diastolic pressure in a heterogeneous population of cardiac patients<sup>19</sup>. In this study, E/(E'&#215;S') was the best predictor of LV end-diastolic pressure in sinus rhythm patients, and it was superior to E/E', E', S' or E, regardless of LV ejection fraction (LVEF), particularly in those with E/E' between 8 and 15 and in those with regional dysfunction. E/(E'&#215;S') associates an index of diastolic function (E/E') and a parameter that explores LV systolic performance (S') and therefore could provide supplementary information compared to each component alone. We hypothesized that this novel TDI index, E/(E'&#215;S'), may be more sensitive than traditional echocardiographic methods to predict future development of new-onset AF in patients with HF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Population studied</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We analyzed 158 consecutive hospitalized patients with HF in sinus rhythm, diagnosed according to the guidelines<sup>7,20</sup>. Patients were excluded from the study if any of the following was present: history of AF, inadequate echocardiographic images, congenital heart disease, paced rhythm, significant primary valvular heart disease, acute coronary syndrome at inclusion, coronary artery bypass grafting during follow-up, severe pulmonary disease or renal failure. The other 113 patients formed our study group. The study was approved by the local research ethics committee.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical variables recorded</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The following clinical variables were recorded and included in the prognostic model: age, sex, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, etiology of HF, New York Heart Association <italic>(</italic>NYHA<italic>)</italic> functional class, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) levels (determined simultaneously with echocardiography).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Echocardiography was performed after appropriate medical treatment, within 24 hours of hospital discharge using a Vivid 7 ultrasonographic system (General Electric, Milwaukee, WI). Two-dimensional and M-mode measurements were performed according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography, working together with the European Association of Echocardiography<sup>21</sup>. The mechanism of mitral regurgitation (MR) was identified by transtoracic and/or transesophageal echocardiography<sup>22</sup>. The severity of MR was assessed from the apical views using the proximal convergence method; severe MR was considered if the regurgitant orifice area was <underline>&gt;</underline>40 mm<sup>2</sup> and the regurgitant volume was <underline>&gt;</underline>60 ml/beat<sup>23</sup>. Transmitral flow patterns were recorded from apical four-chamber windows with 3-5 mm pulsed-sample Doppler volume placed between the mitral valve tips. Maximal velocities of E and late diastolic transmitral flow (A) waves were measured during end-expiratory apnoea and E/A ratio calculated<sup>24</sup>; the velocities were recorded for five consecutive cardiac cycles, and the results were averaged. The global myocardial index (GMI) was determined using Doppler time intervals measured from mitral inflow and LV outflow Doppler tracings, as the sum of isovolumic contraction time and isovolumic relaxation time divided by ejection time<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>The tissue Doppler program was set in pulsed-wave Doppler mode. Motion of mitral annulus was recorded in the apical four-chamber view at a frame rate of 80 to 140 frames per second. A 4-5 mm sample volume was positioned sequentially at the lateral and septal corners of the mitral annulus. The peak E' and S' were recorded for five consecutive cardiac cycles during end-expiratory apnoea, and the results were averaged. E/E' and E/(E'&#215;S') were calculated using the average of septal and lateral mitral annular velocities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>)<sup>19,24</sup>. The restrictive LV filling pattern was defined accordingly to current guidelines<sup>24</sup>. All measurements were performed by an experienced echocardiographer.</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0390-00099-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical outcome</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The primary event consisted of new-onset AF. We established the occurrence of AF only when a physician confirmed the diagnosis by reviewing an electrocardiogram. We did not assess the duration of AF and made no distinction between paroxysmal, persistent, or permanent AF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data are presented as the mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and proportions for categorical variables. The mean values of continuous variables were compared by 2-independent sample t-tests, and differences in the prevalence between groups were compared via chi-square analyses. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine optimal cutoff values of continuous variables for the prediction of new-onset AF. Time-to-event analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The relationship of parameters to the development of new AF was assessed with a Cox proportional hazards model. To test the independent predictor of new-onset AF, E/(E'&#215;S') was entered into a multivariable Cox model that also included as covariates all significant variables by univariate analysis associated with new-onset AF. All analyses were performed with SPSS statistical software (version 15.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois) and a value of p &lt;0.05 was considered for statistic significance. This work was supported by CNCSIS-UEFISCU, project number PN II/RU code PD 526/2010.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study included 113 consecutive hospitalized patients (the mean age was 61 &#177; 12 years; 54 women), with HF in sinus rhythm. Clinical variables were available for all patients. The mean LVEF was 41&#177;15%; 77 patients had HF with reduced LVEF (68.1%) and 36 patients presented HF with normal LVEF (31.9%). Baseline clinical and echocardiographic data are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09911t01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Mitral annular velocities from TDI were recordable at both sites in all 113 patients. After a mean follow-up of 35.7&#177;11.2 months, new-onset AF developed in 33 patients (29.2%). As compared with patients who did not develop new AF, patients who developed new-onset AF had significantly higher NTproBNP levels and pulmonary artery systolic pressures, larger left atrial (LA) and LV volumes, lower LVEF, higher values for E, E/A, E/E' and GMI, lower E' and S' velocities, higher incidence of severe MR. In addition, there was no difference with regard to the distribution of age, gender, etiology, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, body mass index, NYHA class, medication (regarding beta blocker, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor antagonist and diuretics) and E-deceleration time.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09911f02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the ROC curves for the prediction of new-onset AF. The areas under ROC curves (AUC) are shown for the TDI parameters analyzed [E/(E'&#215;S'), E/E' ratio, S', E'] and LA volume index (LAVI). The E/(E'&#215;S') index was a significant predictor of new-onset AF (AUC= 0.83, 95% CI= 0.74-0.92, p &lt; 0.001). The baseline E/E' ratio, S' and LAVI were also significant for predicting new-onset AF (AUC= 0.77, 95%CI= 0.68-0.86, p &lt; 0.001; AUC= 0.76, 95%CI= 0.67-0.85, p &lt; 0.001, and AUC= 0.68, 95%CI= 0.57-0.79, p = 0.002, respectively), whereas the E' wave alone was an insignificant predictor (AUC = 0.61, 95%CI= 0.51-0.71, p = 0.056). A statistical comparison of the ROC curves demonstrates significant differences between E/(E'&#215;S') and E/E' (p = 0.005), between E/(E'&#215;S') and S' (p = 0.002), and between E/(E'&#215;S') and LAVI (p &lt; 0.001), respectively. The optimal cut-off value for E/(E'&#215;S') ratio to predict new-onset AF was 2.2 with 88% sensitivity and 77% specificity.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop09911f02-body2">
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      </p>
      <p>There were 64 patients (56.6%) with E/(E'&#215;S')<underline>&lt;</underline>2.2 and 49 (43.4%) with E/(E'&#215;S')&gt;2.2. Mean E/(E'&#215;S') was 3.34&#177;0.98 in the group of patients with E/(E'&#215;S')&gt;2.2, while it was 1.19&#177;0.47 in the others (p &lt; 0.001). Patients with E/(E'&#215;S')&gt;2.2 presented significantly higher plasmatic NTproBNP levels (5379&#177;4910 vs. 1265&#177;1009 pg/ml, p &lt; 0.001), larger LA and end-diastolic LV volumes (108&#177;50 vs. 79&#177;33 ml, p = 0.001, and 116&#177;36 vs. 91&#177;29 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, p &lt; 0.001, respectively), lower LVEF (34.8&#177;13.2 vs. 46.2&#177;13.3, p = 0.002), and higher incidence of severe MR [9 (18.3%) vs. 6 (9.3%), p = 0.01]. The incidence of new-onset AF was significantly higher in the group of patients with E/(E'&#215;S')&gt;2.2 than in the group with E/(E'&#215;S')<underline>&lt;</underline>2.2 [29 (59.1%) versus 4 (6.2%), p &lt; 0.001]. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-body2">Figure 3</xref> shows the Kaplan-Meier AF event-free curves for patients with E/(E'&#215;S')<underline>&lt;</underline>2.2 and &gt;2.2. During the follow-up period, cardiac death occurred in 18 patients (16%); new-onset AF was reported before the cardiac death in 14 of these patients. In the other group of 4 patients, cardiac death occurred between 28 and 41 months after the basal echocardiography. Non-cardiac death was not significantly different in the group of patients without AF compared to the group with new-onset AF [3 (3.75%) vs. 1 (3.03%), p = 0.16]. These patients were censored when we did new-onset AF analysis.</p>
      <fig id="f3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0390-00099-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09911t02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the variables that predicted the new-onset AF on univariate Cox regression analysis. NTproBNP levels, severe MR, LVEF, LAV, LAVI, E/A, S', E', E/E', E/(E'&#215;S'), LVEF<underline>&lt;</underline>40% combined with E/E'&gt;15, and restrictive pattern emerged as predictors of AF in the patients studied. Age, sex, NYHA class, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, coronary artery disease, LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volume index, systolic pulmonary artery pressure, GMI, E and E-deceleration time, beta blocker, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor antagonist or diuretics, were not significantly associated with new-onset AF in the univariate analysis.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>Subsequently, all the variables that predicted the new-onset AF in the univariate analysis were entered into a forward multivariate Cox regression analysis. This analysis identified E/(E'&#215;S') ratio as the only independent predictor of new-onset AF (HR= 2.26, 95%CI= 1.25-4.09, p =0.007) in the study population.</p>
      <p>The additional benefit of E/(E'&#215;S') to predict new-onset AF is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09911f04-body2">Figure 4</xref>. With regard to the incremental value, S' offers an additional benefit (p =0.003) over conventional parameters (LVEF, LAVI, E/A and E/E'). However, the addition of E/(E'&#215;S') markedly improved the prognostic utility of the model containing LVEF, LAVI, E/A, E/E' and S' (p =0.001). We included in this model only the traditional echocardiographic parameters instead oft all of the variables that predicted the new-onset AF on univariate analysis.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop09911f04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-06-0390-00099-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>To determine whether this effect was due to abnormal LV systolic function, we analyzed patients with preserved (LVEF<underline>&gt;</underline>50%) and those with reduced (LVEF&lt;50%) LV systolic function separately. In patients with LVEF&lt;50%, the subgroup with E/(E'&#215;S')<underline>&lt;</underline>2.2 (n =35) compared with the subgroup with E/(E'&#215;S')&gt;2.2 (n =42) had a significantly better event-free survival rate (91.4% vs. 42.8%, p &lt;0.001). The benefit was more prominent in patients with LVEF<underline>&gt;</underline>50%. The patients with E/(E'&#215;S')<underline>&lt;</underline>2.2 (n =29) and the patients with E/(E'&#215;S')&gt;2.2 (n =7) demonstrated a 96.5% and 28.5% event-free survival rate, respectively (p &lt;0.001). Kaplan<italic>-</italic>Meier curves for AF event-free status in the two groups are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09911f05-body2">Figure 5</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the value of a new tissue Doppler-derived index, E/(E'&#215;S'), in predicting future development of AF. This parameter is useful to predict new-onset AF in patients with HF, in sinus rhythm, regardless of LVEF. The E/(E'&#215;S') ratio was the strongest predictor of new-onset AF compared to several other echocardiographic parameters (conventional and TDI parameters), clinical variables and plasmatic NTproBNP levels.</p>
      <p>AF is the most common arrhythmia in the general population<sup>1,2</sup>. Onset of AF in HF patients is usually associated with a high occurrence of cardiovascular complications<sup>2,4-7</sup>. In a large cohort of patients from the Framingham Heart Study, at first diagnosis of HF, 20% of patients later developed new AF after about 4 years<sup>2</sup>. In our study, the incidence of new-onset AF in HF was still high, even during optimal medical therapy, and occurred in 29.2% of the patients after a mean follow-up of 35.7&#177;11.2 months. To enable the prevention of AF, risk stratification on the basis of large observational studies has shown that several parameters are associated with AF<sup>8-18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Conventional cardiovascular risk factors predict incident AF with reasonable accuracy<sup>18</sup>. A recent substudy of the AFFIRM trial demonstrated a statistically significant difference in NYHA functional class among HF patients who were able to maintain sinus rhythm throughout the trial vs. those who did not maintain it<sup>5</sup>. The incidence of AF is increased with the severity of HF<sup>3</sup>. In our study, NYHA functional class was a significant predictor of AF in the univariate analysis but it was eliminated in the multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p>Coronary artery disease was highly prevalent in this series and one cannot rule out the occurrence of ischemic events contributing to the new-onset AF. When coronary disease causes regional hibernation of the myocardium, the E' velocity drops<sup>17,26</sup> and it has been shown to rise again after percutaneous coronary intervention<sup>26</sup>. In these patients, the E/E' ratio increase and S' decrease due to regional changes in the myocardium are often caused by subclinical coronary disease<sup>17,26</sup>. In our study, the presence of coronary artery disease was not an independent predictor of new-onset AF in the univariate analysis.</p>
      <p>It has been suggested that biomarkers reflecting common pathophysiological processes may perform a better risk stratification<sup>7,9,10,18</sup>. A high NT-proBNP at baseline was associated with future development of AF, as recently reported<sup>9</sup>. Smith et al<sup>18</sup> demonstrated that natriuretic peptides, rather than other biomarkers, improve discrimination for new-onset AF. High natruretic peptides appear to identify patients at increased risk of paroxysmal AF in hypertensive patients<sup>15</sup> or after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting<sup>10</sup>. Univariate analysis of our data supports the observation that NTproBNP has prognostic value but differently from what is observed in the literature, NTproBNP was not a predictor in the multivariate Cox regression.</p>
      <p>Several previous studies with echocardiographic imaging have suggested that a larger LA volume is associated with a higher risk of AF in patients with abnormal LV relaxation<sup>8</sup>, in elderly patients<sup>11,13</sup> or in unselected patients<sup>14</sup>. Enlarged atria are best correlated with increased wall tension because of chronic elevation of ventricular filling pressures and reflect the remodeling process, representing a quantifiable surrogate of the arrhythmogenic substrate. Chronic myocyte stretch increases the intercellular matrix, collagen production, and fibrosis, mediated through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system<sup>27</sup>. Some authors demonstrated the incremental value of diastolic function (assessed with E-deceleration time, E/A, and LA volume) to clinical risk factors alone as predictor of AF<sup>11,12</sup>. These parameters are influenced by the volemic status, LA pressure, age and myocardial relaxation, and are associated with well recognized limitations<sup>24</sup>. In our study, LVEF, E/A, LA volume, LAVI, restrictive pattern, severe MR, predictors of outcome in the univariate analysis, were eliminated in the multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p>TDI is a relatively new technique available on echocardiographic equipment of various manufacturers, which can detect subclinical longitudinal LV dysfunction<sup>28</sup>. Increased LV filling pressure is related to the enlargement of LA and to the future development of AF<sup>27</sup>. Reliable estimation of LV filling pressure is the most useful information from the echocardiographic assessment of diastole. Conceptually speaking, it is very difficult to separate relaxation from contraction, and it is better to consider them together as part of a continuous cycle, where systolic and diastolic abnormalities have a variable contribution to the failing LV<sup>29</sup>. Some authors consider that systolic function is in fact one of the most important determinants of diastolic function<sup>28-30</sup>. E/E' ratio has been proposed as the best single Doppler parameter in the prediction of AF<sup>15-17</sup>. Asymptomatic ventricular dysfunction often precedes HF or AF<sup>18</sup>. Hirata et al<sup>31</sup> showed that a parameter combining the diastolic index (E/E') with LVEF (a parameter that explores the systolic function) predicts outcomes in patients with HF (LVEF<underline>&lt;</underline>40% and E/E'&gt;15). In a previous study, we demonstrated that a new index, E/(E'&#215;S'), is useful to assess the LV filling pressure, regardless of LVEF<sup>19</sup>. In this study, E/(E'&#215;S') was the best predictor of LV end-diastolic pressure in a heterogeneous population of cardiac patients, and more closely related to LV filling pressure compared to E/E', E', S' or E. In terms of new-onset AF, E/(E'&#215;S') was the only independent predictor in the multivariate analysis in this study. This novel parameter associates an index of diastolic function (E/E') and a marker that explores LV systolic performance (S') and therefore may provide supplementary information compared to each component considered separately. The superiority of E/(E'&#215;S') over the combined index of Hirata can be attributed to the capacity of reduced S' to identify LV dysfunction in individuals with normal LVEF<sup>28</sup>. TDI does not require tracing of endocardial contours, unlike LV volumes and LVEF. Regarding the future development of AF, the complex E/(E'&#215;S') index offers an additional benefit to more traditional echocardiographic parameters (LVEF, LAVI, E/A, S' and E/E').</p>
      <p>Our results should be considered in the context of several limitations. The number of patients in this study was relatively small; however, we were able to reach several significant observations. We deliberately did not use more sophisticated Doppler parameters, such as pulmonary venous curves, the time interval between the onset of mitral inflow and early diastolic annular velocity by (T<sub>E'-E</sub>) and mitral inflow during a Valsalva maneuver; these Doppler parameters are difficult to record and, thus, are not suitable for daily practice. We have limited TDI measurements at two sites (septal and lateral mitral annulus) and we did not examine anterior and posterior velocities that could have provided additional information. Our study is a single center study and its reproduction in other centers or by multicenter studies would argue for its validity.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, in this group of patients with HF in sinus rhythm, the novel tissue Doppler-derived index, E/(E'&#215;S'), seems to be a good independent long-term predictor of new-onset AF. The E/(E'&#215;S') ratio &gt;2.2 can be a simple, effective tool for assessing high risk patients for future development of new-onset AF, regardless of LVEF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
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