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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VDhShnVVMBFDbxNxwkB98bS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001400010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700510</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000095</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Inje&#231;&#227;o intracoronariana de c&#233;lulas tronco ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio: subestudo da microcircula&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo de Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Haddad</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Suzana Alves</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tuche</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Ant&#244;nio Abrantes</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Amorim de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borojevic</surname>
            <given-names>Radovan</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dohmann</surname>
            <given-names>Hans Fernando Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cidade Nova</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de e Defesa Civil do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>420</fpage>
      <lpage>426</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A inje&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas-tronco no contexto do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) tem sido testada quase exclusivamente pela via anter&#243;grada intra-arterial coronariana (IAC). A via retr&#243;grada intravenosa coronariana (IVC) pode ser uma via adicional. OBJETIVO: Comparar o padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o e reten&#231;&#227;o celular nas vias anter&#243;grada e retr&#243;grada. Investigar o papel da obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica na reten&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas pelo tecido card&#237;aco ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea (CMMO) no IAM. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo prospectivo, aberto, randomizado. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com IAM que apresentassem: (1) reperfus&#227;o mec&#226;nica ou qu&#237;mica com sucesso em at&#233; 24 horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas e (2) infarto acometendo mais de 10% da &#225;rea do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) pela cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica. Cem milh&#245;es de CMMO foram injetadas na art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto pela via IAC ou veia, pela via IVC. Um por cento das c&#233;lulas injetadas foi marcado com Tc99m-hexametil-propileno-amina-oxima(99mTc-HMPAO). A distribui&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas foi avaliada 4 e 24 horas ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica. Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca foi realizada antes da inje&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas. RESULTADOS: Trinta pacientes foram distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente em tr&#234;s grupos. N&#227;o houve eventos adversos graves relacionados ao procedimento. A reten&#231;&#227;o precoce e tardia das c&#233;lulas marcadas foi maior no grupo IAC do que no grupo IVC, independentemente da presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o. CONCLUS&#195;O: A inje&#231;&#227;o pela abordagem retr&#243;grada mostrou-se vi&#225;vel e segura. A reten&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas pelo tecido card&#237;aco foi maior pela via anter&#243;grada. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar esses achados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>transplante aut&#243;logo</kwd>
        <kwd>c&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea</kwd>
        <kwd>transplante de c&#233;lula tronco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Inje&#231;&#227;o intracoronariana de c&#233;lulas tronco ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. subestudo da microcircula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rodrigo de Carvalho Moreira; Andr&#233;a Ferreira Haddad; Suzana Alves Silva; Andr&#233; Luiz Silveira Souza; F&#225;bio Ant&#244;nio Abrantes Tuche; M&#244;nica Amorim de Oliveira; Cl&#225;udio Tinoco Mesquita; Carlos Eduardo Rochitte; Radovan Borojevic; Hans Fernando Rocha Dohmann</bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Pro-Card&#237;aco, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de e Defesa Civil do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Nova, RJ, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Excellion - Servi&#231;os Biom&#233;dicos AS, Petr&#243;polis, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A inje&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas-tronco no contexto do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) tem sido testada quase exclusivamente pela via anter&#243;grada intra-arterial coronariana (IAC). A via retr&#243;grada intravenosa coronariana (IVC) pode ser uma via adicional. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar o padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o e reten&#231;&#227;o celular nas vias anter&#243;grada e retr&#243;grada. Investigar o papel da obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica na reten&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas pelo tecido card&#237;aco ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea (CMMO) no IAM. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo prospectivo, aberto, randomizado. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com IAM que apresentassem: (1) reperfus&#227;o mec&#226;nica ou qu&#237;mica com sucesso em at&#233; 24 horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas e (2) infarto acometendo mais de 10% da &#225;rea do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) pela cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica. Cem milh&#245;es de CMMO foram injetadas na art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto pela via IAC ou veia, pela via IVC. Um por cento das c&#233;lulas injetadas foi marcado com Tc<sup>99m</sup>-hexametil-propileno-amina-oxima(<sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMPAO). A distribui&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas foi avaliada 4 e 24 horas ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica. Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca foi realizada antes da inje&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Trinta pacientes foram distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente em tr&#234;s grupos. N&#227;o houve eventos adversos graves relacionados ao procedimento. A reten&#231;&#227;o precoce e tardia das c&#233;lulas marcadas foi maior no grupo IAC do que no grupo IVC, independentemente da presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> A inje&#231;&#227;o pela abordagem retr&#243;grada mostrou-se vi&#225;vel e segura. A reten&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas pelo tecido card&#237;aco foi maior pela via anter&#243;grada. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar esses achados. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio/terapia, transplante aut&#243;logo, c&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea, transplante de c&#233;lula tronco/m&#233;todo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O dano microvascular causado por inj&#250;ria da isquemia-reperfus&#227;o e implante de Stents resulta em espasmo, emboliza&#231;&#227;o de debris, radicais livres, c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias e necr&#243;ticas, al&#233;m de trombo nas por&#231;&#245;es distais da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto<sup>1</sup>. No in&#237;cio dos anos 1990, demonstrou-se que um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes com IAM apresentava defeitos na perfus&#227;o em n&#237;vel tecidual, apesar de um fluxo TIMI normal ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto. Desde ent&#227;o, diversos estudos apontaram que a presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular (OMV) est&#225; associada a maior mortalidade e pior progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s o IAM<sup>2-4</sup>. Estima-se que 30% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; reperfus&#227;o apresentam obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular. Isso &#233; particularmente importante porque Janssens e cols.<sup>5</sup> observaram que metade dos pacientes submetidos a transplante aut&#243;logo de c&#233;lulas-tronco ap&#243;s IAM apresentava padr&#227;o de obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular pela resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca, o que pode ter prejudicado a migra&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas para o tecido do cora&#231;&#227;o e, consequentemente, a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Pouco se sabe sobre a abordagem percut&#226;nea retr&#243;grada pela veia coron&#225;ria, embora essa rota se tenha mostrado uma forma eficaz de se fornecerem c&#233;lulas em modelos animais e humanos<sup>6-8</sup>. Supomos que a abordagem por via venosa coronariana pode superar o problema da OMV, porque a diapedese das c&#233;lulas circulantes no tecido card&#237;aco adjacente ocorre no lado venoso da microcircula&#231;&#227;o<sup>9</sup>. Os principais objetivos deste subestudo s&#227;o: 1) comparar o padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o e a reten&#231;&#227;o celular na via anter&#243;grada intra-arterial coronariana (IAC), com a via retr&#243;grada intravenosa coronariana (IVC) e 2) investigar o papel da obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular detectada pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica na reten&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas pelo tecido card&#237;aco no transplante aut&#243;logo de CMMO, ap&#243;s o IAM. Usamos c&#233;lulas radiomarcadas, a fim de avaliar seu padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o no cora&#231;&#227;o, uma vez injetadas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre 3 de janeiro de 2005 e 6 de janeiro de 2006, pacientes internados no Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco e no Hospital Municipal Miguel Couto (Rio de Janeiro) foram selecionados para inclus&#227;o no estudo se tivessem entre 18 e 80 anos e IAM. Os pacientes selecionados no Hospital Miguel Couto foram transferidos para o Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, onde todos os procedimentos relacionados ao estudo foram realizados. Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos se tivessem: 1) IAM com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST, definido como presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica, acompanhado de supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST em duas ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas de uma parede e tamb&#233;m de eleva&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica, reperfundidos de forma bem-sucedida com tratamento trombol&#237;tico ou angioplastia prim&#225;ria at&#233; 24 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas, e 2) defeito fixo de perfus&#227;o superior a 10% da massa do VE ap&#243;s 72 horas na tomografia por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton (SPECT) com tecn&#233;cio 99m metoxi-isobutil-isonitrila (99mTc-MIBI) e nitrato sublingual. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: 1) indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; 2) N&#237;vel de creatinina &gt; 2,0 mg/dl ou hemodi&#225;lise; 3) art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria relacionada a infarto com fluxo TIMI &lt; 3 at&#233; o momento da inje&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas; 4) sepse; 5) choque cardiog&#234;nico persistente ap&#243;s 72 horas; 6) doen&#231;a valvar significativa, definida como estenose a&#243;rtica com gradiente VE/Ao &gt; 50 mmHg, Estenose mitral com &#225;rea valvar inferior a 1,5 cm<sup>2</sup> ou regurgita&#231;&#245;es a&#243;rtica e/ou mitral superiores a moderadas; 7) complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas do IAM (ruptura mioc&#225;rdica de septo interventricular e da parede livre do VE, ruptura de m&#250;sculo papilar); 8) insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica; 9) doen&#231;a pulmonar grave (DPOC em uso cont&#237;nuo de esteroides ou broncodilatadores); 10) bloqueio de ramo esquerdo completo ou ritmo de marca-passo (a imagem por SPECT no septo interventricular fica comprometida); 11) marca-passo implantado; 12) doen&#231;as hematol&#243;gicas; 13) neoplasia; 14) outras desordens de hemostasia e outras doen&#231;as que pudessem ter impacto na expectativa de vida.</p>
    <p>O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco (Rio de Janeiro) e o do Conselho Nacional de &#201;tica e Pesquisa com Seres Humanos (CONEP) (Bras&#237;lia) aprovaram o protocolo. Obteve-se consentimento informado de todos os pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho do Estudo e Randomiza&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este foi um estudo aberto, randomizado, de uma s&#233;rie de pacientes consecutivos. Entre o terceiro e o sexto dia ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o bem-sucedida da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto, os pacientes inclu&#237;dos foram divididos aleatoriamente em um dos tr&#234;s grupos: abordagem IAC anter&#243;grada, abordagem IVC retr&#243;grada e controle. A randomiza&#231;&#227;o foi estratificada de acordo com o tamanho do infarto (<underline>&gt;</underline> 25% ou &lt; 25%), quantificado pela cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de repouso com nitrato sublingual, utilizando-se o "Quantitative Spect Perfusion" em tr&#234;s estratos de tamanhos diferentes (7, 5 e 3, respectivamente), com o emprego de envelopes selados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coleta e Isolamento de CMMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cerca de 80 ml de medula &#243;ssea aut&#243;loga foram aspirados da crista il&#237;aca posterior de pacientes randomizados para um dos dois grupos tratados. O procedimento foi realizado sob anestesia local cerca de 6 horas antes do hor&#225;rio programado para o procedimento de inje&#231;&#227;o. O material foi enviado &#224; equipe da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro para manipula&#231;&#227;o. As c&#233;lulas foram isoladas por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o em gradiente de densidade Ficoll-Paque Plus (Amersham Biosciences, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) e manipuladas em condi&#231;&#245;es ass&#233;pticas. Tamb&#233;m foram lavadas e resuspensas com solu&#231;&#227;o salina contendo albumina humana a 5% e, finalmente, filtradas por uma malha de nylon de 100 m&#237;crons para a remo&#231;&#227;o dos agregados celulares. Uma pequena fra&#231;&#227;o de suspens&#227;o celular foi usada para contagem de c&#233;lulas e controle de viabilidade utilizando-se o teste de exclus&#227;o pelo azul de tripan. A viabilidade celular foi &gt; 90% em todos os indiv&#237;duos (93,26% &#177; 2,9).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>T&#233;cnicas de Libera&#231;&#227;o das CMMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A inje&#231;&#227;o de CMMO foi realizada 8,5 &#177; 1,44 horas ap&#243;s a coleta de c&#233;lulas de medula &#243;ssea. Os acessos arteriais foram realizados pela via femoral ou radial. Todos os pacientes receberam 10.000 UI de heparina n&#227;o fracionada ap&#243;s a inser&#231;&#227;o do introdutor. A interven&#231;&#227;o em vasos n&#227;o relacionados ao infarto, mas que possu&#237;am indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento percut&#226;neo, foi realizada antes da transfer&#234;ncia de c&#233;lulas em tr&#234;s pacientes do grupo IAC e em um paciente do grupo IVC. Eletrocardiograma, oximetria de pulso, sinais vitais e sintomas cl&#237;nicos foram monitorados durante todo o processo.</p>
    <p>Angiografia coronariana foi realizada em ambos os grupos de inje&#231;&#227;o IAC e IVC (GE Medical System, Advantx LCV plus, WI). Um cateter guia de 6-F foi, ent&#227;o, colocado no &#243;stio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria relacionada ao infarto, a fim de confirmar a pat&#234;ncia do vaso-alvo e avaliar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coron&#225;rio (TIMI 3) antes da inje&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas.</p>
    <p>No grupo ICA, um cateter bal&#227;o over-the-wire (OTW) (Maverick &#174; Over-The- Wire balloon, Boston Scientific, Natick, MA), com di&#226;metro 0,5 mm maior do que o Stent implantado, foi posicionado no interior do Stent previamente colocado no vaso respons&#225;vel, a fim de interromper transitoriamente o fluxo sangu&#237;neo anter&#243;grado durante as infus&#245;es pela t&#233;cnica de <italic>stop-flow</italic><sup>10</sup>. Dez mililitros de solu&#231;&#227;o contendo 100 milh&#245;es de CMMO aut&#243;logas foram infundidos pelo l&#250;men central do cateter bal&#227;o durante tr&#234;s oclus&#245;es coronarianas consecutivas, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 2-3 minutos cada, seguindo-se 2 minutos de defla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o. Um mililitro de solu&#231;&#227;o contendo c&#233;lulas marcadas (veja a seguir) foi dilu&#237;do em 3 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o salina e infundida na ICA como uma solu&#231;&#227;o final, usando-se a mesma t&#233;cnica descrita.</p>
    <p>No grupo IVC, o acesso da veia jugular interna direita foi utilizado para posicionar cateteres guia de 5 ou 6 Fr JR ou polivalentes no seio coron&#225;rio, al&#233;m do acesso arterial. O mesmo tipo de cateter bal&#227;o OTW (Maverick &#174; <italic>Over-The-Wire balloon</italic>), variando de 3,5-4,0 &#215; 9,0 mm de tamanho foi ent&#227;o avan&#231;ado pela veia card&#237;aca correspondente ao vaso culpado e posicionado lado a lado com o bal&#227;o na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, no Stent previamente implantado. A oclus&#227;o total da veia card&#237;aca foi, ent&#227;o, executada e mantida por pelo menos 12 minutos. Quatro oclus&#245;es intermitentes das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foram realizadas simultaneamente, visando &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da lavagem das c&#233;lulas pela press&#227;o de fluxo anter&#243;grado. Um mililitro de c&#233;lulas marcadas (veja a seguir) foi dilu&#237;do na solu&#231;&#227;o contendo 100 milh&#245;es de c&#233;lulas mononucleares. Durante a primeira insufla&#231;&#227;o para parada do fluxo anter&#243;grado, 11 ml da solu&#231;&#227;o final de c&#233;lulas foram infundidos pelo l&#250;men central do cateter bal&#227;o venoso durante um minuto<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>No final de todos os procedimentos, foi realizada uma angiografia coron&#225;ria como controle, a fim de verificar o TIMI frame count pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-ATC e a transfer&#234;ncia de c&#233;lulas. ECG e enzimas card&#237;acas seriadas foram feitos antes e ap&#243;s a transfer&#234;ncia celular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marca&#231;&#227;o das CMMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em 12 pacientes do grupo ICA e seis do grupo IVC, cerca de 40 minutos antes da inje&#231;&#227;o, uma fra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas (1% das 10<sup>8</sup> c&#233;lulas) foi incubada em condi&#231;&#245;es est&#233;reis em um tubo de 10 ml com 150 MBq de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-hexametil-propilenamina-oxima (HMPAO) (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ) por 10<sup>7</sup> c&#233;lulas, durante 30 minutos, em uma solu&#231;&#227;o salina contendo 2,5% de albumina humana.</p>
    <p>A efici&#234;ncia da marca&#231;&#227;o foi estimada ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o do excesso de radioatividade n&#227;o ligada por lavagem das c&#233;lulas com a solu&#231;&#227;o salina com 2,5% de albumina humana. A radioatividade foi medida com um calibrador de dose (PTW Curiementor 2, Freiburg, Alemanha). A viabilidade das c&#233;lulas foi avaliada pela exclus&#227;o com azul de tripano.</p>
    <p>C&#233;lulas marcadas com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMPAO foram injetadas na forma descrita. A distribui&#231;&#227;o nos tecidos foi observada com imagens precoces e tardias de corpo total em proje&#231;&#245;es anterior e posterior, com 1024 &#215; 256 pixels e 12 cm/min.</p>
    <p>Para a localiza&#231;&#227;o topogr&#225;fica das c&#233;lulas no cora&#231;&#227;o, imagens da tomografia de t&#243;rax foram adquiridas com um protocolo semelhante ao usado para imagens de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, 64 proje&#231;&#245;es de 20 segundos cada, com resolu&#231;&#227;o de 64 &#215; 64 pixels. As imagens foram reconstru&#237;das com filtro Butterworth, usando-se o software e-Soft 3,0 n (Cedars, Sinai, QGS e Emory Cardiac Toolbox), e comparadas com as outras adquiridas por tomografia de perfus&#227;o. Todas as imagens foram adquiridas em uma gama c&#226;mara dual head (Ecam-Duet, a Siemens Medical Systems Inc, IL). Imagens planar e SPECT foram obtidas em 4 horas (3,67 &#177; 1,03) e 24 horas (22,8 &#177; 4,46) ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o em todos os pacientes. Reten&#231;&#227;o foi definida como a porcentagem do n&#250;mero de contagens nas proje&#231;&#245;es anterior e posterior do cora&#231;&#227;o (contagens card&#237;aca), em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero total de contagens de c&#233;lulas marcadas no corpo (corpo), em ambas as imagens precoces e tardias. A taxa de decaimento foi calculada pela seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o: [precoce (contagem card&#237;aca/contagem de corpos) - tardia (contagens card&#237;aca/contagem de corpos)] &#215; 100/precoce (contagens card&#237;aca/contagem de corpos). A taxa de "Decaimento" por hora foi calculada dividindo-se a taxa de Decaimento pelo intervalo entre a reten&#231;&#227;o de imagens precoces e tardias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RM) foi realizada 3-5 dias ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o. Todos os estudos foram realizados com o software de RM comercialmente dispon&#237;vel (GE Healthcare Milwaukee, WI, EUA), como descrito anteriormente<sup>12</sup>. Resumidamente, a obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular (OMV) foi definida em imagens de realce tardio tomadas precocemente (dentro de 2-5 minutos) ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de 0,20 mmol/kg de gadopentetato de dimeglumina (Gd-DTPA), no corte transversal e longitudinal do VE na mesma localiza&#231;&#227;o utilizada para a cine-RM como uma zona escura, subendoc&#225;rdica na &#225;rea do infarto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Definimos &#225;rea de infarto como uma zona de sinal luminoso em imagens de realce tardio (10-20 minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste) nas sequ&#234;ncias invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o e gradiente-eco. Todos os estudos de RM foram analisados em uma esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho off-line.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0420-00095-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os exames de imagem foram analisados por um observador experiente e independente que desconhecia a aloca&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes nos grupos durante o estudo.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP (salvo indica&#231;&#227;o em contr&#225;rio). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste exato de Fisher, enquanto as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis.</p>
    <p>A rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese zero baseou-se em signific&#226;ncia de 5%, valor de P &lt; 0,05. Todos os P-valores relatados s&#227;o bicaudais. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o SPSS (vers&#227;o 13.0, SPSS Inc.).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trinta pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo: 14 no grupo do IAC, 10 no grupo do IVC e 6 no grupo-controle. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos par&#226;metros demogr&#225;ficos entre os grupos estudados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). O per&#237;odo entre o IAM e a inje&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas foi de 5,5 &#177; 1,3 dias e 6,1 &#177; 1,4 dias no IAC e grupos IVC (p = 0,14), respectivamente.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0420-00095-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As inje&#231;&#245;es nos grupos IAC e IVC foram realizadas com &#234;xito em todos os pacientes, exceto em um caso no grupo IVC, devido &#224; tortuosidade da veia interventricular anterior. A distribui&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas marcadas com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-HMPAO nos tecidos foi observada no f&#237;gado, pulm&#245;es, ba&#231;o e em outros &#243;rg&#227;os al&#233;m do cora&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09711f02">Figura 2</xref>). Neste &#250;ltimo tecido, a reten&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas ocorreu na maioria dos casos, precisamente na &#225;rea infartada definida pelo d&#233;ficit perfusional. Nas imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas com 4 horas ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de CMMO, uma m&#233;dia de 16,14% e de 4,62% das c&#233;lulas reteve-se no cora&#231;&#227;o quando comparadas as vias IAC e IVC, respectivamente (p = 0,01). Com 24 horas, esse percentual decaiu para 10,29 no grupo IAC e 3,13% no grupo IVC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop09711f02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0420-00095-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="g1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0420-00095-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A Obstru&#231;&#227;o Microvascular (OMV) foi observada em 50% do grupo IAC e em 60% do grupo do IVC. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na reten&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas pelo tecido card&#237;aco em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de OMV dentro dos grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="g2">Gr&#225;fico 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="g2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0420-00095-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os achados deste estudo demonstram que, embora as vias anter&#243;grada e retr&#243;grada se tenham mostrado vi&#225;veis e seguras, a libera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas no mioc&#225;rdio infartado mostrou-se mais eficaz com a primeira t&#233;cnica, em termos de n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas retidas pelo tecido card&#237;aco, e a obstru&#231;&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o interferiu no n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas retidas no mioc&#225;rdio infartado em cada grupo estudado, pela cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>Na maioria dos estudos de terapia com c&#233;lulas-tronco aut&#243;logas para o tratamento do IAM, a fra&#231;&#227;o de CMMO foi injetada pela art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o, com o objetivo de alcan&#231;ar a &#225;rea de mioc&#225;rdio que foi diretamente afetada pela interrup&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea. Essa abordagem anter&#243;grada tem-se mostrado vi&#225;vel e segura. No entanto, a circula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea na &#225;rea de infarto pode ser gravemente afetada, dificultando o potencial acesso das c&#233;lulas injetadas na &#225;rea em que elas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para a repara&#231;&#227;o tecidual. Portanto, a abordagem retr&#243;grada alternativa intravenosa proposta &#233; vi&#225;vel e segura, mas tem sido menos utilizada para a entrega de c&#233;lulas-tronco. Uma compara&#231;&#227;o entre essas duas t&#233;cnicas foi necess&#225;ria para se avaliar se eventual presen&#231;a de micro-obstru&#231;&#227;o vascular dificultando o acesso das CMMO ao tecido danificado faria da via retr&#243;grada melhor op&#231;&#227;o de libera&#231;&#227;o dessas c&#233;lulas.</p>
    <p>Nosso grupo publicou uma descri&#231;&#227;o do primeiro paciente desta s&#233;rie<sup>13</sup>. Uma caracter&#237;stica importante das vias estudadas foi a grande presen&#231;a de c&#233;lulas marcadas para outros &#243;rg&#227;os como pulm&#245;es, provavelmente pelo efeito de primeira passagem em &#243;rg&#227;os relacionados com a hematopoiese e a linfopoiese, como f&#237;gado e ba&#231;o. Achados estavam presentes tamb&#233;m em estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos do nosso e de outros grupos<sup>11,14</sup>. O percentual de c&#233;lulas retidas precocemente na via IAC (16,14%) &#233; outro dado que nos chama a aten&#231;&#227;o. Estudos pr&#233;vios relatam que a taxa de reten&#231;&#227;o celular pelo mioc&#225;rdio varia entre 1% a 5 % pela via IAC<sup>6,15,16</sup>. Fatores relacionados ao tipo de tra&#231;ador utilizado e sua meia-vida, tempo para inje&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas e preparo celular podem explicar esses achados. Janssens e cols.<sup>5</sup> realizaram procedimentos de inje&#231;&#227;o 24 horas ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o, enquanto n&#243;s realizamos, em m&#233;dia, cinco dias ap&#243;s. Diferen&#231;as no preparo das c&#233;lulas de medula &#243;ssea tamb&#233;m podem influenciar a qualidade das c&#233;lulas e, portanto, a reten&#231;&#227;o e o benef&#237;cio terap&#234;utico. N&#243;s realizamos as inje&#231;&#245;es de CMMO no mesmo dia ap&#243;s o preparo, 8 horas ap&#243;s a coleta. Outros autores utilizaram diferentes protocolos para isolamento e armazenamento, o que pode ter implica&#231;&#245;es na migra&#231;&#227;o e na reten&#231;&#227;o dessas c&#233;lulas pelo mioc&#225;rdio<sup>17</sup>. Este estudo fornece evid&#234;ncia de que a ades&#227;o e a reten&#231;&#227;o de CMMO via inje&#231;&#227;o IAC no mioc&#225;rdio infartado s&#227;o vi&#225;veis e seguras, corroborando resultados pr&#233;vios sobre a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de mobiliza&#231;&#227;o e <italic>homing</italic> de c&#233;lulas-tronco pelo tecido lesado, no per&#237;odo de les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica aguda<sup>18</sup>. Tamb&#233;m mostra que a libera&#231;&#227;o via IAC mostrou-se mais eficaz em termos de reten&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas no mioc&#225;rdio do que a abordagem IVC. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o &#233; valiosa, porque uma premissa para o benef&#237;cio da terapia &#233; o enxerto de c&#233;lulas do tecido danificado. Novos estudos em terapias celulares devem melhorar os meios poss&#237;veis, com a finalidade de liberar mais c&#233;lulas na regi&#227;o atingida pela isquemia. Possivelmente, no futuro, a escolha da via ser&#225; individualizada, baseada em m&#250;ltiplos crit&#233;rios, como, por exemplo, tipo celular, tipo de cardiopatia, gravidade da doen&#231;a, comorbidades, contraindica&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao tipo de via e at&#233; mesmo escolha baseada na prefer&#234;ncia do paciente.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi planejado para responder a quest&#245;es de t&#233;cnicas de libera&#231;&#227;o e consequente distribui&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas<sup>19</sup>. Seu pequeno tamanho amostral e seu car&#225;ter aberto nos impedem de chegar a conclus&#245;es definitivas em avalia&#231;&#245;es de subgrupos<sup>20</sup>. N&#243;s decidimos marcar apenas uma pequena fra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas (1%), a fim de evitar efeitos negativos imprevistos sobre as c&#233;lulas, devido &#224; maior radia&#231;&#227;o total. Essa pequena fra&#231;&#227;o pode n&#227;o refletir a distribui&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas globalmente. Sob as condi&#231;&#245;es estudadas, a via anter&#243;grada parece apresentar vantagem em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; retr&#243;grada, por&#233;m mais estudos ainda se fazem necess&#225;rios, com a introdu&#231;&#227;o de novos par&#226;metros, como, por exemplo, sele&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas e associa&#231;&#227;o de fatores de crescimento<sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A inje&#231;&#227;o pela abordagem retr&#243;grada demonstrou-se vi&#225;vel e segura. A reten&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas pelo tecido card&#237;aco foi maior pela via anter&#243;grada. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar esses achados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Rodrigo de Carvalho Moreira </p>
        <p> Praia do Flamengo, Flamengo </p>
        <p> 22210030 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rodrigocm@cardiol.br">rodrigocm@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 22/02/11; revisado recebido em 05/05/11; aceito em 13/06/11.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
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        <article-title xml:lang="en">Intracoronary stem-cell injection after myocardial infarction: microcirculation sub-study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The injection of stem cells in the context of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been tested almost exclusively by anterograde intra-arterial coronary (IAC) delivery. The retrograde intravenous coronary (IVC) delivery may be an additional route. OBJECTIVE: To compare the cell distribution and retention pattern in the anterograde and retrograde routes. To investigate the role of microvascular obstruction by magnetic resonance imaging in cell retention by cardiac tissue after the injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) in AMI. METHODS: This was a prospective, open label, randomized study. Patients with AMI who presented: (1) successful chemical or mechanical reperfusion within 24 hours of symptom onset and (2) infarction involving more than 10% of the left ventricle (LV) at the myocardial scintigraphy were included in the study. One hundred million BMMC were injected into the infarction-related artery through IAC route, or vein through the IVC route. One percent of the injected cells were labeled with 99mTc-hexamethyl-propylene-amine-oxime (99mTc-HMPAO). Cell distribution was evaluated at 4 and 24 hours after the myocardial scintigraphy injection. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed before cell injection. RESULTS: Thirty patients were randomized into three groups. There were no serious adverse events related to the procedure. The early and late retention of labeled cells was higher in the IAC group than in IVC group, regardless of the presence of microcirculation obstruction. CONCLUSION: The injection using the retrograde approach was feasible and safe. Cell retention by cardiac tissue was higher using the anterograde approach. More studies are needed to confirm these findings.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>transplantation, autologous</kwd>
        <kwd>bone marrow cells</kwd>
        <kwd>stem cell transplantation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Intracoronary stem-cell injection after myocardial infarction: microcirculation sub-study</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Rodrigo de Carvalho Moreira; Andr&#233;a Ferreira Haddad; Suzana Alves Silva; Andr&#233; Luiz Silveira Souza; F&#225;bio Ant&#244;nio Abrantes Tuche; M&#244;nica Amorim de Oliveira; Cl&#225;udio Tinoco Mesquita; Carlos Eduardo Rochitte; Radovan Borojevic; Hans Fernando Rocha Dohmann</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Pro-Card&#237;aco, Botafogo; Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de e Defesa Civil do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Nova; RJ, Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Excellion - Servi&#231;os Biom&#233;dicos AS, Petr&#243;polis, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold> The injection of stem cells in the context of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been tested almost exclusively by anterograde intra-arterial coronary (IAC) delivery. The retrograde intravenous coronary (IVC) delivery may be an additional route.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVE: </bold> To compare the cell distribution and retention pattern in the anterograde and retrograde routes. To investigate the role of microvascular obstruction by magnetic resonance imaging in cell retention by cardiac tissue after the injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) in AMI.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> This was a prospective, open label, randomized study. Patients with AMI who presented: (1) successful chemical or mechanical reperfusion within 24 hours of symptom onset and (2) infarction involving more than 10% of the left ventricle (LV) at the myocardial scintigraphy were included in the study. One hundred million BMMC were injected into the infarction-related artery through IAC route, or vein through the IVC route. One percent of the injected cells were labeled with 99mTc-hexamethyl-propylene-amine-oxime (99mTc-HMPAO). Cell distribution was evaluated at 4 and 24 hours after the myocardial scintigraphy injection. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed before cell injection.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> Thirty patients were randomized into three groups. There were no serious adverse events related to the procedure. The early and late retention of labeled cells was higher in the IAC group than in IVC group, regardless of the presence of microcirculation obstruction.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> The injection using the retrograde approach was feasible and safe. Cell retention by cardiac tissue was higher using the anterograde approach. More studies are needed to confirm these findings.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> myocardial infarction/therapy; transplantation, autologous; bone marrow cells; stem cell transplantation/method.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The microvascular damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury and stent implants results in spasm, embolization of debris, free radicals, inflammatory and necrotic cells, in addition to thrombus in the distal portions of the infarct-related artery<sup>1</sup>. In the early 1990s, it was demonstrated that a significant number of AMI patients had perfusion defects at tissue level, despite a normal TIMI flow after revascularization of the infarct-related artery. Since then, several studies have indicated that the presence of microvascular obstruction (MVO) is associated with increased mortality and worse prognosis after AMI<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>It has been estimated that 30% of patients undergoing reperfusion have microvascular obstruction. This is particularly important because Janssens et al<sup>5</sup> found that half of patients undergoing autologous stem-cell transplant after AMI showed a microvascular obstruction pattern at the cardiac MRI, which may have impaired the migration of cells to cardiac tissue and hence, heart function improvement. Little is known about the retrograde percutaneous approach through the coronary vein, although this route has shown to be an effective way to deliver cells in animal human and models<sup>6-8</sup>. We suppose that the intravenous coronary (IVC) delivery can overcome the problem of MVO, because the diapedesis of circulating cells in the adjacent cardiac tissue occurs in the venous side of microcirculation<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The main objectives of this sub-study are: 1) to compare the pattern of cell distribution and retention in anterograde intra-arterial coronary (IAC) route, with the retrograde intravenous coronary (IVC) route and 2) to investigate the role of microvascular obstruction detected by MRI in the retention of cells by cardiac tissue in autologous BMMC after AMI. We used radiolabelled cells to assess their distribution pattern in the heart, after they had been injected.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between January 3, 2005 and January 6, 2006, patients admitted at the Pro-Cardiaco Hospital and Hospital Municipal Miguel Couto (Rio de Janeiro) were selected for enrollment in the study if they were aged 18 to 80 years and had AMI. The patients selected at Hospital Miguel Couto were transferred to the Pro-Cardiaco Hospital, where all study-related procedures were performed. Patients were included if they: 1) had AMI with ST-segment elevation, defined as the presence of chest pain accompanied by ST elevation in two or more contiguous leads of a wall as well as enzymatic elevation, successfully reperfused with thrombolytic therapy or primary angioplasty within 24 hours of symptom onset, and 2) a fixed perfusion defect of more than 10% of LV mass after 72 hours at the single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with Technetium-99m methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) and sublingual nitrate.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were: 1) indication of coronary artery bypass surgery, 2) creatinine level&gt; 2.0 mg / dl or hemodialysis, 3) infarct-related coronary artery with TIMI flow &lt;3 by the time of cell injection; 4) sepsis, 5) persistent cardiogenic shock after 72 hours, 6) significant valve disease, defined as aortic stenosis with LV/Ao gradient &gt; 50 mmHg, mitral stenosis with a valve area &lt; 1.5 cm<sup>2</sup> or aortic and / or mitral regurgitation greater than moderate, 7) mechanical complications of AMI (myocardial rupture of the interventricular septum and LV free wall, papillary muscle rupture), 8) liver failure, and 9) severe pulmonary disease (COPD under continuous use of bronchodilators or steroids); 10) complete left bundle branch block or pacemaker rhythm (the SPECT imaging in the interventricular septum is compromised); 11) implanted pacemaker; 12) hematological diseases; 13) neoplasias, 14) other disorders of hemostasis and other diseases that could have an impact on life expectancy.</p>
      <p>The Ethics Committee of Hospital Pro-Cardiaco (Rio de Janeiro) and the National Council on Ethics and Human Research (CONEP) (Brazil) approved the protocol. Informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Design and Randomization</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was an open, randomized study of a series of consecutive patients. Between the third and sixth days after successful reperfusion of the infarct-related artery, enrolled patients were randomly divided into three groups: anterograde IAC approach, retrograde IVC approach and control. Randomization was stratified according to infarct size (<underline>&gt;</underline> 25% or &lt;25 %), measured by scintigraphy at rest with sublingual nitrate, using "Quantitative SPECT Perfusion" imaging in three layers of different sizes (7, 5 and 3, respectively), with the use of sealed envelopes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>BMMC Collection and Isolation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Approximately 80 ml of autologous bone marrow was aspirated from the posterior iliac crest of patients randomized to one of two treated groups. The procedure was performed under local anesthesia about 6 hours before the time scheduled for the injection procedure. The material was sent to the staff of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro for handling. The cells were isolated by density gradient centrifugation in Ficoll-Paque Plus equipment (Amersham Biosciences, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) and handled under aseptic conditions. They were also washed and resuspended in saline solution containing 5% human albumin, and finally filtered through a 100-micron nylon mesh to remove cell aggregates. A small fraction of the cell suspension was used for cell count and viability control using the trypan blue exclusion test. Cell viability was &gt;90% in all subjects (93.26% &#177; 2.9).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>BMMC Delivery Techniques</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The BMMC injection was performed 8.5 &#177; 1.44 hours after the bone marrow cell collection. The arterial access was performed via radial or femoral route. All patients received 10,000 IU of unfractionated heparin after sheath insertion. The intervention in vessels not related to infarction, but had indication for percutaneous treatment was performed before cell transfer in three patients in the IAC group and in one patient in the IVC group. Electrocardiogram, pulse oximetry, vital signs and clinical symptoms were monitored throughout the process.</p>
      <p>Coronary angiography was performed in both IAC and IVC groups (GE Medical System, Advantx LCV plus, WI). A 6-F catheter guide was then placed in the ostium of the infarct-related coronary artery in order to confirm the patency of the target vessel and assess coronary blood flow (TIMI 3) before the cell injection.</p>
      <p>In the IAC group, an over-the-wire (OTW) balloon catheter (Maverick &#174; Over-The-Wire balloon, Boston Scientific, Natick, MA), with a diameter 0.5 mm larger than the implanted stent was placed inside the stent previously placed in the culprit vessel, in order to temporarily stop the anterograde blood flow during infusions using the stop-flow technique<sup>10</sup>. Ten milliliters of solution containing 100 million autologous BMMC were infused through the central lumen of the balloon catheter during three consecutive coronary occlusions, lasting 2-3 minutes each, followed by 2 minutes of balloon deflation. One milliliter of solution containing labeled cells (see below) was diluted in 3 ml of saline solution and infused into the IAC as a final solution, using the same technique described before.</p>
      <p>In the IVC group, access to the right internal jugular vein was used to position 5 or 6 Fr guide catheters, JR or multipurpose ones, in the coronary sinus, in addition to the arterial access. The same type of OTW balloon catheter (Maverick &#174; Over-The-Wire balloon), ranging from 3.5 to 4.0 &#215; 9.0 mm in size was then advanced through the cardiac vein corresponding to the culprit vessel and positioned side by side with the balloon in the coronary artery, in the previously implanted stent. The total occlusion of the cardiac vein was then performed and maintained for at least 12 minutes. Four intermittent occlusions of the coronary arteries were performed simultaneously, in order to reduce the washing of cells by the pressure of the anterograde flow. One milliliter of labeled cells (see below) was diluted in a solution containing 100 million mononuclear cells. During the first insufflation to stop the anterograde flow, 11 ml of the final cell solution were infused through the central lumen of the venous catheter balloon for one minute<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>At the end of all procedures, a coronary angiography was performed as a control to verify the TIMI frame count pre-and post-PTA and cell transfer. Serial cardiac enzymes and ECG were performed before and after cell transfer.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>BMMC Labeling</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In 12 patients from the IAC group and six from the IVC group, about 40 minutes before injection, a fraction of cells (1% of 108 cells) was incubated in sterile conditions in a 10 ml tube with 150 MBq of 99mTc-hexamethyl-propylene-amine-oxime (99mTc-HMPAO) (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ) per 10<sup>7</sup> cells for 30 minutes in a saline solution containing 2.5% human albumin.</p>
      <p>The labeling efficiency was estimated after the removal of excess unbound radioactivity by washing the cells with saline with 2.5% human albumin. Radioactivity was measured with a dose calibrator (PTW Curiementor 2, Freiburg, Germany). Cell viability was assessed by exclusion with trypan blue.</p>
      <p>Cells labeled with 99mTc-HMPAO were injected as described. The distribution in the tissue was observed with early and delayed whole-body imaging in anterior and posterior views, with 1024 x 256 pixels and 12 cm / min. For the topographic location of cells in the heart, chest CT images were acquired with a protocol similar to that used for myocardial perfusion imaging, 64 projections of 20 seconds each, with a resolution of 64 &#215; 64 pixels. Images were reconstructed with a Butterworth filter, using the e-Soft 3.0 n software (Cedars Sinai QGS and Emory Cardiac Toolbox), and compared with the others acquired by perfusion CT.</p>
      <p>All images were acquired using a dual-head gamma chamber (ECAM Duet, Siemens Medical Systems Inc, IL). Planar and SPECT images were obtained at 4 hours (3.67 &#177; 1.03) and 24 hours (22.8 &#177; 4.46) after the injection in all patients. Retention was defined as the percentage of the number of counts in anterior and posterior views of the heart (cardiac counts) in relation to the total number of counts of labeled cells in the body (body) in both early and delayed images. The decay rate was calculated by the following equation: [early (heart count/body count) - delayed (heart count/body count)] &#215; 100/early (heart count/body count). The decay rate per hour was calculated by dividing the decay rate by the interval between retention of early and delayed images.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging was performed 3-5 days after reperfusion. All studies were performed with commercially available software for MRI (GE Healthcare Milwaukee, WI, USA) as described before<sup>12</sup>. Briefly, the microvascular obstruction (MVO) was defined as delayed enhancement images taken early (within 2-5 minutes) after the injection of 0.20 mmol / kg gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) through LV cross-sectional and longitudinal view in the same location used for the cine-MRI as a dark zone, subendocardial in the area of &#134;infarction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). We defined infarct zone as a light signal in delayed enhancement images (10-20 minutes after contrast injection) in the inversion-recovery and gradient-echo sequences. All MRI studies were analyzed off-line in a workstation.</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0420-00095-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All imaging studies were analyzed by an independent experienced observer who was blinded to the allocation of patients to the two groups during the study. Continuous variables are shown as mean &#177; SD (unless otherwise stated). Categorical variables were compared by Fisher's exact test, whereas continuous variables were compared by Kruskal-Wallis test.</p>
      <p>The rejection of the null hypothesis was based on a 5% significance, with a P value &lt;0.05. All reported P values &#134;are two-tailed. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software (version 13.0, SPSS Inc.).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty patients were enrolled in the study: 14 in the IAC group, 10 in the IVC group and 6 in the control group. There was no significant difference in demographic parameters between the studied groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>). The period between AMI and cell injection was 5.5 &#177; 1.3 days and 6.1 &#177; 1.4 days in the IAC and IVC groups (p = 0.14), respectively.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0420-00095-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The injections in IAC and IVC groups were performed successfully in all patients, except in one case in the IVC group, due to the tortuosity of the anterior interventricular vein. The distribution of cells labeled with 99mTc-HMPAO in the tissues was observed in the liver, lungs, spleen and other organs in addition to the heart (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09711f02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). In the latter tissue, cell retention occurred in most cases, precisely in the infarcted area defined by the perfusion deficit. On scintigraphy images 4 hours after the BMMC injection, an average of 16.14% and 4.62% of cells were retained in the heart, when the IAC and IVC routes were compared, respectively (p = 0.01). After 24 hours, this percentage decreased to 10.29 in the IAC group and 3.13% in the IVC group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="c1-body2">Chart 1</xref>). Microvascular Obstruction (MVO) was observed in 50% of the IAC group and in 60% of the IVC group. There was no difference in cell retention by the cardiac tissue regarding the presence of MVO in the groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="c2-body2">Chart 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop09711f02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0420-00095-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="c1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0420-00095-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="c2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0420-00095-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The findings of the present study demonstrate that, although the anterograde and retrograde routes have shown to be viable and safe, the delivery of cells in the infarcted myocardium was more effective with the first technique, in terms of number of cells retained by the cardiac tissue, and the fact that the microcirculation obstruction did not affect the number of cells retained in the infarcted myocardium in each group studied by myocardial scintigraphy.</p>
      <p>In most studies of therapy with autologous stem cells for the treatment of AMI, the BMMC fraction was injected through the infarct-related artery after reperfusion, in order to reach the area of myocardium that was directly affected by blood flow interruption. This anterograde approach has proven to be feasible and safe. However, blood flow in the infarcted area can be severely affected, hindering the potential access of the injected cells into the area where they are needed for tissue repair. Therefore, the proposed alternative of retrograde intravenous approach is feasible and safe, but has been less used for the delivery of stem cells. A comparison between these two techniques was necessary to assess whether the possible presence of micro-vascular obstruction hindering the access of BMMC to the damaged tissue would make the retrograde approach the best option for cell delivery.</p>
      <p>Our group has published a description of the first patient in this series<sup>13</sup>. An important characteristic of the studied routes was the large presence of labeled cells in other organs such as the lungs, probably due to the first-pass effect in organs related with hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis, such as the liver and the spleen. Findings were also observed in pre-clinical studies of our and other groups<sup>11,14</sup>. The percentage of cells that were retained early in the IAC route (16.14%) is another noteworthy factor. Previous studies have reported that the rate of myocardial cell retention varied between 1% and 5% through IAC route<sup>6,15,16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Factors related to the type of tracer used and its half-life, time for cell injection and cell preparation may explain these findings. Janssens et al<sup>5</sup> performed injection procedures 24 hours after reperfusion, while we performed it, on average, five days later. Differences in the preparation of bone marrow cells can also influence cell quality and, therefore, retention and therapeutic benefit. We carried out the BMMC injections on the same day after preparation, 8 hours after collection. Other authors have used different protocols for isolation and storage, which may have implications in the migration and retention of these cells by the myocardium<sup>17</sup>. This study provides evidence that the BMMC adhesion and retention via IAC injection in the infarcted myocardium is feasible and safe, confirming previous findings on the mobilization signaling and homing of stem cells by the damaged tissue, during the period of acute ischemic lesion<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>It also shows that the delivery via the IAC route was more effective in terms of cell retention by the myocardium than the IVC approach. This information is valuable, because a premise for therapy benefit is the graft of cells in the damaged tissue. New studies in cell therapies should improve the possible means, in order to release more cells in the region affected by ischemia. Possibly in the future, the choice of route will be individualized based on multiple criteria, for instance, cell type, type of heart disease, disease severity, comorbidities, inherent contraindications to the type of route and even choice based on patient preference.</p>
      <p>This study was designed to answer questions on the release techniques and the consequent distribution of cells<sup>19</sup>. Its small sample size and its open-label nature prevent us from reaching definitive conclusions when evaluating subgroups<sup>20</sup>. We decided to label only a small fraction of cells (1%), in order to avoid unexpected negative effects on the cells, due to the higher total radiation. This small fraction may not reflect the overall cell distribution. Under the studied conditions, the anterograde route seems to have advantage over the retrograde one, but more studies are still needed, with the introduction of new parameters, such as, cell selection and association of growth factors<sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The injection using the retrograde approach showed to be feasible and safe. Cell retention by cardiac tissue was higher with the anterograde route. More studies are needed to confirm these findings.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
