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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BM5yBFYpk4VBGBwH5knLqHP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001400005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700505</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000090</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da angiotensina-I e isquemia na recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional em cora&#231;&#245;es isolados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ubirajara Oliveira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;lvaro Reischak de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kucharski</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Ubiratan Fabres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Irigoyen</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Claudia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schaan</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz D'Agord</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>390</fpage>
      <lpage>396</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A ressuscita&#231;&#227;o de parada card&#237;aca pode apresentar disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica determinada pelo tempo da isquemia, e a inibi&#231;&#227;o da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) pode reduzir a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca durante a reperfus&#227;o. OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos da angiotensina-I e diferentes per&#237;odos de isquemia na recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos isolados. M&#201;TODOS: Os cora&#231;&#245;es isolados de ratos Wistar (n = 45; 250-300 g) foram submetidos a diferentes per&#237;odos de isquemia global (20, 25 ou 30 min) e reperfundidos (30 min) com o tamp&#227;o Krebs-Henseleit, ou com a adi&#231;&#227;o de 400 nmol/L de angiotensina-I, ou com 400 nmol/L de angiotensina-I + 100 &#181;mol/L de captopril durante o per&#237;odo de reperfus&#227;o. RESULTADOS: A derivada positiva m&#225;xima de press&#227;o (+dP/dt max) e o produto frequ&#234;ncia-press&#227;o foram reduzidos nos cora&#231;&#245;es expostos &#224; isquemia de 25 min (~ 73%) e &#224; isquemia de 30 min (~ 80%) vs. isquemia de 20 min. A press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDFVE) e a press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o (PP) foram aumentadas nos cora&#231;&#245;es expostos &#224; isquemia de 25 min (5,5 e 1,08 vezes, respectivamente) e &#224; isquemia de 30 min (6 e 1,10 vezes, respectivamente) vs. isquemia de 20 min. A angiotensina-I ocasionou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no +dP/dt max e no produto frequ&#234;ncia-press&#227;o (~ 85-94%) em todos os per&#237;odos de isquemia e um aumento na PDFVE e na PP (6,9 e 1,25 vezes, respectivamente) apenas na isquemia de 20 min. O captopril foi capaz de reverter parcial ou completamente os efeitos da angiotensina-I na recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional nas isquemias de 20 e 25 min CONCLUS&#195;O: Os dados sugerem que a angiotensina-II participa direta ou indiretamente no dano p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mico e que a capacidade de um inibidor da ECA atenuar esse dano depende do tempo de isquemia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Angiotensina I</kwd>
        <kwd>isquemia</kwd>
        <kwd>ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeitos da angiotensina-I e isquemia na recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional em cora&#231;&#245;es isolados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ubirajara Oliveira de Oliveira<sup>I,II</sup>; &#193;lvaro Reischak de Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Carlos Kucharski<sup>I</sup>; Ubiratan Fabres Machado<sup>III</sup>; Maria Claudia Irigoyen<sup>I,III</sup>; Beatriz D'Agord Schaan<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal o Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo,S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A ressuscita&#231;&#227;o de parada card&#237;aca pode apresentar disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica determinada pelo tempo da isquemia, e a inibi&#231;&#227;o da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) pode reduzir a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca durante a reperfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Investigar os efeitos da angiotensina-I e diferentes per&#237;odos de isquemia na recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos isolados.</p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Os cora&#231;&#245;es isolados de ratos Wistar (n = 45; 250-300 g) foram submetidos a diferentes per&#237;odos de isquemia global (20, 25 ou 30 min) e reperfundidos (30 min) com o tamp&#227;o Krebs-Henseleit, ou com a adi&#231;&#227;o de 400 nmol/L de angiotensina-I, ou com 400 nmol/L de angiotensina-I + 100 &#181;mol/L de captopril durante o per&#237;odo de reperfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A derivada positiva m&#225;xima de press&#227;o (+dP/dt<sub>max</sub>) e o produto frequ&#234;ncia-press&#227;o foram reduzidos nos cora&#231;&#245;es expostos &#224; isquemia de 25 min (~ 73%) e &#224; isquemia de 30 min (~ 80%) vs. isquemia de 20 min. A press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDFVE) e a press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o (PP) foram aumentadas nos cora&#231;&#245;es expostos &#224; isquemia de 25 min (5,5 e 1,08 vezes, respectivamente) e &#224; isquemia de 30 min (6 e 1,10 vezes, respectivamente) vs. isquemia de 20 min. A angiotensina-I ocasionou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no +dP/dt<sub>max</sub> e no produto frequ&#234;ncia-press&#227;o (~ 85-94%) em todos os per&#237;odos de isquemia e um aumento na PDFVE e na PP (6,9 e 1,25 vezes, respectivamente) apenas na isquemia de 20 min. O captopril foi capaz de reverter parcial ou completamente os efeitos da angiotensina-I na recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional nas isquemias de 20 e 25 min</p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os dados sugerem que a angiotensina-II participa direta ou indiretamente no dano p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mico e que a capacidade de um inibidor da ECA atenuar esse dano depende do tempo de isquemia.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Angiotensina I/efeito de drogas, isquemia/complica&#231;&#245;es, ratos, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular/efeito de drogas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ressuscita&#231;&#227;o de parada card&#237;aca possui importantes implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, principalmente relacionadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, causada pela dura&#231;&#227;o da isquemia<sup>1,2</sup> ou pelo cora&#231;&#227;o atordoado quando a isquemia n&#227;o resultar em morte celular<sup>3,4</sup>. Todavia, quando a dura&#231;&#227;o da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aumenta, a disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til pode ser o resultado de combina&#231;&#245;es de processos revers&#237;veis e irrevers&#237;veis (incluindo a apoptose ou a necrose)<sup>1,5</sup>. Paradoxalmente, a reperfus&#227;o da &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica pode resultar em maior les&#227;o tecidual, o que &#233; mediado principalmente pelas esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio, que s&#227;o t&#243;xicas e podem levar a dano oxidativo das prote&#237;nas, dos lip&#237;dios e do DNA<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>No mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico, a inibi&#231;&#227;o local da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) pode melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e reduzir os marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de necrose celular<sup>8,9</sup>, sugerindo a participa&#231;&#227;o da angiotensina-II em dano tecidual. O captopril &#233; o inibidor da ECA estudado mais a fundo e pode efetivamente reduzir a extens&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A descoberta do sistema renina-angiotensina local levou &#224; busca de novas abordagens experimentais para avaliar a atividade desse sistema. A angiotensina-I tem sido utilizada para estimar a atividade da ECA no tecido e na circula&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que &#233; necess&#225;ria a convers&#227;o em angiotensina-II para determinar uma resposta<sup>12-14</sup>. No modelo de cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos isolado, a libera&#231;&#227;o de angiotensina-II somente pode ser mantida adicionando renina e angiotensina<sup>12</sup>, ou angiotensina-I<sup>12-14</sup> ao tamp&#227;o de perfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Apesar da popularidade do uso de prepara&#231;&#245;es de cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos isoladas, em estudos de les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o, muitos protocolos diferentes t&#234;m sido empregados com varia&#231;&#245;es na dura&#231;&#227;o da isquemia<sup>15,16</sup> e do grau do dist&#250;rbio metab&#243;lico<sup>17,18</sup>, o que torna dif&#237;cil comparar a gravidade dos protocolos. Al&#233;m disso, a maioria desses estudos n&#227;o utiliza a angiotensina-I no perfusato, impedindo qualquer conclus&#227;o sobre os efeitos da inibi&#231;&#227;o da ECA. Uma vez que o sistema renina-angiotensina est&#225; intimamente relacionado com o agravamento da les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o<sup>11</sup>, a adi&#231;&#227;o de angiotensina no perfusato &#233; necess&#225;ria para que se obtenha um bom modelo para a investiga&#231;&#227;o de abordagens farmacol&#243;gicas que possam realmente melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s a isquemia-reperfus&#227;o. Dessa forma, este estudo investigou os efeitos da angiotensina-I em diferentes per&#237;odos de isquemia na recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional em cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos isolado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Animais e prepara&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o isolado</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os ratos Wistar machos (n = 45; 250-300 g) foram obtidos com o Biot&#233;rio Central da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brasil. Eles foram mantidos em um ciclo claro/escuro de 12 &#8203;h/12 h (as luzes eram acesas das 7 h &#224;s 19 h) e em uma temperatura constante (22&#186;C), em sala de col&#244;nia com ar condicionado, e tiveram livre acesso &#224; ra&#231;&#227;o comercial e &#224; &#225;gua. O cuidado com os animais seguiu as orienta&#231;&#245;es do governo, em conformidade com o Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (COBEA), e o estudo foi aprovado (sob o protocolo n&#186; 2004313) pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
    <p>Os animais foram sacrificados por deslocamento cervical, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram excisados &#8203;de forma r&#225;pida e perfundidos via aorta (t&#233;cnica de Langendorff), utilizando-se um aparelho de cora&#231;&#227;o isolado - tamanho 3 (Hugo Sachs Elektronik, Alemanha)<sup>19</sup>. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram perfundidos com um tamp&#227;o Krebs-Henseleit modificado (composi&#231;&#227;o em mmol/L: NaCl 120, KCl 5,4, MgCl<sub>2</sub> 1,8, NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 27, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 1,8, NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 2, glicose 5,5 e CaCl<sub>2</sub> 1,4), borbulhado com 95% de O<sub>2 </sub>- 5% de CO<sub>2</sub> (pH de 7,4), aquecidos a 37&#186;C e mantidos em um constante fluxo de 10 mL/min com uma bomba perist&#225;ltica (Miniplus-2, Gilson Medical Electronics, Fran&#231;a). O tamp&#227;o de perfus&#227;o foi previamente filtrado atrav&#233;s de uma membrana de 0,45 mm (Omnipore, Millipore) para remover as part&#237;culas contaminantes. Um bal&#227;o de l&#225;tex, conectado a um transdutor de press&#227;o (TPS-2 Incor, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) por meio de uma c&#226;nula, foi inserido no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) para medir a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til. O volume do bal&#227;o foi ajustado para manter uma press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final de 8-10 mm Hg no in&#237;cio do experimento. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram imersos em uma c&#226;mara de vidro e mantidos a 37&#186;C por uma bomba de &#225;gua com um aquecedor (M3 Lauda, &#8203;Hugo Sachs Elektronik, Alemanha). A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PSVE), a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDFVE), a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), a derivada positiva m&#225;xima da press&#227;o do VE (+d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max</sub>) e a derivada negativa m&#225;xima da press&#227;o do VE (-d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max</sub>) foram medidas durante o experimento. A press&#227;o desenvolvida (PDVE = press&#227;o sist&#243;lica - diast&#243;lica) e o produto frequ&#234;ncia-press&#227;o (frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca x press&#227;o desenvolvida) foram calculados. A press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o (PP) foi medida continuamente por um transdutor de press&#227;o (TPS-2 Incor) conectado a um bra&#231;o lateral da c&#226;nula a&#243;rtica. Os sinais dos transdutores foram transmitidos para um sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados e de an&#225;lise (Isoheart, Hugo Sachs Elektronik, Alemanha), no quais os dados foram continuamente registrados para posterior an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo de reperfus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Depois de um per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o de 25 min, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram submetidos a diferentes per&#237;odos de isquemia global (20, 25 ou 30 min), por meio da interrup&#231;&#227;o do fluxo de perfus&#227;o. Em seguida, foram reperfundidos por 30 min apenas com Krebs-Henseleit (KH) ou com a adi&#231;&#227;o de 400 nmol/L de angiotensina-I ou 400 nmol/L de angiotensina-I + 100 <bold>&#181;</bold>mol/L de captopril (AC), pelo restabelecimento do fluxo de perfus&#227;o. Para garantir o funcionamento fisiol&#243;gico, os cora&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o exibiram FC de, pelo menos, 210 batimentos/min, ou PSVE e PP de, pelo menos, 60 mm Hg ao final do per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os par&#226;metros medidos foram expressos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores basais (compara&#231;&#245;es entre os dados obtidos antes e depois da isquemia). Os dados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM. Os grupos foram comparados a partir da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de dois fatores para medidas repetidas, seguidos pelo teste <italic>pots hoc</italic> de Tukey (Sigma Stat, vers&#227;o 3.1 para Windows). O valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os cora&#231;&#245;es isolados perfundidos apresentaram uma fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular basal semelhante (PSVE, PDFVE, PDVE, PFP, FC, PP, +d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max</sub>, e -d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max</sub>) antes da isquemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09011tab01m">Tabela 1</xref>).Os dados hemodin&#226;micos registrados ap&#243;s os tempos de isquemia est&#227;o exibidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09011fig01">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09011tab01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0390-00090-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p><fig id="aop09011fig01"/>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="aop09011fig01a">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0390-00090-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>&#13;
  <fig id="aop09011fig01xfig1b"/><fig id="aop09011fig01b"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0390-00090-gf02.jpg"/></fig></p>
    <p>&#13;
  <fig id="aop09011fig01xfig1c"/><fig id="aop09011fig01c"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0390-00090-gf03.jpg"/></fig></p>
    <p>&#13;
<fig id="aop09011fig01xfig1d"/><fig id="aop09011fig01d"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0390-00090-gf04.jpg"/></fig></p>
    <p>As mudan&#231;as na recupera&#231;&#227;o do +/-d<italic>P</italic>/<italic>d</italic>t<sub>max</sub> est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09011fig01">Figura 1A</xref>: a recupera&#231;&#227;o do +/-d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max</sub> foi significativamente reduzida nos grupos KH submetidos a 25 e 30 min de isquemia (74 e 80%, respectivamente), em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo KH submetido a 20 min de isquemia. A angiotensina-I causou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 87 a 94% na +/-d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max</sub> em todos os per&#237;odos de isquemia, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos valores basais. Esses efeitos da angiotensina-I foram completamente revertidos pelo captopril no protocolo de 20 min de isquemia. No entanto, ap&#243;s 25 min de isquemia, o captopril foi capaz apenas de reverter o efeito da angiotensina-I na recupera&#231;&#227;o da -d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max</sub>. Ap&#243;s 30 min de isquemia, o captopril n&#227;o reverteu os efeitos da angiotensina-I.</p>
    <p>Uma vez que as recupera&#231;&#245;es da PDVE e do produto frequ&#234;ncia-press&#227;o foram quase id&#234;nticas, apenas a recupera&#231;&#227;o do produto frequ&#234;ncia-press&#227;o &#233; apresentada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09011fig01">Figura 1B</xref>). O produto frequ&#234;ncia-press&#227;o foi significativamente reduzido nos grupos KH submetidos a 25 e 30 min de isquemia (73 e 78%, respectivamente), em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo KH submetido a 20 min de isquemia. A angiotensina-I causou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 85 a 93% na recupera&#231;&#227;o do produto frequ&#234;ncia-press&#227;o em todos os per&#237;odos de isquemia, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos valores basais. Esse efeito da angiotensina-I foi revertido pelo captopril nos grupos submetidos a 20 min e 25 min de isquemia (85% e 29%, respectivamente, com base nos valores basais), mas n&#227;o no protocolo de 30 min de isquemia.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09011fig01">Figura1.C</xref> representa a PDFVE, que foi significativamente reduzida durante a reperfus&#227;o nos grupos KH submetidos a 25 e 30 min de isquemia (5.5 e 6 vezes, respectivamente), em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo KH submetido a 20 min de isquemia. A angiotensina-I causou um aumento de, aproximadamente, 6,9 vezes na recupera&#231;&#227;o da PDFVE em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo KH submetido a 20 min de isquemia. Esse efeito foi revertido pelo captopril. No entanto, nos grupos submetidos a 25 e 30 min de isquemia, a angiotensina-I e o captopril n&#227;o tiveram qualquer efeito significativo na PDFVE.</p>
    <p>A PP, ilustrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop09011fig01">Figura1.D</xref>, foi significativamente aumentada durante a reperfus&#227;o nos grupos KH submetidos a 25 e 30 min de isquemia (1.08 e 1.10 vezes, respectivamente), em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo KH submetido a 20 min de isquemia. A angiotensina-I causou um aumento de, aproximadamente, 1,25 vezes na recupera&#231;&#227;o da PP, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo KH submetido a 20 min de isquemia. Esse efeito foi parcialmente revertido pelo captopril. No entanto, nos grupos submetidos a 25 e 30 min de isquemia, a angiotensina-I e o captopril n&#227;o tiveram qualquer efeito significativo na PP.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na PSVE ou na FC (dados n&#227;o exibidos) entre os grupos, em diferentes protocolos de isquemia. N&#227;o houve intera&#231;&#227;o entre os fatores analisados &#8203;(tratamentos e tempo de reperfus&#227;o).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo mostrou que, no modelo de cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos isolado, 20 minutos de isquemia global resultam em disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til leve ou moderada, enquanto per&#237;odos de isquemia mais longos podem levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til grave. Al&#233;m disso, os efeitos da angiotensina-I e do captopril sobre a recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional foram mais bem demonstrados quando os cora&#231;&#245;es foram submetidos a 20 min de isquemia. Este &#233; o primeiro estudo que avalia a recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional e a capacidade de resposta da ECA em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos submetidos a tr&#234;s per&#237;odos de isquemia diferentes.</p>
    <p>No modelo de cora&#231;&#227;o isolado, tanto a isquemia quanto a reperfus&#227;o induzem a libera&#231;&#227;o de enzimas card&#237;acas<sup>16-18,20</sup>. No entanto, apesar de importantes, os resultados apresentados s&#227;o discordantes e ilustram a falta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o entre os diferentes ensaios e a sensibilidade dos m&#233;todos utilizados. Al&#233;m disso, os dados s&#227;o frequentemente expressos em v&#225;rias unidades (unidade/mg de prote&#237;na, unidade/g de peso seco etc.), o que torna dif&#237;cil comparar os resultados. Devido a esse fato, preferimos usar v&#225;rios &#237;ndices funcionais para avaliar a extens&#227;o da les&#227;o tecidual na cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, uma vez que consideramos que essa abordagem seria mais reprodut&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>O per&#237;odo das altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares induzidas pela isquemia global (20, 25 e 30 min) no modelo de cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos isolado mostrou que, quando os cora&#231;&#245;es foram expostos a 20 min de isquemia, a recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional reduziu na fase inicial de reperfus&#227;o, mas n&#227;o no fim da reperfus&#227;o (30 min), sugerindo que o grau de dano tecidual foi leve ou moderado. No entanto, quando o per&#237;odo de isquemia aumentou para 25 ou 30 min, uma redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada na recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional foi observada, conforme indicado pelo menor +/-d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max</sub> e produto frequ&#234;ncia-press&#227;o e pela maior PDFVE e PP durante o per&#237;odo de reperfus&#227;o. Assim, quando o tempo de isquemia exceder 20 min, a consequ&#234;ncia &#233; a contratura do mioc&#225;rdio, sugerindo um alto grau de dano tecidual. Essa provavelmente &#233; a causa da menor capacidade de resposta demonstrada pelo tecido card&#237;aco quando o per&#237;odo de isquemia foi aumentado de 25 para 30 min.</p>
    <p>Esses achados est&#227;o de acordo com os dados funcionais e metab&#243;licos anteriores de Wang e cols.<sup>21</sup> e Palmer e cols.<sup>16</sup>, que relataram uma disfun&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mica leve quando curtos per&#237;odos de isquemia global (15-20 min) foram empregados, embora tenham observado uma disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica grave com eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente da creatina quinase ap&#243;s 25 min de isquemia, sugerindo uma les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica irrevers&#237;vel. Esses resultados, juntamente com os do presente estudo, sugerem que a transi&#231;&#227;o de dano tecidual leve ou moderado para grave ocorre ap&#243;s 20 min de isquemia global. No entanto altera&#231;&#245;es no tamp&#227;o de perfus&#227;o (por exemplo, concentra&#231;&#227;o de substrato e composi&#231;&#227;o<sup>22</sup>, fluxo<sup>23</sup> e temperatura<sup>24</sup>) podem modificar esse limiar isqu&#234;mico.</p>
    <p>Muitos relatos confirmam que a atividade da ECA est&#225; presente no tecido card&#237;aco e que o sistema renina-angiotensina pode modular a homeostase cardiovascular por meio de seus sistemas local e sist&#234;mico<sup>12-14,25</sup>. No entanto, no modelo de cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos isolado, o substrato (angiotensina-I) deve ser adicionado no perfusato para estudar a ECA local<sup>12-14</sup>. No presente estudo, a adi&#231;&#227;o de angiotensina-I ao perfusato resultou em uma diminui&#231;&#227;o acentuada na recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional do VE, conforme indicado pelo +/-d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max </sub>e produto frequ&#234;ncia-press&#227;o mais baixos em todos os per&#237;odos de isquemia testados. Essa constata&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m &#233; corroborada por maiores PDFVE e PP encontradas em grupos submetidos a 20 min de isquemia. Relatos anteriores tamb&#233;m mostraram que a angiotensina-I e a angiotensina-II reduziram a contratilidade card&#237;aca ou a constri&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias<sup>9,15</sup>, mas outros autores n&#227;o observaram qualquer efeito delet&#233;rio induzido por esses compostos<sup>26</sup>. Os efeitos delet&#233;rios da angiotensina na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca podem envolver uma produ&#231;&#227;o de ERO aumentada, uma vez que os estudos indicam que a angiotensina-I pode estimular a oxidase de NADPH<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os efeitos da angiotensina-I sobre a recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional do VE foram totalmente ou parcialmente revertidos pelo captopril nos grupos submetidos a 20 e 25 min (mas n&#227;o a 30 min) de isquemia, sugerindo que dependem da convers&#227;o local para a angiotensina-II. &#201; prov&#225;vel que fatores m&#250;ltiplos tenham um papel no efeito protetor dos inibidores da ECA na les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o: diminuem a infiltra&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos<sup>28</sup>, possui efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios<sup>29</sup> e propriedades de captura dos radicais livres<sup>30</sup>, e efeitos mediados pelo aumento dos n&#237;veis de bradicinina e prostaglandina<sup>31</sup>. Uma vez que a inibi&#231;&#227;o da ECA pode aumentar os n&#237;veis circulantes da angiotensina-I (1-7)<sup>32</sup>, esta pode mediar alguns desses efeitos cardiovasculares<sup>33,34</sup>. A incapacidade do captopril abolir completamente as respostas mediadas pela angiotensina &#233; possivelmente um resultado da atividade intr&#237;nseca da angiotensina-I, uma vez que a forma&#231;&#227;o da angiotensina-II em cora&#231;&#245;es intactos de ratos depende principalmente da ECA<sup>12,13</sup>. No entanto, muitos caminhos alternativos para formar a angiotensina-II (cimase, calicre&#237;na e catepsina G) podem ser ativados em diversas condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas, tais como isquemia, hipercolesterolemia, hipertens&#227;o e inflama&#231;&#227;o<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esses resultados mostraram que a recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional do VE foi significativamente reduzida e proporcionalmente menos afetada pela angiotensina-I ou pelo captopril, quando o cora&#231;&#227;o foi exposto a mais de 20 min de isquemia. Dessa forma, a baixa capacidade de resposta do tecido card&#237;aco &#224;s drogas deve-se &#224; contratura isqu&#234;mica, ao inv&#233;s do poss&#237;vel esgotamento da ECA card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, 20 min de isquemia global s&#227;o, provavelmente, o melhor per&#237;odo para o estudo da disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio leve &#224; moderada, em um n&#237;vel que possa ser atenuada ou agravada pelas drogas testadas. Per&#237;odos mais longos de isquemia levam a um dano mioc&#225;rdico ainda mais intenso, com o desenvolvimento de contratura isqu&#234;mica, que n&#227;o pode ser revertida por drogas testadas durante a reperfus&#227;o. Dessa maneira, a abordagens farmacol&#243;gicas testadas durante esses per&#237;odos podem n&#227;o ter efeito por raz&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas. Ademais, esses dados sugerem que a angiotensina-II participa direta ou indiretamente no dano p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mico e que a capacidade de um inibidor da ECA atenuar esse dano, depende do tempo de isquemia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores gostariam de agradecer a Sra. T&#226;nia R.G. Fernandes (Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias B&#225;sicas da Sa&#250;de/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (ICBS/UFRGS) pela sua assist&#234;ncia t&#233;cnica.</p>
    <p>Esta pesquisa foi suportada por concess&#245;es da CAPES, CNPq, FAPESP e FAPERGS, ag&#234;ncias de pesquisa brasileiras.</p>
    <p>Os autores relatam n&#227;o haver conflito de interesse relacionado ao conte&#250;do deste manuscrito.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ubirajara Oliveira de Oliveira</p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 - Unidade de Pesquisa - Santana</p>
        <p> 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil</p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="biraoliveira@yahoo.com">biraoliveira@yahoo.com</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="biraoliva@gmail.com">biraoliva@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 22/12/10; revisado recebido em 18/02/11; aceito em 25/02/11.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of angiotensin-I and ischemia on functional recovery in isolated hearts</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Cardiac arrest resuscitation can present myocardial dysfunction determined by ischemic time, and inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) can reduce cardiac dysfunction during reperfusion. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of angiotensin-I and different periods of ischemia on functional recovery in isolated rat hearts. METHODS: Isolated hearts from Wistar rats (n=45; 250-300 g) were submitted to different periods of global ischemia (20, 25 or 30 min) and reperfused (30 min) with Krebs-Henseleit buffer alone or with the addition of 400 nmol/L angiotensin-I, or 400 nmol/L angiotensin-I + 100 mmol/L captopril along the reperfusion period. RESULTS: The maximal positive derivative of pressure (+dP/dt max) and rate-pressure product were reduced in hearts exposed to 25 min ischemia (~73%) and 30 min ischemia (~80%) vs. 20 min ischemia. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and perfusion pressure (PP) were increased in hearts exposed to 25 min ischemia (5.5 and 1.08 fold, respectively) and 30 min ischemia (6 and 1.10 fold, respectively) vs. 20 min ischemia. Angiotensin-I caused a decrease in +dP/dt max and rate-pressure product (~85-94%) in all ischemic periods and an increase in LVEDP and PP (6.9 and 1.25 fold, respectively) only at 20 min ischemia. Captopril was able to partially or completely reverse the effects of angiotensin-I on functional recovery in 20 min and 25 min ischemia. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that angiotensin-II directly or indirectly participates in the post-ischemic damage, and the ability of an ACE inhibitor to attenuate this damage depends on ischemic time.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Angiotensin I</kwd>
        <kwd>ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>rats</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Effects of angiotensin-i and ischemia on functional recovery in isolated hearts</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ubirajara Oliveira de Oliveira<sup>I,II</sup>; &#193;lvaro Reischak de Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Carlos Kucharski<sup>I</sup>; Ubiratan Fabres Machado<sup>III</sup>; Maria Claudia Irigoyen<sup>I,III</sup>; Beatriz D'Agord Schaan<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="end-body2">Mailing Adress</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Cardiac arrest resuscitation can present myocardial dysfunction determined by ischemic time, and inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) can reduce cardiac dysfunction during reperfusion.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Investigar los efectos de la angiotensina-I y los diferentes per&#237;odos de la isquemia en la recuperaci&#243;n funcional en los corazones de ratones aislados.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Isolated hearts from Wistar rats (n=45; 250-300 g) were submitted to different periods of global ischemia (20, 25 or 30 min) and reperfused (30 min) with Krebs-Henseleit buffer alone or with the addition of 400 nmol/L angiotensin-I, or 400 nmol/L angiotensin-I + 100 &#181;mol/L captopril along the reperfusion period.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The maximal positive derivative of pressure (+dP/dt<sub>max</sub>) and rate-pressure product were reduced in hearts exposed to 25 min ischemia (~73%) and 30 min ischemia (~80%) vs. 20 min ischemia. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and perfusion pressure (PP) were increased in hearts exposed to 25 min ischemia (5.5 and 1.08 fold, respectively) and 30 min ischemia (6 and 1.10 fold, respectively) vs. 20 min ischemia. Angiotensin-I caused a decrease in +dP/dt<sub>max</sub> and rate-pressure product (~85-94%) in all ischemic periods and an increase in LVEDP and PP (6.9 and 1.25 fold, respectively) only at 20 min ischemia. Captopril was able to partially or completely reverse the effects of angiotensin-I on functional recovery in 20 min and 25 min ischemia.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> These data suggest that angiotensin-II directly or indirectly participates in the post-ischemic damage, and the ability of an ACE inhibitor to attenuate this damage depends on ischemic time.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Angiotensin I/drug effects; ischemia/complications; rats; ventricular function/drug effects.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiac arrest resuscitation has important clinical implications, mainly related to myocardial dysfunction, caused by the duration of the ischemia<sup>1,2</sup> or by the stunning heart when the ischemia does not result in cell death<sup>3,4</sup>. However, when the duration of the myocardial ischemia increases, the contractile dysfunction may be due to combinations of reversible and irreversible processes (including apoptosis and/or necrosis)<sup>1,5</sup>. Paradoxically, reperfusion of the ischemic area can result in greater tissue injury, which is mainly mediated by reactive oxygen species that are toxic and can lead to oxidative damage of proteins, lipids, and DNA<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>In ischemic myocardium, the local inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) can improve cardiac function and reduce the biochemical markers of cell necrosis<sup>8,9</sup>, thus suggesting the participation of angiotensin-II in tissue damage. Captopril is the most extensively studied ACE inhibitor, and can effectively reduce the extent of contractile dysfunction after myocardial infarction<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The discovery of the local renin-angiotensin system has led to the search of new experimental approaches to evaluate the activity of this system. Angiotensin-I has been used to estimate the activity of ACE in tissue and in circulation, because it requires their conversion to angiotensin-II to determine a response<sup>12-14</sup>. In an isolated rat heart model, the release of angiotensin-II can only be maintained by adding renin and angiotensinogen<sup>12</sup>, or angiotensin-I<sup>12-14</sup> to the perfusion buffer.</p>
      <p>Despite the popularity of the use of isolated rat heart preparations in studies of ischemia-reperfusion injury, many different protocols have been employed with variations in the duration of ischemia<sup>15,16</sup> and the degree of the metabolic disturbance<sup>17,18</sup>, making it difficult to compare the severity of the protocols. Additionally, most of these studies did not use angiotensin-I in the perfusate, hindering any conclusions about the effects of ACE inhibition. Since the rennin-angiotensin system is closely related to the aggravation of reperfusion injury<sup>11</sup>, the addition of angiotensin in the perfusate is required to obtain a good model in the investigation of pharmacological approaches that could really improve cardiac function after ischemia-reperfusion. Thus, this study investigated the effects of angiotensin-I and different periods of ischemia on functional recovery in isolated rat hearts.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Animals and Isolated Heart Preparation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Male Wistar rats (<italic>n</italic>=45; 250-300 g) were obtained from the Central Animal House of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil. They were maintained on a 12 h/12 h light/dark cycle (lights on from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.) in an air-conditioned colony room at constant temperature (22&#186;C), and had free access to commercial chow and water. Animal care followed the government guidelines in compliance with the COBEA (Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation) and was approved (n&#186; 2004313) by the Ethics committee of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil.</p>
      <p>Animals were killed by cervical dislocation, the hearts were excised quickly and perfused via aorta (Langendorff technique) by using an isolated heart apparatus - size 3 (Hugo Sachs Elektronik, Germany)<sup>19</sup>. The hearts were perfused with a modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer (composition in mmol/L: NaCl 120, KCl 5.4, MgCl<sub>2</sub> 1.8, NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 27, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 1.8, NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 2, glucose 5.5 and CaCl<sub>2</sub> 1.4), bubbled with 95% O<sub>2</sub>-5% CO<sub>2</sub> (pH of 7.4), warmed to 37&#186;C and maintained a constant flow of 10 mL/min with a peristaltic pump (Miniplus-2, Gilson Medical Electronics, France). The perfusion buffer was previously filtered through a 0.45 mm membrane (Omnipore, Millipore) to remove any contaminant particles. A latex balloon connected to a pressure transducer (TPS-2 Incor, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) through a cannula was inserted into the left ventricle (LV) to measure the contractile function. The balloon volume was adjusted to maintain an end-diastolic pressure of 8-10 mmHg at the beginning of the experiment. The hearts were immersed in a glass chamber kept at 37&#186;C by a water pump with a heater (M3 Lauda, Hugo Sachs Elektronik, Germany). Left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), heart rate (HR), maximal positive derivative of LV pressure (+d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max</sub>) and maximal negative derivative of LV pressure (-d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max</sub>) were measured throughout the experiment. Developed pressure (LVDP = systolic - diastolic pressure) and rate-pressure product (heart rate x developed pressure) were calculated. The perfusion pressure (PP) was measured continuously using a pressure transducer (TPS-2 Incor) connected to a side arm of the aortic cannula. The signals from the transducers were transmitted to a data acquisition and analysis system (Isoheart, Hugo Sachs Elektronik, Germany), where the data were continuously recorded for later analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Reperfusion Protocol</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After a stabilization period of 25 min, the hearts were submitted to different periods of global ischemia (20, 25 or 30 min) by stopping the perfusion flow. Then, they were reperfused for 30 min with Krebs-Henseleit alone (KH) or with addition of either 400 nmol/L angiotensin-I (Angio) or 400 nmol/L angiotensin-I + 100 &#181;mol/L captopril (AC), by reestablishment of the perfusion flow. In order to ensure the physiologic functioning, the hearts that did not display a HR of at least 210 beats/min and an LVSP or PP of at least 60 mmHg at the end of the stabilization period were excluded.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All parameters measured were expressed as a ratio of the baseline values (comparisons between data obtained before and after ischemia). Data are presented as means &#177; SEM. The groups were compared using two-way ANOVA for repeated measures followed by Tukey's <italic>post hoc </italic>test (Sigma Stat version 3.1 for Windows). A value of <italic>P </italic>&lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All the isolated perfused hearts presented a similar baseline cardiovascular function (LVSP, LVEDP, LVDP, RPP, HR, PP, +d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max</sub>, and -d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max</sub>) prior to ischemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09011tab01m-body2">Table 1</xref>). Hemodynamic data recorded after ischemic times are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09011fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop09011tab01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0390-00090-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="html"><fig id="en_aop09011fig01-body2"><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/BM5yBFYpk4VBGBwH5knLqHP/4548e05d7e3b3e62c751da4ed271ed7ee2deae04.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/BM5yBFYpk4VBGBwH5knLqHP/65e8be22a9fd2c1a7d803a1046a23006216a77b3.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/BM5yBFYpk4VBGBwH5knLqHP/0263ef09f9e9d9fa5418c72ef7e5af5b5dface9c.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0390-00090-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
      <p>Changes in +/- d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max</sub> recovery are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09011fig01-body2">Figure 1A</xref>: +/- d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max</sub> recovery was significantly reduced in the KH groups submitted to 25 and 30 min of ischemia (74 and 80%, respectively), as compared to the KH group submitted to 20 min of ischemia. Angiotensin-I caused a reduction of 87-94% in +/- d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max</sub> recovery in all ischemic periods as compared to baseline values. These effects of angiotensin-I were completely reverted by captopril in the protocol of 20 min of ischemia. However, after 25 min of ischemia, captopril was only able to reverse the effect of angiotensin-I on the -d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max</sub> recovery. After 30 min of ischemia, captopril did not reverse the effects of angiotensin-I.</p>
      <p>Because the LVDP and rate-pressure product recoveries were almost identical, only the rate-pressure product recovery is presented (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09011fig01-body2">Figure 1B</xref>). The rate-pressure product was significantly reduced in the KH groups submitted to 25 and 30 min of ischemia (73 and 78%, respectively), as compared to the KH group submitted to 20 min of ischemia. Angiotensin-I caused a reduction of 85-93% in the rate-pressure product recovery in all ischemic periods as compared to baseline values. This effect of angiotensin-I was reverted by captopril in the groups submitted to 20 min and 25 min of ischemia (85% and 29%, respectively, from baseline values), but not in the protocol of 30 min of ischemia.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09011fig01-body2">Figure 1C</xref> represents the LVEDP, which was significantly increased during reperfusion in the KH groups submitted to 25 and 30 min of ischemia (5.5 and 6 fold, respectively), as compared to the KH group submitted to 20 min of ischemia. Angiotensin-I caused an approximate 6.9 fold increase in LVEDP recovery as compared to the KH group submitted to 20 min of ischemia; this effect was reverted by captopril. However, in groups submitted to 25 and 30 min of ischemia, neither angiotensin-I nor captopril had any significant effect on LVEDP.</p>
      <p>The PP, depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop09011fig01-body2">Figure 1D</xref>, was significantly increased during reperfusion in the KH groups submitted to 25 and 30 min of ischemia (1.08 and 1.10 fold, respectively) as compared to the KH group submitted to 20 min of ischemia. Angiotensin-I caused an approximate 1.25 fold increase in PP recovery as compared to the KH group submitted to 20 min of ischemia; this effect was partially reverted by captopril. However, in the groups submitted to 25 and 30 min of ischemia, neither angiotensin-I nor captopril had any significant effect on PP.</p>
      <p>There were no significant differences in LVSP or HR (data not shown) among the groups, in different protocols of ischemia. There was no interaction between the factors analyzed (treatments and time of reperfusion).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study showed that, in the isolated rat heart model, twenty minutes of global ischemia results in mild/moderate contractile dysfunction, while longer periods of ischemia can lead to severe contractile dysfunction. Moreover, the effects of angiotensin-I and captopril on functional recovery were better demonstrated when hearts were submitted to 20 min of ischemia. This is the first study evaluating the functional recovery and responsiveness of ACE in rat hearts submitted to three different ischemic periods.</p>
      <p>In the isolated heart model, both ischemia and reperfusion induce the release of cardiac enzymes<sup>16-18,20</sup>. However, though important, the results shown are inconsistent and illustrate the lack of standardization between different assays and/or sensitivity of the methods used. Furthermore, data are frequently expressed in various different units (unit/mg protein, unit/g dry wt, etc), making it difficult to compare the results. Because of this, we preferred to use multiple functional indices to assess the extent of tissue injury in the ischemic heart, as we considered that this approach would be more reproducible.</p>
      <p>The time-course of cardiovascular changes induced by global ischemia (20, 25 and 30 min) in the isolated rat heart model showed that when the hearts were exposed to 20 min of ischemia, the functional recovery was reduced in the early phase of reperfusion, but not at the end of reperfusion (30 min), suggesting that the degree of tissue damage was mild to moderate. However, when the ischemic period was increased to 25 or 30 min, a marked decrease in functional recovery was observed, as indicated by the lower +/- d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max</sub> and rate-pressure product and by the higher LVEDP and PP along the reperfusion period. Thus, when the ischemic time exceeds 20 min, the consequence is myocardial contracture, suggesting a high degree of tissue damage. This is probably the cause of the lower responsiveness demonstrated by the cardiac tissue when the period of ischemia was increased from 25 to 30 min.</p>
      <p>These findings are in consistency with previous functional and metabolic data from Wang et al<sup>21</sup> and Palmer et al<sup>16</sup> who reported that mild post-ischemic dysfunction occurred when short periods of global ischemia (15-20 min) were employed, but observed a severe myocardial dysfunction with persistent increase of creatine kinase after 25 min of ischemia, suggesting irreversible myocardial injury. These results, together with those of this study, suggest that the transition from mild/moderate to severe tissue damage occurs after 20 min of global ischemia. However, changes in the perfusion buffer [e.g. substrate concentration and/or composition<sup>22</sup>, flow<sup>23</sup>, and temperature<sup>24</sup>] could modify this ischemic threshold.</p>
      <p>Many reports confirm that ACE activity is present in the cardiac tissue and that the renin-angiotensin system can modulate cardiovascular homeostasis, via its local and systemic systems<sup>12-14,25</sup>. However, in the isolated rat heart model, the substrate (angiotensin-I) should be added in the perfusate to study the local ACE<sup>12-14</sup>. In this study, the addition of angiotensin-I to the perfusate resulted in a marked decrease in LV functional recovery, as indicated by the lower +/- d<italic>P</italic>/d<italic>t</italic><sub>max</sub> and rate-pressure product in all the tested periods of ischemia. This is also supported by the higher LVEDP and PP found in groups submitted to 20 min of ischemia. Earlier reports also showed that angiotensin-I and angiotensin-II reduced cardiac contractility and/or constrict coronary arteries<sup>9,15</sup>, but other authors did not observe any deleterious effect induced by these compounds<sup>26</sup>. The deleterious effects of angiotensin in cardiac function may involve increased ROS production, since studies indicate that angiotensin-II could stimulate NADPH oxidase<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>The effects of angiotensin-I on LV functional recovery were totally or partially reversed by captopril, in the groups submitted to 20 and 25 (but not to 30) min of ischemia, suggesting that they depend on the local conversion to angiotensin-II. Multiple factors are likely to have a role in the protective effect of ACE inhibitors in ischemia-reperfusion injury: they decrease leukocyte infiltration<sup>28</sup>, possess anti-inflammatory effects<sup>29</sup> and free radical scavenging properties<sup>30</sup>, and effect mediated by increase the levels of bradykinin and prostaglandin<sup>31</sup>. Because ACE inhibition can increase circulating levels of angiotensin-(1-7)<sup>32</sup>, this may mediate some of these cardiovascular effects<sup>33,34</sup>. The inability of captopril to completely abolish the responses mediated by angiotensin is possibly due to the intrinsic activity of the angiotensin-I, since the formation of angiotensin-II in intact rat hearts is mainly ACE-dependent<sup>12,13</sup>. Nevertheless, many alternative pathways to form angiotensin-II (chymase, kallikrein and cathepsin G) could be activated in several pathological conditions such as ischemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and inflammation<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>These results showed that the LV functional recovery was significantly depressed and proportionally less affected by angiotensin-I or captopril, when the heart was exposed to more than 20 min of ischemia. Thus, the low responsiveness of cardiac tissue to drugs is due to ischemic contracture rather than the possible exhaustion of cardiac ACE.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, 20 min of global ischemia is probably the best period for the study of mild to moderate myocardial contractile dysfunction, at a level that can be alleviated or exacerbated by the drugs tested. Longer periods of ischemia lead to much more intense myocardial damage, with the development of ischemic contracture, which cannot be reversed by drugs tested during the reperfusion period. Thus, pharmacological approaches tested during these periods may have no effect for methodological reasons. Furthermore, these data suggest that angiotensin-II directly or indirectly participates in the post-ischemic damage, and the ability of an ACE inhibitor in attenuate it depends on the ischemic time.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors would like to thank Ms. Tania R.G. Fernandes (Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias B&#225;sicas da Sa&#250;de/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (ICBS/UFRGS) for her technical assistance.</p>
      <p>This research was supported by grants from CAPES, CNPq, FAPESP and FAPERGS, Brazilian Research Agencies.</p>
      <p>The authors report no conflicts of interest related to the content of this manuscript.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <undefined id="end-body2"/>
        <bold>Mailing Adress:</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Ubirajara Oliveira de Oliveira</p>
      <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 - Unidade de Pesquisa - Santana</p>
      <p> 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</p>
      <p> E-mail: <email xlink:href="biraoliveira@yahoo.com">biraoliveira@yahoo.com</email>, <email xlink:href="biraoliva@gmail.com">biraoliva@gmail.com</email></p>
      <p>Manuscript received December 22, 2010; revised manuscript received February 18, 2011; accepted February 25, 2011.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
