<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Z6WC549s3JPGhqtqL5Z6nMM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001400006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700506</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000093</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o de diferentes medidas e &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chagas</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramori</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barcellos</surname>
            <given-names>Christiano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galdino</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana Pizzato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Ir&#234;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schwanke</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Helena Augustin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisa Cardiovascular </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Geriatria e Gerontologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>397</fpage>
      <lpage>401</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A associa&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos e carga ateroscler&#243;tica ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida e poucos estudos na literatura abordam esse tema. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de diferentes par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana. M&#201;TODOS: Participaram do estudo pacientes adultos submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia. Dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos e fatores de risco cardiovasculares foram coletados em um question&#225;rio padronizado. Foram medidos peso, altura, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC), circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CABD), circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril (CQ) e circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o (CP), com o c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e das rela&#231;&#245;es cintura-quadril (RCQ), circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal-quadril (RCABDQ) e cintura-altura (RCALT). A carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana na cineangiocoronariografia foi medida pelo Escore de Friesinger (EF). Aterosclerose significativa foi considerada quando o EF &gt; 5. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi constitu&#237;da por 337 pacientes, dos quais 213 eram homens (63,2%). A idade m&#233;dia foi de 60,1 &#177; 10 anos. Somente a RCQ (r = 0,159 e p = 0,003) apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o linear significativa com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana medida pelo EF. Quando separamos a amostra por g&#234;nero, nas mulheres encontramos correla&#231;&#227;o significativa da RCABDQ (r = 0,238 e p = 0,008) e da RCQ (r = 0,198 e p = 0,028) com o EF. N&#227;o se encontrou nos homens correla&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos e EF. Ap&#243;s os ajustes para as vari&#225;veis sexo, idade, HAS, tabagismo e DM, nenhum par&#226;metro antropom&#233;trico foi associado com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana medida pelo EF na amostra total ou separada por g&#234;nero. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nenhum par&#226;metro antropom&#233;trico foi fator de risco independente para a carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Antropometria</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>&#237;ndice de massa corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>rela&#231;&#227;o cintura quadril</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Associa&#231;&#227;o de diferentes medidas e &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Patricia Chagas<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Caramori<sup>II</sup>; Christiano Barcellos<sup>II</sup>; Tatiana Pizzato Galdino<sup>I</sup>; Ir&#234;nio Gomes<sup>I</sup>; Carla Helena Augustin Schwanke<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Geriatria e Gerontologia da PUCRS </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Centro de Pesquisa Cardiovascular - Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A associa&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos e carga ateroscler&#243;tica ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida e poucos estudos na literatura abordam esse tema. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de diferentes par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Participaram do estudo pacientes adultos submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia. Dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos e fatores de risco cardiovasculares foram coletados em um question&#225;rio padronizado. Foram medidos peso, altura, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC), circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CABD), circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril (CQ) e circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o (CP), com o c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e das rela&#231;&#245;es cintura-quadril (RCQ), circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal-quadril (RCABDQ) e cintura-altura (RCALT). A carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana na cineangiocoronariografia foi medida pelo Escore de Friesinger (EF). Aterosclerose significativa foi considerada quando o EF <underline>&gt;</underline> 5. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> A amostra foi constitu&#237;da por 337 pacientes, dos quais 213 eram homens (63,2%). A idade m&#233;dia foi de 60,1 &#177; 10 anos. Somente a RCQ (r = 0,159 e p = 0,003) apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o linear significativa com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana medida pelo EF. Quando separamos a amostra por g&#234;nero, nas mulheres encontramos correla&#231;&#227;o significativa da RCABDQ (r = 0,238 e p = 0,008) e da RCQ (r = 0,198 e p = 0,028) com o EF. N&#227;o se encontrou nos homens correla&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos e EF. Ap&#243;s os ajustes para as vari&#225;veis sexo, idade, HAS, tabagismo e DM, nenhum par&#226;metro antropom&#233;trico foi associado com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana medida pelo EF na amostra total ou separada por g&#234;nero. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> Nenhum par&#226;metro antropom&#233;trico foi fator de risco independente para a carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Antropometria, doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coronariana, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, rela&#231;&#227;o cintura quadril.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Obesidade &#233; um dos maiores problemas de sa&#250;de no mundo e est&#225; fortemente associada ao aumento da mortalidade cardiovascular<sup>1</sup>. Entretanto, o acr&#233;scimo de risco n&#227;o est&#225; relacionado apenas com o excesso de peso, mas principalmente com a distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura, com a adiposidade abdominal elevada tornando-se importante fator de risco no desenvolvimento da aterosclerose<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos observacionais demonstraram rela&#231;&#245;es quantitativas entre os diferentes &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade e risco para eventos cardiovasculares<sup>3,4</sup>. Especificamente a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC)<sup>5,6</sup> e a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ)<sup>4,5,7,8</sup> t&#234;m sido associadas a fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Ressalte-se que a RCQ tamb&#233;m tem-se demonstrado um preditor de aterosclerose<sup>4</sup> e eventos cardiovasculares<sup>3</sup>. No entanto, ainda n&#227;o se chegou &#224; conclus&#227;o de quais &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos est&#227;o mais fortemente associados com carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana, pois poucos estudos t&#234;m explorado esse tema<sup>4,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o das diferentes medidas e &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana em pacientes submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia por suspeita de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram convidados a participar do estudo os pacientes com 18 anos ou mais que estavam sendo submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia por suspeita de DAC no Centro de Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento Intervencionista do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUC/RS. Os pacientes que, no momento precedente &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, n&#227;o puderam ficar de p&#233; para a aferi&#231;&#227;o das medidas antropom&#233;tricas e os que estavam impossibilitados de responder ao question&#225;rio da pesquisa foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. A coleta dos dados foi realizada entre os meses de outubro de 2008 e dezembro de 2009.</p>
    <p><bold>Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e fatores de risco cardiovasculares</bold>: Os <italic>dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos</italic> (idade, escolaridade e ocupa&#231;&#227;o) e os fatores de risco cardiovasculares (tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, dislipidemia, diabete melito e hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC) foram coletados atrav&#233;s de entrevista, de acordo com question&#225;rio estruturado.</p>
    <p><bold>Medidas antropom&#233;tricas</bold>: O peso, em quilogramas (Kg), foi aferido com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma balan&#231;a antropom&#233;trica calibrada (Filizola, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) com capacidade para 150kg e incrementos de 100g. A altura, em metros, foi aferida com o estadi&#244;metro da balan&#231;a antropom&#233;trica da seguinte forma: o indiv&#237;duo mantido em posi&#231;&#227;o ereta, com bra&#231;os pendentes ao longo do corpo, os calcanhares unidos e as regi&#245;es occipital e gl&#250;tea tocando o plano vertical da toesa da balan&#231;a. Os pacientes foram avaliados vestindo apenas avental hospitalar e descal&#231;os. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado utilizando-se a equa&#231;&#227;o peso (kg) dividido pela altura (m) elevada ao quadrado<sup>10</sup>. A medida da cintura (CC) foi realizada na parte mais fina do abd&#244;men<sup>11</sup> e a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CABD) foi medida 1cm acima da crista il&#237;aca<sup>10,12</sup>. A circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril (CQ) foi realizada no per&#237;metro de maior extens&#227;o entre os quadris e as n&#225;degas<sup>13</sup> e a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o (CP) foi aferida no ponto m&#233;dio da coluna cervical at&#233; o meio-anterior do pesco&#231;o. Em homens com proemin&#234;ncia lar&#237;ngea, a CP foi realizada abaixo da proemin&#234;ncia<sup>14-16</sup>. A rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ) foi calculada pela equa&#231;&#227;o CC dividida pela CQ. A rela&#231;&#227;o circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal-quadril (RCABDQ) foi calculada pela divis&#227;o da CABD pela CQ. O &#237;ndice da rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-altura (RCALT) foi realizado utilizando-se os resultados da CC divididos pela altura. Os pacientes que apresentaram IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30Kg/m&#178; foram considerados obesos<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p><bold>Carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana</bold>: Foi avaliada com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Escore de Friesinger<sup>17</sup> na cineangiocoronariografia. Esse escore varia de 0 a 15 e pontua, separadamente, cada uma das tr&#234;s principais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. A descendente anterior, a circunflexa e a coron&#225;ria direita recebem um escore de zero a cinco, conforme as seguintes categorias: 0 - Sem anormalidades arteriogr&#225;ficas; 1 - Irregularidades parietais ou les&#245;es triviais de 1% a 29%; 2 - Pelo menos uma estenose de 30% a 68%; 3 - Les&#245;es difusas, tubulares ou m&#250;ltiplas em pelo menos dois segmentos, com estenose de 30% a 68%; 4 - Pelo menos um dos segmentos com estenose de 69% a 99%, por&#233;m sem oclus&#227;o total proximal; 5 - Oclus&#227;o total de um vaso na por&#231;&#227;o proximal sem qualquer preenchimento do segmento distal. Les&#245;es no tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda pontuam simultaneamente para a descendente anterior e para a circunflexa. Todas as les&#245;es coronarianas foram avaliadas por cardiologistas intervencionistas cegos para os valores antropom&#233;tricos.</p>
    <p>O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUC/RS), Of&#237;cio n&#186; 08/04211, e todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento informado.</p>
    <p><bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>: Os dados foram analisados por meio do programa estat&#237;stico SPSS, vers&#227;o 17. A estat&#237;stica descritiva &#233; apresentada com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o das medidas de frequ&#234;ncia, m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#245;es. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas antropom&#233;tricas e o Escore de Frisienger foi calculada pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Os valores de P foram posteriormente ajustados para as vari&#225;veis (sociodemogr&#225;ficas e fatores de risco cardiovasculares) que mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com o referido escore, por meio de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla, utilizando-se cada uma das medidas antropom&#233;tricas separadamente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra foi constitu&#237;da por 337 pacientes adultos submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia: 213 homens (63,2%) e 124 mulheres (36,8%). A idade m&#233;dia foi de 60,1 &#177; 10,9 anos, com m&#237;nima de 23 e m&#225;xima de 89 anos.</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, s&#227;o apresentadas as caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e os fatores de risco cardiovasculares da amostra. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estado civil, a maior parte da amostra (69,8%) era composta de indiv&#237;duos casados. O percentual de vi&#250;vos foi de 14,7%; de solteiros, 5,4%; e de separados, 10,2%. A faixa de escolaridade mais frequente foi a de quatro a oito anos de estudo (41,6%), seguida de oito ou mais anos de estudo (34,1%). A maioria da amostra era composta por aposentados (51,3%).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0397-00093-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de HAS foi constatada em 77% da amostra total, e o uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva foi relatado em 75,1%. A maior parte da amostra referiu apresentar dislipidemia (52,5%), e 45,4% dos pacientes relataram tomar medica&#231;&#227;o hipolipemiante. A presen&#231;a de diabetes foi observada em 27,7%. Nestes, quanto ao tratamento utilizado, 66,7% referiu usar medica&#231;&#227;o oral, 24,4%, insulina, e apenas 8,9% relataram utilizar apenas a dieta como tratamento.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao tabagismo, 44,5% dos indiv&#237;duos relataram n&#227;o fumar, 34,6% referiram a condi&#231;&#227;o de ex-tabagistas e 20,9%, de tabagistas ativos. A presen&#231;a de hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para DAC foi referida em 21,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o total. A obesidade estava presente em 30,9% da amostra.</p>
    <p>Na correla&#231;&#227;o linear simples entre os par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos e a carga ateroscler&#243;tica medida pelo escore de Friesinger na amostra total, somente a RCQ (r = 0,159 e p = 0,003) apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aopo9311t02">Tabela 2</xref>). Quando a amostra &#233; estratificada por g&#234;nero, as mulheres apresentam correla&#231;&#227;o significativa da RCABDQ (r = 0,238 e p = 0,008) e da RCQ (r = 0,198 e p = 0,028) com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica. Por&#233;m, todas as correla&#231;&#245;es observadas mostraram-se fracas. Nos homens, n&#227;o encontramos correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre qualquer dos par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos e a carga ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aopo9311t02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0397-00093-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Entre os fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos, a an&#225;lise multivariada demonstrou que sexo, idade, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e tabagismo foram associados de forma independente com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica medida pelo Escore de Friesinger.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s os ajustes para sexo, idade, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, tabagismo e DM, nenhum par&#226;metro antropom&#233;trico foi associado com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este &#233; um dos poucos estudos que avaliam a rela&#231;&#227;o entre antropometria e carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana. Foram avaliados 337 indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia, por suspeita de DAC, e verificou-se que nenhum dos par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos estudados (IMC, CC, CABD, CP, CQ, RCQ, RCABDQ e RCALT) foi fator de risco independente para a carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana medida pela cineangiocoronariografia.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMC, os resultados corroboram os achados de estudos pr&#233;vios, em que esse par&#226;metro n&#227;o est&#225; associado &#224; aterosclerose significativa. Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es do IMC &#233; sua incapacidade de diferenciar entre diferentes composi&#231;&#245;es corporais. O IMC n&#227;o assinala excesso de obesidade central, caracterizada pelo ac&#250;mulo de gordura na regi&#227;o mesent&#233;rica e associada a maior risco de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. Rossi e cols.<sup>18</sup> avaliaram, em estudo prospectivo, fatores de risco cardiovasculares, IMC, fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e inflama&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica em 1.299 pacientes (69,7% homens) que foram submetidos a angiografia coronariana e observaram que o IMC n&#227;o foi significativamente associado &#224; maior extens&#227;o da aterosclerose coron&#225;ria, nem &#224; mortalidade<sup>18</sup>. Outros estudos tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apontaram correla&#231;&#227;o entre IMC e aterosclerose coronariana<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, a RCQ esteve correlacionada com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica medida pelo escore de Friesinger na an&#225;lise bivariada. Na estratifica&#231;&#227;o por g&#234;nero, verifica-se que apenas nas mulheres essa correla&#231;&#227;o foi observada. De maneira similar, outro estudo que avaliou DAC por angiografia, em pacientes com idade inferior a 60 anos (88 homens e 39 mulheres) e superior a 60 anos (85 homens e 63 mulheres), a RCQ estava significativamente associada com DAC ap&#243;s ajuste para idade somente nas mulheres mais velhas (p = 0,004)<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a associa&#231;&#227;o de RCQ com carga ateroscler&#243;tica n&#227;o se manteve ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada aconsiderando fatores de risco maiores para DAC. Em outro estudo similar, a associa&#231;&#227;o de RCQ com carga ateroscler&#243;tica tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se manteve ap&#243;s os ajustes para outros fatores de risco<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, no <italic>Dallas Heart Study</italic><sup>4</sup>, estudo avaliou a associa&#231;&#227;o de diferentes medidas antropom&#233;tricas com o escore de c&#225;lcio das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias medido pela tomografia computadorizada e pela presen&#231;a de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas na aorta abdominal detect&#225;veis pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, e somente a RCQ foi associada de forma independente com a aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica ap&#243;s os ajustes da an&#225;lise multivariada. A capacidade da RCQ em se correlacionar com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica pode estar ligada ao fato de esse &#237;ndice contemplar dois aspectos diferentes. A varia&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura reflete uma varia&#231;&#227;o da gordura subcut&#226;nea e visceral abdominal, enquanto a CQ incorpora estrutura p&#233;lvica, m&#250;sculo gl&#250;teo e gordura subcut&#226;nea gl&#250;tea<sup>22</sup>. E essas diferen&#231;as na distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura tem seus pr&#243;prios efeitos, muitas vezes opostas sobre os fatores de risco cardiovascular. Anatomicamente, a RCQ pode indicar melhor distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Varia&#231;&#245;es no ponto de aferi&#231;&#227;o da obesidade abdominal podem, pelo menos em parte, explicar a variabilidade dos achados de diferentes estudos. A compara&#231;&#227;o de quatro locais distintos para aferi&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal mostrou alta correla&#231;&#227;o entre todas as medidas, e a que apresentou maior correla&#231;&#227;o com massa gorda corporal foi a realizada acima da crista il&#237;aca<sup>23</sup>. No <italic>Dallas Heart Study</italic><sup>4</sup>, o ponto de aferi&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foi 1cm acima da crista il&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Muito embora CC e CABD sejam medidas diretamente relacionadas &#224; quantidade de tecido adiposo intra-abdominal<sup>24,25</sup> e tenham sido associadas em v&#225;rios estudos a fatores de risco cardiovascular<sup>5,6</sup> e a manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de doen&#231;a coronariana como infarto<sup>3</sup>, n&#227;o se encontrou, no presente estudo, correla&#231;&#227;o com maior carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana.</p>
    <p>Raymond e cols.<sup>9</sup> avaliaram associa&#231;&#227;o entre CC e RCQ com a espessura da camada m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida (CMI) entre 1.578 homens de meia-idade sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular cl&#237;nica. RCQ, em compara&#231;&#227;o com CC, apresentou a mais forte correla&#231;&#227;o com o espessamento da CMI entre indiv&#237;duos de diferentes idades<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, n&#227;o se encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa da CQ com a carga ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana. No <italic>Quebec Study</italic><sup>22</sup>, a CQ menor foi associada de forma independente com menor HDL-colesterol e altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de glicose em homens, bem como triglicer&#237;deos elevados em homens e mulheres. Tamb&#233;m j&#225; se demonstrou que a CQ est&#225; inversamente associada com fatores de risco cardiovascular e que h&#225; uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre CQ e menor gordura corporal determinada pelo raio X de dupla varredura<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; CP, n&#227;o se observou correla&#231;&#227;o com carga ateroscler&#243;tica. N&#227;o se encontrou estudo pr&#233;vio que tenha avaliado associa&#231;&#227;o da CP com carga ateroscler&#243;tica. Contudo, a CP foi um dos par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos inclu&#237;dos neste estudo, devido a publica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias que correlacionaram essa medida com fatores de risco cardiovascular<sup>14,15</sup>. Ben-Noun e cols.<sup>16</sup> sugeriram a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da CP para identificar indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e obesos. Altera&#231;&#245;es na CP tamb&#233;m se mostraram associadas a modifica&#231;&#245;es em alguns componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (como triglicer&#237;deos e CC)<sup>15</sup>. Estudos adicionais se fazem necess&#225;rios para entender melhor esse par&#226;metro antropom&#233;trico na predi&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular e carga ateroscler&#243;tica, pois se trata de uma medida simples, de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o, que pode ser realizada com o indiv&#237;duo vestido, o que a torna uma medida fact&#237;vel de ser realizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>Da mesma forma, os presentes resultados apontaram a inexist&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o de RCALT com carga ateroscler&#243;tica. N&#227;o encontramos estudos pr&#233;vios que tenham avaliado associa&#231;&#227;o da RCALT com carga ateroscler&#243;tica. Contudo, a RCALT foi inclu&#237;da neste estudo por ter sido fortemente correlacionada com gordura intra-abdominal (r = 0,83) na literatura<sup>26</sup> e tamb&#233;m associada a maior risco de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>3</sup> e fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular<sup>27,28</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante salientar que o escore de Friesinger quantifica a extens&#227;o da aterosclerose por meio da angiografia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, n&#227;o considerando a &#225;rea de mioc&#225;rdio em risco associada com determinada estenose. Portanto, um mesmo grau de comprometimento luminal em segmento proximal, m&#233;dio ou distal de um vaso recebe pontua&#231;&#227;o id&#234;ntica. Diferente de outros sistemas de avalia&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana, o escore de Friesinger foi especificamente desenvolvido para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose parietal, independentemente da &#225;rea de mioc&#225;rdio perfundida atrav&#233;s da estenose.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, nenhum par&#226;metro antropom&#233;trico avaliado em pacientes submetidos a cinecoronariografias por suspeita de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi fator de risco independente para a carga ateroscler&#243;tica ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Patr&#237;cia Chagas </p>
        <p> Rua Domingos Cresc&#234;ncio, 656 / 405, Santana </p>
        <p> 90650-090 - Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pati_chagas@hotmail.com">pati_chagas@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 20/01/11; revisado recebido em 15/05/11; aceito em 01/06/11.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Association of different anthropometric measures and indices with coronary atherosclerotic burden</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The association between anthropometric parameters and atherosclerotic burden is not well established and few studies have addressed this issue. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of different anthropometric parameters with the coronary atherosclerotic burden. METHODS: Adult patients undergoing coronary angiography were enrolled in the study. Sociodemographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors were collected through a standardized questionnaire. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), abdominal circumference (AbC), hip circumference (HC) and neck circumference (NC) were measured and body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), abdominal circumference-hip ratio (AbCHR) and waist-height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. The atherosclerotic burden at the coronary angiography was measured through Friesinger score (FS). Significant atherosclerosis was considered when FS &gt; 5. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 337 patients, of whom 213 were men (63.2%). The mean age was 60.1 &#177; 10 years. Only WHR (r = 0.159 and p = 0.003) showed a significant linear correlation with the coronary atherosclerotic burden as measured by FS. When the sample was stratified by gender, we found a significant correlation between women's AbCHR (r = 0.238 and p = 0.008) and WHR (r = 0.198 and p = 0.028) with FS. Men showed no correlation between anthropometric parameters and FS. After adjusting for gender, age, hypertension, smoking and DM, no anthropometric parameter was associated with coronary atherosclerotic burden as measured by FS in the total sample or when separated by gender. CONCLUSION: No anthropometric parameter was an independent risk factor for coronary atherosclerotic burden.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Anthropometry</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Mass Index</kwd>
        <kwd>Waist-Hip Ratio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Association of different anthropometric measures and indices with coronary atherosclerotic burden</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Patricia Chagas<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Caramori<sup>II</sup>; Christiano Barcellos<sup>II</sup>; Tatiana Pizzato Galdino<sup>I</sup>; Ir&#234;nio Gomes<sup>I</sup>; Carla Helena Augustin Schwanke<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Geriatria e Gerontologia da PUCRS</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Centro de Pesquisa Cardiovascular - Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMO</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The association between anthropometric parameters and atherosclerotic burden is not well established and few studies have addressed this issue.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the association of different anthropometric parameters with the coronary atherosclerotic burden.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Adult patients undergoing coronary angiography were enrolled in the study. Sociodemographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors were collected through a standardized questionnaire. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), abdominal circumference (AbC), hip circumference (HC) and neck circumference (NC) were measured and body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), abdominal circumference-hip ratio (AbCHR) and waist-height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. The atherosclerotic burden at the coronary angiography was measured through Friesinger score (FS). Significant atherosclerosis was considered when FS <underline>&gt;</underline> 5.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The sample consisted of 337 patients, of whom 213 were men (63.2%). The mean age was 60.1 &#177; 10 years. Only WHR (r = 0.159 and p = 0.003) showed a significant linear correlation with the coronary atherosclerotic burden as measured by FS. When the sample was stratified by gender, we found a significant correlation between women's AbCHR (r = 0.238 and p = 0.008) and WHR (r = 0.198 and p = 0.028) with FS. Men showed no correlation between anthropometric parameters and FS. After adjusting for gender, age, hypertension, smoking and DM, no anthropometric parameter was associated with coronary atherosclerotic burden as measured by FS in the total sample or when separated by gender.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> No anthropometric parameter was an independent risk factor for coronary atherosclerotic burden.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Anthropometry; coronary artery disease; body mass index; waist-hip ratio.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Obesity is one of the major health problems worldwide and is strongly associated with increased cardiovascular mortality<sup>1</sup>. However, the greater risk is not only related to overweight, but mainly to body fat distribution, with high abdominal fat becoming an important risk factor in the development of atherosclerosis<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Observational studies have shown quantitative relationships between the several anthropometric indices of obesity and risk of cardiovascular events<sup>3,4</sup>. Specifically, the waist circumference (WC)<sup>5,6</sup> and waist-hip ratio (WHR)<sup>4,5,7,8</sup> have been associated with cardiovascular risk factors. It should be noted that the WHR has also been shown to be a predictor of atherosclerosis<sup>4</sup> and cardiovascular events<sup>3</sup>. However, no conclusion has been reached regarding which anthropometric indices are more strongly associated with coronary atherosclerotic burden, as few studies have investigated this issue<sup>4,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study aims at assessing the correlation of different anthropometric measures and indices with coronary atherosclerotic burden in patients undergoing coronary angiography for suspected coronary artery disease (CAD).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients aged 18 or older who were undergoing coronary angiography for suspected CAD at Centro de Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento Intervencionista do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas of PUC/RS were invited to participate in the study. Patients who, at the time preceding the examination, could not stand up to undergo the anthropometric measurements and those unable to answer the study questionnaire were excluded. Data collection was conducted between the months of October 2008 and December 2009.</p>
      <p><bold>Sociodemographic Characteristics and Cardiovascular Risk Factors:</bold> Sociodemographic data (age, schooling and occupation) and cardiovascular risk factors (smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and family history of CAD) were collected through interviews, according to a structured questionnaire.</p>
      <p><bold>Anthropometric Measures:</bold> The weight in kilograms (kg) was measured using a calibrated anthropometric scale (Filizola, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) with capacity for 150 kg and increments of 100g. The height, in meters, was measured using the anthropometric scale stadiometer as follows: the individual standing with arms hanging at the sides, heels placed side-by-side and the occipital and gluteal regions touching the anthropometric ruler of the scale. Patients were evaluated wearing only hospital gowns and in bare feet. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the formula: body weight (kg) / height (m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>10</sup>. Waist circumference (WC) was measured at the thinnest part of the abdomen<sup>11</sup> and abdominal circumference (AbC) was measured 1 cm above the iliac crest<sup>10,12</sup>. Hip circumference (HC) was measured at the maximum circumference between the hips and buttocks<sup>13</sup> and the neck circumference (NC) was measured at midpoint of the cervical spine up to the mid-anterior region of the neck. In men with laryngeal prominence, the NC was measured below the prominence<sup>14-16</sup>. The waist-hip ratio (WHR) was calculated using the equation WC divided by HC. The abdominal circumference-hip ratio (AbCHR) was calculated by dividing the AbC by HC. The waist-height ratio (WHtR) was calculated using the results of the WC divided by height. Patients with BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m&#178; were considered obese<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p><bold>Coronary Atherosclerotic Burden:</bold> The coronary atherosclerotic burden was evaluated by Friesinger score (FS)<sup>17</sup> at the coronary angiography. This score ranges from 0 to 15 and separately scores each of the three main coronary arteries. The anterior descending, circumflex and right coronary arteries receive a score from zero to five, according to the following categories: 0 - No arteriographic abnormalities; 1 - parietal abnormalities or minor lesions from 1% to 29%; 2 - At least one stenosis, from 30% to 68%; 3 - diffuse, tubular or multiple lesions in at least two segments with stenosis of 30% to 68%; 4 - at least one of the segments with stenosis of 69% to 99%, but without total proximal occlusion; 5 - total occlusion of a vessel in the proximal portion without any filling of the distal segment. Lesions in the left main coronary artery score for both the anterior descending and circumflex arteries. All coronary lesions were assessed by interventional cardiologists blinded to the anthropometric values.</p>
      <p>The research protocol was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUC/RS), under number #08/04211, and all participants signed the free and informed consent form.</p>
      <p><bold>Statistical Analysis:</bold> Data were analyzed using the SPSS software, version 17. Descriptive statistics are shown as measures of frequency, means and standard deviations. The correlation between anthropometric measures and Friesinger score was calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. P values were subsequently adjusted for the variables (sociodemographic and cardiovascular risk factors) that showed significant association with that score using multiple linear regression, using each of the anthropometric measures separately.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample consisted of 337 adult patients undergoing coronary angiography: 213 men (63.2%) and 124 women (36.8%). The mean age was 60.1 &#177; 10.9 years, with a minimum of 23 and maximum of 89 years.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the sociodemographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors of the sample. Regarding the marital status, most of the sample (69.8%) consisted of married individuals. The percentage of widowed individuals was 14.7%; of single individuals, 5.4%, and separated, 10.2%. The most common level of schooling was four to eight years of study (41.6%), followed by eight or more years of study (34.1%). Most of the sample consisted of retired individuals (51.3%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0397-00093-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The presence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) was found in 77% of the total sample, and the use of antihypertensive medication was reported by 75.1%. Most of the sample reported dyslipidemia (52.5%), and 45.4% of patients reported taking lipid-lowering medication. The presence of diabetes was observed in 27.7%. In these, regarding the treatment used, 66.7% reported using oral medication, 24.4%, insulin, and only 8.9% reported using diet alone as treatment.</p>
      <p>As for smoking, 44.5% of subjects were non-smokers, 34.6% reported being ex-smokers and 20.9% were active smokers. The presence of positive family history for CAD was reported by 21.5% of the total population. Obesity was present in 30.9% of the sample.</p>
      <p>At the simple linear correlation between anthropometric parameters and atherosclerotic burden as measured by Friesinger score in the total sample, only WHR (r = 0.159 and p = 0.003) showed a significant correlation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aopo9311t02-body2">Table 2</xref>). When the sample was stratified by gender, women had a significant AbCHR (r = 0.238 and p = 0.008) and WHR (r = 0.198 and p = 0.028) correlation with atherosclerotic burden. However, all observed correlations showed to be weak. In men, we found no linear correlation between any of the anthropometric parameters and atherosclerotic burden.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aopo9311t02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0397-00093-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Among the classic risk factors, the multivariate analysis showed that gender, age, SAH and smoking were independently associated with atherosclerotic burden measured by Friesinger score. After adjusting for age, sex, SAH, smoking and DM, no anthropometric parameter was associated with coronary atherosclerotic burden.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is one of few studies that evaluated the association between anthropometry and coronary atherosclerotic burden. We evaluated 337 patients submitted to coronary angiography for suspected CAD, and observed that none of the studied anthropometric parameters (BMI, WC, AbC, NC, HC, WHR, AbCHR and WHtR) was an independent risk factor for coronary atherosclerotic burden measured by coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>Regarding BMI, the results corroborate the findings of previous studies, in which this parameter is not associated with significant atherosclerosis. One of the limitations of BMI is its incapacity to differentiate between different body compositions. BMI does not indicate excess central obesity, characterized by the accumulation of fat in the mesenteric region and associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic disease. Rossi et al<sup>18</sup> evaluated, in a prospective study, cardiovascular risk factors, BMI, endothelial function and subclinical inflammation in 1,299 patients (69.7% men) submitted to coronary angiography and observed that BMI was not significantly associated with a greater extent of coronary atherosclerosis or mortality<sup>18</sup>. Additionally, other studies showed no correlation between BMI and coronary atherosclerosis<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study, WHR was correlated with atherosclerotic burden measured by Friesinger score in the bivariate analysis. When stratified by gender, it was verified that this correlation was observed only in women. Similarly, another study that evaluated CAD by angiography in patients younger than 60 years (88 men and 39 women) and older than 60 years (85 men and 63 women), WHR was significantly associated with CAD after adjusting for age only in older women (p = 0.004)<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the association of WHR with atherosclerotic burden was not maintained after the multivariate analysis, considering major risk factors for CAD. In another similar study, the association of WHR with atherosclerotic burden was not maintained after adjusting for other risk factors<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, the Dallas Heart Study<sup>4</sup> assessed the association of different anthropometric measures with the coronary artery calcium score measured by computed tomography and by the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the abdominal aorta detected by MRI, and only the WHR was independently associated with subclinical atherosclerosis after the multivariate analysis adjustments.</p>
      <p>The capacity of the WHR to correlate with atherosclerotic burden may be linked to the fact that this index contemplates two different aspects. The variation in waist circumference reflects a variation in subcutaneous and abdominal visceral fat, whereas the HC incorporates the pelvic structure, gluteal muscle and gluteal subcutaneous fat<sup>22</sup>. Moreover, these differences in fat distribution have their own effects, often contradictory on cardiovascular risk factors. Anatomically, the WHR may indicate a better distribution of body fat<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Variations in the site of abdominal obesity measurement may at least partly explain the variability of findings from different studies.</p>
      <p>The comparison of four different sites of measurement of the waist circumference showed high correlation between all measures, and the one that showed the highest correlation with body fat mass was measured above the iliac crest<sup>23</sup>. In the Dallas Heart Study<sup>4</sup>, the site of waist circumference measurement was 1 cm above the iliac crest.</p>
      <p>Although WC and AbC measures are directly related to the amount of intra-abdominal adipose tissue<sup>24,25</sup> and have been associated in several studies to cardiovascular risk factors<sup>5,6</sup> and clinical manifestations of heart disease such as infarction<sup>3</sup>, the present study did not find a correlation with increased coronary atherosclerotic burden.</p>
      <p>Raymond et al<sup>9</sup> evaluated the association between WC and WHR with the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in 1,578 middle-aged men with no clinical cardiovascular disease. WHR, compared to WC, had the strongest correlation with the IMT thickening between individuals of different ages<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, there was no significant association of WHR with the coronary atherosclerotic burden. In the Quebec Study<sup>22</sup>, the lower WHR was independently associated with lower HDL-cholesterol and high glucose concentrations in men, as well as high triglycerides in men and women. It has also been shown that the WHR is inversely associated with cardiovascular risk factors and that there is an inverse association between the WHR and less body fat determined by dual X-ray scan<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the NC, there was no correlation with atherosclerotic burden. There were no previous studies that evaluated the association of NC with atherosclerotic burden. However, the NC was one of the anthropometric parameters included in this study, due to previous publications that correlated this measure with cardiovascular risk factors<sup>14,15</sup>. Ben-Noun et al<sup>16</sup> suggested the use of NC to identify overweight and obese individuals. Changes in NC were also associated with changes in some metabolic syndrome components (such as triglycerides and WC)<sup>15</sup>. Additional studies are needed to better understand this anthropometric parameter when predicting cardiovascular risk and atherosclerotic burden, as it is a simple and easily obtained measure, which does not require the individual to undress, making it a feasible measure to be performed in clinical practice.</p>
      <p>Similarly, the present results showed no association between WHtR and atherosclerotic burden. We found no previous studies that evaluated the association WHtR with atherosclerotic burden. However, WHtR was included in this study because it was strongly correlated with intra-abdominal fat (r = 0.83) in literature<sup>26</sup> and also associated with increased risk of acute myocardial infarction<sup>3</sup> and risk factors for cardiovascular disease<sup>27,28</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy the fact that Friesinger score quantifies the extent of atherosclerosis through the angiography of the coronary arteries, without considering the myocardial area at risk associated with a given stenosis. Therefore, a same degree of luminal obstruction in proximal, middle, or distal vessel receives an identical score. Unlike other systems for evaluating the extent of coronary disease, Friesinger score was specifically developed for the assessment of parietal atherosclerosis, regardless of the area of perfused myocardium through the stenosis.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, no anthropometric parameter assessed in patients undergoing coronary angiography for suspected coronary artery disease was an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic burden after multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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