<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">F44cSfKKn8vFhHZSr4gXB6r</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001400002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000092</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prote&#237;na C Reativa pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria prediz infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mezzomo</surname>
            <given-names>Agda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bodin Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Odemir L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lucia</surname>
            <given-names>Vera</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>365</fpage>
      <lpage>371</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: N&#237;veis elevados de prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCRas) na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria para cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) t&#234;m sido associados a maus desfechos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de PCRas e os desfechos em curto prazo ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca. M&#201;TODOS: Coorte prospectivo com 331 pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com os n&#237;veis de PCRas, medidos antes da cirurgia: normal (grupo N), n&#237;vel menor que 3 mg/l PCRas, e elevado (grupo A), n&#237;vel maior ou igual a 3 mg/l PCRas. O grupo N apresentou uma sensibilidade e uma especificidade de 60% para a previs&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, com uma aproxima&#231;&#227;o de 90%. Os pacientes foram acompanhados durante o per&#237;odo em que permaneceram hospitalizados. RESULTADOS: A idade m&#233;dia foi de 60 anos, e 71,6% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A PCRas estava elevada (grupo A) em 144 pacientes (43,5%). A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 4,8%, e as complica&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes nos dois grupos foram: infec&#231;&#245;es em geral (18%), infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias (16%), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (15%) e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (7,6%). A incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias gerais foi de 14,4% no grupo N e de 23,6% no grupo A (p = 0,046). As infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias tamb&#233;m foram mais frequentes no grupo A (21,5% vs. 11,8%; p = 0,024). As an&#225;lises multivariadas mostraram que o n&#237;vel de PCRas representou um preditor independente para a infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (RC = 2,08, CI de 95% = 1,14 - 3,79). CONCLUS&#195;O: O alto n&#237;vel de PCRas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio &#233; um preditor independente para infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias no per&#237;odo de m&#233;dio prazo do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio eletiva.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>cuidados pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>infec&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>sistema respirat&#243;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Prote&#237;na C Reativa pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria prediz infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agda Mezzomo; Odemir L. Bodin Jr.; Vera Lucia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> N&#237;veis elevados de prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCRas) na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria para cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) t&#234;m sido associados a maus desfechos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de PCRas e os desfechos em curto prazo ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Coorte prospectivo com 331 pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com os n&#237;veis de PCRas, medidos antes da cirurgia: normal (grupo N), n&#237;vel menor que 3 mg/l PCRas, e elevado (grupo A), n&#237;vel maior ou igual a 3 mg/l PCRas. O grupo N apresentou uma sensibilidade e uma especificidade de 60% para a previs&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, com uma aproxima&#231;&#227;o de 90%. Os pacientes foram acompanhados durante o per&#237;odo em que permaneceram hospitalizados. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> A idade m&#233;dia foi de 60 anos, e 71,6% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A PCRas estava elevada (grupo A) em 144 pacientes (43,5%). A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 4,8%, e as complica&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes nos dois grupos foram: infec&#231;&#245;es em geral (18%), infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias (16%), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (15%) e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (7,6%). A incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias gerais foi de 14,4% no grupo N e de 23,6% no grupo A (p = 0,046). As infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias tamb&#233;m foram mais frequentes no grupo A (21,5% vs. 11,8%; p = 0,024). As an&#225;lises multivariadas mostraram que o n&#237;vel de PCRas representou um preditor independente para a infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (RC = 2,08, CI de 95% = 1,14 - 3,79). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> O alto n&#237;vel de PCRas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio &#233; um preditor independente para infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias no per&#237;odo de m&#233;dio prazo do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio eletiva.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Prote&#237;na C/efeitos adversos, cuidados pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, infec&#231;&#227;o, sistema respirat&#243;rio, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; a causa mais frequente de morte e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o no mundo ocidental<sup>1</sup>. A doen&#231;a cardiovascular foi respons&#225;vel por 34,2% as mortes nos Estados Unidos, em compara&#231;&#227;o a 2006<sup>2</sup>, o que se assemelha ao que foi descrito no Brasil<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Relatos demonstram que os processos inflamat&#243;rios desempenham um papel em todos os aspectos da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, a partir da patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose at&#233; a ruptura da placa e a morte das c&#233;lulas do mioc&#225;rdio. Em cada uma dessas etapas, a infiltra&#231;&#227;o do tecido cardiovascular com c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias, controladas por citocinas e mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o, &#233; evidente. Al&#233;m disso, os marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o sol&#250;veis est&#227;o presentes em diferentes est&#225;gios da DAC e podem ser utilizados para prever eventos cardiovasculares subsequentes<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios marcadores inflamat&#243;rios est&#227;o associados a doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. Entre eles, a prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade parece ser mais significativamente associada a eventos cardiovasculares. Em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, a PCRas &#233; reconhecida como um a preditor da mortalidade em infarto inicial do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>5-7</sup>. A eleva&#231;&#227;o desse marcador tamb&#233;m &#233; associada a um progn&#243;stico pior em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM)<sup>8-10</sup> ou que sejam submetidos &#224; angioplastia<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos demonstraram que n&#237;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios elevados de PCRas est&#227;o associados a eventos adversos ap&#243;s a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>13-16</sup>, ao passo que outros n&#227;o encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o<sup>17</sup>. As principais complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio recente, que est&#227;o diretamente associadas a n&#237;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios elevados de PCRas, n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidas.</p>
    <p>O principal objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o dos altos n&#237;veis de PCRas no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, identificando as complica&#231;&#245;es associadas aos n&#237;veis elevados de PCRas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra comp&#244;s-se de pacientes de ambos os sexos, entre 20 e 80 anos, submetidos &#224; CRM eletiva com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), com n&#237;veis de PCRas medidos no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o abrangem: indica&#231;&#227;o para cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia, angina inst&#225;vel, IAM recente (menos de tr&#234;s meses), creatinina maior que 2,0 mg/dl, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica grave (DPOC) (volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado previsto [VEF1] &lt; 40%), presen&#231;a de infec&#231;&#227;o ativa, uso atual de anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroides (AINEs) ou corticosteroides, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC) de classe IV ou EF menor que 30%, malignidade ou doen&#231;as imunodepressivas, acidente cerebral encef&#225;lico (CEA) recente (menos de um ano), colagenoses e dist&#250;rbios de coagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Inicialmente, os pacientes foram avaliados no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, foram apresentados ao protocolo de pesquisa e assinaram o Termo de Anu&#234;ncia (registro n&#186; 3.809/06). O protocolo de pesquisa inclu&#237;a, entre outras vari&#225;veis, as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes, os fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular, o hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico e as medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas. Os dados do estudo foram registrados, e o protocolo foi previamente aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Um exame f&#237;sico completo foi realizado posteriormente, e amostras de sangue foram coletadas para exames laboratoriais (glicemia de jejum, hemograma, plaquetas, tempo de protrombina, tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada [TTPA], antiv&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana [anti-HIV], ureia, creatinina, s&#243;dio, pot&#225;ssio, an&#225;lise de gasimetria arterial e exame de urina qualitativo). Os n&#237;veis de PCRas foram determinados na mesma amostra de sangue por nefelometria (nefelometria de Dade Behring), e o tempo entre a coleta de sangue e a cirurgia n&#227;o excedeu tr&#234;s dias. Os pacientes foram acompanhados durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, nos per&#237;odos intraoperat&#243;rio, p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (at&#233; 48 horas) e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio recente (48 horas at&#233; a alta), para que fossem registradas todas as complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes da cirurgia.</p>
    <p>Os resultados cl&#237;nicos analisados foram: (a) morte; (b) infarto do mioc&#225;rdio durante e ap&#243;s a cirurgia (diagn&#243;stico confirmado por dois dos seguintes eventos: presen&#231;a de nova onda Q em duas ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es do eletrocardiograma; eleva&#231;&#227;o da creatina fosfoquinase [CK] ou da isoenzima CK-MB quatro vezes acima do limite normal; nova miocardiopatia segmentar com acinesia demonstrada em ecocardiograma); (c) infec&#231;&#245;es em geral (endocardite, infec&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria, ferida cir&#250;rgica e mediastinite); (d) infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria (presen&#231;a de tosse produtiva e secre&#231;&#227;o nasal purulenta, radia&#231;&#227;o tor&#225;cica com ou sem consolida&#231;&#227;o, contagem de leuc&#243;citos acima de 10,000/&#181;l); (e) CEA (diagnosticado por exame cl&#237;nico com paralisia parcial ou total, depress&#227;o sensorial e tomografia computadorizada com &#225;reas isqu&#234;micas); (f) ICC (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca definida como congest&#227;o pulmonar ou baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco); (g) necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP); (h) reopera&#231;&#227;o; (i) dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o exigindo marca-passo tempor&#225;rio; (j) hemorragia aumentada (drenos tor&#225;cicos com volumes de sangue excedendo 10 ml/kg/h em uma hora, 5 ml/kg/h em mais de tr&#234;s horas consecutivas ou 100 ml/h durante quatro horas); (k) pericardite (diagnosticada pelo eletrocardiograma como eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento T na maior das deriva&#231;&#245;es; atrito peric&#225;rdico na ausculta card&#237;aca ou dor tor&#225;cica); (l) flutter ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (diagnosticada por eletrocardiograma).</p>
    <p>O grupo de pacientes foi atribu&#237;do a dois grupos de acordo com o n&#237;vel de PCRas: o grupo A, com PCRas aumentada (<underline>&gt;</underline> 3 mg/l), incluiu 144 pacientes, e o grupo N, com PCRas normal (&lt; 3 mg/l), foi composto pelos 187 pacientes restantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tamanho da amostra foi determinado a partir dos dados sobre a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s a CRM, que varia de 2 a 15%, dependendo do tipo de complica&#231;&#227;o. Presumindo uma incid&#234;ncia superior a 5% para as complica&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes, uma aproxima&#231;&#227;o de 80% e P <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05, o tamanho da amostra foi estimado em 302 pacientes.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o Pacote Estat&#237;stico para Ci&#234;ncias Sociais (SPSS), vers&#227;o 17.0. As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como percentagens. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas; e o teste t de Student, para as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas.</p>
    <p>Os testes ANOVA e Kruskal-Wallis foram utilizados para compara&#231;&#245;es entre mais de dois grupos (s&#237;ndromes cl&#237;nicas). Um valor de P maior que 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Associa&#231;&#245;es entre os n&#237;veis elevados de PCRas e as complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias foram pesquisadas apenas para aqueles com incid&#234;ncia maior do que 4,8%. Esse ponto de coorte foi definido por meio da an&#225;lise da taxa de mortalidade de 4,8% observada em nosso estudo. Verificamos tamb&#233;m que os desfechos ruins n&#227;o s&#227;o estatisticamente importantes para ser comparados a outras vari&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foi utilizada para avaliar preditores independentes de eventos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios. Apenas as caracter&#237;sticas que possuiriam um valor de P menor que 0,20 na an&#225;lise univariada ou que poderiam aumentar o risco de infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria (uma complica&#231;&#227;o que foi associada com a PCR na an&#225;lise anterior) foram submetidas &#224; an&#225;lise multivariada. O modelo foi utilizado para as seguintes vari&#225;veis: idade avan&#231;ada, tabagismo, diabete melito (DM), DPOC, obesidade, PCRas e dura&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (VM).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um total de 331 pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM eletiva com CEC foi avaliado. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes era de 60,92 anos; 71,6% eram do sexo masculino, e 93,7%, caucasianos. O fator de risco de maior predom&#237;nio para a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o foi hipertens&#227;o (91,8%), seguido de dislipidemia (68%) e hist&#243;rico familiar positivo para doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (61,9%). Entre os 331 pacientes, 144 (43,5%) tinham n&#237;veis elevados de PCRas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios (<underline>&gt;</underline> 3 mg/l).</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise das caracter&#237;sticas apresentadas pelos pacientes durante o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aopo9411t01">Tabela 1</xref>) mostrou que os pacientes caucasianos tinham n&#237;veis de PCRas inferiores aos dos pacientes n&#227;o caucasianos (88,2% <italic>vs.</italic> 97%, p = 0,001). A obesidade foi associada a um maior n&#237;vel de PCRas (19,4% <italic>vs.</italic> 10,3%, p = 0,028). Entre os pacientes que utilizavam estatinas durante o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, 73,3% tinham PCRas normal, em compara&#231;&#227;o a 59,7% com n&#237;veis de PCRas elevados (p = 0,013).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aopo9411t01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0365-00092-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Um total de 16 mortes (4,8%) foi registrado durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o para a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, considerando os per&#237;odos transoperat&#243;rio e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, as complica&#231;&#245;es de maior incid&#234;ncia inclu&#237;am infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria (53 casos, 16,0%), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (51 casos, 15,4%), pericardite (30 casos, 9,1%) e IAM (26 casos, 7,9%). As infec&#231;&#245;es, particularmente do trato respirat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>), foram significativamente mais frequentes nos pacientes do grupo A do que no grupo com PCRas normal (23,6% <italic>vs.</italic> 14,4%, p = 0,046; 21,5% <italic>vs.</italic> 11,8%, p = 0,024, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). A associa&#231;&#227;o a outras vari&#225;veis n&#227;o foi analisada devido &#224; baixa incid&#234;ncia.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0365-00092-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0365-00092-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0365-00092-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>) foi adaptada para o n&#237;vel de PCRas, tabagismo, idade, DM, obesidade, DPOC e ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (&gt; 24 horas). Idade avan&#231;ada (&gt; 75 anos) foi um fator de risco independente para a infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria (RC = 10,43, IC de 95% = 3,88 - 28,05). Conforme esperado, o mesmo foi observado para uma ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada (&gt; 24 horas) (RC = 4,84, IC de 95% = 2,17 - 10,78). O risco de infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi maior para os pacientes com n&#237;veis de PCR maior ou igual a 3 mg/l, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis de PCRas inferior a 3 mg/l (RC = 1,87, IC de 95% = 1,0 - 3,49).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0365-00092-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quando os n&#237;veis de PCRas foram analisados como uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua, o coorte de 3 mg/l apresentou sensibilidade e especificidade de 60% para a previs&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, com uma aproxima&#231;&#227;o de 90%. Com um coorte de 5 mg/l, a sensibilidade caiu para 20%, e a especificidade aumentou para 80%. Com base nesses resultados, definimos o PCRas de coorte como 3 mg/l, &#224; semelhan&#231;a de muitos outros estudos.</p>
    <p>Entre os 223 pacientes (61,4%) que utilizaram estatinas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, os n&#237;veis de PCRas foram mais frequentemente inferiores a 3 mg/l (73,3 <italic>vs.</italic> 59,7%, p = 0,013). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o ou nenhum efeito protetor foram encontrados quando se consideraram as complica&#231;&#245;es de maior porte (infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo examinou a associa&#231;&#227;o de valores anormais de PCRas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (<underline>&gt;</underline> 3 mg/l) &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio recente, em pacientes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Os pacientes com n&#237;veis de PCRas acima desse ponto de coorte apresentaram maior taxa de infec&#231;&#245;es em geral e menos infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias. Esses resultados mostram que os n&#237;veis de PCRas mais altos que 3 mg/l representaram um preditor independente de infec&#231;&#245;es, especialmente do trato respirat&#243;rio, em associa&#231;&#227;o com a idade avan&#231;ada e a ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada (&gt; 24 horas). Nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o a eventos cardiovasculares, arritmias atriais (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial) ou morte foi observada durante este estudo.</p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria em nosso estudo foi de 16%. As infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias tiveram uma frequ&#234;ncia entre 2 e 22% em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia, com in&#237;cio no quarto dia do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, em m&#233;dia<sup>18</sup>. Ortiz e cols.<sup>19</sup>, em nosso hospital, constataram uma incid&#234;ncia de 9,9% de pneumonia no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de CRM.</p>
    <p>Os fatores de risco, incluindo idade avan&#231;ada, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada (&gt; 24 horas), uso prolongado de sonda nasog&#225;strica, uso pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de bloqueador do receptor de H2 ou antibi&#243;ticos de amplo espectro e transfus&#227;o de quatro ou mais unidades de concentrado de sangue, foram avaliados em nosso estudo como forma de corre&#231;&#227;o de vieses que pudessem gerar confus&#227;o. Apenas um desses fatores, a VM prolongada (31 casos, 9,36% da amostra), apresentou maior incid&#234;ncia, representando um fator de risco independente para a infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, no entanto, o n&#237;vel de PCRas permaneceu como um fator de risco, mesmo quando adaptado para VM prolongada, embora com intensidade reduzida.</p>
    <p>Cappabianca e cols.<sup>20</sup>. investigaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de PCRas (= 5 mg/l) e as complica&#231;&#245;es em curto prazo ap&#243;s uma CRM. Um grupo de 597 pacientes, apresentando tanto alto (PCRas <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 mg/l) quanto baixo n&#237;vel (PCRas &lt; 5 mg/l) em estado inflamat&#243;rio, foi analisado para verificar a presen&#231;a de infec&#231;&#245;es. Os pacientes do primeiro grupo apresentaram maior taxa de infec&#231;&#245;es em geral e ferida cir&#250;rgica, mostrando que os n&#237;veis de PCRas representam um marcador independente. Em um seguimento m&#233;dio de um ano e meio, os pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de PCRas tamb&#233;m apresentaram maior taxa de mortalidade. Este estudo chegou a resultados semelhantes para complica&#231;&#245;es do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio recente, exceto pelo local da infec&#231;&#227;o<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>As inflama&#231;&#245;es foram amplamente avaliadas na DAC, a partir da forma&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica at&#233; sua ruptura no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>21</sup>. A rela&#231;&#227;o das PCRas com os eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes saud&#225;veis &#233; bem estabelecida<sup>5,6</sup>, e outros estudos atualmente investigam a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de PCRas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e eventos no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Em um estudo de 113 pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, Gaudino e cols.<sup>17</sup> observaram que pacientes com PCRas pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria maior ou igual a 5 mg/l apresentavam uma eleva&#231;&#227;o de pico de PCRas no segundo dia ap&#243;s a cirurgia. No entanto, n&#227;o foi encontrada qualquer associa&#231;&#227;o entre os eventos cl&#237;nicos em curto prazo e a condi&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos estudos concentra-se na avalia&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria como um preditor dos eventos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Em um estudo com 764 pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM, Biancari e cols.<sup>13</sup> mostraram que um valor de PCRas maior ou igual a 10 mg/l consistia em um fator de risco independente para mortalidade intra-hospitalar, principalmente devido a complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. Esse estudo levanta a quest&#227;o sobre o fato de a PCRas ser apenas um marcador de gravidade ou representar um potencial alvo para otimizar as condi&#231;&#245;es de pacientes no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio<sup>13</sup>. Outro estudo realizado pelo grupo de Biancari, com 843 pacientes, avaliou a associa&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PCRas aos desfechos em longo prazo, ap&#243;s a CRM. Nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada entre a PCRas elevada e os eventos no in&#237;cio do per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Um seguimento de 12 anos mostrou uma taxa de sobrevida reduzida nesses pacientes<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esses estudos n&#227;o identificaram complica&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas relacionadas a n&#237;veis elevados de PCRas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, enquanto, no presente trabalho, os resultados mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o a infec&#231;&#245;es, especialmente no trato respirat&#243;rio. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para as altas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas em pacientes com uma condi&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria alterada durante o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio est&#225; relacionada a um crescimento bacteriano melhor na presen&#231;a de altos n&#237;veis de mediadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o<sup>23,24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o em longo prazo dos pacientes n&#227;o ter sido considerada neste estudo, &#233; de conhecimento disseminado que o risco de mortalidade e readmiss&#227;o hospitalar por causas cardiovasculares est&#225; diretamente relacionado aos altos n&#237;veis de PCRas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Em um seguimento de tr&#234;s anos (tempo m&#233;dio de 1,5 anos) de cardiopatas, Cappabianca e cols.<sup>20</sup> constataram que a PCRas &#233; um fator de risco independente para a mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>Os altos n&#237;veis de PCR de alta sensibilidade, inicialmente considerados apenas como um marcador biol&#243;gico, atualmente s&#227;o reconhecidos como um mediador da aterosclerose e um preditor da condi&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria<sup>25</sup>. Considerando essa possibilidade, um estudo retrospectivo de maior porte demonstrou que a terapia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria com estatina est&#225; associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e da mortalidade ap&#243;s a CRM<sup>26</sup>. Esse estudo revelou que o uso de estatina estava significativamente associado a n&#237;veis de PCRas maiores que 3 mg/l, mas n&#227;o &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares no est&#225;gio p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Estudo recente, realizado por Vaduganathan e cols.<sup>27</sup>, de 3.056 pacientes observou que a terapia com estatina em per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio estava associado &#224; mortalidade em m&#233;dio prazo, reduzida para os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, de forma independente da condi&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dicos basais (RR 0,34; p = 0004)<sup>27</sup>. Outro teste rand&#244;mico avaliou o efeito da estatina (rosuvastatina) no perfil inflamat&#243;rio do paciente e no risco de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica perioperat&#243;ria. Observamos que 58% dos pacientes que utilizavam estatinas mostraram n&#237;veis elevados de PCRas, em compara&#231;&#227;o a 88% no grupo controle. Esse estudo demonstrou tamb&#233;m que o tratamento com a estatina reduz o dano mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s a cirurgia coron&#225;ria e pode melhorar os resultados tanto em curto quanto em longo prazo<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; necess&#225;rio observar que os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no presente estudo estavam clinicamente est&#225;veis, j&#225; que os pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas (SCA) recentes, ICC descompensada ou recente, CEA recente ou infec&#231;&#227;o ativa em qualquer lugar do corpo foram exclu&#237;dos. A import&#226;ncia dos n&#237;veis elevados de PCRas como um marcador de um maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es, aqui representada pelas infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias, &#233;, portanto, ressaltada.</p>
    <p>Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo consistiu no fato de as secre&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias n&#227;o serem analisadas por cultura quantitativa, o que pode superestimar a incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias. No entanto, pelo menos duas metan&#225;lises mostraram que esse aspecto permanece controverso<sup>29,30</sup>. Ademais, mesmo que tenham sido observadas principalmente as infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias, as infec&#231;&#245;es em geral tamb&#233;m foram positivamente associadas aos n&#237;veis de PCRas, sugerindo uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre esse marcador e as complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o presente estudo mostrou que os n&#237;veis alterados de PCRas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (<underline>&gt;</underline> 3 mg/l) representam um preditor independente de infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio recente de CRM eletiva.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Vera Lucia Portal </p>
        <p> Rua Luciana de Abreu 471, sala 603 - Moinhos de Vento </p>
        <p> 90570-080 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="veraportal@cardiol.br">veraportal@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="verap.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">verap.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="vera.portal@hotmail.com">vera.portal@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 26/01/11; revisado recebido em 27/01/11; aceito em 26/04/11.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Woods A, Brull    DJ, Humphries SE, Montgomery HE. Genetics of inflammation and risk of coronary    artery disease: the central role of interleukin-6. Eur Heart J. 2000;21(19):1574-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Genetics of inflammation and risk of coronary artery disease: the central role of interleukin-6</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1574</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Woods</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brull</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Humphries</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montgomery</surname>
              <given-names>HE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Lloyd-Jones    D, Adams R, Carnethon M, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Flegal K, et al. Heart disease    and stroke statistics2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association    Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119(3):480-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Heart disease and stroke statistics-2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>480</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lloyd-Jones</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carnethon</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Simone</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferguson</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flegal</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Departamento de informa&#231;&#227;o e inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (DATASUS). Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre mortalidade e informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas. 2009 [Acesso em 2009 maio 20]. Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi">http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi</ext-link></mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre mortalidade e informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Best PJ, Gersh    BJ. Cell adhesion molecules and inflammation in acute coronary syndromes: markers    and emerging risk factors. Eur Heart J. 2001;22(14):1155-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cell adhesion molecules and inflammation in acute coronary syndromes: markers and emerging risk factors</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1155</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Best</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gersh</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Ridker PM, Cushman    M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk    of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(14):973-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>973</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <volume>336</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ridker</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cushman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stampfer</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tracy</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hennekens</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Koenig W, Sund    M, Frohlich M, Fischer HG, Lowel H, Doring A, et al. C-Reactive protein, a sensitive    marker of inflammation, predicts future risk of coronary heart disease in initially    healthy middle-aged men: results from the MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants    in Cardiovascular Disease) Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984 to 1992. Circulation.    1999;99(2):237-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>C-Reactive protein, a sensitive marker of inflammation, predicts future risk of coronary heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged men: results from the MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984 to 1992</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>237</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koenig</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sund</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frohlich</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fischer</surname>
              <given-names>HG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lowel</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doring</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Ridker PM, Cook    N. Clinical usefulness of very high and very low levels of C-reactive protein    across the full range of Framingham Risk Scores. Circulation. 2004;109(16):1955-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical usefulness of very high and very low levels of C-reactive protein across the full range of Framingham Risk Scores</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1955</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ridker</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cook</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Walter DH, Fichtlscherer    S, Sellwig M, Auch-Schwelk W, Schachinger V, Zeiher AM. Preprocedural C-reactive    protein levels and cardiovascular events after coronary stent implantation.    J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37(3):839-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Preprocedural C-reactive protein levels and cardiovascular events after coronary stent implantation</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>839</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Walter</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fichtlscherer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sellwig</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Auch-Schwelk</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schachinger</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zeiher</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Walter DH, Fichtlscherer    S, Britten MB, Rosin P, Auch-Schwelk W, Schachinger V, et al. Statin therapy,    inflammation and recurrent coronary events in patients following coronary stent    implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(7):2006-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Statin therapy, inflammation and recurrent coronary events in patients following coronary stent implantation</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2006</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Walter</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fichtlscherer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Britten</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosin</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Auch-Schwelk</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schachinger</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Dibra A, Mehilli    J, Braun S, Hadamitzky M, Baum H, Dirschinger J, et al. Association between    C-reactive protein levels and subsequent cardiac events among patients with    stable angina treated with coronary artery stenting. Am J Med. 2003;114(9):715-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Association between C-reactive protein levels and subsequent cardiac events among patients with stable angina treated with coronary artery stenting</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>715</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dibra</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehilli</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braun</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hadamitzky</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baum</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dirschinger</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Bickel C, Rupprecht    HJ, Blankenberg S, Espiniola-Klein C, Schlitt A, Rippin G, et al. Relation of    markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor,    and leukocyte count) and statin therapy to long-term mortality in patients with    angiographically proven coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89(8):901-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Relation of markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and leukocyte count) and statin therapy to long-term mortality in patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>901</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bickel</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rupprecht</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blankenberg</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Espiniola-Klein</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schlitt</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rippin</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Zebrack JS,    Anderson JL, Maycock CA, Horne BD, Bair TL, Muhlestein JB. Usefulness of high-sensitivity    C-reactive protein in predicting long-term risk of death or acute myocardial    infarction in patients with unstable or stable angina pectoris or acute myocardial    infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89(2):145-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Usefulness of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in predicting long-term risk of death or acute myocardial infarction in patients with unstable or stable angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>145</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zebrack</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maycock</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Horne</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bair</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muhlestein</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Biancari F,    Lahtinen J, Lepojarvi S, Rainio P, Salmela E, Pokela R, et al. Preoperative    C-reactive protein and outcome after coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac    Surg. 2003;76(6):2007-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Preoperative C-reactive protein and outcome after coronary artery bypass surgery</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2007</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Biancari</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lahtinen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lepojarvi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rainio</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salmela</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pokela</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Boeken U, Feindt    P, Zimmermann N, Kalweit G, Petzold T, Gams E. Increased preoperative C-reactive    protein (CRP)-values without signs of an infection and complicated course after    cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)-operations. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1998;13(5):541-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Increased preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP)-values without signs of an infection and complicated course after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)-operations</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>541</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Boeken</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feindt</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmermann</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalweit</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petzold</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gams</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Milazzo D,    Biasucci LM, Luciani N, Martinelli L, Canosa C, Schiavello R, et al. Elevated    levels of C-reactive protein before coronary artery bypass grafting predict    recurrence of ischemic events. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84(4):459-61, A9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Elevated levels of C-reactive protein before coronary artery bypass grafting predict recurrence of ischemic events</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>459</fpage>
          <lpage>61, A9</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Milazzo</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biasucci</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luciani</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinelli</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Canosa</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schiavello</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Palmerini T,    Marzocchi A, Marrozzini C, Reggiani LB, Savini C, Marinelli G, et al. Preoperative    C-reactive protein levels predict 9-month mortality after coronary artery bypass    grafting surgery for the treatment of left main coronary artery stenosis. Eur    J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;31(4):685-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Preoperative C-reactive protein levels predict 9-month mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery for the treatment of left main coronary artery stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>685</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Palmerini</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marzocchi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marrozzini</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reggiani</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Savini</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marinelli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Gaudino M,    Nasso G, Andreotti F, Minniti G, Iacoviello L, Donati M, et al. Preoperative    C-reactive protein level and outcome following coronary surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac    Surg. 2002;22(4):521-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Preoperative C-reactive protein level and outcome following coronary surgery</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>521</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gaudino</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nasso</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andreotti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minniti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iacoviello</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donati</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Shroyer AL,    Coombs LP, Peterson ED, Eiken MC, DeLong ER, Chen A, et al. The Society of Thoracic    Surgeons: 30-day operative mortality and morbidity risk models. Ann Thorac Surg.    2003;75(6):1856-64; discussion 64-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Society of Thoracic Surgeons: 30-day operative mortality and morbidity risk models</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1856</fpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shroyer</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coombs</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peterson</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eiken</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeLong</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Ortiz LD, Schaan    CW, Leguisamo CP, Tremarin K, Mattos WL, Kallil RA, et al. Incid&#234;ncia    de complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o    mioc&#225;rdica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(4):441-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>441</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ortiz</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaan</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leguisamo</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tremarin</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mattos</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kallil</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Cappabianca    G, Paparella D, Visicchio G, Capone G, Lionetti G, Numis F, et al. Preoperative    C-reactive protein predicts mid-term outcome after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac    Surg. 2006;82(6):2170-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Preoperative C-reactive protein predicts mid-term outcome after cardiac surgery</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2170</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cappabianca</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paparella</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Visicchio</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capone</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lionetti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Numis</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Ross R. Atherosclerosisan    inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(2):115-26.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>115</fpage>
          <lpage>26</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>340</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ross</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Kangasniemi    OP, Biancari F, Luukkonen J, Vuorisalo S, Satta J, Pokela R, et al. Preoperative    C-reactive protein is predictive of long-term outcome after coronary artery    bypass surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006;29(6):983-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Preoperative C-reactive protein is predictive of long-term outcome after coronary artery bypass surgery</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>983</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kangasniemi</surname>
              <given-names>OP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biancari</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luukkonen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vuorisalo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Satta</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pokela</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Meduri GU,    Kanangat S, Stefan J, Tolley E, Schaberg D. Cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha    enhance in vitro growth of bacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160(3):961-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha enhance in vitro growth of bacteria</article-title>
          <source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>961</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>160</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Meduri</surname>
              <given-names>GU</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kanangat</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stefan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tolley</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaberg</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Meduri GU.    Clinical review: a paradigm shift: the bidirectional effect of inflammation    on bacterial growth: clinical implications for patients with acute respiratory    distress syndrome. Crit Care. 2002;6(1):24-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical review: a paradigm shift: the bidirectional effect of inflammation on bacterial growth: clinical implications for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>24</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Meduri</surname>
              <given-names>GU</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Szmitko PE,    Wang CH, Weisel RD, de Almeida JR, Anderson TJ, Verma S. New markers of inflammation    and endothelial cell activation: Part I. Circulation. 2003;108(16):1917-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>New markers of inflammation and endothelial cell activation: Part I</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1917</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Szmitko</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weisel</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verma</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Clark LL, Ikonomidis    JS, Crawford FA Jr, Crumbley A 3<sup>rd</sup>, Kratz JM, Stroud MR, et al. Preoperative    statin treatment is associated with reduced postoperative mortality and morbidity    in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: an 8-year retrospective cohort study.    J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;131(3):679-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Preoperative statin treatment is associated with reduced postoperative mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: an 8-year retrospective cohort study</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>679</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Clark</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ikonomidis</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>FA Jr</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crumbley</surname>
              <given-names>A 3rd</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kratz</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stroud</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Vaduganathan    M, Stone NJ, Lee R, McGee EC Jr, Malaisrie SC, Silverberg RA, et al. Perioperative    statin therapy reduces mortality in normolipidemic patients undergoing cardiac    surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010; 140(5):1018-27.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Perioperative statin therapy reduces mortality in normolipidemic patients undergoing cardiac surgery</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1018</fpage>
          <lpage>27</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>140</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vaduganathan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stone</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McGee</surname>
              <given-names>EC Jr</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malaisrie</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silverberg</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Mannacio VA,    Iorio D, DeAmicis V, Di Lello F, Musumeci F. Effect of rosuvastatin pretreatment    on myocardial damage after coronary surgery: a randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc    Surg. 2010;136(6):1541-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of rosuvastatin pretreatment on myocardial damage after coronary surgery: a randomized trial</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1541</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>136</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mannacio</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iorio</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeAmicis</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Lello</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Musumeci</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Berton DC,    Kalil AC, Cavalcanti M, Teixeira PJ. Quantitative versus qualitative cultures    of respiratory secretions for clinical outcomes in patients with ventilator-associated    pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD006482.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Quantitative versus qualitative cultures of respiratory secretions for clinical outcomes in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia</article-title>
          <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berton</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalil</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teixeira</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Michaud S,    Suzuki S, Harbarth S. Effect of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic    tests for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(10):1320-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests for ventilator-associated pneumonia</article-title>
          <source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1320</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>166</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Michaud</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suzuki</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harbarth</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Preoperative C-reactive protein predicts respiratory infection after coronary artery bypass graft surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Increased levels of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in the preoperative evaluation for coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) have been associated to poor outcomes in the postoperative period. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of high levels of hsCRP with short-term outcomes after cardiac surgery. METHODS: Prospective cohort with 331 patients who underwent CABG surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) at our Institution. Patients were assigned to two groups according to hsCRP levels, measured before surgery: normal (N group) with &lt;3 mg/l hsCRP; and increased (A group) with &gt;3 mg/l hsCRP. This cutoff of 3 mg/l had a sensitivity and specificity of 60% for predicting respiratory infection, with a power of 90%. The patients were followed-up during the in-hospital period. RESULTS: The mean age was 60 years, and 71.6% of the patients were male. HsCRP was increased (group A) in 144 patients (43.5%). In-hospital mortality was 4.8% and the most frequent complications in both groups were: overall infections (18%), respiratory infections (16%), atrial fibrillation (15%) and acute myocardial infarction (7.6%). The incidence of postoperative overall infections was 14.4% in the N group and 23.6% in the A group (P=0.046). Respiratory infections were also more frequent in the A group (21.5% vs. 11.8%; p = 0.024). Multivariate analyses showed that hsCRP level represented an independent predictor of postoperative respiratory infection (OR=2.08, 95% IC = 1.14-3.79). CONCLUSION: High preoperative hsCRP level is an independent predictor of respiratory infections in the mid-term postoperative period of elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Respiratory infection</kwd>
        <kwd>C-reactive protein</kwd>
        <kwd>inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery bypass graft</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Preoperative C-reactive protein predicts respiratory infection after coronary artery bypass graft surgery</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Agda Mezzomo; Odemir L. Bodin Jr.; Vera Lucia</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Increased levels of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in the preoperative evaluation for coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) have been associated to poor outcomes in the postoperative period.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the association of high levels of hsCRP with short-term outcomes after cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Prospective cohort with 331 patients who underwent CABG surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) at our Institution. Patients were assigned to two groups according to hsCRP levels, measured before surgery: normal (N group) with &lt; 3 mg/l hsCRP; and increased (A group) with <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 mg/l hsCRP. This cutoff of 3 mg/l had a sensitivity and specificity of 60% for predicting respiratory infection, with a power of 90%. The patients were followed-up during the in-hospital period.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mean age was 60 years, and 71.6% of the patients were male. HsCRP was increased (group A) in 144 patients (43.5%). In-hospital mortality was 4.8% and the most frequent complications in both groups were: overall infections (18%), respiratory infections (16%), atrial fibrillation (15%) and acute myocardial infarction (7.6%). The incidence of postoperative overall infections was 14.4% in the N group and 23.6% in the A group (P=0.046). Respiratory infections were also more frequent in the A group (21.5% vs. 11.8%; p = 0.024). Multivariate analyses showed that hsCRP level represented an independent predictor of postoperative respiratory infection (OR=2.08, 95% IC = 1.14-3.79).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> High preoperative hsCRP level is an independent predictor of respiratory infections in the mid-term postoperative period of elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Respiratory infection, c-reactive protein, inflammation, coronary artery bypass graft</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most frequent cause of death and hospitalization in the Western world<sup>1</sup>. Cardiovascular diseases were responsible for 34.2% of deaths in the United States compared to 2006<sup>2</sup>, which is similar to what was described in Brazil<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Inflammatory processes have been shown to play a role in all aspects of acute coronary syndrome, from the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis to plaque rupture and death of myocardial cells. In each of these stages, infiltration of the cardiovascular tissue with inflammatory cells, controlled by cytokines and adhesion molecules, is evident. Furthermore, soluble markers of inflammation are present in different stages of CAD, and can be used to predict subsequent cardiovascular events<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several inflammatory markers are associated with heart disease. Among them, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) seems to be most significantly associated with cardiovascular events. In healthy individuals, hsCRP is recognized as a predictor of mortality and first-ever myocardial infarction<sup>5-7</sup>. Elevation of this marker is also associated with a worse prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI)<sup>8-10</sup> or undergoing angioplasty<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some studies have shown that increased preoperative levels of hsCRP are associated with adverse events after coronary artery bypass graft surgery<sup>13-16</sup>, whereas others do not find such association<sup>17</sup>. The main complications in the early postoperative period which are directly associated with increased preoperative levels of hsCRP are not clearly known.</p>
      <p>The main objective of this study was to investigate the association of high hsCRP levels in the preoperative period with complications in the early postoperative period of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, identifying complications associated with increased hsCRP levels.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample comprised patients of both genders, aged between 20 and 80, undergoing elective CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass at the Institute of Cardiology of RGS, with hsCRP levels measured preoperatively. Exclusion criteria included indication for emergency surgery, unstable angina and recent AMI (less than three months), creatinine higher than 2.0 mg/dl, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (predicted FEV1 - forced expiratory volume - &lt;40%), presence of active infection, current use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or corticosteroids, class IV congestive heart failure (CHF) or EF &lt; 30%, malignancy or immunosuppressive diseases, recent cerebroencephalic accident (CEA) (less than 1 year), collagen diseases and coagulation disorders.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Initially, patients were evaluated in the preoperative period, where they were presented with the research protocol and signed the Informed Consent (register number 3809/06). The research protocol included, among other variables, the clinical characteristics of patients, the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, medical history and medications used. The study data were recorded, and the protocol was previously approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institution.</p>
      <p>A complete physical examination was subsequently performed, and blood samples were collected for laboratory tests (fasting glucose, blood count, platelets, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), anti-HIV (anti-human immunodeficiency virus), urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, blood gas analysis and qualitative urine test). The levels of hsCRP were determined in the same blood sample by nephelometry (Dade Behring nephelometry), and the time between blood collection and surgery did not exceed three days. Patients were followed during hospitalization, at the intraoperative, immediate postoperative (until 48 h) and early postoperative (48 hours until discharge) periods, to record any complications arising from surgery.</p>
      <p>The clinical outcomes analyzed were death, myocardial infarction during and after surgery (diagnosis confirmed by two of the following events: presence of new Q wave in two or more leads of the electrocardiogram; increase of creatine phosphokinase (CK), or of the isoenzyme CK-MB four times above the normal limit; or new segmental cardiomyopathy with akinesia shown by echocardiography); infections in general (endocarditis, urinary infection, surgical wound and mediastinitis); respiratory infection (presence of productive cough and nasal purulent discharge, chest radiation with or without consolidation, and leukocyte counts higher than 10,000/&#181;l); CEA (diagnosed by clinical examination with partial or total paralysis, or sensory depression, and computed tomography with ischemic areas); CHF (cardiac heart failure defined as pulmonary congestion and/or low cardiac output); need for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); reoperation; conduction disorder requiring temporary pacemaker; increased bleeding (thoracic drains with blood volumes exceeding 10 ml/kg/h in one hour, 5 ml/kg/h over three consecutive hours or 100 ml/h during four hours); pericarditis (diagnosed by electrocardiogram with ST segment elevation in most leads; pericardial friction rub on cardiac auscultation and/or chest pain); atrial flutter or fibrillation (diagnosed by electrocardiogram).</p>
      <p>The group of patients was assigned to two groups according to the level of hsCRP: Group A, with increased hsCRP (<underline>&gt;</underline>3 mg/l), included 144 patients; and Group N, with normal hsCRP (&lt;3 mg/l), was composed of the other 187 patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample size was determined using data on the incidence of complications after CABG, which ranges from 2 to 15% depending on the type of complication. Assuming an incidence greater than 5% for the most frequent complications, a power of 80% and p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05, the sample size was estimated in 302 patients.</p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 17.0. Numerical variables were presented as means and standard deviation, and categorical variables were described as percentages. The Chi-square test was used for categorical variables and the Student's t test for numerical variables.</p>
      <p>ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons between more than two groups (clinical syndromes). P<underline>&lt;</underline>0.05 was considered statistically significant. Associations between increased hsCRP levels and postoperative complications were researched only for those with incidence higher than 4.8%. This cutoff point was defined by analyzing the 4.8% mortality rate observed in our study. We also observed that lower rate outcomes are not statistically significant to be compared to other variables.</p>
      <p>Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess independent predictors of postoperative events. Only characteristics with a p value&lt;0.20 in univariate analysis had, or that could increase the risk of respiratory infection (a complication that was associated with CRP in the previous analysis), were submitted to multivariate analysis. The model was used for the following variables: old age, smoking, diabetes mellitus (DM), COPD, obesity, hsCRP and duration of mechanical ventilation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 331 patients undergoing elective CABG with CPB were evaluated. The average age of patients was 60.92 years, 71.6% of them were male and 93.7% were white. The most prevalent risk factor for ischemic heart disease was hypertension (91.8%), followed by dyslipidemia (68%) and positive family history for ischemic heart disease (61.9%). Among the 331 patients, 144 (43.5%) had increased preoperative hsCRP levels (<underline>&gt;</underline> 3 mg/l).</p>
      <p>The analysis of the characteristics presented by the patients during the preoperative period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aopo9411t01-body2">Table 1</xref>) showed that white patients had hsCRP levels lower than those of non-white patients (88.2% versus 97%, p = 0.001). Obesity was associated with higher hsCRP (19.4% versus 10.3%, p = 0.028). Among patients using statins during the preoperative period, 73.3% had normal hsCRP versus 59.7% with increased hsCRP levels (p = 0.013).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aopo9411t01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0365-00092-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 16 deaths (4.8%) were recorded during hospitalization for myocardial revascularization, considering the transoperative and postoperative periods. As presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>, complications of higher incidence included respiratory infection (53 cases, 16.0%), atrial fibrillation (51 cases, 15.4%), pericarditis (30 cases, 9.1%) and AMI (26 cases, 7.9%). Infections, particularly of the respiratory tract (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>), were significantly more frequent in Group A patients than in the normal hsCRP group (23.6% versus 14.4%, p = 0.046 and 21.5% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.024, respectively) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). The association with other variables was not analyzed, due to their low incidence.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0365-00092-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0365-00092-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0365-00092-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The multivariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref>) was adjusted for hsCRP level, smoking, age, DM, obesity, COPD and prolonged postoperative mechanical ventilation (&gt;24 h). Advanced age (&gt;75 years) was an independent risk factor for respiratory infection (OR = 10.43, 95% CI = 3.88 - 28.05). As expected, the same was observed for prolonged mechanical ventilation (&gt;24 h) (OR = 4.84, 95% CI = 2.17 - 10.78). The risk for respiratory infection in the postoperative period was higher for patients with preoperative CRP levels <underline>&gt;</underline>3 mg/l than for individuals with hsCRP levels &lt;3 mg/l (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.0 - 3.49).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-05-0365-00092-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>When hsCRP levels were analyzed as a continuous variable, the cutoff of 3 mg/l had a sensitivity and specificity of 60% in predicting respiratory infection, with a power of 90%. With a cutoff of 5 mg/l, the sensitivity dropped to 20% and the specificity increased to 80%. Based on these results, we defined the cutoff hsCRP as 3 mg/l, which is similar as in many other studies.</p>
      <p>Among the 223 (61.4%) patients who used statins in the preoperative period, hsCRP levels were more frequently lower than 3 mg/l (73.3 vs. 59.7%, p = 0.013). In the multivariate analysis, no association or protective effect was found when major complications (respiratory infection and atrial fibrillation) were considered.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study examined the association of abnormal preoperative hsCRP values (<underline>&gt;</underline>3 mg/l) with complications in the early postoperative period in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Patients with hsCRP levels above this cutoff point had a higher rate of general infections but a smaller rate of respiratory infection. These results show that hsCRP levels higher than 3 mg/l represented an independent predictor for infections, especially of the respiratory tract, in association with old age and prolonged mechanical ventilation (&gt;24 h). No associations with cardiovascular events, atrial arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation) or death were observed during in this study.</p>
      <p>The incidence of respiratory infection in our study was 16%. Respiratory infections have a frequency ranging from 2 to 22% in patients undergoing surgery, with onset on the fourth postoperative day, on average<sup>18</sup>. Ortiz et al<sup>19</sup>, in our hospital, found a 9.9% incidence of pneumonia in the post-operative period of CABG.</p>
      <p>Risk factors, including advanced age, prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) (&gt;24h), prolonged use of nasogastric tube, preoperative use of H2 receptor blocker or broad-spectrum antibiotics, and transfusion of four units or more of blood concentrate, were evaluated in this study to correct for possible confounding biases. Only one of these factors, prolonged MV (31 cases, 9.36% of the sample), showed higher incidence, representing an independent risk factor for respiratory infection. In the multivariate analysis, however, the hsCRP level remained a risk factor even when adjusted for prolonged VM, although with reduced strength.</p>
      <p>Cappabianca et al<sup>20</sup> have investigated an association between increased hsCRP levels (=5 mg/l) and short-term post-CABG complications. A group of 597 patients, presenting either a high (hsCRP <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 mg/l) or low (hsCRP &lt; 5 mg/l) inflammatory status, was analyzed for infections. Patients in the first group had a higher rate of infections in general and surgical wound, showing that hsCRP levels represent an independent marker. At a mean follow-up of 1.5 years, patients with increased hsCRP levels had also a higher mortality rate. This study showed similar results for early postoperative complications, except for the site of infection<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Inflammation has been widely assessed in the CAD, from the formation of atherosclerotic plaque to its rupture in acute myocardial infarction<sup>21</sup>. The relationship of increased hsCRP with cardiovascular events in healthy individuals is well established<sup>5,6</sup>, and other studies are now investigating the association between increased preoperative hsCRP levels and events in the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass grafting. In a study of 113 patients undergoing CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass, Gaudino et al<sup>17</sup> observed that patients with preoperative hsCRP <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 mg/l had a peak increase of hsCRP on the second day after surgery. However, no association was found between short-term clinical events and inflammatory status<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Most studies have focused on evaluating the preoperative inflammatory status as a predictor of events in the postoperative period. In a study with 764 patients undergoing CABG, Biancari et al<sup>13</sup> showed that a value of hsCRP 10 mg/l or more was an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality, mainly due to cardiac complications. This study poses the question about whether hsCRP is only a marker of severity or may represent a potential target to optimize the preoperative conditions of patients<sup>13</sup>. Another study by the group of Biancari, with 843 patients, evaluated the association of hsCRP levels with long-term post-CABG outcomes. No association was found between increased hsCRP with events in the early postoperative period. A follow-up of 12 years showed a decreased survival rate in these patients<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Those studies did not identify specific complications related to increased preoperative hsCRP levels, whereas in this study, the results showed an association with infections, especially of the respiratory tract. One possible explanation for the high rates of infectious complications in patients with an altered inflammatory status during the preoperative period relates to enhanced bacterial growth in the presence of high levels of inflammatory mediators<sup>23,24</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although long-term evaluation of patients was not considered in this study, it is well known that the risk of mortality and readmission to hospital for cardiovascular causes is directly related to high preoperative levels of hsCRP. In a three-year follow-up (mean time 1.5 years) of cardiac patients, Cappabianca et al<sup>20</sup> found that hsCRP is an independent risk factor for mortality and hospitalization for cardiac complications.</p>
      <p>High-sensitive CRP levels, initially considered only as a biological marker, is currently recognized as a mediator of atherosclerosis and a predictor of inflammatory status<sup>25</sup>. Considering this possibility, a major retrospective study has shown that preoperative therapy with statin is associated with a reduction of morbidity and mortality following a CABG procedure<sup>26</sup>. This study showed that statin use was significantly associated with hsCRP levels &lt;3 mg/l, but not with reduction of cardiovascular events in the postoperative stage. A recent study by Vaduganathan et al<sup>27</sup> with 3056 patients observed that statin therapy in the perioperative period was associated with reduced mid-term mortality for patients undergoing cardiac surgery irrespective of their baseline lipid status (HR 0.34; P 0.004)<sup>27</sup>. Another random test evaluated the effect of statin (rosuvastatin) on the patient's inflammatory profile and on the risk of perioperatory myocardial injury. We observed that 58% of the patients using statin showed increased CRP levels, against 88% in the controlled group. These study also demonstrated that pretreatment with statin reduces myocardial damage after coronary surgery and could improve both short- and long-term results<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is important to observe that patients included in this study were clinically stable, since patients with recent acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and/or decompensate CHF and/or recent CEA and/or active infection anywhere in the body were excluded. The importance of increased hsCRP levels as a marker of higher risk for complications, represented here by respiratory infections, is therefore stressed.</p>
      <p>One of the limitations of this study was that respiratory secretions were not analyzed by quantitative culture, which may overestimate the incidence of respiratory infections. However, at least two meta-analysis studies have shown that this diagnostic aspect remains controversial<sup>29,30</sup>. Moreover, even though infections were mainly observed, general infection was also positively associated with increased hsCRP levels, suggesting a significant relationship between this marker and infectious complications.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, this study showed that altered preoperative hsCRP levels (<underline>&gt;</underline>3 mg/l) represent an independent predictor of respiratory infection in the early postoperative period of elective CABG.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
