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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">J4dxYgPynqHrjGNsxDfty4q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001400003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000097</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Glicemia perioperat&#243;ria e complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias em cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Leal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Macius Pontes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kraychete</surname>
            <given-names>Nadja Cec&#237;lia de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo de Jesus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>M&#243;dolo</surname>
            <given-names>Norma Sueli Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Ana Nery</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Bahia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>372</fpage>
      <lpage>379</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Anestesia para cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica &#233; sistematicamente realizada em pacientes graves sob condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas anormais. No intraoperat&#243;rio, existem varia&#231;&#245;es significativas da volemia, temperatura corporal, composi&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica e fluxo sangu&#237;neo tecidual, al&#233;m de ativa&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o, com consequ&#234;ncias importantes. Medidas seriadas da glicemia podem indicar estados de exacerba&#231;&#227;o da resposta neuroendocrinometab&#243;lica ao trauma servindo como marcadores progn&#243;stico de morbidade nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. OBJETIVO: Correlacionar os n&#237;veis de glicemia do per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio de crian&#231;as submetidas a cirurgia card&#237;aca com a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e comparar os n&#237;veis intraoperat&#243;rios de glicemia de acordo com as condi&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias. M&#201;TODOS: Informa&#231;&#245;es referentes ao procedimento anest&#233;sico-cir&#250;rgico e condi&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias dos pacientes foram coletadas em prontu&#225;rio. Compara&#231;&#245;es das m&#233;dias dos valores perioperat&#243;rios da glicemia nos grupos de pacientes que apresentaram, ou n&#227;o, complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e as frequ&#234;ncias referentes &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias foram estabelecidas conforme c&#225;lculo da raz&#227;o de chances e em an&#225;lises univari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. RESULTADOS: Valores mais elevados de glicemia intraoperat&#243;ria foram observados nos indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. Prematuridade, faixa et&#225;ria, tipo de anestesia e car&#225;ter do procedimento n&#227;o apresentaram influ&#234;ncia na m&#233;dia glic&#234;mica do intraoperat&#243;rio. O emprego de Circula&#231;&#227;o Extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) esteve associado a maiores valores de glicemia durante a cirurgia. Nos procedimentos com CEC, maiores n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos foram observados nos indiv&#237;duos que evolu&#237;ram com infec&#231;&#227;o e complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, nas cirurgias sem CEC essa mesma associa&#231;&#227;o ocorreu com complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas e hematol&#243;gicas. CONCLUS&#195;O: N&#237;veis intraoperat&#243;rios mais elevados de glicemia est&#227;o associados com maior morbidade no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>glicemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Glicemia perioperat&#243;ria e complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias em cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rodrigo Leal Alves<sup>I, III</sup>; Macius Pontes Cerqueira<sup>I</sup>; Nadja Cec&#237;lia de Castro Kraychete<sup>I, II</sup>; Guilherme Oliveira Campos<sup>I, II</sup>; Marcelo de Jesus Martins<sup>I</sup>; Norma Sueli Pinheiro M&#243;dolo<sup>IV</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Ana Neri, Salvador, BA - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> Anestesia para cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica &#233; sistematicamente realizada em pacientes graves sob condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas anormais. No intraoperat&#243;rio, existem varia&#231;&#245;es significativas da volemia, temperatura corporal, composi&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica e fluxo sangu&#237;neo tecidual, al&#233;m de ativa&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o, com consequ&#234;ncias importantes. Medidas seriadas da glicemia podem indicar estados de exacerba&#231;&#227;o da resposta neuroendocrinometab&#243;lica ao trauma servindo como marcadores progn&#243;stico de morbidade nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Correlacionar os n&#237;veis de glicemia do per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio de crian&#231;as submetidas a cirurgia card&#237;aca com a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e comparar os n&#237;veis intraoperat&#243;rios de glicemia de acordo com as condi&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Informa&#231;&#245;es referentes ao procedimento anest&#233;sico-cir&#250;rgico e condi&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias dos pacientes foram coletadas em prontu&#225;rio. Compara&#231;&#245;es das m&#233;dias dos valores perioperat&#243;rios da glicemia nos grupos de pacientes que apresentaram, ou n&#227;o, complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e as frequ&#234;ncias referentes &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias foram estabelecidas conforme c&#225;lculo da raz&#227;o de chances e em an&#225;lises univari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> Valores mais elevados de glicemia intraoperat&#243;ria foram observados nos indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. Prematuridade, faixa et&#225;ria, tipo de anestesia e car&#225;ter do procedimento n&#227;o apresentaram influ&#234;ncia na m&#233;dia glic&#234;mica do intraoperat&#243;rio. O emprego de Circula&#231;&#227;o Extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) esteve associado a maiores valores de glicemia durante a cirurgia. Nos procedimentos com CEC, maiores n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos foram observados nos indiv&#237;duos que evolu&#237;ram com infec&#231;&#227;o e complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, nas cirurgias sem CEC essa mesma associa&#231;&#227;o ocorreu com complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas e hematol&#243;gicas. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> N&#237;veis intraoperat&#243;rios mais elevados de glicemia est&#227;o associados com maior morbidade no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, cirurgia tor&#225;cica, complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, glicemia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O perioperat&#243;rio da cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica representa um momento crucial na evolu&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as portadoras de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas e adquiridas. Nesse per&#237;odo, os pacientes s&#227;o submetidos a varia&#231;&#245;es significativas na volemia, temperatura corporal, composi&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica e fluxo sangu&#237;neo tecidual com consequ&#234;ncias fisiopatol&#243;gicas importantes<sup>1</sup>. Agress&#245;es adicionais, por vezes inevit&#225;veis, como circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) e parada circulat&#243;ria total, contribuem para agravar ainda mais o desarranjo org&#226;nico no intraoperat&#243;rio<sup>1</sup>. O estresse gerado pela cirurgia evoca diversos mecanismos de defesa do organismo, definidos como "Resposta Neuro-End&#243;crino-Imuno-Metab&#243;lica ao Trauma", com o intuito de sobreviver ao evento lesivo inicial. As modifica&#231;&#245;es end&#243;crinas e as respostas imunol&#243;gicas deflagradas levam a um conjunto de altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas para proteger as principais fun&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas<sup>2</sup>. No entanto, &#224; semelhan&#231;a de outros mecanismos adaptativos, a exacerba&#231;&#227;o dessa resposta pode contribuir na perpetua&#231;&#227;o do estado patol&#243;gico e na ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nico-cir&#250;rgicas<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>As varia&#231;&#245;es hormonais ao estresse, como eleva&#231;&#245;es de catecolaminas circulantes, glucagon, cortisol e horm&#244;nio do crescimento, desencadeiam um estado de resist&#234;ncia tecidual ao efeito da insulina com gliconeog&#234;nese e catabolismo da massa magra<sup>4,5</sup>. A hiperglicemia gerada, por muito tempo menosprezada e tida como um evento secund&#225;rio, &#233; hoje reconhecida como fator preditivo de mal progn&#243;stico no paciente cr&#237;tico<sup>6,7</sup>. Estudos em adultos que investigaram a eleva&#231;&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria da glicemia em cirurgia card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m evidenciaram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com morbimortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria tanto em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos como em n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Espera-se que, &#224; semelhan&#231;a de adultos, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da glicemia em crian&#231;as seja um marcador biol&#243;gico precoce de evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-cir&#250;rgica, possibilitando a identifica&#231;&#227;o de grupos de risco ainda no intraoperat&#243;rio. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o e o manejo dessas altera&#231;&#245;es, no entanto, s&#227;o adapta&#231;&#245;es de conclus&#245;es e observa&#231;&#245;es generalizadas sem a devida comprova&#231;&#227;o em pediatria. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos perioperat&#243;rios em crian&#231;as submetidas a cirurgia card&#237;aca de baixo e moderado risco e compar&#225;-los conforme as condi&#231;&#245;es anest&#233;sico-cir&#250;rgicas e a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas, cardiovasculares, respirat&#243;rias, renais, neurol&#243;gicas, hematol&#243;gicas e &#243;bito no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa M&#233;dica, estudamos retrospectivamente 160 cirurgias card&#237;acas consecutivas realizadas em crian&#231;as diferentes de at&#233; 16 anos de idade nos hospitais S&#227;o Rafael e Ana Neri em Salvador (BA) nos anos 2007 e 2008. Foram selecionados para a pesquisa todos a os procedimentos dos tipos 1, 2 e 3 segundo classifica&#231;&#227;o de Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS-1)<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis perioperat&#243;rias foram coletadas em ficha padronizada com informa&#231;&#245;es referentes a dados demogr&#225;ficos, condi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias, tipo e complexidade do procedimento realizado, tipo de anestesia, emprego e dura&#231;&#227;o de CEC e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de hemocomponentes. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a cateterismo arterial para medi&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da press&#227;o arterial e coletas de amostras foram empreendidas em pelo menos dois momentos do intraoperat&#243;rio (logo ap&#243;s o cateterismo arterial e ao final do procedimento) com outras amostragens no decorrer da cirurgia conforme discri&#231;&#227;o da equipe anest&#233;sico-cir&#250;rgica. Diurese, perdas insens&#237;veis e o volume de cristaloides e coloides administrados foram computados no c&#225;lculo final do balan&#231;o h&#237;drico, assim como o peso de compressas e gases, volume de aspirador, perda estimada no circuito de CEC, e volume de hemocomponentes administrados foram utilizados no balan&#231;o de sangue.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias, foram coletadas informa&#231;&#245;es referentes a g&#234;nero, idade, prematuridade, peso, cardiopatia prim&#225;ria (com maior impacto cl&#237;nico na crian&#231;a), doen&#231;as associadas (incluindo cardiopatias secund&#225;rias), presen&#231;a de cianose, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva ou ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica antes da cirurgia e car&#225;ter do procedimento (eletivo ou emergencial). Foram levantados tamb&#233;m os &#250;ltimos exames laboratoriais do pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, incluindo a glicemia de jejum.</p>
    <p>No intraoperat&#243;rio foram coletadas informa&#231;&#245;es referentes ao ato anest&#233;sico-cir&#250;rgico como: tipo de anestesia (anestesia geral isolada x anestesia geral com raquianestesia), cirurgia realizada, dados da CEC, administra&#231;&#227;o de hemocomponentes e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de drogas vasoativas, insulina e corticoesteroides, al&#233;m da administra&#231;&#227;o de glicose em qualquer forma ou dilui&#231;&#227;o. Os exames laboratoriais do per&#237;odo foram efetuados em processador autom&#225;tico de gasometria (Radiometer Medical ABL 700, Copenhagen), mesma marca e modelo nos dois hospitais pesquisados, com amostras sangu&#237;neas colhidas a partir do sistema de press&#227;o arterial invasiva ou da linha arterial da CEC. O referido gas&#244;metro mensura n&#227;o s&#243; o perfil gasom&#233;trico da amostra (pH, PCO<sub>2</sub>, PO<sub>2</sub>, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> e BE), como n&#237;vel glic&#234;mico, eritrograma (hemat&#243;crito e hemoglobina), lactatemia e eletr&#243;litos (s&#243;dio, pot&#225;ssio, c&#225;lcio e cloro). Em raz&#227;o da grande variabilidade de n&#250;mero e momentos das amostras intraoperat&#243;rias, foram registrados os valores iniciais e m&#225;ximos da glicemia durante a cirurgia e a m&#233;dia dos valores glic&#234;micos coletados nesse per&#237;odo.</p>
    <p>No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, analisamos a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte e complica&#231;&#245;es, a partir de descri&#231;&#227;o de eventos em evolu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, at&#233; a alta hospitalar do paciente. Os tipos de complica&#231;&#245;es foram registrados em grupos correlatos conforme defini&#231;&#245;es preestabelecidas. Infec&#231;&#227;o: situa&#231;&#245;es confirmadas ou suspeitas de s&#237;tio infeccioso com uso de antibi&#243;ticos. Complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares: ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias, bloqueio atrioventricular total, tamponamento card&#237;aco, uso de droga vasoativa por um per&#237;odo superior a 24 horas(infus&#245;es acima de 15mcg/Kg/min de dopamina ou qualquer valor de infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua de noradrenalina e/ou adrenalina), uso de droga inotr&#243;pica por um per&#237;odo superior a 24 horas (infus&#245;es at&#233; 15mcg/Kg/min de dopamina ou qualquer valor de infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua de dobutamina ou milrinona), baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica com requerimento de nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio para controle press&#243;rico por um per&#237;odo superior a 24 horas. Complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias: embolia, edema pulmonar, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica por mais que 48 horas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e les&#227;o pulmonar aguda. Complica&#231;&#245;es renais: insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (eleva&#231;&#227;o maior ou igual a duas vezes o valor basal da creatinina s&#233;rica) e/ou requerimento de di&#225;lise. Complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas: coma, convuls&#227;o, d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico e acidente vascular cerebral. Complica&#231;&#245;es hematol&#243;gicas: coagulopatia (tempos de protrombina e tromboplastina parcial ativada superior a duas vezes o valor normal e ou fibrinog&#234;nio menor que 100mg/dL e/ou contagem plaquet&#225;ria inferior a 80.000/mm<sup>3</sup>), eventos hemorr&#225;gicos com ou sem coagulopatia e necessidade de retorno ao centro cir&#250;rgico para revis&#227;o de hemostasia. Foi considerada como evento combinado a ocorr&#234;ncia de pelo menos uma das complica&#231;&#245;es listadas.</p>
    <p>Nas unidades de terapia intensiva foram levantadas as dosagens de rotina da glicemia do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio obtidas com glicos&#237;metros digitais (fita reagente - m&#233;todo glicose oxidase). Os valores de admiss&#227;o e a m&#233;dia dos valores dessas medidas no 1&#186; dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram empregados na an&#225;lise por conta da variabilidade do hor&#225;rio de dosagem (realizadas ao menos quatro vezes ao dia). As unidades nos hospitais estudados tinham como rotina jejum oral de pelo menos 24 horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia com administra&#231;&#227;o de glicose (taxa de infus&#227;o entre 5 e 10mg/Kg/minuto) na solu&#231;&#227;o venosa de reposi&#231;&#227;o hidroeletrol&#237;tica nesse &#237;nterim. Insulinoterapia para controle da glicemia nas institui&#231;&#245;es era empregada conforme discri&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico plantonista, sendo habitualmente iniciada a partir de valores superiores a 250mg/dL.</p>
    <p>O efeito da glicemia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, inicial, m&#225;xima e m&#233;dia do intraoperat&#243;rio e m&#233;dia do 1&#186; dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio sobre a chance de complica&#231;&#227;o foi calculado por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria, ajustada conforme o risco estimado (RACHS-1), e os valores foram expressos na forma de raz&#227;o de chances com respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. As compara&#231;&#245;es dos diferentes valores da glicemia m&#233;dia intraoperat&#243;ria de acordo com prematuridade, tipo de anestesia, car&#225;ter da cirurgia e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de CEC foram feitas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. As compara&#231;&#245;es das glicemias m&#233;dias intraoperat&#243;rias conforme a faixa et&#225;ria e grupo de risco foram feitas pelo teste de Kruskall-Wallis. O teste do Qui-quadrado foi empregado nas compara&#231;&#245;es das frequ&#234;ncias relativas de emprego de CEC e taxas de complica&#231;&#227;o conforme grupos de risco. Efeitos e diferen&#231;as foram considerados estatisticamente significativos se p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 160 pacientes estudados, 85 eram do sexo masculino (75 femininos), 90 apresentavam alguma doen&#231;a associada, e apenas 5 nasceram prematuros. As medianas de idade e peso foram de 36 meses e 13 Kg, respectivamente, com ampla faixa de varia&#231;&#227;o na amostragem (15 dias a 16 anos de vida e 2,3 a 67 Kg de peso). Os procedimentos realizados foram considerados eletivos na maioria das situa&#231;&#245;es (81% dos casos) sendo a anestesia geral isolada a mais empregada (76,8% das anestesias) em oposi&#231;&#227;o a anestesia combinada (geral com raquianestesia). Circula&#231;&#227;o Extracorp&#243;rea foi utilizada em aproximadamente metade das cirurgias (48%) com dura&#231;&#227;o mediana de 70 minutos e tempo de clampeamento a&#243;rtico mediano de 55 minutos. Em 62,5% dos casos, transfus&#227;o de algum tipo de hemocomponente foi necess&#225;ria e os pacientes apresentaram uma mediana de diurese intraoperat&#243;ria de 3,67 mL.Kg<sup>-1</sup> com mediana de balan&#231;o h&#237;drico e de sangue de + 140 mL e + 20 mL. O uso pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de corticoesteroide e a administra&#231;&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria de glicose ou insulina foram eventos pouco comuns na amostragem. Por conta do protocolo cir&#250;rgico de uso de metilprednisolona (30mg/Kg) na CEC, a taxa de administra&#231;&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria de corticoide foi id&#234;ntica &#224; taxa de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de CEC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0372-00097-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0372-00097-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1">gr&#225;fico 1</xref> mostra a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos valores da glicemia em diferentes momentos do perioperat&#243;rio nos pacientes que apresentaram, ou n&#227;o, pelo menos uma das complica&#231;&#245;es previamente listadas (evento combinado). Observa-se diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante nos valores m&#225;ximos e na m&#233;dia glic&#234;mica do intraoperat&#243;rio com n&#237;veis mais elevados destesentre aqueles que evolu&#237;ram com algum evento m&#243;rbido. Como a m&#233;dia glic&#234;mica, obtida a partir de todas as amostras durante a cirurgia, provavelmente reflete melhor o estado metab&#243;lico que medidas unit&#225;rias do pico glic&#234;mico nesse per&#237;odo, optamos por analisar sua associa&#231;&#227;o com complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e o impacto de poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o sobre os mesmos.</p>
    <fig id="g1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0372-00097-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09511t03">tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref> mostram que prematuridade, car&#225;ter da cirurgia, tipo de anestesia e faixa et&#225;ria n&#227;o estiveram associados a diferen&#231;as na m&#233;dia glic&#234;mica durante a cirurgia. A CEC, com administra&#231;&#227;o concomitante de altas doses de corticoesteroide, no entanto, esteve associada a n&#237;veis significativamente mais altos de glicemia nesse per&#237;odo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09511t03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0372-00097-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="t4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0372-00097-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O risco cir&#250;rgico estimado RACHS-1<sup>11</sup> tamb&#233;m apresentou influ&#234;ncia nesses valores, com n&#237;veis mais baixos de glicemia no grupo 1, constitu&#237;do pelas opera&#231;&#245;es de menor complexidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09511t05">tab. 5</xref>). Ainda que a classifica&#231;&#227;o RACHS-1 categorize as cirurgias card&#237;acas pedi&#225;tricas em seis grupos conforme mortalidade em curto prazo (em ordem crescente), as maiores m&#233;dias glic&#234;micas foram evidenciadas no grupo 2, com risco intermedi&#225;rio, e n&#227;o no grupo 3, com maior risco presumido. Essa ocorr&#234;ncia provavelmente reflete a maior taxa de utiliza&#231;&#227;o da CEC nas cirurgias do grupo 2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09511t05">tab. 5</xref>), que concentrou os procedimentos intracavit&#225;rios de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, como corre&#231;&#227;o total de tetralogia de Fallot. Na presente amostragem, o grupo 3 foi constitu&#237;do especialmente por procedimentos vasculares de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, sem CEC, com taxas de complica&#231;&#227;o semelhantes ao grupo 2, como cerclagem pulmonar e anastomoses sist&#234;mico-pulmonares. Por conta do impacto presumido da CEC nos valores de glicemia do intraoperat&#243;rio, a amostragem cir&#250;rgica foi subdividida conforme sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o para uma melhor an&#225;lise dos grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09511t05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0372-00097-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09511t06">tabela 6</xref> podemos observar que, nas cirurgias sem emprego de CEC, os pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas e hematol&#243;gicas apresentaram maiores m&#233;dias de glicemia intraoperat&#243;ria que aqueles que evolu&#237;ram sem tais complica&#231;&#245;es. Nas cirurgias em que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de CEC foi necess&#225;ria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09511t07">tab. 7</xref>), essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi evidenciada para complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas, cardiovasculares e eventos combinados (ocorr&#234;ncia de pelo menos uma das complica&#231;&#245;es levantadas). A taxa de &#243;bito n&#227;o esteve associada com a m&#233;dia de glicemia intraoperat&#243;ria, tanto nos procedimentos com CEC como nos sem CEC.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09511t06">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0372-00097-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop09511t07">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0372-00097-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ainda que, em adultos, valores mais elevados de glicemia intraoperat&#243;ria e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria estejam associados a uma maior morbimortalidade em cirurgia card&#237;aca<sup>6-10</sup>, pouco se sabe dessa rela&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. Um grande n&#250;mero de poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o, como prematuridade dos sistemas fisiol&#243;gicos, maior variabilidade de procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos dispon&#237;veis e menor uniformidade de condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, dificulta a obten&#231;&#227;o de resultados conclusivos a respeito.</p>
    <p>O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1">gr&#225;fico 1</xref> mostra a varia&#231;&#227;o perioperat&#243;ria da glicemia entre os pacientes que evolu&#237;ram sem intercorr&#234;ncias e aqueles que cursaram com pelo menos uma das complica&#231;&#245;es analisadas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A m&#233;dia dos valores e o valor m&#225;ximo encontrados durante a cirurgia apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica positiva com a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o foi evidenciada nas dosagens de admiss&#227;o na UTI e na m&#233;dia do 1&#186; dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Tal resultado &#233; o oposto do encontrado no trabalho realizado por Polito e cols.<sup>12</sup> no qual os autores n&#227;o encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre complica&#231;&#245;es graves e glicemia intraoperat&#243;ria, mas evidenciaram maiores n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos nas 72 horas p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias entre os que complicaram. Outros estudos<sup>13-15</sup> tamb&#233;m demonstraram n&#237;veis mais elevados de glicemia p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria entre as crian&#231;as que cursaram com morbidades ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca. Rossano e cols.<sup>16</sup>, no entanto,observaram que rec&#233;m-nascidos em recupera&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia para corre&#231;&#227;o de transposi&#231;&#227;o de grandes vasos que se mantinham por um per&#237;odo longo do 1&#186; dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (maior que 50% do tempo) com a glicemia entre 80 e 110mg/dL apresentavam maior risco de eventos adversos que aqueles que se mantinham com n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos acima de 200mg/dL.</p>
    <p>Como previamente exposto, diversas vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o devem ser levadas em conta na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados com subdivis&#245;es da amostra para melhor an&#225;lise. Os dados apresentados no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1">gr&#225;fico 1</xref> dizem respeito &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral estudada e, possivelmente, as diferen&#231;as encontradas nas medias dos valores e no valor m&#225;ximo da glicemia no intraoperat&#243;rio s&#227;o explicadas pelo uso de altas doses de corticoide atrelado &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de CEC. Esses dois fatores est&#227;o associados a complica&#231;&#245;es inerentes e habitualmente indicam situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nico-cir&#250;rgicas de maior risco, requerendo uma an&#225;lise espec&#237;fica dos subgrupos. Quanto &#224; media do valor do 1&#186; dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, que n&#227;o se mostrou diferente nos pacientes com ou sem intercorr&#234;ncias, outras vari&#225;veis n&#227;o controladas, como o uso de insulina ou taxa de administra&#231;&#227;o de glicose na unidade de terapia intensiva conforme discri&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico plantonista, podem ter tido influ&#234;ncia nos n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos dos dois grupos dificultando sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o e compara&#231;&#227;o com a literatura.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise de poss&#237;veis fatores cl&#237;nico-cir&#250;rgicos com capacidade te&#243;rica de influenciar os n&#237;veis de glicemia do intraoperat&#243;rio, observamos que prematuridade, faixa et&#225;ria, car&#225;ter emergencial ou eletivo do procedimento e tipo de anestesia empregada (geral ou geral com raquianestesia) n&#227;o estiveram associados a diferen&#231;as na m&#233;dia glic&#234;mica do per&#237;odo. O emprego de CEC, no entanto, se associou a n&#237;veis significativamente mais elevados desses valores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. 4</xref>). Ainda que a dose protocolar de corticoesteroide possa explicar essa associa&#231;&#227;o, a CEC, por si, representa um dos maiores desencadeantes de atividade pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria na cirurgia, com eleva&#231;&#245;es substanciais de citocinas e interleucinas circulantes<sup>17</sup>, sendo esperados maiores n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos com sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o. Assim, os casos levantados foram subdivididos conforme o emprego de CEC no procedimento cir&#250;rgico para uma an&#225;lise da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a m&#233;dia glic&#234;mica intraoperat&#243;ria e a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas dos grandes sistemas org&#226;nicos em cada situa&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09511t06">tab. 6</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop09511t07">7</xref>).</p>
    <p>A partir da an&#225;lise das taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias conforme a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de CEC, ficou demonstrado no estudo que complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas estavam associadas a maiores valores de glicemia intraoperat&#243;ria, independentemente do seu uso. Nos procedimentos sem CEC, complica&#231;&#245;es hematol&#243;gicas estiveram associadas a maiores m&#233;dias glic&#234;micas na cirurgia, enquanto nos procedimentos com CEC essa associa&#231;&#227;o ocorreu com complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>Quando comparado a estudos na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, algumas diferen&#231;as na ocorr&#234;ncia dos subtipos de complica&#231;&#245;es podem ser observadas. Ouattara e cols.<sup>9</sup>, em an&#225;lise prospectiva, mostraram que um mau controle intraoperat&#243;rio da glicemia, quatro valores consecutivos acima de 200mg/dL, estava associado a maiores taxas de &#243;bito e complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, respirat&#243;rias, renais e neurol&#243;gicas, mas n&#227;o infecciosas em adultos diab&#233;ticos submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio com CEC. Gandhi e cols.<sup>8</sup>, em cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas, encontraram maiores m&#233;dias glic&#234;micas intraoperat&#243;rias nos indiv&#237;duos que evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito e/ou com dist&#250;rbios renais e pulmonares, mas n&#227;o cardiovasculares, neurol&#243;gicos e infecciosos. Duncan e cols.<sup>18</sup>, por sua vez, mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre glicemias acima de 200mg/dLdurante cirurgias card&#237;acas diversas com CEC em adultos e a ocorr&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o e ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada, mesmo ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivari&#225;vel com controle de prov&#225;veis fatores de confus&#227;o. Em crian&#231;as, os estudos costumam abordar as complica&#231;&#245;es em conjunto, como eventos combinados, e, habitualmente, focam no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de procedimentos complexos com CEC. Em alguns dos poucos trabalhos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, Ghafoori e cols.<sup>19</sup> encontraram maior risco de mediastinite nos indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram picos glic&#234;micos superiores a 130mg/dL nas primeiras 24 horas do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, enquanto Sz&#233;kely e cols.<sup>14</sup> relataram maior ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e infec&#231;&#245;es graves nas crian&#231;as com hiperglicemia ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Pacientes diab&#233;ticos representam um grupo com maior risco de infec&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de diversos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos. Ainda que os efeitos delet&#233;rios da hiperglicemia cr&#244;nica nos sistemas imune e vascular reconhecidamente aumentem a chance de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas, a hiperglicemia aguda tamb&#233;m apresenta seus pr&#243;prios efeitos adversos. Estudos experimentais demonstram supress&#227;o de v&#225;rios aspectos da imunidade como quimiotaxia, fagocitose, gera&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres e capacidade bactericida de macr&#243;fagos<sup>20</sup> com a eleva&#231;&#227;o aguda da glicemia. Eleva&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias circulantes tamb&#233;m &#233; relatada na hiperglicemia aguda<sup>21</sup>, ocasionando um estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio com redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o imune, justificando maiores taxas de infec&#231;&#227;o nessas situa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o e libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico endotelial, aumento dos n&#237;veis de angiotensina II e altera&#231;&#245;es da reatividade vascular, tamb&#233;m associadas a hiperglicemia<sup>4</sup>, podem ocasionar dist&#250;rbios nas circula&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;mica e pulmonar com complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares decorrentes. Mesmo arritmias e disfun&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca com CEC podem ser atribu&#237;das a altera&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias no par&#234;nquima do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>22</sup>, presumivelmente proporcional &#224; intensidade do estado inflamat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Disfun&#231;&#245;es plaquet&#225;rias por diminui&#231;&#227;o do efeito antiagregante induzidos pelo &#243;xido n&#237;trico foram relatadas em pacientes hiperglic&#234;micos com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas<sup>23</sup>, assim como hipercoagulabilidade associada a eleva&#231;&#227;o da glicemia foi demonstrada em situa&#231;&#245;es de endotoxemia induzida em humanos<sup>24</sup> e em pacientes com choque s&#233;ptico<sup>25</sup>. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es na coagula&#231;&#227;o podem explicar a associa&#231;&#227;o observada entre maiores n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos intraoperat&#243;rios e coagulopatia no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio das cirurgias sem CEC, j&#225; que esses dois eventos est&#227;o relacionados &#224; magnitude do trauma tecidual e tamanho da &#225;rea cruenta. Nas cirurgias com CEC, a maior intensidade da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o empregada e o pr&#243;prio impacto negativo da CEC nos sistemas fisiol&#243;gicos de hemostasia constituem as principais causas de coagulopatia no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>1</sup>, o que provavelmente encoberta qualquer efeito da glicemia nessas situa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo apresenta as limita&#231;&#245;es esperadas em um trabalho retrospectivo. Ainda que associa&#231;&#245;es positivas entre hiperglicemia e complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias tenham sido observadas, n&#227;o h&#225; como estabelecer causalidade. A aus&#234;ncia de protocolos institucionais para medi&#231;&#227;o e controle da glicemia dificultou um acompanhamento mais longo no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e a avalia&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada de poss&#237;veis fatores de influ&#234;ncia no intraoperat&#243;rio (rela&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores com vari&#225;veis da CEC, impacto de medidas espec&#237;ficas da anestesia ou cirurgia). O impacto de outras vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o, que n&#227;o as apreciadas, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o pode ser descartado na an&#225;lise dos dados, j&#225; que outros elementos podem justificar as associa&#231;&#245;es encontradas.</p>
    <p>Indiscutivelmente, uma s&#233;rie de avan&#231;os no conhecimento m&#233;dico e melhorias no cuidado perioperat&#243;rio v&#234;m contribuindo de forma favor&#225;vel para redu&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade na cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica. O intraoperat&#243;rio e o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato representam um momento importante para ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas e condutas que possam favorecer a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes. Portanto, marcadores laboratoriais que indiquem progn&#243;stico devem ser ativamente pesquisados para auxiliar, em tempo h&#225;bil, a equipe anest&#233;sico-cir&#250;rgica no sentido de melhores decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas. Como demonstrado no estudo, n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos mais elevados durante cirurgias card&#237;acas em crian&#231;as n&#227;o se correlacionaram com mortalidade, mas apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com maior ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas, cardiovasculares e hematol&#243;gicas, conforme a utiliza&#231;&#227;o, ou n&#227;o, de CEC no procedimento. No entanto, o impacto de medidas espec&#237;ficas para seu controle, como administra&#231;&#227;o de insulina na hiperglicemia, n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecido de forma consistente na literatura e mais estudos ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para sua determina&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Rodrigo Leal Alves pela Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Rodrigo Leal Alves </p>
        <p> Rua Sargento Astrol&#237;bio, 209, apt 1202, Ed. Paolo Passolini - Pituba </p>
        <p> 41810-340 -Salvador, BA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="peres@mail.com">peres@mail.com</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rlalves@ufba.br">rlalves@ufba.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 15/02/11; revisado recebido em 15/02/11; aceito em 26/04/11.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Perioperative blood glucose level and postoperative complications in pediatric cardiac surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Anesthesia for pediatric cardiac surgery is systematically performed in severely ill patients under abnormal physiological conditions. In the intraoperative period, there are significant variations in blood volume, body temperature, plasma composition, and tissue blood flow, in addition to activation of inflammation, with important consequences. Serial measurements of blood glucose levels can indicate states of exacerbation of the neuroendocrine-metabolic response to trauma, serving as prognostic markers of morbidity in that population. OBJECTIVE: To correlate perioperative blood glucose levels of children undergoing cardiac surgery with the occurrence of postoperative complications, and to compare intraoperative blood glucose levels according to perioperative conditions. METHODS: Information regarding the surgical/anesthetic procedure and perioperative conditions of patients was collected from the medical records. The mean perioperative blood glucose levels in the groups of patients with and without postoperative complications and the frequencies of perioperative conditions were compared by use of odds ratio and non-parametric univariate analyses. RESULTS: Higher intraoperative blood glucose levels were observed in individuals who had postoperative complications. Prematurity, age group, type of anesthesia, and character of the procedure did not influence the mean intraoperative blood glucose level. The use of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) was associated with higher blood glucose levels during surgery. In procedures with ECC, higher blood glucose levels were observed in individuals who had infectious and cardiovascular complications. In surgeries without ECC, that association was observed with infectious and hematological complications. CONCLUSION: Higher intraoperative blood glucose levels are associated with higher morbidity in the postoperative period of pediatric cardiac surgery.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart defects, congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>thoracic surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>postoperative complications</kwd>
        <kwd>blood glucose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Perioperative blood glucose level and postoperative complications in pediatric cardiac surgery</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Rodrigo Leal Alves<sup>I, III</sup>; Macius Pontes Cerqueira<sup>I</sup>; Nadja Cec&#237;lia de Castro Kraychete<sup>I, II</sup>; Guilherme Oliveira Campos<sup>I, II</sup>; Marcelo de Jesus Martins<sup>I</sup>; Norma Sueli Pinheiro M&#243;dolo<sup>IV</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Ana Neri, Salvador, BA- Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP - Brazil </p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Anesthesia for pediatric cardiac surgery is systematically performed in severely ill patients under abnormal physiological conditions. In the intraoperative period, there are significant variations in blood volume, body temperature, plasma composition, and tissue blood flow, in addition to activation of inflammation, with important consequences. Serial measurements of blood glucose levels can indicate states of exacerbation of the neuroendocrine-metabolic response to trauma, serving as prognostic markers of morbidity in that population.</p>
      <p> OBJECTIVE: To correlate perioperative blood glucose levels of children undergoing cardiac surgery with the occurrence of postoperative complications, and to compare intraoperative blood glucose levels according to perioperative conditions.</p>
      <p> METHODS: Information regarding the surgical/anesthetic procedure and perioperative conditions of patients was collected from the medical records. The mean perioperative blood glucose levels in the groups of patients with and without postoperative complications and the frequencies of perioperative conditions were compared by use of odds ratio and non-parametric univariate analyses.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Higher intraoperative blood glucose levels were observed in individuals who had postoperative complications. Prematurity, age group, type of anesthesia, and character of the procedure did not influence the mean intraoperative blood glucose level. The use of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) was associated with higher blood glucose levels during surgery. In procedures with ECC, higher blood glucose levels were observed in individuals who had infectious and cardiovascular complications. In surgeries without ECC, that association was observed with infectious and hematological complications.</p>
      <p> CONCLUSION: Higher intraoperative blood glucose levels are associated with higher morbidity in the postoperative period of pediatric cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart defects, congenital; thoracic surgery; postoperative complications; blood glucose.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The perioperative period of pediatric cardiac surgery represents a crucial moment in the outcome of children with congenital and acquired cardiopathies. In that period, patients undergo significant changes in blood volume, body temperature, plasma composition, and tissue blood flow, with important pathophysiological consequences<sup>1</sup>. Additional aggressions, often inevitable, such as extracorporeal circulation (ECC) and total circulatory arrest, contribute to further aggravate the organic disarrangement in the intraoperative period<sup>1</sup>. The stress generated by surgery evokes several defense mechanisms, defined as "neuroendocrine, immune, metabolic response to trauma", aimed at surviving the initial injury. The endocrine changes and immune responses triggered lead to a set of metabolic changes to protect the major physiological functions<sup>2</sup>. However, similarly to other adaptive mechanisms, the exacerbation of that response can contribute to the perpetuation of the pathological state and occurrence of clinical-surgical complications<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Hormone variations to stress, such as elevations in circulating catecholamines, glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone, trigger a state of tissue resistance to the effect of insulin, with gluconeogenesis and catabolism of lean body mass<sup>4,5</sup>. The hyperglycemia generated, which has been long underestimated and considered a secondary event, is currently recognized as a predictive factor of poor prognosis in critical patients<sup>6,7</sup>. Studies in adults, investigating the intraoperative elevation in blood glucose levels in cardiac surgery, have also evidenced a positive correlation with postoperative morbidity and mortality, both in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Similarly to that which occurs in adults, the elevation in blood glucose levels in children is expected to be an early biological marker of clinical-surgical outcome, enabling the identification of groups at risk, even in the intraoperative period. The interpretation and management of such alterations, however, are adaptations of conclusions and generalized observations without the appropriate pediatric confirmation. The present study aimed at analyzing perioperative blood glucose levels of children undergoing low- and moderate-risk cardiac surgery, and at comparing them according to surgical/anesthetic conditions and the occurrence of infectious, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, neurological, and hematological complications, and of death in the postoperative period.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After approval by the Committee on Ethics and Medical Research, 160 consecutive cardiac surgeries performed in different children aged up to 16 years at the S&#227;o Rafael and Ana Neri hospitals in the city of Salvador (state of Bahia), in the years 2007 and 2008, were retrospectively studied. All type 1, 2, and 3 procedures according to the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS-1) score were selected for the study<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The perioperative variables were collected in a standardized sheet with information regarding demographic data, preoperative conditions, type and complexity of the procedure performed, type of anesthesia, use and duration of ECC, and use of blood components. All patients underwent arterial catheterization for continuous measurement of arterial blood pressure, and samples were collected at least twice in the intraoperative period (right after arterial catheterization and at the end of the procedure) and at the surgical/anesthetic team's discretion. Diuresis, insensitive losses, and the volume of crystalloids and colloids administered were computed in the final calculation of fluid balance, and the weight of surgical pads and gauzes, aspirated volume, estimated loss in the ECC circuit, and volume of blood components administered were used in blood balance.</p>
      <p>Regarding preoperative conditions, the following data were collected: gender; age; prematurity; weight; primary cardiopathy (with greater clinical impact on the child); associated diseases (including secondary cardiopathies); presence of cyanosis; pulmonary hypertension; congestive heart failure or mechanical ventilation prior to surgery; and character of the procedure (elective or emergency). In addition, the last preoperative laboratory exams, including fasting blood glucose levels, were also assessed.</p>
      <p>During surgery, the following data regarding the surgical/anesthetic act were collected: type of anesthesia (general anesthesia alone x general anesthesia with spinal anesthesia); surgery performed; ECC data; administration of blood components; use of vasoactive drugs, insulin and corticosteroids; and administration of glucose at any form or dilution. The laboratory exams of the period were performed in an automate blood gas analyzer (Radiometer Medical ABL 700, Copenhagen) of the same brand and model in both hospitals studied, with blood sample collected from the invasive arterial blood pressure system or from the arterial line of ECC. The mentioned blood gas analyzer measures not only the blood gas profile of the sample (pH, PCO<sub>2</sub>, PO<sub>2</sub>, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, and BE), but also blood glucose levels, erythrogram (hematocrit and hemoglobin), lactatemia, and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride). Because of the large variability in the number and time of intraoperative samplings, the initial and maximum blood glucose levels were recorded during surgery, as was the mean of the blood glucose levels collected during the period.</p>
      <p>In the postoperative period, the occurrence of death and complications was assessed based on the report of events in the medical record until the patient's discharge from hospital. The types of complications were recorded in correlate groups according to the following pre-established definitions: infections: confirmed situations or suspicion of infected site with the use of antibiotics; cardiovascular complications: occurrence of arrhythmias, total atrioventricular block, cardiac tamponade, use of vasoactive drug for more than 24 hours (infusions greater than 15mcg/kg/min of dopamine or any value of continuous infusion of noradrenaline and/or adrenaline), inotropic drug use for more than 24 hours (infusions up to 15mcg/kg/min of dopamine or any value of continuous infusion of dobutamine or milrinone), low cardiac output, and systemic arterial hypertension requiring sodium nitroprusside for blood pressure control for more than 24 hours; respiratory complications: embolism, pulmonary edema, mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours in the postoperative period, and acute pulmonary injury; renal complications: acute renal failure (elevation greater than or equal to twice the baseline creatinine serum level) and/or dialysis need; neurological complications: coma, convulsion, neurological deficit, and stroke; hematological complications: coagulopathy (prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times greater than twice the normal value or fibrinogen lower than 100mg/dL and/or platelet count lower than 80,000/mm<sup>3</sup>), hemorrhagic events with or without coagulopathy and need to return to the operating room for hemostasis review. A combined event was the occurrence of at least one of the complications listed.</p>
      <p>In the intensive care units (ICUs), the routine measurements of postoperative blood glucose levels obtained with digital glucometers (reagent strip - glucose oxidase method) were assessed. The values on admission and the mean value of the measures obtained on the first postoperative day were used in the analysis, because of the variation in measurement times (performed at least four times a day). The ICUs in the hospitals studied had a routine of at least 24-hour oral fasting after surgery with glucose administration (infusion rate between 5 and 10mg/kg/minute) in the intravenous solution of hydro-electrolyte replacement during that period. Insulin therapy to control glycemia was used at the discretion of the physician in charge, being usually initiated in the presence of blood glucose levels over 250mg/dL.</p>
      <p>The effect of preoperative blood glucose levels, initial, maximum and mean intraoperative blood glucose levels, and mean blood glucose level of the first postoperative day on the likelihood of complication was calculated by use of binary logistic regression, adjusted according to the estimated risk (RACHS-1). The values were expressed as odds ratio and the respective 95% confidence intervals. The different mean intraoperative blood glucose levels according to prematurity, type of anesthesia, surgery character, and use of ECC were compared by use of the Mann-Whitney test. The mean intraoperative blood glucose levels according to age group and risk group were compared by use of Kruskal-Wallis test. The chi-square test was used to compare the relative frequencies of ECC use and complication rates according to risk groups. Effects and differences were considered statistically significant when p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 160 patients studied, 85 were of the male sex (75 females), 90 had another associated disease, and only five were premature babies. Median age and weight were 36 months and 13 kg, respectively, with a large variation range in sampling (15 days to 16 years, and 2.3 to 67 kg of weight). Most procedures (81% of the cases) were considered elective, general anesthesia alone being the most commonly used anesthetic procedure (76.8%) as compared to combined anesthesia (general plus spinal anesthesia). Extracorporeal circulation was used in approximately half of the surgeries (48%), with a median duration of 70 minutes and median aortic clamping time of 55 minutes. In 62.5% of the cases, transfusion of any type of blood components was required, and the patients had a median intraoperative diuresis of 3.67 mL.Kg<sup>-1</sup> and median fluid and blood balances of +140 mL and +20 mL, respectively. The preoperative use of corticosteroid and the intraoperative administration of glucose or insulin were uncommon events in our sampling. Because of the surgical protocol of methylprednisolone use (30mg/kg) in ECC, the intraoperative corticoid administration rate was identical to the ECC use rate (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
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      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="g1-body2">Graph 1</xref> shows the evolution of blood glucose levels at different times in the perioperative period in patients with and without at least one of the previously listed complications (combined event). A statistically significant difference is observed in the maximum and mean blood glucose levels in the intraoperative period, with higher levels being observed in those evolving with a morbid event. Because the mean blood glucose level obtained from all samples during surgery probably better reflects the metabolic status than the unitary measures of blood glucose peak in that period, we chose to analyze its association with postoperative complications and the impact of possible confounding variables on it.</p>
      <fig id="g1-body2">
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      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09511t03-body2">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">4</xref> show that prematurity, surgery character, type of anesthesia, and age group were not associated with differences in the mean blood glucose level during surgery. Extracorporeal circulation, with the concomitant administration of high doses of corticosteroid, however, was associated with significantly higher blood glucose levels in the period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
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      <p>The estimated RACHS-1 surgical risk<sup>11</sup> has also influenced those values, with lower blood glucose levels in group 1, constituted by lower complexity surgeries (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09511t05-body2">Table 5</xref>). Although the RACHS-1 score categorizes pediatric cardiac surgeries into six groups according to short-term mortality (in increasing order), the greatest blood glucose means were evidenced in group 2, with intermediate risk, and not in group 3, with a higher presumed risk. This probably reflects the higher ECC use rate in group 2 surgeries (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09511t05-body2">Table 5</xref>), which concentrated the long-term intracavitary procedures, such as total correction of tetralogy of Fallot. In the present sample, group 3 was constituted mainly by short-term vascular procedures with no ECC and a complication rate, such as pulmonary artery cerclage and systemic-pulmonary anastomoses, similar to that of group 2. Because of the presumed impact of ECC on intraoperative blood glucose levels, the surgical sampling was subdivided according to its use for a better analysis of the groups.</p>
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      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09511t06-body2">Table 6</xref> shows that, in the surgeries without ECC, the patients experiencing infectious and hematological complications had higher means of intraoperative blood glucose levels than those without such complications. In the surgeries requiring ECC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09511t07-body2">Table 7</xref>), that association was evidenced for infectious and cardiovascular complications and combined events (occurrence of at least one of the complications mentioned). The death rate did not associate with the mean intraoperative blood glucose level in procedures with and without ECC.</p>
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      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Although in adults higher blood glucose levels in the intraoperative and postoperative period of cardiac surgery are associated with higher morbidity and mortality<sup>6-10</sup>, little is known about that relation in the pediatric population. A large number of possible confounding factors, such as prematurity of the physiological systems, greater availability of surgical procedures, and less uniformity in preoperative clinical conditions, makes conclusive results difficult to obtain.</p>
      <p>Figure 1 shows the perioperative variation of blood glucose levels in patients without intercurrences and those with at least one of the complications analyzed in the postoperative period. The mean and the maximum value found during surgery showed a positive statistical association with the occurrence of complications, which was evidenced neither in the measurements on ICU admission nor in the mean of the first postoperative day. This is the opposite of the result reported by Polito et al<sup>12</sup>, who found no association between severe complications and intraoperative blood glucose levels, but showed greater blood glucose levels in the first 72 postoperative hours among those with complications. Other studies<sup>13-15</sup> have also shown higher postoperative blood glucose levels in children with morbidities after cardiac surgery. However, Rossano et al<sup>16</sup>, studying neonates recovering from the surgery to correct transposition of the great vessels, have reported that those who maintained, on the first postoperative day, blood glucose levels between 80 and 110mg/dL for a long period (more than 50% of the time), had a higher risk of adverse events than those who maintained blood glucose levels over 200mg/dL.</p>
      <p>As previously mentioned, several confounding variables should be considered when assessing the results, and the sample should be subdivided for better analysis. Figure 1 shows the data of the general population studied, and the differences found in the mean and maximum blood glucose levels in the intraoperative period can be explained by the use of high doses of corticoid and of ECC. Both factors are associated with inherent complications and usually indicate clinical and surgical situations of higher risk, requiring a specific analysis of the subgroups. Regarding the mean blood glucose level of the first postoperative day, which did not differ in patients with or without intercurrences, other non-controlled variables, such as insulin use or glucose administration rate at the ICU at the discretion of the physician in charge, can have influenced the blood glucose levels of the two groups, hindering their interpretation and comparison with data in the literature.</p>
      <p>When analyzing the clinical and surgical factors that can theoretically influence intraoperative blood glucose levels, the following were not associated with differences in the mean blood glucose level in the period: prematurity; age group; elective or emergency character of the procedure; and type of anesthesia used (general alone or general with spinal anesthesia). The use of ECC, however, was associated with significantly higher intraoperative blood glucose levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref>). Although the corticosteroid dose of the protocol can explain that association, ECC per se is one of the major triggers of pro-inflammatory activity in surgery, with substantial elevations in cytokines and circulating interleukines<sup>17</sup>, thus, higher blood glucose levels are expected with ECC use. Thus, patients were subdivided according to ECC use in the surgical procedure for analyzing the relation between the mean intraoperative blood glucose level and the occurrence of specific complications of the major body systems in each situation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09511t06-body2">Tables 6</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop09511t07-body2">7</xref>).</p>
      <p>Based on the analysis of postoperative complication rates according to ECC use, this study showed that infectious complications were associated with higher intraoperative blood glucose levels, regardless of ECC use. In procedures without ECC, hematological complications were associated with higher blood glucose means during surgery, while in procedures with ECC, that association occurred with cardiovascular complications.</p>
      <p>When comparing with studies in the adult population, some differences in the subtypes of complications can be observed. Ouattara et al<sup>9</sup>, in a prospective analysis, have reported that a poor intraoperative blood glucose control, four consecutive measures over 200mg/dL, was associated with greater rates of death and cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and neurological, but not infectious, complications in diabetic adults undergoing myocardial revascularization with ECC. Gandhi et al<sup>8</sup>, in myocardial revascularization surgeries, have reported greater intraoperative blood glucose means in individuals who developed renal and pulmonary disorders, but not cardiovascular, neurological, or infectious disorders, and/or died. Duncan et al<sup>18</sup>, however, have reported a positive association between a blood glucose level over 200 mg/dL during different cardiac surgeries with ECC in adults and the occurrence of infection and prolonged mechanical ventilation, even after multivariable analysis with control of probable confounding factors. In children, the studies usually approach the complications jointly, like combined events, focusing on the postoperative period of complex procedures with ECC. In some of the few studies on that population, Ghafoori et al<sup>19</sup> have reported a greater risk of mediastinitis in individuals whose blood glucose peaks exceeded 130mg/dL in the first 24 postoperative hours, while Sz&#233;kely et al<sup>14</sup> have reported a higher rate of heart failure and severe infections in children with hyperglycemia after cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p>Diabetic patients represent a group at higher risk for postoperative infection in several surgical procedures. Even though the noxious effects of chronic hyperglycemia in the immune and vascular systems are known to increase the likelihood of infectious complications, acute hyperglycemia also has its own adverse effects. Experimental studies have shown the suppression of several aspects of immunity, such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, generation of free radicals, and the bactericidal activity of macrophages<sup>20</sup>, with an acute elevation in blood glucose levels. The increase in the concentration of circulating inflammatory cytokines has also been reported in acute hyperglycemia<sup>21</sup>, causing a pro-inflammatory state with reduced immune function, justifying higher infection rates in such situations.</p>
      <p>The reduction in the production and release of endothelial nitric oxide, the increase in angiotensin II levels, and the changes in vascular reactivity, also associated with hyperglycemia<sup>4</sup>, can cause disorders in the systemic and pulmonary circulations with consequent cardiovascular complications. Even arrhythmias and myocardial dysfunctions after cardiac surgery with ECC can be attributed to inflammatory changes in the heart parenchyma<sup>22</sup>, presumably proportional to the intensity of the inflammatory state.</p>
      <p>Platelet dysfunctions due to a decrease in the nitric-oxide-induced antiaggregating activity have been reported in hyperglycemic patients with acute coronary syndromes<sup>23</sup>. Hypercoagulability associated with an elevation in blood glucose levels has been demonstrated in situations of endotoxemia induced in humans<sup>24</sup> and in patients with septic shock<sup>25</sup>. Such alterations in coagulation can explain the association observed between higher intraoperative blood glucose levels and coagulopathy in the postoperative period of surgeries without ECC, since both events are related to the magnitude of tissue trauma and the size of the wound area. In surgeries with ECC, the higher intensity of the anticoagulation used and the negative impact of ECC itself on the physiological systems of hemostasis constitute the major causes of postoperative coagulopathy<sup>1</sup>, which probably surpasses any effect of blood glucose levels in such situations.</p>
      <p>The present study has the limitations expected from a retrospective study. Although positive associations between hyperglycemia and postoperative complications have been observed, causality cannot be established. The lack of institutional protocols to measure and control blood glucose levels hindered a longer postoperative follow-up and a more detailed assessment of possible intraoperative influencing factors (relationship of the markers with ECC variables, impact of specific anesthetic or surgical measures). The impact of other confounding variables, which were not assessed, cannot be eliminated in data analysis, since other elements can justify the associations found.</p>
      <p>Several advances in medical knowledge and improvement in perioperative care have contributed in a favorable way to reduce morbidity and mortality in pediatric cardiac surgery. The intraoperative and immediate postoperative periods are important for the adoption of measures and managements that can favorably influence the clinical outcome of patients. Thus, laboratory markers of prognosis should be actively pursued to help the surgical/anesthetic team to improve their therapeutic decisions. As demonstrated in our study, higher blood glucose levels during cardiac surgeries in children did not correlate with mortality, but were associated with a higher occurrence of infectious, cardiovascular, and hematological complications depending on ECC use in the procedure. However, the impact of specific measures for controlling blood glucose levels, such as insulin administration in hyperglycemia, has not been consistently established in the literature, and further studies are required for its determination.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Rodrigo Leal Alves, from Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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