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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NwjPNJNdXVcPBN9BwHLqzQc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001400009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700509</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000102</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Respostas hemodin&#226;micas a um protocolo de treinamento isom&#233;trico de preens&#227;o manual</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Respuestas hemodin&#225;micas a un protocolo de entrenamiento isom&#233;trico de prensi&#243;n manual</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio de Albuquerque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo Baptista de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Areal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gouv&#234;a</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Gama Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>413</fpage>
      <lpage>419</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: No passado, os exerc&#237;cios isom&#233;tricos foram proscritos para cardiopatas. Contudo, evid&#234;ncias recentes sugerem que um protocolo de treinamento isom&#233;trico de preens&#227;o manual (PTIM) - quatro s&#233;ries de dois minutos a 30% da for&#231;a m&#225;xima - provoca efeitos favor&#225;veis sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e reduz os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) de repouso. OBJETIVO: Visando obter subs&#237;dios para uma ampla aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica, quantificamos as principais respostas hemodin&#226;micas durante uma sess&#227;o de PTIM em pacientes de um programa de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado. M&#201;TODOS: Quarenta e um pacientes (36 homens) realizaram o PTIM com medidas da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e da PA antes, durante cada uma das duas s&#233;ries feitas com o bra&#231;o esquerdo e um minuto ap&#243;s a finaliza&#231;&#227;o. As medidas foram colhidas mediante um sinal de eletrocardiograma em um tensi&#244;metro oscilom&#233;trico digital Tango+, previamente validado para condi&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. RESULTADOS: PTIM foi adequadamente realizado e sem a ocorr&#234;ncia de rea&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas adversas. Observou-se um pequeno aumento dos n&#237;veis de PAS e de PAD, respectivamente, 16 e 7 mm Hg (p &lt; 0,05) e um incremento ainda menor da FC - 3 bpm - (p &lt; 0,05), quando compararam-se os dados obtidos aos 80 segundos da &#250;ltima s&#233;rie com os de pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio. Um minuto p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o, os valores de FC, de PAS e PAD j&#225; haviam praticamente retornado aos n&#237;veis iniciais. CONCLUS&#195;O: PTIM foi bem tolerado por pacientes em programas de exerc&#237;cio, gerando uma repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica transiente e modesta, sem induzir a r&#225;pida inativa&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca caracter&#237;stica dos exerc&#237;cios din&#226;micos e curtos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Respostas hemodin&#226;micas a um protocolo de treinamento isom&#233;trico de preens&#227;o manual</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo<sup>I,II</sup>; Carlos Vieira Duarte<sup>II</sup>; F&#225;bio de Albuquerque Gon&#231;alves<sup>II</sup>; Hugo Baptista de Oliveira Medeiros<sup>II</sup>; Fl&#225;vio Areal Lemos<sup>II</sup>; Andr&#233; Luiz Gouv&#234;a<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>CLINIMEX - Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Universidade Gama Filho - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nota1">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> No passado, os exerc&#237;cios isom&#233;tricos foram proscritos para cardiopatas. Contudo, evid&#234;ncias recentes sugerem que um protocolo de treinamento isom&#233;trico de preens&#227;o manual (PTIM) - quatro s&#233;ries de dois minutos a 30% da for&#231;a m&#225;xima - provoca efeitos favor&#225;veis sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e reduz os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) de repouso. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Visando obter subs&#237;dios para uma ampla aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica, quantificamos as principais respostas hemodin&#226;micas durante uma sess&#227;o de PTIM em pacientes de um programa de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Quarenta e um pacientes (36 homens) realizaram o PTIM com medidas da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e da PA antes, durante cada uma das duas s&#233;ries feitas com o bra&#231;o esquerdo e um minuto ap&#243;s a finaliza&#231;&#227;o. As medidas foram colhidas mediante um sinal de eletrocardiograma em um tensi&#244;metro oscilom&#233;trico digital Tango+, previamente validado para condi&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> PTIM foi adequadamente realizado e sem a ocorr&#234;ncia de rea&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas adversas. Observou-se um pequeno aumento dos n&#237;veis de PAS e de PAD, respectivamente, 16 e 7 mm Hg (p &lt; 0,05) e um incremento ainda menor da FC - 3 bpm - (p &lt; 0,05), quando compararam-se os dados obtidos aos 80 segundos da &#250;ltima s&#233;rie com os de pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio. Um minuto p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o, os valores de FC, de PAS e PAD j&#225; haviam praticamente retornado aos n&#237;veis iniciais. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> PTIM foi bem tolerado por pacientes em programas de exerc&#237;cio, gerando uma repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica transiente e modesta, sem induzir a r&#225;pida inativa&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca caracter&#237;stica dos exerc&#237;cios din&#226;micos e curtos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Exerc&#237;cio, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, reabilita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico tem sido amplamente recomendada para a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral<sup>1</sup> e para cardiopatas em particular<sup>2</sup>, com base em in&#250;meras evid&#234;ncias epidemiol&#243;gicas e cl&#237;nicas<sup>3</sup>. A maior parte desses dados &#233; primariamente fundamentada em exerc&#237;cios de natureza predominantemente aer&#243;bios; contudo, s&#227;o crescentes o conhecimento cient&#237;fico e o interesse sobre exerc&#237;cios de for&#231;a com aplica&#231;&#245;es desportivas e cl&#237;nicas<sup>4</sup>. Na realidade, em muitas situa&#231;&#245;es do cotidiano, o ser humano necessita realizar movimentos que demandam doses importantes de for&#231;a e de pot&#234;ncia muscular<sup>5,6</sup>. Enquanto no passado os exerc&#237;cios de natureza predominantemente est&#225;tica eram proibidos para a maioria dos cardiopatas e hipertensos, diretrizes institucionais mais recentes<sup>4,7-10</sup> v&#234;m promovendo, em maior ou menor grau, o progressivo uso desses exerc&#237;cios na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>O exerc&#237;cio muscular isom&#233;trico ou est&#225;tico foi amplamente utilizado no treinamento de atletas e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis durante d&#233;cadas. Ao longo do tempo, esses exerc&#237;cios foram sendo progressivamente substitu&#237;dos pelos exerc&#237;cios com movimento articular ou din&#226;micos e s&#227;o raramente utilizados, nos dias atuais, dentro da parte de treinamento de for&#231;a de uma sess&#227;o de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>8</sup>. N&#227;o obstante, &#233; sabido, h&#225; muitos anos, que um exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico de preens&#227;o manual durante cateterismo card&#237;aco induz respostas hemodin&#226;micas e na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>11</sup>, e foi por volta de 1990, com o advento de t&#233;cnicas n&#227;oinvasivas mais modernas de estudo das fun&#231;&#245;es vasculares e auton&#244;micas, que ressurgiu o interesse nessa modalidade de exerc&#237;cio como uma possibilidade capaz de influenciar favoravelmente o comportamento tensional de indiv&#237;duos normotensos e at&#233; mesmo de hipertensos. </p>
    <p>O comportamento hemodin&#226;mico durante exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico &#233; alvo de estudos fisiol&#243;gicos desde meados dos anos 1970<sup>12-15</sup>; contudo, nos &#250;ltimos dez anos pesquisadores canadenses v&#234;m utilizando o que foi denominado Protocolo de Treinamento Isom&#233;trico de Preens&#227;o Manual (PTIM)<sup>16-22</sup>. Com poucas exce&#231;&#245;es<sup>19</sup>, o PTIM envolve a obten&#231;&#227;o de um valor m&#225;ximo bilateralmente para a for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual, seguido de duas s&#233;ries de 2 minutos de dura&#231;&#227;o para cada m&#227;o, alternando os lados corporais, perfazendo um total de 8 minutos de efetivo exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico e um tempo total, considerando os intervalos e as medidas iniciais de for&#231;a m&#225;xima, que devem ser repetidas a cada sess&#227;o, de aproximadamente 12 a 13 minutos.</p>
    <p>Em 2010, Kelley e Kelley<sup>24</sup>, em uma meta-an&#225;lise sobre o tema, identificando poucos estudos com adequada qualidade, observaram redu&#231;&#245;es de 5 a 20 mmHg e 3 a 15 mmHg - ao redor de 10% -, respectivamente, nos n&#237;veis de Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS) e Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica (PAD), ap&#243;s algumas semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o. Um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado mais recente<sup>25</sup>, com 49 indiv&#237;duos normotensos, encontrou redu&#231;&#245;es bastante similares dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos ap&#243;s o PTIM. Interessantemente, apesar de diversos experimentos adequadamente conduzidos, ainda persistem d&#250;vidas quanto aos mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial de repouso ap&#243;s o PTIM<sup>21</sup>. Algumas evid&#234;ncias sugerem que, pelo menos para alguns pacientes ou indiv&#237;duos normotensos, h&#225; uma participa&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es positivas da estrutura e/ou da funcionalidade vascular<sup>26</sup>, com ou sem modifica&#231;&#227;o objetiva da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio<sup>16,18</sup>, e de uma melhor modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para uma maior aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do PTIM, parece apropriado conhecer, mais detalhadamente, a magnitude das respostas hemodin&#226;micas associadas a esse tipo de esfor&#231;o dentro de um contexto cl&#237;nico. Se os efeitos favor&#225;veis do PTIM est&#227;o bem documentados, h&#225; poucas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a magnitude de aumento na Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (FC) e na Press&#227;o Arterial (PA), com esse tipo de exerc&#237;cio isom&#233;trico em situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, fora de salas de hemodin&#226;micas ou laborat&#243;rios de fisiologia, envolvendo pacientes dos tipos que s&#227;o comumente acompanhados pelos cardiologistas. Sendo assim, o nosso objetivo foi quantificar as principais respostas hemodin&#226;micas durante uma sess&#227;o de PTIM em pacientes de um programa de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 53 (24%) dos pacientes que estavam frequentando regularmente um programa de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado, selecionados por conveni&#234;ncia em raz&#227;o da disponibilidade de tempo, aceita&#231;&#227;o em participar da coleta de dados e tamb&#233;m pela exclus&#227;o pr&#233;via daqueles com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica, ritmo de marca-passo externo ou extrassistolia frequente ou complexa, isto &#233;, a presen&#231;a de mais de cinco extrass&#237;stoles/min ou de pares ou salvas extrassist&#243;licas. Dificuldades t&#233;cnicas com a medida da press&#227;o arterial durante o esfor&#231;o (por exemplo, circunfer&#234;ncia de bra&#231;o maior do que a recomendada pelo manguito) ou incapacidade de realizar o exerc&#237;cio de forma adequada levaram &#224; exclus&#227;o de 12 pacientes volunt&#225;rios, determinando um n&#250;mero final de 41 pacientes (36 homens e 5 mulheres) para a an&#225;lise final dos resultados. Onze dos pacientes j&#225; se submetiam regularmente ao PTIM, como parte de sua sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas, principais dados cl&#237;nicos e das medica&#231;&#245;es de a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular em uso regular pelos pacientes avaliados.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0413-00102-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi realizado em uma &#250;nica visita. Os pacientes assinavam um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e permaneciam sentados confortavelmente durante cerca de 5 minutos, per&#237;odo em que era explicado detalhadamente o protocolo a ser seguido. Era ent&#227;o posicionado o manguito - Orkit-K tamanho adulto (Suntech, Estados Unidos) - no bra&#231;o direito do paciente, seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do fabricante, e uma cinta tor&#225;cica, sob a qual eram colocados os tr&#234;s eletrodos em uma posi&#231;&#227;o similar a da deriva&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica CC5 e obtida uma medida inicial da FC e das PAS e PAD. </p>
    <p>Utilizando o protocolo mais comum de PTIM<sup>19</sup>, os pacientes realizavam ent&#227;o um esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo de preens&#227;o manual com a m&#227;o direita e ap&#243;s 10 segundos repetiam com a m&#227;o esquerda em um equipamento digital pr&#243;prio para TIM (Zona, Estados Unidos). Um minuto ap&#243;s essa medida, os pacientes eram instru&#237;dos para realizarem quatro s&#233;ries sucessivas de 2 minutos cada, com exatamente 1 minuto de intervalo entre elas, alternando as m&#227;os, mantendo uma intensidade correspondente a 30% da m&#225;xima, mais facilmente ajustado pela informa&#231;&#227;o disponibilizada continuamente no mostrador do pr&#243;prio equipamento<sup>21</sup>. Em adendo, o avaliador estimulava verbalmente o paciente, durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do PTIM, para que mantivesse a intensidade preconizada. O pr&#243;prio equipamento controlava a dura&#231;&#227;o das s&#233;ries de exerc&#237;cios e os respectivos intervalos, mediante informa&#231;&#245;es claramente disponibilizadas no mostrador.</p>
    <p>Visando eliminar qualquer possibilidade de interfer&#234;ncia do avaliador sobre eventuais diferen&#231;as ou modifica&#231;&#245;es nas vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas, as medidas de FC e das PAS e PAD foram obtidas com o esfigmoman&#244;metro digital Tango+ pelo m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico (Suntech, Estados Unidos), utilizando a detec&#231;&#227;o do intervalo RR do eletrocardiograma como refer&#234;ncia, minimizando assim a influ&#234;ncia de eventuais ru&#237;dos ou artefatos do exerc&#237;cio, um valor base de infla&#231;&#227;o de 180 mmHg e uma taxa de defla&#231;&#227;o de 5 mmHg/s. Os valores obtidos eram apresentados no mostrador do equipamento e devidamente registrados pelo avaliador, sem que os pacientes tivessem conhecimento dos valores obtidos. O tempo aproximado necess&#225;rio para cada uma das medidas situou-se entre 25 e 35 segundos. Esse equipamento &#233; devidamente certificado para medidas da press&#227;o arterial, de acordo com as normas t&#233;cnicas do pa&#237;s de fabrica&#231;&#227;o, e tem sido utilizado em outras pesquisas cl&#237;nicas<sup>27-29</sup>. Utilizando o modo manual do equipamento foram feitas medidas em repouso, antes da determina&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual m&#225;xima, iniciando-se a infla&#231;&#227;o do manguito aos 20 e 80 segundos das duas manobras feitas com o bra&#231;o esquerdo,e tamb&#233;m, 1 minuto ap&#243;s a finaliza&#231;&#227;o da &#250;ltima manobra. Dados de uma an&#225;lise piloto mostraram que a FC e os valores tensionais medidos 1 minuto ap&#243;s uma &#250;nica contra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de preens&#227;o manual eram virtualmente id&#234;nticos aos valores de repouso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas e os dados cl&#237;nicos foram descritos por m&#233;dias, desvios-padr&#245;es e valores m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo ou por percentuais de frequ&#234;ncia, conforme mais apropriado. Para as vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas foi inicialmente confirmada a natureza das distribui&#231;&#245;es pelo teste de D'Agostino &amp; Pearson, sendo ent&#227;o calculadas as ANOVAs para medidas repetidas, que foram seguidas pelos testes de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni. Correla&#231;&#245;es de Pearson foram analisadas para testar associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis. O crit&#233;rio de probabilidade a 5% foi empregado para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. C&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos e figuras foram realizados com o software Prism vers&#227;o 5.04 (GraphPad, Estados Unidos). O projeto de pesquisa atende &#224;s normas da resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e da declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque, tendo sido devidamente registrado no CONEP-MS e aprovado institucionalmente pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os 11 indiv&#237;duos que eram experientes e que vinham fazendo regularmente PTIM nas sess&#245;es do programa de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado apresentaram n&#237;veis tensionais de repouso discretamente mais altos do que aqueles que n&#227;o possu&#237;am experi&#234;ncia pr&#233;via na t&#233;cnica, sem, contudo, diferirem na natureza e na magnitude das respostas agudas ao PTIM. Em adendo, em an&#225;lises preliminares, n&#227;o foi evidenciada nenhuma diferen&#231;a que pudesse ser atribu&#237;da a qualquer subgrupo, seja por g&#234;nero, condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, seja por uso ou n&#227;o uso de medica&#231;&#245;es de a&#231;&#227;o cronotr&#243;pica negativa. Dessa forma, optou-se por considerar os dados de todos os 41 pacientes em conjunto, sem diferenciar pela participa&#231;&#227;o regular no PTIM ou quaisquer dessas potenciais vari&#225;veis intervenientes. </p>
    <p>Consoantes &#224; diversidade de condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e de dimens&#245;es corporais, os resultados de for&#231;a m&#225;xima de preens&#227;o manual variaram entre 24 e 136 (em unidades do equipamento), com uma m&#233;dia praticamente id&#234;ntica entre as m&#227;os direita e esquerda, respectivamente, 78,4 &#177; 23 e 77,5 &#177; 22, e uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia para cada indiv&#237;duo de 10% da medida - m&#237;nimo 0 e m&#225;ximo 21. O grau de acerto na manuten&#231;&#227;o dos 30% da for&#231;a m&#225;xima na preens&#227;o para cada m&#227;o durante os 2 minutos de cada s&#233;rie variou entre 90% e 100%, com uma m&#233;dia de 97% nas 164 manobras (41 pacientes x 4 manobras). </p>
    <p>Nenhum dos indiv&#237;duos apresentou quaisquer anormalidades cl&#237;nicas ou sintomas inapropriados durante ou imediatamente ap&#243;s o PTIM, havendo excelente toler&#226;ncia ao protocolo de 8 minutos de exerc&#237;cio. Como habitualmente ocorre durante o PTIM, os pacientes perceberam uma leve a moderada sensa&#231;&#227;o de fadiga e/ou de "queima&#231;&#227;o" na musculatura flexora dos dedos, decorrente da hipoperfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea associada &#224; prov&#225;vel oclus&#227;o arterial resultante da contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;trica a 30% da for&#231;a m&#225;xima volunt&#225;ria. Os resultados mostram que os pacientes se encontravam normotensos em repouso - 115/69 mmHg, em m&#233;dia (erros padr&#245;es da m&#233;dia de, respectivamente, 11 e 10 mmHg)- e com uma FC apropriada - 64 bpm - antes de iniciarem o PTIM. Como se poderia teoricamente esperar, algumas das respostas hemodin&#226;micas foram se acentuando com a continuidade do esfor&#231;o isom&#233;trico, sendo algo mais pronunciadas no segundo minuto da s&#233;rie quando comparadas ao primeiro minuto, finalizando o esfor&#231;o com diferen&#231;as significativas, em rela&#231;&#227;o as medidas de repouso, para as PAS e PAD (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o) - delta de incremento 16 &#177; 10 e 7 &#177; 6 mmHg, respectivamente - (p &lt; 0,05) e minimamente para FC, que aumentou apenas 3 &#177; 4 bpm (p &lt; 0,05). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nas respostas de FC e de PA entre as duas s&#233;ries (p &gt; 0,05). Os valores hemodin&#226;micos obtidos 1 minuto ap&#243;s a finaliza&#231;&#227;o do PTIM situam-se numericamente entre as medidas pr&#233;-esfor&#231;o e final do esfor&#231;o para PAS e PAD (p &lt; 0,05), enquanto a FC j&#225; havia retornado aos n&#237;veis pr&#233;-esfor&#231;o (p &gt; 0,05). Os valores de FC de repouso e de delta FC - m&#225;ximo menos repouso - n&#227;o se correlacionaram (r = -0,19; p = 0,24) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop08311_fig01">Figura 1</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop08311_fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0413-00102-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Uma an&#225;lise adicional foi realizada comparando os resultados obtidos entre os 31 pacientes que faziam uso regular de betabloqueadores e os 10 que n&#227;o se utilizavam desses f&#225;rmacos. Os valores em repouso eram virtualmente id&#234;nticos, exceto por uma FC algo menor nos pacientes com betabloqueio - 69 &#177; 3,0 (m&#233;dia e erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia) <italic>versus </italic>62&#177; 2,6 bpm (p = 0,14). As respostas hemodin&#226;micas, seja em termos absolutos seja como varia&#231;&#245;es entre repouso e m&#225;ximo, n&#227;o diferiram com o PTIM (p &gt; 0,05) entre os pacientes com e sem betabloqueio, inclusive na varia&#231;&#227;o entre FC repouso e FC m&#225;xima - 1,4 &#177; 1,4 <italic>versus</italic> 3,3 &#177; 1,5 bpm (p = 0,46). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo cl&#237;nico apresenta alguns pontos fortes, incluindo o tamanho relativamente grande da amostra, devidamente caracterizada clinicamente, constitu&#237;da de pacientes com grande familiaridade com o local e as instala&#231;&#245;es do laborat&#243;rio e tamb&#233;m com os avaliadores, o que minimizou a possibilidade de influ&#234;ncia emocional ou antecipat&#243;ria sobre as medidas que foram colhidas. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um equipamento digital espec&#237;fico para o PTIM possibilitou que as intensidades do esfor&#231;o isom&#233;trico fossem precisamente individualizadas e controladas - gra&#231;as &#224; exist&#234;ncia de um <italic>feedback</italic> visual cont&#237;nuo - durante a execu&#231;&#227;o, conforme atestou o percentual m&#233;dio de 97%. Em adendo, houve um controle preciso e sofisticado das medidas das vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas, eliminando potenciais interfer&#234;ncias ou vieses eventuais dos avaliadores pelo uso de um equipamento com leituras observador-independente. Por sua vez, h&#225; algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que merecem uma considera&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada. </p>
    <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes n&#227;o foi rand&#244;mica e incluiu casos com condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas distintas, o que, se por um lado poderia gerar uma maior variabilidade nos resultados, o que efetivamente n&#227;o ocorreu, por outro, pode contribuir para aumentar a validade externa do estudo. A medida da press&#227;o arterial foi feita de forma n&#227;o invasiva, j&#225; que n&#227;o seria pr&#225;tica a coloca&#231;&#227;o de uma medida intra-arterial; contudo, o equipamento utilizado para as medidas &#233; considerado como v&#225;lido para situa&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio e possibilitou eliminar qualquer eventual influ&#234;ncia de erro de leitura do avaliador. Como s&#243; havia disponibilidade de um &#250;nico tamanho de manguito - 27 a 40 cm de circunfer&#234;ncia de bra&#231;o -, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel incluir alguns dos pacientes mais magros ou de pequenas dimens&#245;es ou mais obesos e de grandes dimens&#245;es corporais; contudo, n&#227;o h&#225; raz&#227;o te&#243;rica para supor que as modestas respostas hemodin&#226;micas verificadas durante o PTIM poderiam ser distintas em pacientes com circunfer&#234;ncias de bra&#231;o menor ou maior do que os limites de 27 e 40 cm do manguito. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram testadas outras formas de PTIM, por&#233;m apenas o protocolo mais comumente empregado para treinamento e pesquisas cl&#237;nicas; contudo, dados bastante recentes apontam para redu&#231;&#245;es similares de magnitude PA com o uso de diferentes combina&#231;&#245;es de intervalos e percentuais da for&#231;a m&#225;xima de preens&#227;o manual<sup>21,22</sup>. Muito embora o presente estudo tenha utilizado um equipamento relativamente caro e n&#227;o facilmente dispon&#237;vel no mercado brasileiro para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do PTIM, outros estudos t&#234;m obtido resultados similarmente favor&#225;veis sobre a PAS e a PAD de repouso em indiv&#237;duos treinados com equipamentos ou materiais muito mais simples e at&#233; mesmo utilizando molas ou bolas<sup>25</sup>. Essa quest&#227;o parece pertinente se o PTIM vier a ser mais amplamente utilizado como uma forma de exerc&#237;cio coadjuvante no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial. </p>
    <p>Consoante &#224; experi&#234;ncia da literatura e com a nossa pr&#243;pria experi&#234;ncia de mais de um ano aplicando o PTIM em mais de cem pacientes - total aproximado de mais de sete mil sess&#245;es - n&#227;o se evidenciaram rea&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas adversas com o PTIM, sendo o procedimento bem tolerado e aceito pelos pacientes, incluindo os mais idosos. Sabendo-se que a for&#231;a de preens&#227;o manual tende a diminuir com o envelhecimento em pacientes de ambos os g&#234;neros<sup>30,31</sup>, &#233; bastante apropriado que o PTIM envolva a mensura&#231;&#227;o objetiva da for&#231;a m&#225;xima bilateral de cada paciente, possibilitando assim efetivamente equalizar a carga de treinamento em um percentual de 30% da for&#231;a m&#225;xima individual. </p>
    <p>As respostas hemodin&#226;micas a esfor&#231;os isom&#233;tricos de preens&#227;o manual t&#234;m sido estudadas por alguns autores no passado<sup>32</sup>, por&#233;m sem o objetivo prim&#225;rio de subsidiar uma aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica como o PTIM. Estudos fisiol&#243;gicos recentes, com quantifica&#231;&#227;o de algumas das respostas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias a exerc&#237;cios predominantemente est&#225;ticos utilizando pequenos e diferentes grupos musculares e com distintos percentuais de for&#231;a m&#225;xima volunt&#225;ria, t&#234;m contribu&#237;do para uma melhor compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos associados ao PTIM e similares<sup>14,15,33-37</sup>. N&#227;o obstante, quando esses dados fisiol&#243;gicos, respeitando as diversidades metodol&#243;gicas e as pequenas amostras envolvidas, s&#227;o comparados com os nossos resultados, pode-se identificar uma razo&#225;vel similaridade, isso &#233;, uma m&#237;nima repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, especialmente quando n&#227;o se alcan&#231;a a fadiga do grupo muscular, que no caso da preens&#227;o manual tende a ocorrer com pouco mais de 3 minutos<sup>13</sup>. Considerando que todos os pacientes testados submetiam-se regularmente a programas de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado, eventuais diferen&#231;as que porventura possam existir nessas respostas hemodin&#226;micas entre indiv&#237;duos treinados e n&#227;o treinados, n&#227;o pode ser avaliada nem foi o objetivo do presente estudo. </p>
    <p>Ainda que tenham sido observadas respostas hemodin&#226;micas como resultado do PTIM realizado no presente estudo, a pequena magnitude das diferen&#231;as entre as condi&#231;&#245;es de repouso e final do exerc&#237;cio sugere um significado cl&#237;nico m&#237;nimo ou provavelmente desprez&#237;vel, correspondendo bem menos do que o que se observa de varia&#231;&#227;o durante uma caminhada ou at&#233; mesmo um exerc&#237;cio s&#250;bito de pedalar r&#225;pido sem carga<sup>38</sup>. Esse aspecto &#233; clinicamente interessante, pois estudos anteriores com este &#250;ltimo protocolo j&#225; demonstraram que a simples movimenta&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida das pernas ou bra&#231;os<sup>39</sup> e at&#233; mesmo da simples flex&#227;o dos punhos<sup>40</sup> &#233; capaz de induzir um r&#225;pido e n&#237;tido aumento da FC e tamb&#233;m da PAS<sup>41</sup>, e que essa resposta pode ser completamente abolida pelo bloqueio farmacol&#243;gico seletivo com atropina<sup>42</sup>, caracterizando o mecanismo de inativa&#231;&#227;o vagal como o respons&#225;vel pela resposta. Do ponto de vista fisiol&#243;gico, com uma contra&#231;&#227;o muscular isom&#233;trica de 30% da for&#231;a m&#225;xima n&#227;o ocorre uma inativa&#231;&#227;o vagal importante e, assim, a FC praticamente n&#227;o se altera. Como tamb&#233;m n&#227;o deve haver um aumento do retorno venoso, j&#225; que h&#225; uma compress&#227;o mec&#226;nica dos vasos venosos pela contra&#231;&#227;o muscular a 30% da intensidade m&#225;xima no antebra&#231;o que est&#225; realizando a preens&#227;o manual, o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco deve se manter muito pr&#243;ximo ao de repouso<sup>32</sup>. Desse modo, a m&#237;nima varia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PAS e PAD deve refletir primariamente o pequeno aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica causado pela oclus&#227;o dos vasos arteriais na regi&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos em contra&#231;&#227;o, sem uma varia&#231;&#227;o expressiva do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Aparentemente, a pequena relev&#226;ncia dos resultados pode ser constatada em subgrupos de pacientes, como foi objetivamente testado e confirmado na compara&#231;&#227;o feita entre aqueles com e sem uso de regular de betabloqueadores, </p>
    <p>Em adendo, &#233; oportuno comentar que os valores de PAS, PAD e FC obtidos ap&#243;s apenas 1minuto de recupera&#231;&#227;o j&#225; eram bastante similares aos de repouso, notadamente para a FC, que apresentou resultados exatamente id&#234;nticos. Esses dados est&#227;o literalmente em conson&#226;ncia com os achados de McGowan e cols.<sup>17</sup> e s&#227;o algo menos exuberantes do que os encontrados por Helfant e cols.<sup>11</sup>, o que muito provavelmente ocorreu pelo fato de estes &#250;ltimos terem obtido os dados durante cateterismo card&#237;aco, na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e utilizando uma preens&#227;o manual por 3 minutos de dura&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo corrobora a impress&#227;o cl&#237;nica de que o PTIM, tal como realizado no presente estudo, &#233; um procedimento bem tolerado e sem provocar sinais ou sintomas adversos, que evoca respostas hemodin&#226;micas transientes e modestas em pacientes que frequentam programas de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado e/ou reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e que se apresentam com n&#237;veis tensionais de repouso devidamente controlados. Espera-se que o presente estudo contribua para uma maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o do PTIM na conduta terap&#234;utica de pacientes portadores de enfermidades cardiovasculares em nosso meio. Futuras diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) sobre a tem&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico poder&#227;o contemplar essa forma de treinamento potencialmente &#250;til para reduzir os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e para produzir modifica&#231;&#245;es vasculares e auton&#244;micas favor&#225;veis, tal como j&#225; bastante documentado na atual literatura m&#233;dica<sup>19,21,22,24,43</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq e pela Faperj, por concess&#227;o de bolsas de produtividade em pesquisa e de mestrado e doutorado. Os autores agradecem &#224; Suntech Inc. o fornecimento subsidiado do tensi&#244;metro oscilom&#233;trico digital. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nota1" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo </p>
        <p> Rua Siqueira Campos, 93/101, Copacabana </p>
        <p> 22031-070 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="cgil@cardiol.br">cgil@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cgaraujo@iis.com.br">cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 04/03/11; revisado recebido em 15/04/11; aceito em 13/06/11.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Hemodynamic responses to an isometric handgrip training protocol</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: In the past, isometric exercises were proscribed for heart disease. However, recent evidence suggests that an isometric handgrip training (IHT) protocol - four sets of two minutes at 30% of maximum strength - produces favorable effects on the autonomic modulation and reduces resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure. OBJECTIVE: Aiming at obtaining support for broad clinical applicability, we quantified the main hemodynamic responses during an IHT session in patients from a supervised physical exercise program. METHODS: Forty-one patients (36 men) underwent the IHT with measurements of heart rate (HR) and BP before, during each of the two series performed with the left arm and one minute after completion. Measurements were obtained by an electrocardiogram signal in a digital Tango + oscillometric tensiometer, previously validated for physical exercise conditions. RESULTS: The IHT was appropriately carried out, with no clinical adverse reactions. There was a small increase in SBP and DBP levels, respectively, of 16 and 7 mmHg (p &lt;0.05) and an even smaller increase in HR - 3 bpm - (p &lt;0.05) when we compared the data obtained at 80 seconds of the last series with the pre-exercise CONCLUSION: IHT was well tolerated by patients undergoing exercise programs, resulting in a transient and modest hemodynamic effect, without inducing rapid cardiac vagal inactivation, characteristic of dynamic and short exercises.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>heart rate</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>rehabilitation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="nota_1-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Hemodynamic responses to an isometric handgrip training protocol</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo<sup>I,II</sup>; Carlos Vieira Duarte<sup>II</sup>; F&#225;bio de Albuquerque Gon&#231;alves<sup>II</sup>; Hugo Baptista de Oliveira Medeiros<sup>II</sup>; Fl&#225;vio Areal Lemos<sup>II</sup>; Andr&#233; Luiz Gouv&#234;a<sup>II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>CLINIMEX - Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica - Universidade Gama Filho - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> In the past, isometric exercises were proscribed for heart disease. However, recent evidence suggests that an isometric handgrip training (IHT) protocol - four sets of two minutes at 30% of maximum strength - produces favorable effects on the autonomic modulation and reduces resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Aiming at obtaining support for broad clinical applicability, we quantified the main hemodynamic responses during an IHT session in patients from a supervised physical exercise program.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Forty-one patients (36 men) underwent the IHT with measurements of heart rate (HR) and BP before, during each of the two series performed with the left arm and one minute after completion. Measurements were obtained by an electrocardiogram signal in a digital Tango + oscillometric tensiometer, previously validated for physical exercise conditions.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The IHT was appropriately carried out, with no clinical adverse reactions. There was a small increase in SBP and DBP levels, respectively, of 16 and 7 mmHg (p &lt;0.05) and an even smaller increase in HR - 3 bpm - (p &lt;0.05) when we compared the data obtained at 80 seconds of the last series with the pre-exercise ones. HR, SBP and DBP values had almost returned to baseline one minute post-exercise.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> IHT was well tolerated by patients undergoing exercise programs, resulting in a transient and modest hemodynamic effect, without inducing rapid cardiac vagal inactivation, characteristic of dynamic and short exercises.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Exercise; heart rate; cardiovascular diseases; rehabilitation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The regular practice of physical exercise has been widely recommended for the general population<sup>1</sup> and particularly for those with heart disease<sup>2</sup>, based on abundant epidemiological and clinical evidence<sup>3</sup>. Most of these data is primarily based on predominantly aerobic exercises; however, the scientific knowledge and interest in strength training with sports and clinical applications are increasing<sup>4</sup>. In fact, in many everyday situations, human beings need to perform movements that require significant amounts of strength and muscular power<sup>5,6</sup>. While in the past, predominantly static exercises were prohibited for most individuals with hypertension and heart disease, more recent institutional guidelines<sup>4,7-10</sup> have been promoting, to a greater or lesser extent, the progressive use of these exercises in clinical practice. </p>
      <p>The isometric or static muscle training has been widely used for training athletes and healthy individuals for decades. Throughout time, these exercises were progressively replaced by joint movement or dynamic exercises and are currently rarely used as part of the strength training of a cardiac rehabilitation session<sup>8</sup>. Nevertheless, it has been known for many years that an isometric handgrip exercise during cardiac catheterization induces hemodynamic and ventricular function responses<sup>11</sup>, and it was around 1990, with the advent of modern non-invasive techniques for the study of vascular and autonomic functions that the interest in this kind of exercise was renewed, as a possibility that can favorably influence the pressure behavior of normotensive and even hypertensive individuals.</p>
      <p>The hemodynamic behavior during isometric exercise has been the object of physiological studies since the mid-1970s<sup>12-15</sup>; however, in the last ten years, Canadian researchers have been using what was called the "Isometric Handgrip Training" (IHT)<sup>16-22</sup>. With few exceptions<sup>19</sup> the IHT involves obtaining a maximum value bilaterally for handgrip strength, followed by two 2-minute duration series for each hand, alternating sides of body, comprising a total of 8 minutes of effective isometric exercise and a total time, considering the intervals and the initial measurements of maximum strength, which must be repeated at each session, of approximately 12 to 13 minutes.</p>
      <p>In 2010, Kelley and Kelley<sup>24</sup>, in a meta-analysis on the subject, after identifying a few studies with adequate quality, observed reductions of 5 to 20 mmHg and 3 to 15 mmHg - around 10% -, respectively, for the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), after some weeks of intervention. A more recent randomized clinical trial<sup>25</sup> with 49 normotensive subjects found very similar reductions in blood pressure levels after IHT. Interestingly, in spite of several experiments that have been adequately carried out, doubts still remain about the mechanisms responsible for the decrease in resting blood pressure levels after IHT<sup>21</sup>. Some evidence suggests that, at least for some patients or normotensive individuals, there is a share of positive changes in vascular structure and/or function<sup>26</sup>, with or without objective modifications in endothelium-dependent vasodilation<sup>16,18</sup>, and of a better autonomic modulation<sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p>For a more comprehensive clinical application of IHT, it seems appropriate to know, in more details, the magnitude of hemodynamic responses associated with this type of exertion within a clinical context. If the favorable effects of IHT are well documented, there is little information on the magnitude of the increase in heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) with this type of isometric exercise in clinical situations, out of hemodynamic rooms or laboratories of physiology, involving patients that are commonly followed by cardiologists. Therefore, our main objective was to quantify the hemodynamic responses during an IHT session in patients from a supervised exercise program. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sample</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We evaluated 53 (24%) of the patients who were regularly attending a supervised exercise program, selected by convenience due to time availability, acceptance to participate in data collection and also by the previous exclusion of those with chronic atrial fibrillation, external pacemaker rhythm, and frequent or complex extrasystole - i.e., the presence of more than five extrasystoles/min or in pairs or clusters. Technical difficulties with blood pressure measurement during exercise (e.g., arm circumference larger than that recommended by the cuff) or inability to perform the exercise properly led to the exclusion of 12 volunteers, determining a final number of 41 patients (36 men and 5 women) for analysis of final results. Eleven of the patients had been regularly submitted to IHT, as part of their supervised exercise session. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the physical characteristics, main clinical data and cardiovascular medications regularly used by the assessed patients. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0413-00102-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Protocol</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was carried out in a single visit. The patients signed a free and informed consent form, and remained sitting comfortably for about 5 minutes, during which the protocol to be followed was explained in details. The cuff was then positioned - Orkit K-adult size (Suntech, United States) - on the patient's right arm, following the manufacturer's recommendations, as well as a chest strap, under which three electrodes were placed in a position similar to that of the electrocardiographic CC5 leads and an initial measurement of HR, SBP and DBP was obtained.</p>
      <p>Using the most common IHT protocol<sup>19</sup>, patients then performed a maximal handgrip exertion with the right hand and after 10 seconds, they repeated it with the left hand in digital equipment suitable for IHT (Zone, USA). One minute after this measurement, patients were instructed to perform four successive series of two minutes each, exactly 1 minute apart, alternating hands, keeping an intensity corresponding to 30% of the maximum, more easily adjusted by the information continuously available on the equipment display<sup>21</sup>. Moreover, the examiner verbally encouraged the patient during the IHT to keep the recommended intensity. The device itself controls the duration of the exercises series and their intervals, through information clearly supplied by the display. </p>
      <p>To eliminate any possibility of interference by the examiner on any differences or changes in hemodynamic variables, HR, SBP and DBP measurements were obtained using a digital Tango+ sphygmomanometer by the oscillometric method (Suntech, United States), using the detection of the RR interval of the electrocardiogram as reference, thus minimizing the influence of any noise or artifacts of the exercise, a basal value of 180 mmHg of inflation and a deflation rate of 5 mmHg/s. The values obtained were shown on the equipment display and duly recorded by the examiner, whereas the patients were unaware of the obtained values. The approximate time needed for each of the measurements was between 25 and 35 seconds. </p>
      <p>This equipment is properly certified for blood pressure measurements, according to the technical standards of the country of manufacture, and has been used in other clinical studies<sup>27-29</sup>. Using the device's manual mode, measurements were made at rest, prior to determining the maximal handgrip strength, starting the inflation of the cuff at 20 and 80 seconds of the two maneuvers made with the left arm and also 1 minute after completion of the last maneuver. Data from a pilot analysis showed that after the HR pressure and values measured 1 minute after a single maximal handgrip contraction were virtually identical to resting values</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Physical characteristics and clinical data were described as means, standard deviations and minimum and maximum values or by percentage of frequency, as appropriate. For the hemodynamic variables, the type of distribution was initially confirmed using the D'Agostino &amp; Pearson test and then ANOVAs for repeated measures were calculated, which were followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison tests. Pearson's correlations were analyzed to assess the association between variables. The statistical significance was set at 5%. Statistical calculations and figures were carried out using Prism software version 5.04 (GraphPad, USA). The research project meets the requirements of resolution 196/96 of the Ministry of Health and the Declaration of Helsinki and was appropriately registered with CONEP-MS and institutionally approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The 11 individuals who were experienced and had been regularly undergoing IHT training during the supervised exercise program sessions had resting blood pressure levels slightly higher than those who had no previous experience in the technique, although there was no difference in nature and magnitude of the acute responses to IHT. Moreover, in preliminary analyses, there was no evidence of any difference that could be attributed to any subgroup, whether by gender, medical condition, either by use or nonuse of medications with negative chronotropic action. Therefore, we chose to consider the data from all 41 patients together, without differentiating by regular participation in IHT or any of these potential intervening variables. </p>
      <p>In agreement with the diversity of clinical condition and body size, the results of maximal handgrip strength varied between 24 and 136 (in equipment units), with means that were almost identical between the right and left hands, respectively, 78.4 &#177; 23 and 77.5 &#177; 22, and a mean difference for each individual of 10% of the measurement - minimum 0 and maximum 21. The degree of accuracy in the maintenance of 30% of maximal handgrip strength for each hand during the two minutes of each series ranged between 90% and 100%, with an average of 97% in 164 maneuvers (41 patients x 4 maneuvers).</p>
      <p>None of the individuals had any clinical abnormalities or inappropriate symptoms during or immediately after IHT, with excellent tolerance to the 8-minute exercise protocol. As it usually occurs during IHT, patients noticed mild to moderate fatigue and/or a "burning" sensation in the flexor muscles of the fingers, caused by blood hypoperfusion associated to probable arterial occlusion resulting from the isometric contraction at 30% of maximal voluntary force. The results show that the patients were normotensive at rest - 115/69 mmHg on average (standard deviations, respectively, 11 and 10 mmHg) - and had an appropriate HR - 64 bpm - before starting the IHT.</p>
      <p>As it might theoretically be expected, some of the hemodynamic responses were increased with the continuation of isometric exertion, being somewhat more pronounced in the second minute of the series when compared to the first minute, ending the exertion with significant differences in relation to measurements at rest, in relation to SBP and DBP (mean &#177; standard deviation) - delta increment = 16 &#177; 10 and 7 &#177; 6 mmHg, respectively - (p &lt;0.05) and minimal difference for HR, which increased only 3 &#177; 4 bpm (p &lt;0.05 ). There were no differences in the responses of HR and BP between the two series (p&gt; 0.05). The hemodynamic values obtained 1 minute after IHT completion are numerically between the pre-exertion and the final exertion measurements for SBP and DBP (p &lt;0.05), whereas HR had already returned to pre-exercise values (p &gt; 0.05). The values of resting HR and delta HR - maximum minus rest - did not correlate (r = -0.19, p = 0.24) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop08311_fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop08311_fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0413-00102-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>An additional analysis was performed by comparing the results obtained between the 31 patients who were taking beta-blockers and 10 that were not using these drugs. The values at rest were virtually identical, except for a somewhat lower HR in patients receiving beta-blockers - 69 &#177; 3.0 (mean and standard error of mean) <italic>versus</italic> 62 &#177; 2.6 bpm(p = 0.14). The hemodynamic responses, either in absolute terms or as variations between resting and maximum values, did not differ with IHT (p&gt; 0.05) between patients with and without beta-blockers, including the variation between resting HR and maximum HR values - 1.4 &#177; 1.4 <italic>versus</italic> 3.3 &#177; 1.5 bpm (p = 0.46). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present clinical study has some strong points, including the relatively large, clinically well-characterized sample, consisting of patients with great familiarity with the location and laboratory facilities and also with the examiners, which minimized the possibility of emotional or anticipatory influence on the measurements that were obtained. The use of digital equipment specific for IHT made it possible for the isometric exertion intensities to be precisely individualized and controlled - thanks to the existence of a continuous visual feedback - throughout the test, as shown by the average percentage of 97%. Moreover, there was an accurate and sophisticated control of hemodynamic variable measurements, eliminating any potential interference or biases on the part of the examiners through the use of equipment with examiner-independent readings. In turn, there are some limitations that deserve further consideration.</p>
      <p>Patient selection was not random and included cases with different clinical conditions, which, on the one hand could generate greater variability in results, which did not occur; on the other hand, it can contribute to increase the external validity of the study. The blood pressure measurement was performed noninvasively, as it would not be practical to use an intra-arterial measurement device; however, the equipment used for measurements is considered valid for exercise situations and allowed the elimination of any possible influence of reading error on the part of the examiner. As only one cuff size was available - adequate for a 27 to 40-cm arm circumference - it was not possible to include some of the thinner or smaller patients or those who were larger or more obese; however, there is no theoretical reason to suppose that the modest hemodynamic responses verified during the IHT would be different in patients with arm circumferences that were smaller or greater than the limits of 27 and 40 cm of the cuff.</p>
      <p>No other IHT forms were tested, but only the protocol most commonly used for training and clinical research; however, very recent data point to similar reductions in BP magnitude using different combinations of intervals and percentages of maximal handgrip strength<sup>21, 22</sup>. Although this study used relatively expensive equipment and not readily available in the Brazilian market for IHT performance, other studies have obtained similarly favorable results on resting SBP and DBP in subjects trained with much simpler equipment or materials and even using springs or balls<sup>25</sup>. This question seems relevant if the IHT becomes more widely used as a form of exercise therapy in the treatment of arterial hypertension. </p>
      <p>In agreement with the experience in the literature and our own experience of more than one year applying IHT to more than one hundred patients - approximately more than seven thousand sessions - there was no evidence of clinical adverse reactions with IHT, with the procedure being well tolerated and accepted by patients, including the elderly. Knowing that the handgrip strength tends to decrease with aging in patients of both sexes<sup>30,31</sup>, it is quite appropriate that the IHT involves the objective measurement of maximal strength bilaterally in each patient, thus effectively allowing training load equalization at a percentage of 30% of the maximal individual strength. </p>
      <p>The hemodynamic responses to isometric handgrip exertion have been studied by some authors in the past<sup>32</sup>, but without the primary goal of supporting a clinical application such as IHT. Recent physiological studies, with the quantification of some of the cardiorespiratory responses to predominantly static exercises using small and different muscle groups and with different percentages of maximal voluntary strength, have contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms associated with IHT and similar exercises<sup>14,15,33-37</sup>. Nevertheless, when these physiological data, respecting the methodological differences and small samples involved, are compared with our results, one can identify a reasonable similarity, that is, a minimal hemodynamic effect, especially when the fatigue of the muscle group is not attained, which, in the case of handgrip tends to occur as soon as after 3 minutes<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering that all patients tested were undergoing regular supervised exercise programs, any differences that might occur in these hemodynamic responses between trained and untrained individuals cannot be assessed, nor was the purpose of the present study.</p>
      <p>Although hemodynamic responses were observed as a result of IHT performed in this study, the small magnitude of the differences between the resting conditions and the end of the exercise suggests a minimal or likely negligible clinical significance, representing less than the variation observed during a walk or even a fast riding exercise without load<sup>38</sup>.</p>
      <p>This aspect is clinically interesting, as previous studies with the latter protocol have demonstrated that the rapid movement of the legs or arms<sup>39</sup> and even the bending of wrists<sup>40</sup> is capable of inducing a rapid and sharp increase in heart rate and also the SBP<sup>41</sup> and that this response can be completely abolished by selective pharmacological blockade with atropine<sup>42</sup>, characterizing the mechanism of vagal inactivation as responsible for the response. </p>
      <p>From the physiological point of view, with an isometric muscle contraction of 30% of the maximal strength there is no major vagal inactivation and thus, virtually no HR changes. As there should not be an increase in venous return, as there is a mechanical compression of venous vessels by muscle contraction at 30% of maximal intensity in the forearm that is performing the handgrip, the cardiac output must remain very close to the resting value<sup>32</sup>. Thus, the slightest variation in SBP and DBP levels should reflect primarily the small increase in peripheral vascular resistance caused by occlusion of the arterial vessels in the region of muscle contraction, without a significant change in cardiac output. Apparently, the little relevance of the results can be found in subgroups of patients, as objectively tested and confirmed in the comparison made between those with and without regular use of beta blockers.</p>
      <p>Additionally, it is worth mentioning that the SBP, DBP and HR values obtained after only 1 minute of recovery were already very similar to those at rest, especially for HR, which showed exactly the same results. These data are literally in accordance with the findings of McGowan et al.<sup>17</sup> and are somewhat less striking than those found by Helfant et al.<sup>11</sup>, which probably occurred because the latter have obtained the data during cardiac catheterization in the supine position and using handgrip for 3 minutes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study corroborates the clinical impression that the IHT, as performed in this study, a is well-tolerated procedure and cause no adverse signs or symptoms that induces transient and modest hemodynamic responses in patients attending supervised exercise and/or cardiac rehabilitation programs and who have adequately controlled resting blood pressure levels. We expect that this study will contribute to an increased use of IHT in the therapeutic management of patients with cardiovascular diseases in our country. </p>
      <p>Future guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) on the subject of physical exercise might include this type of training as potentially helpful in reducing blood pressure levels and producing favorable vascular and autonomic changes, as it has been well documented in the current medical literature<sup>19, 21, 22,24,43</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq and FAPERJ through grants for research productivity and master's and doctoral degrees. The authors also thank Suntech Inc. for supplying the digital oscillometric tensiometer.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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