<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8PbdSQmGZB78g9NgJQ6BbYK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001300010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700410</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000107</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Gen&#243;tipos de haptoglobina e hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria em pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wobeto</surname>
            <given-names>V&#226;nia Pereira Albuquerque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinho</surname>
            <given-names>Paula da Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Roberto M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zaccariotto</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zonati</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Patologia Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>338</fpage>
      <lpage>345</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Tem sido sugerido que o polimorfismo da haptoglobina pode influenciar na patog&#234;nese das complica&#231;&#245;es microvasculares e macrovasculares em pacientes diab&#233;ticos. OBJETIVO: O objetivo principal deste estudo transversal foi de realizar uma investiga&#231;&#227;o da exist&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre os gen&#243;tipos de haptoglobina e a preval&#234;ncia de eventos isqu&#234;micos cardiovasculares (angina est&#225;vel, angina inst&#225;vel e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio), hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria, obesidade e dislipidemia em 120 pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2, seguidos no Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Unicamp, em Campinas, Estado de S&#227;o Paulo. M&#201;TODOS: A genotipagem da haptoglobina foi realizada por rea&#231;&#245;es em cadeia da polimerase alelo-espec&#237;ficas. As frequ&#234;ncias dos gen&#243;tipos de haptoglobina foram comparadas com a presen&#231;a/aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria, obesidade e dislipidemia; medi&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica; glicemia, colesterol (total, lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade - HDL e lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade - LDL) e triglicer&#237;deos; assim como n&#237;veis de creatinina s&#233;rica. RESULTADOS: Embora nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o gen&#243;tipo de haptoglobina e a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a cardiovascular tenha sido identificada, encontramos um excesso significativo de pacientes com o gen&#243;tipo Hp2-1 entre as pessoas com hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria, que tamb&#233;m apresentavam uma maior press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e n&#237;veis de colesterol total e LDL. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nossos resultados sugerem que os pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2 com o gen&#243;tipo Hp2-1 podem apresentar uma maior chance de desenvolver hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria. Estudos adicionais em popula&#231;&#245;es diab&#233;ticas s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar esses achados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Haptoglobinas</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>diabete melito tipo 2</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Gen&#243;tipos de haptoglobina e hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria em pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>V&#226;nia Pereira Albuquerque Wobeto<sup>I</sup>; Paula da Cunha Pinho<sup>I,II</sup>; Jos&#233; Roberto M. Souza<sup>II</sup>; T&#226;nia Regina Zaccariotto<sup>I</sup>; Maria de F&#225;tima Zonati<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Unicamp - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Departamento de Patologia Cl&#237;nica , Campinas, SP, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Unicamp - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Departamento de Medicina Interna (Disciplina de Cardiologia Cl&#237;nica), Campinas, SP, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Tem sido sugerido que o polimorfismo da haptoglobina pode influenciar na patog&#234;nese das complica&#231;&#245;es microvasculares e macrovasculares em pacientes diab&#233;ticos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O objetivo principal deste estudo transversal foi de realizar uma investiga&#231;&#227;o da exist&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre os gen&#243;tipos de haptoglobina e a preval&#234;ncia de eventos isqu&#234;micos cardiovasculares (angina est&#225;vel, angina inst&#225;vel e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio), hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria, obesidade e dislipidemia em 120 pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2, seguidos no Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Unicamp, em Campinas, Estado de S&#227;o Paulo. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> A genotipagem da haptoglobina foi realizada por rea&#231;&#245;es em cadeia da polimerase alelo-espec&#237;ficas. As frequ&#234;ncias dos gen&#243;tipos de haptoglobina foram comparadas com a presen&#231;a/aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria, obesidade e dislipidemia; medi&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica; glicemia, colesterol (total, lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade - HDL e lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade - LDL) e triglicer&#237;deos; assim como n&#237;veis de creatinina s&#233;rica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Embora nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o gen&#243;tipo de haptoglobina e a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a cardiovascular tenha sido identificada, encontramos um excesso significativo de pacientes com o gen&#243;tipo Hp2-1 entre as pessoas com hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria, que tamb&#233;m apresentavam uma maior press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e n&#237;veis de colesterol total e LDL. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Nossos resultados sugerem que os pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2 com o gen&#243;tipo Hp2-1 podem apresentar uma maior chance de desenvolver hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria. Estudos adicionais em popula&#231;&#245;es diab&#233;ticas s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar esses achados. print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Haptoglobinas, hipertens&#227;o, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, obesidade, dislipidemias, diabete melito tipo 2</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O Diabete Melito tipo 2 (DM2) &#233; um dist&#250;rbio metab&#243;lico causado pela resist&#234;ncia a insulina e disfun&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas beta. &#201; associado com um alto risco de desenvolvimento de Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares (DCV)<sup>1,2</sup>. O ambiente diab&#233;tico resultante da hiperglicemia cr&#244;nica pode gerar produtos de glicolisa&#231;&#227;o avan&#231;ada e aumentar o estresse oxidativo, contribuindo diretamente para a progress&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es diab&#233;ticas e DVC<sup>3</sup>. Al&#233;m do mais, as lipoprote&#237;nas s&#227;o modificadas oxidativamente em lipoprote&#237;nas oxidadas de baixa densidade, estimulando a produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias respons&#225;veis por algumas das altera&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas implicadas no in&#237;cio e desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a coronariana, o que &#233; causado principalmente pela aterosclerose<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos de DCV e outros fatores recentemente descobertos, tais como a inflama&#231;&#227;o e o estresse oxidativo associados ao estado diab&#233;tico, no entanto, n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes para explicar a ocorr&#234;ncia dessas complica&#231;&#245;es, sugerindo que fatores de suscetibilidade gen&#233;tica influenciando tanto a homeostase da glicose quanto o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose podem estar envolvidos<sup>6-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>A Haptoglobina (Hp) &#233; uma glicoprote&#237;na com propriedades antioxidantes e imunomodulat&#243;rias. Em seres humanos, o <italic>locus</italic> Hp localiza-se no bra&#231;o longo do cromossomo 16 (16q22) e &#233; polim&#243;rfico, com dois alelos principais (HP1 e HP2), resultando em tr&#234;s gen&#243;tipos/fen&#243;tipos distintos (Hp1-1, Hp2-1 e Hp2-2)<sup>9,10</sup>. As diferentes prote&#237;nas Hp possuem propriedades bioqu&#237;micas e biof&#237;sicas distintas, e esse polimorfismo tem sido associado &#224; suscetibilidade e ao desfecho de diversas doen&#231;as humanas<sup>11-13</sup>. A fun&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica mais firmemente estabelecida da Hp &#233; a forte liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; hemoglobina livre (Hb)<sup>10,14</sup>. A depura&#231;&#227;o do complexo Hp-Hb pode ser mediada pelo receptor scavenger CD 163 presente em mon&#243;citos e macr&#243;fagos. No entanto, algumas altera&#231;&#245;es no padr&#227;o de glicosila&#231;&#227;o da Hb que ocorrem em pacientes diab&#233;ticos podem interferir na liga&#231;&#227;o do complexo de macr&#243;fagos<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Tem sido sugerido que pacientes diab&#233;ticos portadores do gen&#243;tipo Hp2-2 possuem um maior risco de desenvolver DCV<sup>16-20</sup>. No entanto, isso n&#227;o parece ser uma observa&#231;&#227;o consensual, parecendo depender da popula&#231;&#227;o e de aspectos analisados. At&#233; onde sabemos, existem poucos estudos investigando a influ&#234;ncia do polimorfismo da Hp na ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos isqu&#234;micos cardiovasculares, Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS), Hipertens&#227;o Refrat&#225;ria (HR), obesidade e dislipidemia, e nenhum desses eventos inclui pacientes brasileiros com DM. Esse foi, portanto, o objetivo principal deste estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Depois de obtermos a aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Local, foram coletadas amostras de sangue perif&#233;rico de 120 pacientes com DM2 com pelo menos 10 anos de doen&#231;a seguidos na Se&#231;&#227;o de Endocrinologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Unicamp, em Campinas, que j&#225; haviam sido investigados em outro estudo<sup>21</sup>, no Estado de S&#227;o Paulo. Todos os pacientes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Pacientes gr&#225;vidas e pacientes com 76 anos de idade ou mais foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. O estudo constituiu-se em um corte transversal e foi concebido para investigar uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tipo de Hp e a preval&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas, como angina est&#225;vel, angina inst&#225;vel e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e/ou com eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica. O risco cardiovascular foi avaliado no grupo geral, apenas. A presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi relacionada a sintomas sugestivos, incluindo claudica&#231;&#227;o aos esfor&#231;os, altera&#231;&#245;es do eletrocardiograma (ECG), testes indutores de isquemia positivos ou estudo angiogr&#225;fico das coron&#225;rias com doen&#231;a obstrutiva. A aus&#234;ncia dos achados e sintomas descritos acima foi considerada uma aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular clinicamente significativa<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>A angina est&#225;vel foi diagnosticada pela presen&#231;a de sintomas card&#237;acos em um padr&#227;o que se manteve constante na apresenta&#231;&#227;o, frequ&#234;ncia, car&#225;ter e dura&#231;&#227;o ao longo do tempo, al&#233;m de doen&#231;a coronariana na angiografia coronariana. A angina inst&#225;vel foi diagnosticada pela presen&#231;a de novos sintomas card&#237;acos e descobertas do eletrocardiograma positivo (ECG), utilizando-se biomarcadores normais ou altera&#231;&#227;o no padr&#227;o dos sintomas e resultados positivos do ECG com biomarcadores normais da doen&#231;a coronariana na angiografia coronariana. O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foi diagnosticado pelo ECG ou biomarcadores diagn&#243;sticos<sup>23</sup>. Os pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2 foram divididos em um grupo de 50 pacientes com DCV (42% de homens; 80% de indiv&#237;duos brancos; com idades de 42 a 75 anos) e outro grupo de 70 pacientes sem DCV (37,14% de homens; 86,6% de brancos; com idade de 48 a 75 anos). Todos os dados foram obtidos a partir dos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica por um m&#233;dico da Se&#231;&#227;o de Cardiologia Cl&#237;nica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Unicamp. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos desses pacientes e as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os medicamentos que estavam tomando encontram-se resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08511tab01m">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop08511tab01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0338-00107-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As frequ&#234;ncias de gen&#243;tipos de Hp foram comparadas com a presen&#231;a/aus&#234;ncia de HAS, HR, obesidade e dislipidemia; medi&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (PAS e PAD); glicemia, colesterol (total, HDL e LDL) e triglicer&#237;deos; al&#233;m da creatinina s&#233;rica. Todo o grupo de pacientes com DM2 tamb&#233;m foi comparado com um grupo de controle de 142 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (36% de homens; 78% de indiv&#237;duos brancos; com idades de 18 a 62 anos) que tinham sido previamente estudados<sup>24</sup>, constitu&#237;do funcion&#225;rios e estudantes da universidade, pertencentes &#224; mesma regi&#227;o geogr&#225;fica dos pacientes, e que aceitaram voluntariamente participar do estudo.</p>
    <p>Nossa defini&#231;&#227;o de diabete melito foi baseada em caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e glicemia em jejum de <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dL em duas diferentes ocasi&#245;es<sup>25</sup>. A hemoglobina glicolisada (HbA1<sub>C</sub>) foi medida utilizando o sistema de cromatografia l&#237;quida de alta performance com a Variante II Bio-Rad (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) (faixa normal de 4,5% - 6,2%). A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foi considerada presente se o PAS era &gt; 130 mm Hg e/ou PAD era &gt; 90 mm Hg, e foram mensuradas durante consulta de Cardiologia do Ambulat&#243;rio do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Unicamp. A Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA) n&#227;o foi realizada. A hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria foi considerada presente em pacientes sendo tratados com tr&#234;s diferentes medicamentos anti-hipertensivos (incluindo, idealmente, um diur&#233;tico), em dosagens eficazes se o PAS &gt; 130 mm Hg e PAD &gt; 80 mmHg<sup>26</sup>. A dislipidemia foi identificada de acordo com as diretrizes do Programa Nacional de Educa&#231;&#227;o sobre o Colesterol (NCEP) III com n&#237;veis de colesterol total <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dL, ou HDL &lt; 40 mg/dL para homens e &lt; 50 mg/dL para mulheres ou triglicer&#237;deos <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dL<sup>27</sup>. Os n&#237;veis de colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos foram medidos por ensaio colorim&#233;trico enzim&#225;tico no sistema modular de Roche-Hitachi (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Alemanha). A obesidade foi definida com um &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) 30 kg/m<sup>2 </sup><sup>28</sup>. A Retinopatia Diab&#233;tica (RD) e a nefropatia diab&#233;tica (ND) foi investigada anteriormente nesses pacientes<sup>21,29</sup>. A creatinina s&#233;rica foi medida pelo m&#233;todo de Jaff&#233; modificado, e os valores de refer&#234;ncia para homens e mulheres foi <underline>&lt;</underline> 1,20 mg/dL e <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,90 mg/dL, respectivamente<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>As amostras de DNA gen&#244;mico foram obtidas a partir de leuc&#243;citos do sangue perif&#233;rico (Kit de Purifica&#231;&#227;o Sangu&#237;nea Gen&#244;mica da GFX, GE Healthcare, Reino Unido) e a genotipagem de Hp foi realizada por rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase alelo-espec&#237;fica, de acordo com Yano e cols.<sup>31</sup>.</p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o Sistema de An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica 8.02 para Windows, do SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, EUA. O teste Qui-quadrado (c<sup>2</sup>) e o teste exato de Fischer foram utilizados para determinar se havia uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Os resultados do equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg tamb&#233;m foram obtidos com o teste &#967;<sup>2</sup>. Os testes de Mann-Whitney e ANOVA foram utilizados para comparar as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada n&#227;o ajustada e a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada ajustada para o sexo e idade foram utilizadas para testar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre HR e alguns fatores de risco potencial. Os valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. O erro alfa de 5%, o erro b de 20% e a pot&#234;ncia de teste igual ou superior a 80% para todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas constitu&#237;ram o corte para o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Conforme pode ser identificado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08511tab01m">tabela 1</xref>, h&#225; uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os pacientes diab&#233;ticos com e sem DCV com rela&#231;&#227;o a idade (a idade m&#233;dia do &#250;ltimo grupo &#233; mais baixa) e h&#225;bito de fumar (uma porcentagem mais elevada no primeiro grupo), assim como a presen&#231;a de HAS, dislipidemia e ND e, como esperado, o uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos e aspirina.</p>
    <p>Uma compara&#231;&#227;o das frequ&#234;ncias dos gen&#243;tipos de Hp nos dois grupos de pacientes e no grupo total de pacientes e o grupo controle &#233; retratada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08511tab02m">tabela 2</xref>. Os dois grupos de pacientes estavam em equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg (p = 0,5962) e uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa n&#227;o p&#244;de ser constatada.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop08511tab02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0338-00107-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Quando, no entanto, comparamos a distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia do gen&#243;tipo de Hp com a presen&#231;a/aus&#234;ncia de HAS, H, obesidade e dislipidemia e PAS, PAD e par&#226;metros laboratoriais, encontramos uma preval&#234;ncia de pacientes com Hp2-1 e HR (p = 0,0104), assim como diferen&#231;as significativas na PAS, PAD e colesterol total e de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) (valores de p de 0,0113, 0,004, 0,0006 e 0,0065, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08511tab03m">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop08511tab03m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0338-00107-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada foi utilizada para testar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a HR e a idade, sexo, grupo &#233;tnico, obesidade, altos n&#237;veis de colesterol total e LDL, triglicer&#237;deos e creatinina. A an&#225;lise mostrou que a preval&#234;ncia de HR em pacientes com DM2 com o gen&#243;tipo Hp2-1 difere daquela em pacientes com DM2 com gen&#243;tipo Hp2-2 (IC de 95%, 1,576 - 11,246; p = 0,0041; RC de 4.210). Essa diferen&#231;a permaneceu estatisticamente significativa na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o <italic>stepwise</italic> m&#250;ltipla log&#237;stica (IC de 95%, 1,542 - 11,021; p = 0,0047; RC de 4,123). Esses dados foram mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0338-00107-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o obstante, em raz&#227;o do tamanho da amostra, nossos dados corroboram a hip&#243;tese de associa&#231;&#227;o entre os gen&#243;tipos Hp e complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares apenas para os pacientes analisados neste estudo, a exist&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre o gen&#243;tipo Hp2-1 e HR pode ser estendida para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral de diab&#233;ticos com DMT2 (pot&#234;ncia de teste superior a 80%).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estado diab&#233;tico contribui para o in&#237;cio e progress&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares, o que permanece uma das principais causas de mortalidade em pacientes diab&#233;ticos<sup>32</sup>. Salles e cols.<sup>33</sup> investigaram as taxas de mortalidade e os preditores de mortalidade em pacientes brasileiros com T2DM e encontraram evid&#234;ncia de que esses pacientes apresentavam uma mortalidade tr&#234;s vezes maior se comparados &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. De acordo com os autores, esse cen&#225;rio &#233; parcialmente explicado pelo aumento da mortalidade cardiovascular. Eles tamb&#233;m demonstraram que algumas vari&#225;veis, tais como a idade avan&#231;ada, doen&#231;a vascular preeexistente, o aumento da protein&#250;ria de 24 horas e o colesterol HDL diminu&#237;do s&#227;o consideradas preditores independentes dessa mortalidade aumentada<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, descobrimos que a presen&#231;a de DCV em pacientes brasileiros com DM2 estava associada com idade avan&#231;ada, tabagismo, HAS, dislipidemia e desenvolvimento da ND. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas para o sexo, dura&#231;&#227;o do diabete, hist&#243;rico familiar de DM2, HR, obesidade ou a presen&#231;a de RD.</p>
    <p>A haptoglobina atua como um antioxidante, protegendo contra a a&#231;&#227;o dos radicais livres, e seu polimorfismo funcional al&#233;lico se correlaciona com as diferen&#231;as na prote&#231;&#227;o contra doen&#231;a vascular<sup>11</sup>. Diversos estudos postulam que algumas caracter&#237;sticas do estado diab&#233;tico, tais como a alta glicolisa&#231;&#227;o da mol&#233;cula da Hb e a redu&#231;&#227;o na propor&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;citos que expressam o receptor CD163, poderiam prejudicar a internaliza&#231;&#227;o do complexo Hb-Hp, especialmente em pacientes diab&#233;ticos com o fen&#243;tipo Hp2-2. Al&#233;m disso, a oxida&#231;&#227;o do LDL por Hb glicosilada n&#227;o demonstra ser completamente bloqueado por sua liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; Hp<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Tem sido sugerido que o fen&#243;tipo de Hp &#233; um fator de risco independente para DCV em pacientes com diabete melito e que a prote&#237;na Hp2-2 pode conferir menor prote&#231;&#227;o contra complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares do que os outros dois tipos de Hp<sup>17,19</sup>. Levy e cols.<sup>17</sup>, em uma an&#225;lise de caso-controle combinada do Strong Heart Study, que investigou um grupo de ind&#237;genas americanos, observaram que os indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos com o fen&#243;tipo Hp2-2 apresentavam um risco cinco vezes maior de desenvolver DCV do que aqueles que apresentavam o fen&#243;tipo Hp1-1. Constatamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o do risco intermedi&#225;rio de DCV com o fen&#243;tipo Hp 2-1. No entanto, nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o foi observada em indiv&#237;duos sem diabete melito<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, Suleiman e cols.<sup>19</sup> demonstraram que o fen&#243;tipo de Hp &#233; um importante preditor de mortalidade em 30 dias e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca entre indiv&#237;duos com diabete e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Eles descobriram que pacientes diab&#233;ticos com o fen&#243;tipo HP1-1 apresentavam infarto de menor tamanho, enquanto os pacientes com os fen&#243;tipos Hp2-1 e Hp2-2 apresentavam infartos maiores e, consequentemente, uma taxa mais elevada de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e mortalidade<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o encontramos nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o gen&#243;tipo Hp e a presen&#231;a de DCV nos pacientes diab&#233;ticos da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. No entanto, quando comparamos a frequ&#234;ncia dos diferentes gen&#243;tipos com outros par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais, encontramos uma preval&#234;ncia significativamente maior de pacientes com Hp2-1 entre aqueles com HR, al&#233;m de maiores PAS, PAD e n&#237;veis de colesterol total e LDL no plasma.</p>
    <p>A patog&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o humana &#233; considerada complexa e multifatorial e &#233; o resultado do efeito combinado dos fatores de risco gen&#233;ticos e ambientais predisponentes<sup>34</sup>. Surya Prabha e cols.<sup>35</sup> sugeriram que os pacientes com o fen&#243;tipo Hp 2-2 apresentavam um maior risco de hipertens&#227;o essencial em associa&#231;&#227;o com a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o quando comparados com indiv&#237;duos normais. Observando que houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos m&#233;dios de Hp nos indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem hipertens&#227;o, os autores sugeriram a possibilidade de hem&#243;lise intravascular devido a danos vasculares em pacientes com HAS, e que isso poderia levar a complica&#231;&#245;es adicionais<sup>35</sup>. Delanghe e cols.<sup>36</sup> tamb&#233;m observaram que os pacientes hipertensos com o fen&#243;tipo Hp2-2 precisavam de combina&#231;&#245;es mais complexas de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos para reduzir a sua press&#227;o arterial<sup>36</sup>. No entanto, Depypere e cols.<sup>37</sup>, estudando pacientes com pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, conclu&#237;ram que o fen&#243;tipo Hp 1-1 estava associado com hipertens&#245;es mais graves. At&#233; onde sabemos, apenas um estudo anterior na literatura investigou a exist&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre HR e o polimorfismo da Hp. Nesse estudo, Delanghe e cols.<sup>36</sup> constataram que os pacientes hipertensos com fen&#243;tipo Hp 2-2 apresentavam um maior risco de desenvolvimento de HR do que aqueles com fen&#243;tipo Hp2-1 e Hp1-1. Todos esses estudos, no entanto, foram realizados com pacientes n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos.</p>
    <p>Estudos anteriores descobriram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o fen&#243;tipo Hp2-1 e a DCV. Fr&#246;hlander e Johnson<sup>38</sup> analisaram pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e encontraram n&#237;veis mais elevados de colesterol s&#233;rico em pacientes com o fen&#243;tipo Hp2-1. Hochberg e cols.<sup>39</sup> observaram que os pacientes diab&#233;ticos com o fen&#243;tipo Hp 2-1 apresentavam mais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias colaterais que os pacientes diab&#233;ticos com o fen&#243;tipo Hp2-2 no quadro da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Densem e cols.<sup>40</sup>, investigando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o fen&#243;tipo de Hp e o desenvolvimento de vasculopatia do transplante card&#237;aco, observaram que os receptores com o fen&#243;tipo Hp2-1 apresentavam uma maior probabilidade de desenvolver doen&#231;a angiogr&#225;fica. Os autores sugeriram que as fun&#231;&#245;es intermedi&#225;rias da Hp em receptores Hp2-1 poderiam colocar esses pacientes em desvantagem por causa da efic&#225;cia intermedi&#225;ria da prote&#237;na Hp2-1, que parece ser menos efetiva do que a prote&#237;na Hp nos homozigotos Hp1-1 e Hp2-2<sup>40</sup>. Nossas constata&#231;&#245;es corroboram a hip&#243;tese postulando a predisposi&#231;&#227;o ao desenvolvimento da HR.</p>
    <p>Embora este estudo n&#227;o tenha tido um grupo de controle bem combinado para a idade, nossas descobertas constituem uma significativa contribui&#231;&#227;o para a compreens&#227;o do papel do gen&#243;tipo Hp no DM, pois evidenciam que os pacientes com DM2 com o gen&#243;tipo Hp2-1 estudados apresentaram uma alta preval&#234;ncia de HR e elevados n&#237;veis de colesterol. A frequ&#234;ncia desse gen&#243;tipo nos pacientes com HR foi de 55,8%, ao passo que, em pacientes sem HR, foi de 26,5%. Neste &#250;ltimo grupo, a frequ&#234;ncia do gen&#243;tipo Hp2-2 foi de 44,1%, contra 22,1% no primeiro. S&#227;o necess&#225;rias mais pesquisas para esclarecer a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as propriedades estruturais e funcionais da Hp e uma predisposi&#231;&#227;o para desenvolver HR e n&#237;veis de colesterol elevados, assim como o papel dessa prote&#237;na na hipertens&#227;o e suas complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, embora o gen&#243;tipo Hp n&#227;o possa ser usado como um marcador gen&#233;tico para a predisposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; DCV nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes brasileiros, nossos resultados sugerem que os pacientes com DM2 com o gen&#243;tipo Hp2-1 apresentam uma maior suscetibilidade a HR.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP e CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Maria de F&#225;tima Zonati </p>
        <p> Departamento de Patologia Cl&#237;nica/FCM/Unicamp - C.P. 6111 - Bar&#227;o Geraldo </p>
        <p> 13083-970 - Campinas, SP, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="sonati@fcm.unicamp.br">sonati@fcm.unicamp.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="sonati_mf@yahoo.com.br">sonati_mf@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 02/11/10; revisado recebido em 10/03/11; aceito em 11/04/11.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Adeghate E, Schattner P, Dunn E. An update on the etiology and epidemiology of diabetes mellitus. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1084:1-29.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>An update on the etiology and epidemiology of diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Ann N Y Acad Sci</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>29</lpage>
          <volume>1084</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Adeghate</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schattner</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dunn</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Siqueira AF, Almeida-Pititio B, Ferreira SR. Cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus: classical and non-classical risk factors. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2007;51(2):257-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus: classical and non-classical risk factors</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>257</fpage>
          <lpage>67</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Siqueira</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida-Pititio</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Giugliano D, Ceriello A,Paolisso G. Oxidative stress and diabetic vascular complications. Diabetes Care. 2006;19:257-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Oxidative stress and diabetic vascular complications</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>257</fpage>
          <lpage>67</lpage>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Giugliano</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ceriello</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paolisso</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Levy AP. Genetics of diabetic cardiovascular disease: identification of a major susceptibility gene. Acta Diabetol. 2003;40(Suppl 2):S330-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Genetics of diabetic cardiovascular disease: identification of a major susceptibility gene</article-title>
          <source>Acta Diabetol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>330</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Shimada K, Mokuno H, Matsunaga E, Miyazak T, Sumiyoshi K, Kume A, et al. Predictive value of circulating oxidized LDL for cardiac events in type 2 diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(3):843-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Predictive value of circulating oxidized LDL for cardiac events in type 2 diabetic patients with coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>843</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shimada</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mokuno</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsunaga</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miyazak</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sumiyoshi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kume</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Eckel RH, Wassef M, Chait A, Sobel B, Barrett E, King G, et al. Prevention Conference VI: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: Writing Group II: pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in diabetes. Circulation. 2002;105(18):e138-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevention Conference VI: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: Writing Group II: pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>138</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Eckel</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wassef</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chait</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sobel</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barrett</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>King</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Freedman BI, Bowden DW, Sale MM, Langefeld CD, Rich SS. Genetic susceptibility contributes to renal and cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hypertension. 2006;18(1):8-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Genetic susceptibility contributes to renal and cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>8</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Freedman</surname>
              <given-names>BI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bowden</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sale</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Langefeld</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rich</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Fumeron F, Reis AF, Velho G. Genetics of macrovascular complications in diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2006:6(2):62-166.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Genetics of macrovascular complications in diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Curr Diab Rep</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>62</fpage>
          <lpage>166</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fumeron</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reis</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Velho</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Bowman BH, Kurosky A. Haptoglobin: the evolutionary product of duplication, unequal crossing over, and point mutation. Adv Hum Genet. 1982;12:189-261.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Haptoglobin: the evolutionary product of duplication, unequal crossing over, and point mutation</article-title>
          <source>Adv Hum Genet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1982</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>189</fpage>
          <lpage>261</lpage>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bowman</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kurosky</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Langlois MR, Delanghe JR. Biological and clinical significance of polymorphism in humans. Clin Chem. 1996;42(10):1589-600.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Biological and clinical significance of polymorphism in humans</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chem</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1589</fpage>
          <lpage>600</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Langlois</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delanghe</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Sadrzadeh SM, Bozorgmehr J. Haptoglobin phenotypes in health and disorders. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004;121(Suppl):S97-104.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Haptoglobin phenotypes in health and disorders</article-title>
          <source>Am J Clin Pathol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>97</fpage>
          <lpage>104</lpage>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sadrzadeh</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bozorgmehr</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Carter K, Worwood M. Haptoglobin: a review of the major allele frequencies worldwide and their association with diseases. Int J Lab Hematol. 2007;29(2):92-110.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Haptoglobin: a review of the major allele frequencies worldwide and their association with diseases</article-title>
          <source>Int J Lab Hematol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>92</fpage>
          <lpage>110</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carter</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Worwood</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Wobeto VPA, Zaccariotto TR, Sonati, MF. Polymorphism of human haptoglobin and its clinical importance. Genet Mol Biol. 2008;31(3):602-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Polymorphism of human haptoglobin and its clinical importance</article-title>
          <source>Genet Mol Biol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>602</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wobeto</surname>
              <given-names>VPA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zaccariotto</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sonati</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Melamed-Frank M, Lache O, Enav BI, Szafranek T, Levy NS, Rickilis RM, et al.  Structure-function analysis of the antioxidant properties of haptoglobin. Blood. 2001;98(13):3693-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Structure-function analysis of the antioxidant properties of haptoglobin</article-title>
          <source>Blood</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>3693</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Melamed-Frank</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lache</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Enav</surname>
              <given-names>BI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szafranek</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rickilis</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Levy AP, Purushothaman KR, Levy NS, Purushothaman M, Strauss M, Asleh R, et al. Downregulation of the hemoglobin scavenger receptor in individuals with diabetes and the Hp2-2 genotype: implications for the response to intraplaque hemorrhage and plaque vulnerability. Circ Res. 2007;101(1):106-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Downregulation of the hemoglobin scavenger receptor in individuals with diabetes and the Hp2-2 genotype: implications for the response to intraplaque hemorrhage and plaque vulnerability</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>106</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Purushothaman</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Purushothaman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strauss</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asleh</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Levy AP, Roguin A, Hochberg I, Herer P, Marsh S, Nakhoul FM, et al. Haptoglobin phenotype and vascular complications in patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(13):969-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Haptoglobin phenotype and vascular complications in patients with diabetes</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>969</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <volume>343</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roguin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hochberg</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herer</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marsh</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakhoul</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Levy AP, Hochberg I, Jablonski K, Resnick HE, Lee ET, Best L, et al. Haptoglobin phenotype is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes: the Strong Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(11):1984-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Haptoglobin phenotype is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes: the Strong Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1984</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hochberg</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jablonski</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Resnick</surname>
              <given-names>HE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Best</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Roguin A, Koch W, Kastrati A, Aronson D, Schomig A, Levy AP. Haptoglobin genotype is predictive of major adverse cardiac events in the 1-year period after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(9):2628-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Haptoglobin genotype is predictive of major adverse cardiac events in the 1-year period after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in individuals with diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2628</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roguin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koch</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kastrati</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aronson</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schomig</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Suleiman M, Aronson D, Asleh R, Kapeliovich MR, Roguin A, Meisel MR, et al. Haptoglobin polymorphism predicts 30-day mortality and heart failure in patients with diabetes and acute myocardial infarction. Diabetes. 2005;54(9):2802-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Haptoglobin polymorphism predicts 30-day mortality and heart failure in patients with diabetes and acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2802</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Suleiman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aronson</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asleh</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kapeliovich</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roguin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meisel</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Costacou T, Ferrel RE, Orchard TJ. Haptoglobin genotype: a determinant of cardiovascular complication risk in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2008;57(6):1702-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Haptoglobin genotype: a determinant of cardiovascular complication risk in type 1 diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1702</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Costacou</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrel</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orchard</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Wobeto, VPA, Rosim ET, Melo MB, Calliari LEP, Sonati MF. Haptoglobin polymorphism and diabetic retinopathy in Brazilian patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;77(3):385-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Haptoglobin polymorphism and diabetic retinopathy in Brazilian patients</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Res Clin Pract</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>385</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wobeto</surname>
              <given-names>VPA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosim</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melo</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calliari</surname>
              <given-names>LEP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sonati</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Rajagopalan N, Miller TD, Hodge DO, Frye RL, Gibbons RJ. Identifying high-risk asymptomatic diabetic patients who are candidates for screening stress single-photon emission computed tomography imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(1):43-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Identifying high-risk asymptomatic diabetic patients who are candidates for screening stress single-photon emission computed tomography imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>43</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rajagopalan</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hodge</surname>
              <given-names>DO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frye</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibbons</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Luepker RV, Apple FS, Christenson RH, Crow RS, Fortmann SP, Goff D, et al. Case definitions for acute coronary heart disease in epidemiology and clinical research studies: a statement from the AHA Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; AHA Statistics Committee; World Heart Federation Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Epidemiology and Prevention; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation. 2003;108(20):2543-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Case definitions for acute coronary heart disease in epidemiology and clinical research studies: a statement from the AHA Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; AHA Statistics Committee; World Heart Federation Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Epidemiology and Prevention; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2543</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Luepker</surname>
              <given-names>RV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Apple</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christenson</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crow</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fortmann</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goff</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Zaccariotto TR, Rosim ET, Melo D, Garcia PM, Munhoz RR, Aoki FH, et al. Haptoglobin polymorphism in a HIV-1 seropositive Brazilian population. J Clin Pathol. 2006;59(5):550-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Haptoglobin polymorphism in a HIV-1 seropositive Brazilian population</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Pathol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>550</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zaccariotto</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosim</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melo</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Munhoz</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aoki</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabets Care. 2004;27(Suppl.1):S5-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Diabets Care</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>5</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <volume>27</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Lecchini R, Sabha M, Coeli FB, F&#225;vero FF, Yugar-Toledo J, Izidoro-Toledo TC, et al. T alelle of-344C/T polymorphism in aldosterone synthase gene is not associated with resistant hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2009;32(2):159-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>T alelle of-344C/T polymorphism in aldosterone synthase gene is not associated with resistant hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Hypertens Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>159</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lecchini</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabha</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coeli</surname>
              <given-names>FB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>F&#225;vero</surname>
              <given-names>FF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yugar-Toledo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izidoro-Toledo</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults: Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486-97.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults: Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2486</fpage>
          <lpage>97</lpage>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <volume>285</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Richard JL, Sultan A, Daures JP, Vannereau D, Parer-Richard C. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate glucose abnormalities in obese patients based on ADA (1997) and WHO (1985) criteria. Diabet Med. 2002;19(4):292-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate glucose abnormalities in obese patients based on ADA (1997) and WHO (1985) criteria</article-title>
          <source>Diabet Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>292</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Richard</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sultan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daures</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vannereau</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parer-Richard</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Wobeto VPA, Garcia PM, Zaccariotto TR, Sonati MF. Haptoglobin polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy in Brazilian diabetic patients. Ann Hum Biol. 2009;36(4):637-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Haptoglobin polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy in Brazilian diabetic patients</article-title>
          <source>Ann Hum Biol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>637</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wobeto</surname>
              <given-names>VPA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zaccariotto</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sonati</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Junge W, Wilke B, Halabi A, Klein G. Determination of reference intervals for serum creatinine, creatinine excretion and creatinine clearance with an enzymatic and a modified Jaff&#233; method. Clin Chim Acta. 2004;344(1-2):137-48.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Determination of reference intervals for serum creatinine, creatinine excretion and creatinine clearance with an enzymatic and a modified Jaff&#233; method</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chim Acta</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>137</fpage>
          <lpage>48</lpage>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <volume>344</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Junge</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilke</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halabi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Yano A, Yamamoto Y, Miyaishi S, Ishizu H. Haptoglobin genotyping by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification. Acta Med Okayama. 1998;52(4):173-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Haptoglobin genotyping by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification</article-title>
          <source>Acta Med Okayama</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>173</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yano</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamamoto</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miyaishi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ishizu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Moreira LB, Fucks SC, Wiehe M, Neyeloff  JL, Picon RV, Moreira MB, et al. Cardiovascular risk attributable to diabetes in southern Brazil: a population-based cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(5):854-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiovascular risk attributable to diabetes in southern Brazil: a population-based cohort study</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>854</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fucks</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiehe</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neyeloff</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Picon</surname>
              <given-names>RV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Salles GF, Block KV, Cardoso CR. Mortality and predictors of mortality in a cohort of Brazilian type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2007;27(6):1299-305.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mortality and predictors of mortality in a cohort of Brazilian type 2 diabetic patients</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Care</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1299</fpage>
          <lpage>305</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salles</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Block</surname>
              <given-names>KV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Dominiczak AF, Negrin DC, Clark JS, Brosnan MJ, McBride MW, Alexander MY.  Genes and hypertension: from gene mapping in experimental models to vascular gene transfer strategies. Hypertension. 2000;35(1 Pt 2):164-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Genes and hypertension: from gene mapping in experimental models to vascular gene transfer strategies</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>164</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dominiczak</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Negrin</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clark</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brosnan</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McBride</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexander</surname>
              <given-names>MY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Surya Prabha P, Padma T, Ramaswamy M. Haptoglobin patterns in essencial hypertension and associated conditions-increased risk for Hp2-2. Hum Hered. 1987;37(6):345-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Haptoglobin patterns in essencial hypertension and associated conditions-increased risk for Hp2-2</article-title>
          <source>Hum Hered</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>345</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Surya Prabha</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Padma</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramaswamy</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Delanghe JR, Duprez DA, De Buyzere ML, Bergez BM, Claeys LR, Leroux-Roels, GG, et al. Refractory hypertension is associated with haptoglobin 2-2 phenotype. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1995;2(2):131-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Refractory hypertension is associated with haptoglobin 2-2 phenotype</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Risk</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>131</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Delanghe</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duprez</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Buyzere</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergez</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Claeys</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leroux-Roels</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <mixed-citation>37. Depypere HT, Langlois MR, Delanghe JR, Temmerman M, Dhont M. Haptoglobin polymorphism in patient with preeclampsia. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2006;44(8):924-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Haptoglobin polymorphism in patient with preeclampsia</article-title>
          <source>Clin Chem Lab Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>924</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Depypere</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Langlois</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delanghe</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Temmerman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dhont</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <mixed-citation>38. Fr&#246;hlander N, Johnson O. Haptoglobin groups in acute myocardial infarction. Hum Hered. 1989;39(6):345-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Haptoglobin groups in acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Hum Hered</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>345</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fr&#246;hlander</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <mixed-citation>39. Hochberg I, Roguin A, Nikolsky E, Chanderashekhar PV, Cohen S, Levy AP. Haptoglobin phenotype and coronary artery collaterals in diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis. 2002;161(2):441-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Haptoglobin phenotype and coronary artery collaterals in diabetic patients</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>441</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>161</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hochberg</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roguin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nikolsky</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chanderashekhar</surname>
              <given-names>PV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <mixed-citation>40. Densem CG, Wassel J, Cooper A, Yonan N, Brooks NH, Keevil B. Haptoglobin phenotype correlates with development of cardiac transplant vasculopathy. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2004;23(1):43-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Haptoglobin phenotype correlates with development of cardiac transplant vasculopathy</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Lung Transplant</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>43</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Densem</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wassel</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yonan</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brooks</surname>
              <given-names>NH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keevil</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Haptoglobin genotypes and refractory hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that haptoglobin polymorphism may influence the pathogenesis of microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetic patients. OBJECTIVE: This cross sectional study was carried out to investigate the existence or not of an association between haptoglobin genotypes and prevalence of ischemic cardiovascular events (stable angina, unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction), systemic arterial hypertension, refractory hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia in 120 type-2 diabetes mellitus patients followed up at Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da UNICAMP in Campinas, S&#227;o Paulo state, southeastern Brazil. METHODS: Haptoglobin genotyping was performed by allele-specific polymerase chain reactions. The frequencies of the haptoglobin genotypes were compared with the presence/absence of cardiovascular disease, systemic arterial hypertension, refractory hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia; systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements; plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol (total, high density lipoprotein-HDL and low density lipoprotein-LDL) and triglycerides; and serum creatinine levels. RESULTS: Although no association between haptoglobin genotype and the presence of cardiovascular disease could be identified, we found a significant excess of patients with Hp2-1 genotype among those with refractory hypertension, who also had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and total and LDL cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that type-2 diabetes mellitus patients with the Hp2-1 genotype may have higher chances of developing refractory hypertension. Further studies in other diabetic populations are required to confirm these findings.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Haptoglobins</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>diaebtes mellitus, type 2</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top1-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Haptoglobin genotypes and refractory hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>V&#226;nia Pereira Albuquerque Wobeto<sup>I</sup>; Paula da Cunha Pinho<sup>I,II</sup>; Jos&#233; Roberto M. Souza<sup>II</sup>; T&#226;nia Regina Zaccariotto<sup>I</sup>; Maria de F&#225;tima Zonati<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Unicamp - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Departamento de Patologia Cl&#237;nica, Campinas, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Unicamp Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Departamento de Medicina Interna (Disciplina de Cardiologia Cl&#237;nica), Campinas, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> It has been suggested that haptoglobin polymorphism may influence the pathogenesis of microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetic patients.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> This cross sectional study was carried out to investigate the existence or not of an association between haptoglobin genotypes and prevalence of ischemic cardiovascular events (stable angina, unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction), systemic arterial hypertension, refractory hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia in 120 type-2 diabetes mellitus patients followed up at Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da UNICAMP in Campinas, S&#227;o Paulo state, southeastern Brazil.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Haptoglobin genotyping was performed by allele-specific polymerase chain reactions. The frequencies of the haptoglobin genotypes were compared with the presence/absence of cardiovascular disease, systemic arterial hypertension, refractory hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia; systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements; plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol (total, high density lipoprotein-HDL and low density lipoprotein-LDL) and triglycerides; and serum creatinine levels.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Although no association between haptoglobin genotype and the presence of cardiovascular disease could be identified, we found a significant excess of patients with Hp2-1 genotype among those with refractory hypertension, who also had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and total and LDL cholesterol levels.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Our results suggest that type-2 diabetes mellitus patients with the Hp2-1 genotype may have higher chances of developing refractory hypertension. Further studies in other diabetic populations are required to confirm these findings.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Haptoglobins; hypertension; myocardial infarction; obesity; dyslipidemias; diaebtes mellitus, type 2.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder caused by insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. It is associated with high risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) <sup>1,2</sup>. The diabetic milieu resulting from chronic hyperglycemia can generate advanced glycation end products and enhance oxidative stress, contributing directly to the progression of diabetic complications and CVD<sup>3</sup>. In addition, lipoproteins are oxidatively modified into oxidized low-density lipoproteins, stimulating the production of inflammatory cytokines responsible for some of the pathological changes implicated in the initiation and development of coronary heart disease, which is caused mainly by atheros osis<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Classic CVD risk factors and other recently discovered factors such as inflammation and oxidative stress associated with the diabetic state, however, are not sufficient to explain the occurrence of these complications, suggesting that genetic susceptibility factors influencing both glucose homeostasis and the development of atherosclerosis may be involved<sup>6-8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Haptoglobin (Hp) is a glycoprotein with antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. In humans, the Hp locus is on the long arm of chromosome 16 (16q22) and is polymorphic, with two main alleles (HP1 and HP2) resulting in three distinct genotypes/phenotypes (Hp1-1, Hp2-1 and Hp2-2)<sup>9,10</sup>. The Hp proteins have distinct biochemical and biophysical properties, and this polymorphism has been associated with the susceptibility to and outcome of several human pathologies<sup>11-13</sup>. The most firmly established biological function of Hp is its strong binding to free hemoglobin (Hb)<sup>10,14</sup>. Clearance of the Hp-Hb complex can be mediated by the CD 163 scavenger receptor present in monocytes and macrophages. However, some changes in the glycosylation pattern of Hb that occur in diabetic patients may interfere with the binding of this complex to macrophages<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>It has been suggested that diabetic patients carrying the Hp2-2 genotype have increased risk of developing CVD<sup>16-20</sup>. However, this does not seem to be a consensual observation, and would appear to depend on the population and aspects analyzed. As far as we know, there are few studies investigating the influence of Hp polymorphism on the occurrence of ischemic cardiovascular events, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), refractory hypertension (RH), obesity and dyslipidemia, and none of these include Brazilian patients with DM. Therefore, this is the main aim of this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After obtaining approval from the Local Ethics Committee, we collected peripheral blood samples from 120 T2DM patients with at least 10 years of disease followed at the Endocrinology Section of Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da UNICAMP in Campinas who had previously been investigated in another study<sup>21</sup> in the state of S&#227;o Paulo, southeastern Brazil. All patients signed an Informed Consent Form. Pregnant patients and those aged 76 years or older were excluded from the study. The study was a cross-sectional one and was designed to investigate a possible association between Hp type and the prevalence of ischemic complications, such as stable angina, unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation and/or high markers of myocardial necrosis. Cardiovascular risk was assessed in the general group only. The presence of coronary artery disease was related to suggestive symptoms, including claudication on exertion, abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG), positive tests inducing ischemia or coronary angiography with obstructive disease. The absence of symptoms and findings described above were taken as the absence of clinically significant cardiovascular disease<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Stable angina was diagnosed by the presence of cardiac symptoms in a pattern that remained constant in presentation, frequency, character and duration over time and coronary disease at coronary angiography. Unstable angina was diagnosed by the presence of new cardiac symptoms and positive electrocardiogram (ECG) findings with normal biomarkers or a changing pattern of symptoms and positive ECG findings with normal biomarkers and coronary disease at coronary angiography. Acute myocardial infarction was diagnosed by ECG or diagnostic biomarkers<sup>23</sup>. Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were divided into a group of 50 patients with CVD (42% males; 80% whites; aged from 42 to 75 years) and another group of 70 patients without CVD (37.14% males; 86.6% whites; aged from 48 to 75 years). All data were obtained from the patients' medical records after cardiological evaluation by a physician from the Clinical Cardiology Section of Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da UNICAMP. The demographic and clinical data of these patients and information on the medication they were taking are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08511tab01m-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop08511tab01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0338-00107-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The frequencies of Hp genotypes were compared with the presence/absence of SAH, RH, obesity and dyslipidemia; systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) measurements; plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol (total, HDL and LDL) and triglycerides; and serum creatinine. The whole group of T2DM patients was also compared with a control group of 142 healthy individuals (36% males; 78% whites; ages 18-62 years) who had previously been studied<sup>24</sup>. This group consisted of university students and employees living in the same region as the patients, who have accepted to participate in the study.</p>
      <p>Our definition of diabetes mellitus was based on clinical features and fasting glucose of <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dL on two different occasions<sup>25</sup>. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1<sub>C</sub>) was measured using the Bio-Rad Variant II high-performance liquid chromatography system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) (normal range 4.5% - 6.2%). Systemic arterial hypertension was considered to be present if the SBP was &gt;130 mm Hg and/or DPB was &gt;90 mm Hg, and were measured in a medical visit to the Cardiology Section of Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Unicamp. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was not performed. Refractory hypertension was considered to be present in patients being treated with three different antihypertensive medications (ideally including one diuretic drug) at effective doses if SBP &gt;130 mm Hg and DPB &gt;80 mm Hg<sup>26</sup>. Dyslipidemia was identified according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) III guidelines as total cholesterol levels <underline>&gt;</underline>200 mg/dL, or HDL &lt;40 mg/ dL for men and &lt;50 mg/dL for women, or triglycerides <underline>&gt;</underline>150 mg/dL<sup>27</sup>. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured by enzymatic colorimetric assay in the Roche-Hitachi modular system (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) 30 kg/m<sup>2 28</sup>. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) had been previously investigated in these patients<sup>21,29</sup>. Serum creatinine was measured by a modified Jaff&#233; method, and the reference values for males and females were <underline>&lt;</underline>1.20 mg/dL and <underline>&lt;</underline>0.90 mg/dL, respectively<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>Genomic DNA samples were obtained from peripheral blood leukocytes (GFX Genomic Blood Purification kit, GE Healthcare, UK), and Hp genotyping was performed by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction, according to Yano et al<sup>31</sup>.</p>
      <p>Statistical analyses were performed with Statistical Analysis System 8.02 for Windows, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA. Chi-square (c<sup>2</sup>) test and Fischer exact test were used to determine whether there was an association between the categorical variables. The results of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were also obtained with the &#967;<sup>2</sup>-test. Mann-Whitney and ANOVA tests were used to compare continuous variables. Unadjusted univariate logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression adjusted for sex and age were used to test an association between RH and some potential risk factors. P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Alpha-error of 5%, b-error of 20% and test power equal or above 80% for all statistical analyses were considered cut-off values for significance level.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08511tab01m-body2">Table 1</xref> shows that there is a significant difference between the diabetic patients with and without CVD in terms of age (the mean age of the latter group is lower) and smoking habit (a higher percentage in the first group), as well as the presence of SAH, dyslipidemia and DN and, as expected, the use of antihypertensive drugs and aspirin.</p>
      <p>A comparison of the frequencies of Hp genotypes in the two groups of patients and in the complete group of patients and the control group are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08511tab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>. Both groups of patients were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p = 0.5962) and no significant association was found.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop08511tab02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0338-00107-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>However, when we compared the frequency distribution of the Hp genotype with the presence/absence of SAH, RH, obesity and dyslipidemia and SBP, DPB and the laboratory parameters, we found a prevalence of Hp2-1 patients with RH (p = 0.0104), as well as significant differences in SBP, DBP and total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p values of 0.0113, 0.004, 0.0006 and 0.0065, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08511tab03m-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop08511tab03m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0338-00107-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Univariate logistic regression analysis was used to test an association between RH and age, sex, ethnic group, obesity, high levels of total and LDL- cholesterol, triglyceride and creatinine. The analysis showed that the prevalence of RH in T2DM patients with the Hp2-1 genotype differed from that in T2DM patients with the Hp2-2 genotype (95% CI, 1.576-11.246; p = 0.0041; OR 4.210). This difference remained statistically significant in stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis (95% CI, 1.542-11.021; p = 0.0047; OR 4.123). These data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08511tab04m-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop08511tab04m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0338-00107-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Diabetic state contributes to the initiation and progression of vascular complications, which remain the leading cause of mortality in diabetic patients<sup>32</sup>. Salles et al<sup>33</sup> investigated mortality rates and predictors of mortality in Brazilian T2DM patients and found evidence that these patients have a more-than-three-fold excess mortality compared with the general population. According to the authors, this is partially explained by increased cardiovascular mortality. They also showed that some variables, such as older age, pre-existing vascular disease, increased 24h-proteinuria and decreased HDL cholesterol, are considered independent predictors of this increased mortality<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, we found that the presence of CVD in T2DM Brazilian patients was associated with older age, cigarette smoking habit, SAH, dyslipidemia and development of DN. No significant differences were found for gender, duration of diabetes, family history of T2DM, RH, obesity or the presence of DR.</p>
      <p>Haptoglobin acts as an antioxidant by protecting against the action of free radicals, and its functional allelic polymorphism is correlated with differences in protection from vascular disease<sup>11</sup>. A number of studies have postulated that some characteristics of the diabetic state, such as high glycosylation of the Hb molecule and reduction in the proportion of monocytes expressing surface CD163, could impair the internalization of Hb-Hp complex, especially in diabetic patients with the Hp2-2 phenotype. Furthermore, the oxidation of LDL by glycosylated Hb is apparently not completely blocked by its binding to Hp<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>It has been suggested that the Hp phenotype is an independent risk factor for CVD in patients with diabetes mellitus and that the Hp2-2 protein may provide less protection against vascular complications than the two other types of Hp<sup>17,19</sup>. Levy et al<sup>17</sup> in a matched case-control analysis of the Strong Heart Study, which investigated a group of American Indians, observed that diabetic individuals with the Hp2-2 phenotype have five times more risk of developing CVD than those who have the Hp1-1 phenotype. An intermediate risk of CVD was found to be associated with the Hp 2-1 phenotype. However, no association was observed in individuals without diabetes mellitus<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>In addition, Suleiman et al<sup>19</sup> demonstrated that the Hp phenotype is an important predictor of 30-day mortality and heart failure among individuals with diabetes and acute myocardial infarction. They found that diabetic patients with the Hp1-1 phenotype had smaller infarction sizes, whereas patients with Hp2-1 and Hp2-2 phenotypes sustained larger infarctions and consequently had a higher rate of heart failure and mortality<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>We failed to find any significant association between Hp genotype and the presence of CVD in the diabetic patients studied here. However, when we compared the frequency of genotypes with other clinical and laboratory parameters, we found a significantly higher prevalence of Hp2-1 patients among those with RH, together with higher SBP, DBP and total and LDL-cholesterol plasma levels.</p>
      <p>The pathogenesis of human hypertension is considered complex and multifactorial and results from the combined effect of predisposing genetic and environmental risk factors<sup>34</sup>. Surya Prabha et al<sup>35</sup> suggested that patients with the Hp 2-2 phenotype had a higher risk for essential hypertension and hypertension in association with ischemic heart disease than normal subjects. Observing that there was a significant decrease in the mean levels of serum Hp in subjects with hypertension compared with those without hypertension, they suggested the possibility of intravascular hemolysis due to vascular damage in SAH patients, and that this could lead to further complications<sup>35</sup>. Similarly, Delanghe et al<sup>36</sup> observed that hypertensive patients with the Hp2-2 phenotype need more complex combinations of antihypertensive drugs to reduce their blood pressure<sup>36</sup>. However, Depypere et al<sup>37</sup> studying patients with preeclampsia, concluded that the Hp 1-1 phenotype is associated with more severe hypertension. As far as we know, only one previous study in the literature has investigated the existence of an association between RH and Hp polymorphism. In this study, Delanghe et al<sup>36</sup> found that hypertensive patients with the Hp 2-2 phenotype are at higher risk of developing RH than those with Hp2-1 and Hp1-1 phenotype. All these studies, however, were carried out in nondiabetic patients.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have found an association between the Hp2-1 phenotype and CVD. Fr&#246;hlander and Johnson<sup>38</sup> analyzed patients with acute myocardial infarction and found higher serum cholesterol levels in those with the Hp2-1 phenotype. Hochberg et al<sup>39</sup> observed that diabetic patients with the Hp 2-1 phenotype have more coronary artery collaterals than diabetic patients with the Hp2-2 phenotype in the setting of coronary artery disease. Densem et al<sup>40</sup> investigating the association between Hp phenotype and the development of cardiac transplant vasculopathy, observed that recipients with the Hp2-1 phenotype were more likely to develop angiographic disease. The authors suggested that the intermediate functions of Hp in Hp2-1 recipients may put these patients at disadvantage because of the intermediate effectiveness of the Hp2-1 protein, which appears to be less effective than the Hp protein in Hp1-1 and Hp2-2 homozygotes<sup>40</sup>. Our findings agree with this hypothesis regarding predisposition to develop RH.</p>
      <p>Although this study lacks a control group well matched for age, our findings make a significant contribution to the understanding of the role of Hp genotype in DM as they show that the T2DM patients with the Hp2-1 genotype studied here had a high prevalence of RH and high cholesterol levels. The frequency of this genotype in the patients with RH was 55.8%, while in patients without RH it was 26.5%. In the latter group, the frequency of the Hp2-2 genotype was 44.1%, against 22.1% in the former. Further research is required to clarify the relationship between the structural and functional properties of Hp and a predisposition to develop RH and elevated cholesterol levels, as well as the role of this protein in hypertension and its complications.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In conclusion, although Hp genotype cannot be used as a genetic marker for predisposition to CVD in this Brazilian population, our results suggest that T2DM patients with the Hp2-1 genotype have higher susceptibility to RH.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by FAPESP and CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
