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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qzdN9FxwJDh3zGGZQMZHGWF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001300005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700405</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000108</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desempenho e gastos do SUS com revasculariza&#231;&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 1999 a 2008</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Albuquerque de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>297</fpage>
      <lpage>306</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Os gastos com cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (RVM) e angioplastia coronariana (AC), representaram importante &#244;nus para o SUS. OBJETIVO: Analisar gastos do SUS com RVM e AC e sua performance nos hospitais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ), de 1999 a 2008. M&#201;TODOS: As informa&#231;&#245;es provieram das AIH pagas dos hospitais com mais de 100 revasculariza&#231;&#245;es. As taxas de letalidade foram ajustadas por modelos Poisson (covari&#225;veis idade, dias de perman&#234;ncia no hospital e gasto em UTI). Foram constru&#237;dos &#237;ndices de gasto m&#233;dio relativo, dividindo-se o valor m&#233;dio da fra&#231;&#227;o de gasto em cada hospital pelo gasto m&#233;dio no ERJ, em d&#243;lares. Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica empregou-se o Stata. RESULTADOS: Foram pagas 10.983 RVM e 19.661 AC em 20 hospitais nos 10 anos, com valores m&#233;dios de US$ 3.088,12 e 2.183,93, respectivamente. A taxa de letalidade nas RVM flutuou de 9,2%-1999 para 7,7%-2008, com valores extremos de 5,0%-9,2% e nas AC de 1,6%-1999 para 1,5%-2008, com valores extremos de 0,9%-2,3%. Os hospitais diminu&#237;ram a realiza&#231;&#227;o de RVM e duplicaram a de AC. Idade, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e gastos em UTI correlacionaram-se significativamente com a letalidade nas RVM e AC pagas no ERJ. Em m&#233;dia, os gastos com os servi&#231;os hospitalares representaram 41% do total das RVM e 18% das AC, e os com as &#243;rteses e pr&#243;teses, 55% das AC e 28% nas RVM. CONCLUS&#195;O: Evidencia-se necessidade de melhorar a qualidade do atendimento das institui&#231;&#245;es que realizam RVM e AC pagas pelo SUS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Custos de cuidados de sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>sistema &#250;nico de sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Desempenho e gastos do SUS com revasculariza&#231;&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 1999 a 2008</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Carlos Henrique Klein<sup>II</sup>; Nelson Albuquerque de Souza e Silva<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Os gastos com cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (RVM) e angioplastia coronariana (AC), representaram importante &#244;nus para o SUS. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar gastos do SUS com RVM e AC e sua performance nos hospitais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ), de 1999 a 2008. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> As informa&#231;&#245;es provieram das AIH pagas dos hospitais com mais de 100 revasculariza&#231;&#245;es. As taxas de letalidade foram ajustadas por modelos Poisson (covari&#225;veis idade, dias de perman&#234;ncia no hospital e gasto em UTI). Foram constru&#237;dos &#237;ndices de gasto m&#233;dio relativo, dividindo-se o valor m&#233;dio da fra&#231;&#227;o de gasto em cada hospital pelo gasto m&#233;dio no ERJ, em d&#243;lares. Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica empregou-se o Stata. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram pagas 10.983 RVM e 19.661 AC em 20 hospitais nos 10 anos, com valores m&#233;dios de US$ 3.088,12 e 2.183,93, respectivamente. A taxa de letalidade nas RVM flutuou de 9,2%-1999 para 7,7%-2008, com valores extremos de 5,0%-9,2% e nas AC de 1,6%-1999 para 1,5%-2008, com valores extremos de 0,9%-2,3%. Os hospitais diminu&#237;ram a realiza&#231;&#227;o de RVM e duplicaram a de AC. Idade, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e gastos em UTI correlacionaram-se significativamente com a letalidade nas RVM e AC pagas no ERJ. Em m&#233;dia, os gastos com os servi&#231;os hospitalares representaram 41% do total das RVM e 18% das AC, e os com as &#243;rteses e pr&#243;teses, 55% das AC e 28% nas RVM. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Evidencia-se necessidade de melhorar a qualidade do atendimento das institui&#231;&#245;es que realizam RVM e AC pagas pelo SUS.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Custos de cuidados de sa&#250;de, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica/economia, sistema &#250;nico de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DAC) foram respons&#225;veis por 29,4% das mortes no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ) em 1999. Em 2007, este percentual permanecia praticamente inalterado (28,8%). Em 1999, as doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (DCBV) representavam 32,7%, enquanto as doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) foram respons&#225;veis por 31,9% das DAC. Essa rela&#231;&#227;o se inverteu em 2007 quando aqueles percentuais passaram a 30,2% e 31,5%<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Soares e cols.<sup>2</sup>, estudando a mortalidade por DAC nas regi&#245;es do ERJ de 1980 a 2007, conclu&#237;ram que a queda da mortalidade por DCBV ocorreu de forma cont&#237;nua desde 1980, e a mortalidade por DIC apresentou flutua&#231;&#245;es discretas at&#233; 1990, e depois apresentou quedas relevantes<sup>2</sup>. Na an&#225;lise das tend&#234;ncias decrescentes de mortalidade por DIC, m&#250;ltiplos fatores devem ser considerados, incluindo-se idade, sexo, diagn&#243;stico, interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas e condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais e socioecon&#244;micas. Os estudos com dados de registro da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica fornecem uma vis&#227;o mais pr&#243;xima da realidade do que os experimentais<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em estudo com amostras de prontu&#225;rios de angioplastia coronariana (AC) realizadas nos hospitais p&#250;blicos do munic&#237;pio do Rio de Janeiro (MRJ), de 1999 a 2003, observou-se letalidade intra-hospitalar m&#233;dia de 1,6%, variando de 0,9% a 6,8%. As taxas de letalidade nas AC prim&#225;ria e de resgate foram 17,4% e 13,1%, e na AC eletiva foi de 0,8%<sup>4</sup>. No mesmo per&#237;odo, em 2.692 prontu&#225;rios de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (RVM) no MRJ, observou-se varia&#231;&#227;o entre os hospitais de 7,0% a 14,3% no per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar, e de 8,5% a 20,2% at&#233; um ano p&#243;s-alta e associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es e &#243;bito p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgico (p &lt; 0,0001)<sup>5</sup>. Portanto, nos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, n&#227;o se verificou a <italic>performance</italic> m&#237;nima desejada no ERJ<sup>6</sup>, representando importante &#244;nus financeiro para o SUS com repercuss&#245;es sociais e individuais<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em meados da &#250;ltima d&#233;cada do s&#233;culo XX, estimava-se que 80% da assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica ou hospitalar eram financiadas pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de do Brasil (SUS)<sup>8</sup>. De 1999 a 2003, o SUS gastou anualmente no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ), em m&#233;dia, 191 milh&#245;es de d&#243;lares com interna&#231;&#245;es por todas as causas. Esse valor representou um gasto anual de US$ 13,20 por habitante, dos quais US$ 0,60 foi despendido nas interna&#231;&#245;es por DIC. Cerca de 70% do valor anual m&#233;dio, de US$ 8,7 milh&#245;es gastos nessas interna&#231;&#245;es por DIC, corresponderam a AC ou RVM. Em um quinto das interna&#231;&#245;es por DIC foram realizados esses procedimentos, dos quais 37% foram RVM e 63%, AC<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os gastos do SUS com AC e RVM realizadas nos hospitais do ERJ, de 1999 a 2008, e a <italic>performance</italic> desses procedimentos avaliada pelas taxas de letalidade, ajustadas por idade, tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar e gastos nas unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre procedimentos provieram dos bancos de Autoriza&#231;&#245;es de Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar (AIH), de janeiro de 1999 a dezembro de 2008, dispon&#237;veis no s&#237;tio do Datasus/MS<sup>1</sup>. Foram considerados os seguintes c&#243;digos para RVM: 32039018, 32011016, 32038011, 48010073, 48010081, 48010090, 32040016, 48010103, 406010927, 406010935, 406010943 e 406010951, exclu&#237;das aquelas com troca valvar. Para AC empregou-se os c&#243;digos: 32035012, 32023014, 48030066, 48030082, 48030074, 48030112, 48030090, 48030104, 406030014, 406030022, 406030030, 406030049, 406030065 e 406030073.</p>
    <p>Os hospitais foram identificados por letras individualizado-se os que realizaram 100 ou mais RVM ou AC no per&#237;odo<sup>1</sup>. Os demais foram agrupados em uma &#250;nica categoria. Os hospitais A, B, C e D s&#227;o p&#250;blicos do Munic&#237;pio do Rio de Janeiro (MRJ), enquanto os demais s&#227;o privados e credenciados pelo SUS. O hospital p&#250;blico, S, da Regi&#227;o Metropolitana, realizou uma AC paga no per&#237;odo e foi inclu&#237;do na categoria dos demais. Os hospitais A, B e I s&#227;o universit&#225;rios, e C e D s&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia no SUS.</p>
    <p>Considerou-se que os fatores idade, tempo de perman&#234;ncia em dias e gastos com UTI, pela sua rela&#231;&#227;o potencial com a gravidade cl&#237;nica, influenciaram a letalidade, sendo as taxas de letalidade dos hospitais ajustadas por modelos Poisson com as covari&#225;veis idade, perman&#234;ncia e gasto em UTI. Para o c&#225;lculo da vari&#225;vel idade foi utilizada a diferen&#231;a entre a data de interna&#231;&#227;o e a data do nascimento obtidos das AIH ou, na aus&#234;ncia dessas, a idade registrada na AIH. O tempo de perman&#234;ncia foi obtido nas AIH ou pela diferen&#231;a entre os dias de alta e de interna&#231;&#227;o, desde que inferior a um ano.</p>
    <p>A unidade de medida dos gastos foi o d&#243;lar americano. As cota&#231;&#245;es do d&#243;lar foram obtidas pela raz&#227;o entre os valores dos gastos totais em reais e em d&#243;lares, registrados na AIH. Essas cota&#231;&#245;es serviram para estimar os valores em d&#243;lares das fra&#231;&#245;es que comp&#245;e o gasto total que foram: servi&#231;os profissionais (S.Profis), servi&#231;os hospitalares (S.Hospit.), &#243;rteses e pr&#243;teses (Ort.Prot.), servi&#231;os auxiliares de diagnose e terapia (SADT), e unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). Foram constru&#237;dos &#237;ndices de <italic>gasto m&#233;dio relativo</italic> (GMR), dividindo-se o valor m&#233;dio da fra&#231;&#227;o de gasto em cada hospital pelo gasto m&#233;dio no ERJ.</p>
    <p>Foram constru&#237;dos gr&#225;ficos com a varia&#231;&#227;o anual das RVM e AC, nos hospitais que realizaram pelo menos 300 procedimentos no per&#237;odo. Para as estimativas das taxas de letalidade e an&#225;lise dos demais resultados empregou-se o Stata<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref> relaciona os 30.644 procedimentos de RVM e AC realizados e pagos pelo SUS no ERJ de 1999 a 2008 nos hospitais. Foi realizada 1,8 vez mais AC. Observou-se que 35,2% dos procedimentos foram realizados nos hospitais A, B, C e D, p&#250;blicos e de refer&#234;ncia da capital. Os hospitais G e J do interior do ERJ foram os que realizaram maiores quantidades de procedimentos, 29,4% do total do ERJ. O hospital G realizou relativamente mais AC (19,6%) e o J mais RVM (14,5%).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0297-00108-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop08611fig01m">figura 1</xref> apresenta as frequ&#234;ncias anuais de RVM nos onze hospitais com 300 ou mais procedimentos no per&#237;odo. N&#227;o houve grandes varia&#231;&#245;es na frequ&#234;ncia de RVM, que oscilou na faixa de 1.000 a 1.200 cirurgias anuais. Os hospitais p&#250;blicos do MRJ, A e B, diminu&#237;ram o n&#250;mero de revasculariza&#231;&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio, enquanto os hospitais C e D apresentaram varia&#231;&#227;o complementar, isto &#233;, quando a produ&#231;&#227;o de um est&#225; reduzida, a do outro se eleva e vice-versa. O hospital J, privado, com mais RVM pagas diminuiu sua produ&#231;&#227;o gradativamente. Os hospitais F e G aumentaram sua produ&#231;&#227;o na maior parte do per&#237;odo. Os hospitais E, H e I permaneceram com produ&#231;&#227;o praticamente est&#225;vel. O hospital O da Regi&#227;o M&#233;dio-Para&#237;ba realizou RVM a partir de 2006 e aumentou progressivamente sua produ&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop08611fig01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0297-00108-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop08611fig02m">figura 2</xref> observam-se as frequ&#234;ncias anuais de AC realizadas pelos onze hospitais com 300 ou mais procedimentos no per&#237;odo. Nos hospitais do ERJ houve uma tend&#234;ncia de duplica&#231;&#227;o da quantidade de AC. Os hospitais A e B, universit&#225;rios e p&#250;blicos do MRJ, apresentaram quantidades de AC est&#225;veis, exceto nos anos de 2004-2005 no hospital A. O hospital C, refer&#234;ncia de cardiologia no ERJ, aumentou as AC at&#233; 2006, a partir da&#237; apresentou queda na produ&#231;&#227;o. O hospital D, tamb&#233;m refer&#234;ncia estadual de cardiologia, aumentou sua produ&#231;&#227;o at&#233; 2003, reduzindo at&#233; 2006, quando voltou a aumentar. O hospital G, com mais AC pagas pelo SUS, aumentou sua produ&#231;&#227;o at&#233; 2004, quando passou a realizar quantidades decrescentes de AC. Os demais hospitais do interior realizaram quantidades crescentes de AC, exceto o hospital universit&#225;rio I, da Regi&#227;o Norte, que manteve sua produ&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel. O hospital L, da Regi&#227;o Serrana, realizou AC a partir de 2002, aumentando sua produ&#231;&#227;o at&#233; 2004 e diminuindo depois.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop08611fig02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0297-00108-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08611tab02m">tabela 2</xref> observam-se as m&#233;dias de gastos, em d&#243;lares, nas RVM pagos pelo SUS no ERJ, distribu&#237;dos entre S.Profis, S.Hospit, Ort.Prot, SADT e UTI, nos casos em que esses gastos est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis (N). Os gastos m&#233;dios relativos (GMR) por hospital e fra&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o no corpo da tabela, tomando-se como refer&#234;ncia as m&#233;dias do ERJ. Os gastos com S.Hospit e Ort.Prot representam cerca de dois ter&#231;os do total. A maior discrep&#226;ncia no total de gastos ocorreu no hospital N, cerca de 1,9 vez maior do que nos hospitais C e K. O hospital N, privado do MRJ, apresentou gastos duas vezes superiores &#224; m&#233;dia do Estado nos S.Hospit, e 1,8 vez nas Ort.Prot. Os hospitais A e B, universit&#225;rios, e Q receberam valores percentualmente mais elevados nos S.Hospit. O hospital R apresentou GRM muito elevado na fra&#231;&#227;o UTI, por&#233;m ocorreram apenas cinco declara&#231;&#245;es em 11 interna&#231;&#245;es. Os hospitais P e T n&#227;o informaram a maioria dos gastos concentrando-os em UTI, superiores a duas vezes a m&#233;dia do Estado. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop08611tab02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0297-00108-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08611tab03m">tabela 3</xref> exp&#245;e as m&#233;dias de gastos, em d&#243;lares, nas AC, pagas pelo SUS no ERJ, distribu&#237;dos entre S.Profis., S.Hospit., Ort.Prof., SADT e UTI, quando os gastos est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis (N). Os gastos m&#233;dios relativos (GMR) por hospital e fra&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o no corpo da tabela, tomando-se como refer&#234;ncia as m&#233;dias do ERJ. Os gastos com Ort.Prot representam mais da metade dos gastos com AC no ERJ. As desigualdades nos gastos totais entre hospitais parecem muito grandes quando se comparam os hospitais O, de gasto mais elevado, e R, de menor gasto (Q &#233; desconsiderado por ter declarado apenas quatro AC). O hospital G apresentou gasto muito elevado com Ort.Prot, tendo a m&#233;dia do Estado como refer&#234;ncia. O hospital N apresentou gasto elevado com S.Hospit, no n&#237;vel daquele pago aos hospitais universit&#225;rios. Os hospitais P e T informaram apenas os gastos com UTI e total. Houve grande varia&#231;&#227;o nos gastos com UTI, elevados nos hospitais B, R e J. Em m&#233;dia, o disp&#234;ndio com uma AC foi de 71% do valor de uma RVM. Entretanto, do total de cerca de US$ 76 milh&#245;es e 855 mil gastos com os dois procedimentos pelo SUS, 55,9% desses recursos foram destinados ao pagamento de AC.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop08611tab03m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0297-00108-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08611tab04m">tabela 4</xref> apresenta taxas ajustadas de letalidade nas RVM pagas no ERJ, assim como m&#233;dias de idade e tempo de perman&#234;ncia e gastos de UTI com sobreviventes ou &#243;bitos, nos hospitais. As taxas de letalidade foram ajustadas para as covari&#225;veis descritas acima, com modelos Poisson. A idade, o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e gastos em UTI se correlacionaram significativamente com a letalidade nas RVM. Entretanto, as taxas de letalidade ajustadas nas RVM s&#227;o praticamente id&#234;nticas &#224;s n&#227;o ajustadas, tendo ocorrido acr&#233;scimo de apenas 0,1% em A, E e L, e diminui&#231;&#227;o de 0,1% em C. Isso demonstra que as covari&#225;veis consideradas n&#227;o alteram a hierarquia e o n&#237;vel das taxas entre os hospitais. As taxas de letalidade variaram de 2,4% no hospital J a 12,1% no B, os que realizaram mais RVM, de 1999 a 2008. O hospital E e o conjunto "demais hospitais" (menos de 100 procedimentos no per&#237;odo) tiveram taxas de letalidades acima de 10%. Apenas tr&#234;s hospitais lograram taxas de letalidade menores de 5%.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop08611tab04m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0297-00108-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as relevantes entre as m&#233;dias de idade dos sobreviventes, que variaram entre 58,7 e 62,1 anos. J&#225; entre os &#243;bitos, a maior discrep&#226;ncia ocorreu entre as m&#233;dias de idade de 58,2 e 70,4 anos, e a maior diferen&#231;a entre sobreviventes e &#243;bitos ocorreu no hospital L. A m&#233;dia de idade dos &#243;bitos foi superior &#224; dos sobreviventes em quase todos os hospitais, com uma &#250;nica exce&#231;&#227;o (K). Em cerca da metade dos hospitais o tempo de perman&#234;ncia foi menor nos &#243;bitos. Esses tempos foram mais elevados, tanto de sobreviventes como de &#243;bitos, nos hospitais p&#250;blicos do MRJ comparados aos privados. Somente dois hospitais tiveram tempos de perman&#234;ncia de at&#233; sete dias (F e O). Observam-se varia&#231;&#245;es not&#225;veis nos gastos m&#233;dios com UTI nos hospitais, especialmente nos &#243;bitos. Com exce&#231;&#227;o dos hospitais E, G e K, os gastos com UTI foram maiores com os &#243;bitos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08611tab04m">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08611tab05m">tabela 5</xref> apresenta taxas ajustadas de letalidade nas AC pagas no ERJ, assim como m&#233;dias de idade e tempo de perman&#234;ncia dos pacientes, e gastos de UTI com sobreviventes ou &#243;bitos, nos hospitais. As taxas de letalidade foram ajustadas como descrito para as RVM. A idade, o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e gastos em UTI se correlacionaram significativamente com a letalidade nas AC. Entretanto, as taxas de letalidade ajustadas nas AC s&#227;o praticamente id&#234;nticas &#224;s n&#227;o ajustadas, tendo ocorrido acr&#233;scimo de apenas 0,1% em C. As taxas de letalidade ap&#243;s AC variaram de forma relevante. Nos hospitais E, K e O n&#227;o ocorreram &#243;bitos, e em T, 6,4% dos pacientes submetidos a AC morreram na interna&#231;&#227;o. Os hospitais A, B e I, universit&#225;rios, e os hospitais H, J, L e T, do interior do ERJ, apresentaram taxas de letalidade superiores &#224;s medias do Estado, acima de 1,8%.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop08611tab05m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0297-00108-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as relevantes entre as m&#233;dias de idade dos sobreviventes, por&#233;m entre os mortos essas m&#233;dias variaram entre 57,0 e 69,2 anos. As m&#233;dias de tempo de perman&#234;ncia foram elevadas, tanto nos sobreviventes como nos &#243;bitos, nos hospitais p&#250;blicos do MRJ. Os hospitais E, F, G, K, M e O apresentaram m&#233;dias de tempo de perman&#234;ncia pr&#243;ximas a tr&#234;s dias com taxas de letalidade inferiores a 1,0%, exceto em G. Observaram-se varia&#231;&#245;es not&#225;veis nos gastos m&#233;dios com UTI entre os hospitais, especialmente entre os &#243;bitos. Com exce&#231;&#227;o dos hospitais A, E, F e M, os gastos com UTI foram mais elevados nos &#243;bitos. O hospital de maior letalidade, T, declarou gastos dos mais elevados com UTI. O hospital M teve um &#243;bito e n&#227;o declarou gastos com UTI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08611tab05m">tab. 5</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Os resultados observados evidenciam a necessidade urgente de implantar medidas que possam melhorar a qualidade do atendimento nas RVM e AC. Verifica-se que o n&#250;mero de AC aumentou, ultrapassando o de RVM, com crescentes gastos para o sistema de sa&#250;de. Esses gastos poderiam ser justificados se a <italic>performance</italic> fosse adequada com letalidade reduzida. Para que pud&#233;ssemos obter <italic>performance</italic> similar entre RVM e tratamento cl&#237;nico as letalidades intra-hospitalares deveriam ser inferiores a 2,5%, mesmo nos multivasculares est&#225;veis com isquemia documentada<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>As elevadas m&#233;dias de tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o (nas RVM de 17,5 dias nos sobreviventes e 20,8 dias nos &#243;bitos e nas AC de 4,2 dias nos sobreviventes e 7,7 nos &#243;bitos) permitem supor a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es, o que deve ter contribu&#237;do para a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos gastos. Outro estudo, com a mesma base de dados, realizado entre 1999 e 2003, apontou que durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o das AC ocorreu dissec&#231;&#227;o de coron&#225;rias em 5% e oclus&#227;o de vaso em 2,6%, com letalidades de 11,5% e 21,8%, respectivamente. Ocorreu ainda sangramento em 5,9%, com letalidade de 5,6%, entre os quais houve necessidade de transfus&#227;o em 3,0%, com letalidade de 12,0%. O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio aconteceu em 1,1%, com letalidade de 38%, e o acidente vascular encef&#225;lico em 0,4%, com letalidade de 17,5%<sup>4</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s RVM do mesmo per&#237;odo, foram registradas complica&#231;&#245;es em mais de 99% dos &#243;bitos, enquanto mesmo entre os sobreviventes, 40% apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es. Quase 60% dos &#243;bitos tiveram cinco ou mais complica&#231;&#245;es, o que aconteceu em menos de 7% dos sobreviventes<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Azambuja e cols.<sup>11</sup>, em estimativa conservadora sobre o impacto econ&#244;mico que as DAC graves, que atingem 5% da popula&#231;&#227;o de 35 anos ou mais, representaram para o Brasil, em 2004, observaram que o custo anual foi de, pelo menos, R$ 30,8 bilh&#245;es, equivalentes a R$ 500,00 <italic>per capita</italic> e R$ 9.640,00 por paciente. Esses custos diretos em sa&#250;de representaram 8% do gasto total do pa&#237;s com sa&#250;de e 0,52% do PIB<sup>10</sup>. Os gastos dever&#227;o aumentar de forma relevante nas pr&#243;ximas d&#233;cadas com o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Balbinotto Neto e Silva<sup>12</sup>, em editorial comentando o artigo anterior, chamam a aten&#231;&#227;o de que a abordagem dos estudos de custos de doen&#231;a &#233; uma avalia&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica parcial, por levar em considera&#231;&#227;o apenas os custos dos recursos e n&#227;o os ganhos com a redu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e com os resultados do tratamento. Para fornecer orienta&#231;&#227;o efetiva aos administradores da sa&#250;de, seria necess&#225;ria a compara&#231;&#227;o com a aloca&#231;&#227;o alternativa dos recursos<sup>12</sup>. Os gastos v&#234;m aumentando tamb&#233;m em raz&#227;o do aumento da utiliza&#231;&#227;o especialmente de AC.</p>
    <p>Estat&#237;sticas de gastos com sa&#250;des podem revelar ou esconder fatos interessantes. Quem gasta mais nem sempre obt&#233;m o melhor resultado A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab6">tabela 6</xref> descreve no ano de 2009 os gastos totais com sa&#250;de, o percentual alocado pelos recursos p&#250;blicos, o percentual do PIB gasto com sa&#250;de e a expectativa de vida ao nascer de alguns pa&#237;ses. Apesar de os gastos se referirem ao ano de 2009, refletem possivelmente pol&#237;ticas anteriores. Nos Estados Unidos, incluindo gastos p&#250;blicos e privados, gastou-se o dobro da Fran&#231;a, o segundo em disp&#234;ndio bruto <italic>per capita</italic>, e cerca de nove vezes o que se gastou no Brasil. Por&#233;m, o governo dos Estados Unidos pagou percentualmente muito menos do que os demais, com exce&#231;&#227;o do Brasil, esses dois, por sinal, muito parecidos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao PIB, pode parecer curioso que se gaste tanto nos Estados Unidos, mas &#233; preciso lembrar que naquele pa&#237;s a ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de equipamentos e o setor de servi&#231;os de aten&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica devem representar mais do que no Brasil e na Argentina, ainda assim possivelmente n&#227;o tanto mais do que na Fran&#231;a e no Reino Unido. O Jap&#227;o parece ter a melhor pol&#237;tica de aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos, em n&#237;veis adequados, sem onerar diretamente seus cidad&#227;os com os melhores resultados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; expectativa de vida<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0297-00108-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O custo direto relacionado ao manejo da DIC no Brasil &#233; elevado, com impacto significativo no or&#231;amento dos &#243;rg&#227;os financiadores da sa&#250;de, especialmente no gasto com medicamentos e na aten&#231;&#227;o da alta complexidade, tornando um desafio a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias<sup>15-17</sup>. No Reino Unido, em 2000, o custo do manejo da DIC cr&#244;nica foi de 669 milh&#245;es de libras em 634 mil indiv&#237;duos avaliados, dos quais 35% com procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o<sup>18</sup>. No Brasil, em 2000, foram gastos R$ 232,7 milh&#245;es com interna&#231;&#245;es pagas pelos SUS para o tratamento das DIC<sup>1</sup>. Em 2003, o gasto do SUS foi de cerca de R$ 281milh&#245;es para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de 30.666 AC e 19.909 RVM<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em 1997, dos gastos do SUS no Brasil com interna&#231;&#245;es, 3,3% haviam sido por DIC<sup>8</sup>, enquanto no ERJ esse gasto relativo foi de 4,6% de 1999 a 2003. Quase 70% do valor anual m&#233;dio, de US$ 8,7 milh&#245;es gastos nessas interna&#231;&#245;es por DIC est&#225;vel, corresponderam a RVM e AC<sup>3</sup>. Esses pacientes t&#234;m baixo a moderado risco com taxas anuais de letalidade estimadas inferiores a 3%<sup>19</sup>. No Brasil, de 2005 a 2007, foram pagos 63.529 RVM pelo SUS, em 191 hospitais, com letalidade m&#233;dia de 6,22%. Essa letalidade foi maior nos hospitais de pequeno volume do que nos de grande volume (<underline>&gt;</underline>300 cirurgias no per&#237;odo), 7,29% <italic>versus</italic> 5,77% (p &lt; 0,001). A m&#233;dia de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foi de 12 dias. O valor m&#233;dio da AIH paga foi de R$ 6.900,16 nos hospitais p&#250;blicos e R$ 6.864,74 nos privados<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>No ERJ, de 1999 a 2008, foram pagos pelo SUS 30.644 procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio totalizando 19.661 AC e 10.983 RVM em 20 hospitais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref>). As taxas de letalidade m&#233;dias foram de 6,9% nas RVM (2,4% a 12,1%) e 1,6% nas AC (0 a 6,4%). A letalidade n&#227;o esteve diretamente relacionada ao volume de RVM no ERJ (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08611tab04m">tab. 4</xref>). O mesmo ocorreu com as AC com taxas de letalidade diversas nos quatro hospitais com mais procedimentos, variando de 0,7% a 2,7% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08611tab05m">tab. 5</xref>). No Brasil, a letalidade dos 55 hospitais que realizaram 100 ou mais procedimentos em tr&#234;s anos variou de cerca de 2% at&#233; 19%, e os hospitais apresentaram quantidades diferentes de procedimentos anuais<sup>20</sup>. No ERJ, a oferta de servi&#231;os de RVM para a popula&#231;&#227;o decresceu gradativamente, pressupondo-se retardo no atendimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop08611fig01m">fig. 1</xref>), se levarmos em conta o crescimento da popula&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo. Essa pode ser uma das explica&#231;&#245;es para as letalidades elevadas no Estado<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>As taxas de letalidades no ERJ por RVM foram semelhantes &#224;s observadas por Ribeiro e cols., nas AIHs, em 65.716 RVM entre 2003-2004<sup>22</sup>. No entanto, essas taxas est&#227;o elevadas se comparadas &#224;s dos outros estudos. Em Nova York, de 2003-2005, em 40.429 pacientes, foi observada letalidade de 2,14% em 30 dias<sup>23</sup>. A letalidade em um ano foi de 0,8% na RVM e 2,5% na AC em 988 pacientes randomizados (488 AC e 500 RVM), de 1996 a 1999, em 11 pa&#237;ses europeus e no Canad&#225;<sup>24</sup>. Em 445 pacientes de alto risco, acompanhados por tr&#234;s anos, relataram-se taxas de 0,79% para RVM e 0,82 para AC<sup>25 </sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudo realizado no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, em 103 RVM ressarcidas pelo SUS, em 2005, apresentou custo m&#233;dio de US$ 2.784,98 com m&#237;nimo de US$ 2.166,81, e m&#225;ximo de US$ 4.692,81. Os maiores custos m&#233;dios foram no centro cir&#250;rgico (R$ 4.627,97) e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (R$1.221,39), seguidos pela enfermaria depois do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (R$ 840,04) e pela enfermaria inicial de pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (R$ 300,90)<sup>26</sup>. No ERJ, o gasto m&#233;dio relativo foi superior na maioria dos hospitais, de US$ 3.088,12. Os gastos com S.Hospit. representaram em m&#233;dia cerca de 40%, (US$ 1.252,96), seguidos por Ort.Prot com 27% (US$ 849,37) do total (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08611tab02m">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>Almeida<sup>27</sup> comparou os custos da RVM e AC em 86 e 240 pacientes, respectivamente, de outubro de 2003 a abril de 2004, com seguimento de um ano. O custo m&#233;dio inicial da RVM foi R$ 7.759,78 e da AC, R$ 6.307,79. Ap&#243;s um ano, os custos m&#233;dios totais foram R$ 7.875,73 para RVM e R$ 8.234,96 para AC. A RVM tem um custo mais elevado em 23,0% do que a AC<sup>27</sup>. Esse achado foi semelhante no ERJ onde gastos m&#233;dios totais das AC representaram 71% dos gastos pagos pelo SUS pelas RVM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08611tab02m">tab. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08611tab03m">3</xref>).</p>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia na RVM foi 17,5 dias nos sobreviventes e 20,8 dias nos &#243;bitos e nas AC foi de 4,2 e 7,7 dias no ERJ, de 1999 a 2008 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08611tab04m">tab. 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08611tab05m">5</xref>). Piegas e cols.<sup>20 </sup>observaram que as diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias de perman&#234;ncia nas diversas regi&#245;es do Brasil variaram de 10,7 a 15,5 nas regi&#245;es Nordeste e Norte. Se considerarmos somente os sobreviventes nas RVM no ERJ, o tempo de perman&#234;ncia foi superior ao observado na m&#233;dia dos hospitais brasileiros.</p>
    <p>Brown e cols.<sup>28</sup>, estudando a frequ&#234;ncia e os custos das complica&#231;&#245;es associadas &#224; RVM sem troca valvar em 114.223 benefici&#225;rios do Medicare no ano de 2005, observaram que o custo m&#233;dio da RVM foi de US$ 32,2 mil e o tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o, de 9,9 dias. Ajustando esses resultados pelas comorbidades e vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, os autores observaram custo e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o incremental de 15,5 mil d&#243;lares e 5,3 dias na presen&#231;a de qualquer complica&#231;&#227;o<sup>28</sup>. Podemos formular a hip&#243;tese que o mesmo teria ocorrido nos pacientes do ERJ, onde a maioria dos &#243;bitos apresentou cinco ou mais complica&#231;&#245;es<sup>5</sup>. Esse fato pode ser corroborado pelos gastos elevados com UTI especialmente nos &#243;bitos.</p>
    <p>O estudo MASS II, realizado de 1995 a 2000, no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o em S&#227;o Paulo, envolvendo 611 candidatos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio por apresentavam doen&#231;a multivascular coronariana com boa fun&#231;&#227;o de VE, comparou os custos do tratamento m&#233;dico com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de AC e RVM (203, 205 e 203 pacientes) com seguimento de um ano<sup>29</sup>. A taxa de letalidade nos primeiros 30 dias foi similar nos tr&#234;s grupos (1,9%, 4,4%, 3,9%). Os custos m&#233;dios em um ano livre de eventos foram US$ 2.453,50, 10.348,93 e 12.404,21, respectivamente. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que os custos efetivos da AC aumentaram em um ano, se aproximando daqueles da RVM, e que o tratamento cl&#237;nico teve menor custo inicial com aumento maior em um ano em raz&#227;o da recorr&#234;ncia de angina. No entanto, o custo-efetividade desses procedimentos n&#227;o est&#225; definitivamente estabelecido, sendo adequado apenas nas RVM<sup>30 </sup>sem ganho na qualidade ajustada por ano de vida<sup>31 </sup>.</p>
    <p>Murad e Murad sugerem que controle rigoroso da qualidade da RVM possivelmente melhorar&#225; sua <italic>performance</italic><sup>32</sup>. Gomes e cols.<sup>15 </sup>sugerem que uma abordagem t&#233;cnica conjunta da intera&#231;&#227;o entre destreza t&#233;cnica da equipe cir&#250;rgica e aspectos organizacionais poder&#225; melhorar a <italic>performance</italic> das RVM, sendo os resultados dependentes da estrutura e aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos materiais e humanos.</p>
    <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e o fato de os gastos serem os informados pelas AIH, permitindo apenas uma avalia&#231;&#227;o parcial do problema econ&#244;mico. &#201; necess&#225;rio prosseguir com estudos para aprofundar o debate sobre inclus&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica no sistema de sa&#250;de, com &#234;nfase na custo-efetividade para a melhor aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos, especialmente ante a crescente demanda decorrente do envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o. &#201; necess&#225;rio ainda investigar quais s&#227;o os motivos da grande variabilidade entre as unidades hospitalares seja na letalidade intra-hospitalar, seja no tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o, seja nos gastos com os procedimentos ou nos componentes desses gastos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira </p>
        <p> Rua Jo&#227;o Lira, 128 / 101 - Leblon </p>
        <p> 22430-210 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="glauciam@cardiol.br">glauciam@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="glaucia@mls.com.br">glaucia@mls.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 11/11/10; revisado recebido em 21/12/10; aceito em 29/03/11.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Coronary artery bypass graft surgery performance and costs by the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) in the State of Rio de Janeiro, from 1999 to 2008</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Expenses with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery and coronary angioplasty (CA) represented a significant cost to SUS. OBJECTIVE: To analyze SUS expenses with CABG and CA and their performance in hospitals in the state of Rio de Janeiro (SRJ), from 1999 to 2008. METHODS: The information came from paid HAA in hospitals with more than 100 revascularization procedures. Mortality rates were adjusted by Poisson (with covariates age, length of hospital stay and ICU expenses). Mean relative cost indices were calculated by dividing the mean value of the cost fraction spent in each hospital by the mean expense in the SRJ in U.S. dollars. Stata software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 10,983 CABG and 19,661 CA were paid by SUS in 20 hospitals during the 10 years, with mean values of US$ 3,088.12 and 2,183.93, respectively. The mortality rate in CABG varied from 9.2%-1999 to 7.7%-2008, with ranges of 5.0%-9.2% and in CA, from 1.6%-1999 to 1.5%-2008, with ranges of 0.9%-2.3%. The hospitals decreased the number of CABG procedures and doubled CA procedures. Age, time of hospital stay and ICU costs significantly correlated with lethality in CABG and CA paid by SUS in the SRJ. On average, hospital service costs represented 41% of the total cost of CABG and 18% of CA, and with ortheses and prostheses, 55% in CA and 28% in CABG. CONCLUSION: It is clear the need to improve the quality of healthcare service in institutions that perform CABG and CA paid by SUS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Health care costs</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>unified health system</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top1-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Coronary artery bypass graft surgery performance and costs by the Brazilian public health system (SUS) in the State of Rio de Janeiro, from 1999 to 2008</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira<sup>I</sup>; Carlos Henrique Klein<sup>II</sup>; Nelson Albuquerque de Souza e Silva<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil </p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Expenses with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery and coronary angioplasty (CA) represented a significant cost to SUS.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To analyze SUS expenses with CABG and CA and their performance in hospitals in the state of Rio de Janeiro (SRJ), from 1999 to 2008.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The information came from paid HAA in hospitals with more than 100 revascularization procedures. Mortality rates were adjusted by Poisson (with covariates age, length of hospital stay and ICU expenses). Mean relative cost indices were calculated by dividing the mean value of the cost fraction spent in each hospital by the mean expense in the SRJ in U.S. dollars. Stata software was used for statistical analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A total of 10,983 CABG and 19,661 CA were paid by SUS in 20 hospitals during the 10 years, with mean values of US$ 3,088.12 and 2,183.93, respectively. The mortality rate in CABG varied from 9.2%-1999 to 7.7%-2008, with ranges of 5.0%-9.2% and in CA, from 1.6%-1999 to 1.5%-2008, with ranges of 0.9%-2.3%. The hospitals decreased the number of CABG procedures and doubled CA procedures. Age, time of hospital stay and ICU costs significantly correlated with lethality in CABG and CA paid by SUS in the SRJ. On average, hospital service costs represented 41% of the total cost of CABG and 18% of CA, and with ortheses and prostheses, 55% in CA and 28% in CABG.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> It is clear the need to improve the quality of healthcare service in institutions that perform CABG and CA paid by SUS.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Health care costs; myocardial revascularization/economics; unified health system.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) accounted for 29.4% of deaths in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) in 1999. In 2007, this percentage remained virtually unchanged (28.8%). In 1999, cerebrovascular disease (CVD) accounted for 32.7%, while ischemic heart disease (IHD) accounted for 31.9% of CAD. This relationship was reversed in 2007, when those percentages were 30.2% and 31.5%<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Soares et al<sup>2</sup>, studying mortality due to CAD in the SRJ regions from 1980 to 2007, concluded that the decrease in mortality due to CVD has occurred continuously since 1980, and IHD mortality showed slight fluctuations until 1990 and then showed relevant decreases<sup>2</sup>. In the analysis of decreasing mortality trends due to IHD, multiple factors must be considered, including age, sex, diagnosis, therapeutic interventions and environmental and socioeconomic conditions. The studies with data recorded from clinical practice provide a view that is closer to reality than the experimental ones<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a study with samples of coronary angiography (CA) records performed in public hospitals in the city of Rio de Janeiro (CRJ), from 1999 to 2003, a mean in-hospital mortality of 1.6% was observed, ranging from 0.9 % to 6.8%. Mortality rates in primary and rescue CA were 17.4% and 13.1%, and in elective CA, it was 0.8%<sup>4</sup>. During the same period, in 2,692 coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) records in the CRJ, a variation between hospitals was observed, from 7.0% to 14.3% in the in-hospital period, and 8.5% to 20.2 % up to one year post-hospital release and a significant association between the occurrence of complications and postoperative death (p &lt;0.0001)<sup>5</sup>. Therefore, regarding myocardial revascularization procedures, the minimum required performance was not observed in the SRJ<sup>6</sup>, representing an important financial burden for the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS), with individual and social consequences<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the middle of the last decade of the twentieth century, it was estimated that 80% of medical or hospital care was financed by the Public Health System (SUS) in Brazil<sup>8</sup>. From 1999 to 2003, SUS spent annually in the State of Rio de Janeiro (SRJ), on average, 191 million dollars with all-cause hospitalizations. This figure represented an annual expenditure of US$ 13.20 per capita, of which US$ 0.60 was spent on hospitalizations due to IHD. About 70% of the average annual value of US $ 8.7 million spent in hospitalizations due to IHD corresponded to CA or CABG. These procedures were performed in one fifth of hospitalizations due to IHD, of which 37% were CABG and 63% CA<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>This article aims at analyzing SUS expenses with CA and CABG performed in hospitals in the SRJ, from 1999 to 2008, and the performance of these procedures evaluated by mortality rates, adjusted for age, length of hospital stay and intensive care unit (ICU) costs.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Information on the procedures came from the databases of Hospital Admission Authorization (HAA) forms, from January 1999 to December 2008, available at the site of Datasus/MS<sup>1</sup>. The following codes were considered for CABG: 32039018, 32011016, 32038011, 48010073, 48010081, 48010090, 32040016, 48010103, 406010927, 406010935, 406010943 and 406010951, excluding those with valve replacement. For CA the following codes were used: 32035012, 32023014, 48030066, 48030082, 48030074, 48030112, 48030090, 48030104, 406030014, 406030022, 406030030, 406030049, 406030065 and 406030073.</p>
      <p>Hospitals were identified by letters, individualizing those that performed 100 or more CABG or CA in the period<sup>1</sup>. The others were grouped into a single category. Hospitals A, B, C and D are public in the city of Rio de Janeiro (CRJ), while the others are private and accredited by SUS. The public hospital, S, in the Metropolitan Region, performed a paid CA in the period and was included in the "others" category. Hospitals A, B and I are University hospitals, and C and D are reference cardiology centers in SUS.</p>
      <p>It was considered that factors such as age, ICU length of stay in days and costs, due to their potential association with clinical severity, influenced mortality, with mortality rates of hospitals being adjusted using Poisson models with covariates age, ICU stay and costs. To calculate the age variable, we used the difference between the date of admission and date of birth obtained from HAA or, in their absence, the age recorded in the HAA. The ICU time was obtained from the HAA or by the difference between the dates of hospital release and admission, as long as it was less than one year.</p>
      <p>The unit of cost measurement was U.S. dollars. The dollar rate was obtained by the ratio between the values of total expenses in Brazilian Reais and in U.S. dollars, reported in HAA. These rates were used to estimate the values in dollars of the fractions that make up the total expense, which were: professional services (Prof. Serv), hospital services (Hosp. Serv.) Ortheses and prostheses (Ort/Prot.), Auxiliary services of diagnosis and therapy (ASDT), and intensive care unit (ICU). Mean relative cost indices were calculated by dividing the mean value of the cost fraction spent in each hospital by the mean expense in the SRJ in U.S. dollars.</p>
      <p>Charts were constructed with the annual variation of CABG and CA in hospitals that performed at least 300 procedures during the period. For the estimates of mortality rates and analysis of the other results, Stata software was used<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the 30,644 CABG and CA procedures performed and paid for by the SUS in the SRJ from 1999 to 2008 in the hospitals. CA was performed 1.8 times more than CABG. It was observed that 35.2% of procedures were performed in hospitals A, B, C and D, which were reference and public hospitals in the capital city. Hospitals G and J in the countryside of the SRJ were the ones that performed the highest number of procedures, 29.4% of the SRJ. Hospital G performed relatively more CA (19.6%) and J more CABG (14.5%) procedures.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0297-00108-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop08611fig01m-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the annual frequency of CABG in the eleven hospitals with 300 or more procedures in the period. There was no large variation in the frequency of CABG, which ranged from 1,000 to 1,200 annual surgeries. The public hospitals in the CRJ, A and B, decreased the number of CABG procedures, while hospitals C and D showed complementary variation, i.e., when the production is reduced in one, it increases in the other and vice versa. Hospital J, private, with more paid CABG procedures, gradually decreased its production. Hospitals F and G increased their production during most of the period. Hospitals E, H and I showed virtually unchanged productions. Hospital O, in the Mid-Para&#237;ba Region, has performed CABG since 2006 and has gradually increased its production.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop08611fig01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0297-00108-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop08611fig02m-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the annual frequency of CA performed by the eleven hospitals with 300 or more procedures during the period. In the hospitals of the SRJ, there was a tendency toward doubling the number of CA procedures. Hospitals A and B, which were university and public hospitals in the CRJ, showed stable amounts of CA, except in the years 2004-2005 at hospital A. Hospital C, a reference in cardiology treatment in the SRJ, increased CA until 2006, and thereafter, showed decreased production. Hospital D, also a state reference in cardiology, increased its production until 2003, reducing it by 2006, when it increased again. Hospital G, with more CA paid by SUS, increased its production until 2004, when it started to perform decreasing numbers of CA.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop08611fig02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0297-00108-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The other hospitals in the countryside performed increasing numbers of CA, except for University Hospital I, in the northern region, which maintained a stable production.</p>
      <p>Hospital L, in the Serrana region, performed CA from 2002 onward, increasing its production until 2004, which then declined.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08611tab02m-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the mean costs in dollars, paid by SUS in CABG procedures in the SRJ, distributed among Prof. Serv., Hosp. Serv., Ort/Prot., ASDT and ICU, when these expenses are available (N). The mean relative costs (MRC) per hospital and fractions are shown in the table, taking as reference the means of the SRJ. Costs related with Hosp. Serv. and Ort./Prot. represent about two thirds of the total. The greatest discrepancy in total costs occurred in hospital N, about 1.9 times higher than in hospitals C and K. Hospital N, a private hospital in the CRJ showed costs that were two-fold higher than the state average in Hosp. Serv., and 1.8-fold higher in Ort/Prot. Hospitals A and B, university hospitals, and Q showed values that were proportionally higher in Hosp. Serv. Hospital R showed a MRC with a very high ICU fraction, but there were only five statements in 11 hospitalizations. Hospitals P and T did not report most costs, concentrating them in the ICU, more than twice the state average.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop08611tab02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0297-00108-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08611tab03m-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the mean costs in dollars paid by SUS, in CA procedures in the SRJ, distributed as Prof. Serv., Hosp. Serv., Ort/Prot., ASDT and ICU, when these expenses are available (N). The Mean Relative Costs (MRC) per hospital and fractions are shown in the table, taking as reference the means of the SRJ. Costs related with Ort./Prot. represent more than half of CA expenses in the SRJ. The discrepancies in total expenses between hospitals seem very large when comparing the hospitals O, with the highest costs, with Hospital R, with the lowest (hospital Q was disregarded as it had declared only four CA). Hospital G showed very high costs G with Ort./Prot., with the state average as a reference.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop08611tab03m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0297-00108-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital N showed high expenses with Hosp. Serv., at the same level of those paid to university hospitals. Hospitals P and T reported only the ICU and total costs. There was a wide variation in ICU costs, which was high in hospitals B, R and J. On average, costs with a CA corresponded to 71% of the value of a CABG. However, of the total of about US$ 76 million and 855,000 spent on the two procedures by SUS, 55.9% of these resources were used to pay for CA.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08611tab04m-body2">Table 4</xref> shows adjusted mortality rates in the CABG paid in the SRJ, as well as mean age and ICU length of stay and expenses with survivors or deaths in hospitals. Mortality rates were adjusted for the covariates described above, with Poisson models. Age, length of ICU stay and costs significantly correlated with mortality in CABG.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop08611tab04m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0297-00108-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>However, adjusted mortality rates in CABG are virtually identical to the non-adjusted ones, with an increase of only 0.1% in A, E and L, and decrease of 0.1% in C. This shows that the covariates considered do not alter the hierarchy and the level of rates between hospitals. Mortality rates ranged from 2.4% in hospital J to 12.1% in hospital B, the ones which performed more CABG procedures, from 1999 to 2008. Hospital E and the group of "other hospitals" (fewer than 100 procedures during the period) had mortality rates above 10%. Only three hospitals had mortality rates &lt; 5%.</p>
      <p>There were no significant differences between the mean age of the survivors, which ranged between 58.7 and 62.1 years. Among the deaths, the greatest discrepancy occurred between the mean age of 58.2 and 70.4 years, and the biggest difference between survivors and deaths occurred in hospital L. The mean age of patients who died was higher than that of survivors in almost all hospitals, with one exception (K). In about half of the hospitals, the length of stay was shorter in cases of death.</p>
      <p>These lengths of stay were higher, in both survivors and deaths in public hospitals compared to private ones in the CRJ. Only two hospitals had length of stay of up to seven days (F and O). We observed significant variations in mean costs with intensive care in the hospitals, especially in cases of death. With the exception of hospitals E, G and K, ICU costs were higher in cases of death (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08611tab04m-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08611tab05m-body2">Table 5</xref> shows adjusted mortality rates in CA paid in the SRJ as well as patients' mean age and ICU length of stay and costs of survivors or deaths in the hospitals. Mortality rates were adjusted as described for CABG. Age, ICU length of stay and costs were significantly correlated with mortality in CA. However, adjusted mortality rates in CA are almost identical to non-adjusted ones, with an increase of only 0.1% in C. Mortality rates after CA varied significantly. There were no deaths in Hospitals E, K and O, and in T, 6.4% of patients undergoing CA died during the hospitalization. Hospitals A, B and I, university hospitals and H, J, L and T, in the countryside of the SRJ, had mortality rates higher than the state averages, above 1.8%.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop08611tab05m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0297-00108-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>There were no significant differences between the mean age of survivors, but among the dead, these means ranged between 57.0 and 69.2 years. The mean length of stay was high in both survivors and deaths in public hospitals in the CRJ. Hospitals E, F, G, K, M and O had mean length of stay close to three days with mortality rates below 1.0%, except in G. There were noteworthy variations in mean ICU costs in the hospitals, especially among deaths. Except for hospitals A, E, F and M, the ICU costs were higher in deaths. The hospital with the highest mortality rate, T, declared one of the highest costs with ICU. Hospital M declared one death and did not declare costs with ICU (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08611tab05m-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The observed results show the vital need to implement measures that can improve the quality of care in CABG and CA. It can be seen that the number of CA increased, surpassing that of CABG, with increasing costs for the healthcare system. These costs could be justified if the performance was adequate with reduced mortality. To obtain similar performance between CABG and clinical treatment, the in-hospital mortalities should be &lt; 2.5%, even in patients with stable multi-vessel disease and documented ischemia<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The high mean length of stay (in CABG, 17.5 days in survivors and 20.8 days in deaths and in CA, 4.2 and 7.7 days for survivors and deaths, respectively) suggest the occurrence of complications, which must have contributed to the increase in costs. Another study, using the same database, conducted between 1999 and 2003, showed that during the performance of CA, coronary dissection occurred in 5% and vessel occlusion in 2.6%, with a mortality rate of 11.5% and 21 8%, respectively. Moreover, bleeding occurred in 5.9%, with a mortality rate of 5.6%, among which there was need for transfusion in 3.0%, with a mortality rate of 12.0%. Acute myocardial infarction occurred in 1.1%, with a mortality rate of 38% and cerebrovascular accident in 0.4%, with a mortality rate of 17.5%<sup>4</sup>. Regarding the CABG in the same period, complications occurred in more than 99% of deaths, while even among the survivors, 40% had complications. Almost 60% of deaths had five or more complications, which occurred in less than 7% of survivors<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Azambuja et al<sup>11</sup>, in a conservative estimate about the economic impact that severe CAD, which affects 5% of the population 35 or older represented for Brazil in 2004, observed that the annual cost was at least R$ 30.8 billion, equivalent to R$ 500.00 per capita and R $ 9,640.00 per patient. These direct costs in healthcare represented 8% of the country's total expenses with health and 0.52% of the GDP<sup>10</sup>. Expenses should increase significantly in the coming decades with the aging of the population<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Balbinotto Neto e Silva<sup>12</sup>, in an editorial commenting on the previous article, point out that the approach of studies on disease costs is a partial economic evaluation, by taking into consideration only the costs of resources and not the gains from reduced illness and treatment results. To provide effective assistance to health administrators, it would be necessary to compare them with the alternative allocation of resources<sup>12</sup>. The expenses have also been increasing due to the increased use of CA.</p>
      <p>Statistics on health costs can reveal or hide interesting facts. Those who spend the most do not always get the best results. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab6-body2">Table 6</xref> describes, in the year 2009, total healthcare costs, the percentage allocated by public resources, the percentage of GDP spent on healthcare and life expectancy at birth in some countries. Although the expenses refer to the year 2009, they possibly reflect past policies. In the United States, including public and private expenses, they spent twice what was spent in France, the second in <italic>per capita</italic> gross expenditure, and about nine times what was spent in Brazil. However, the U.S. government paid much less, in terms of percentage, than the others, with the exception of Brazil, with the two being, incidentally, very similar.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0297-00108-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Concerning the GDP, it may seem strange that so much is spent in the United States, but we must remember that the pharmaceutical industry, equipment and healthcare service sectors in that country must represent more than in Brazil and Argentina, yet possibly not much more than in France and the United Kingdom. Japan seems to have the best policy for allocation of resources at appropriate levels, without directly placing the burden on the citizens with the best results regarding life expectancy<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The direct cost related to the management of IHD is high in Brazil, with considerable impact on the health financing agencies, especially related to drug expenses and high-complexity attention, making it a challenge to incorporate new technologies<sup>15-17</sup>. In the UK, in 2000, the cost of management of chronic IHD was 669 million sterling pounds in 634,000 individuals, of which 35% with revascularization procedures<sup>18</sup>. In Brazil, in 2000, R$ 232.7 million reais were spent with hospitalizations paid by SUS for the treatment of IHD<sup>1</sup>. In 2003, SUS expenses were about R$ 281 million to perform 30,666 CA and 19,909 CABG<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 1997, of the SUS expenses with hospitalizations in Brazil, 3.3% were due to IHD<sup>8</sup>, whereas in the SRJ this relative cost was 4.6% from 1999 to 2003. Almost 70% of the average annual value of US$ 8.7 million spent in hospitalizations due to stable IHD corresponded to CABG and CA procedures<sup>3</sup>. These patients have low to moderate risk with estimated annual rates of mortality below 3%<sup>19</sup>. In Brazil, from 2005 to 2007, 63,529 CABG procedures were paid by SUS in 191 hospitals, with a mean mortality rate of 6.22%. This mortality was higher in low-volume hospitals than in large-volume ones (<underline>&gt;</underline> 300 surgeries in the period), 7.29% versus 5.77% (p &lt;0.001). The mean hospital stay was 12 days. The mean value of paid HAA was R $ 6,900.16 in public hospitals and R $ 6,864.74 in private ones<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the SRJ, from 1999 to 2008, SUS paid for 30,644 myocardial revascularization procedures, totaling 19,661 CA and 10,983 CABG in 20 hospitals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref>). The mean mortality rates were 6.9% for CABG (2.4% to 12.1%) and 1.6% in CA (0 to 6.4%). Mortality was not directly related to the volume of CABG in the SRJ (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08611tab04m-body2">Table 4</xref>). The same happened with the different CA mortality rates in the four hospitals with more procedures, ranging from 0.7% to 2.7% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08611tab05m-body2">Table 5</xref>). In Brazil, the mortality of the 55 hospitals that performed 100 or more procedures in three years ranged from about 2% to 19%, and the hospitals had different amounts of annual procedures<sup>20</sup>. In the SRJ, the provision of CABG for the population decreased gradually, with service delay being presupposed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop08611fig01m-body2">Fig. 1</xref>), if we take into account the population growth in the period. This might be one explanation for the high mortality in the state<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The mortality rates in the SRJ due to myocardial revascularization were similar to those observed by Ribeiro et al., in HAA, in 65,716 procedures between 2003-2004<sup>22</sup>. However, these rates are high compared to those of other studies. In New York, from 2003 to 2005, in 40,429 patients, a 30-day mortality rate of 2.14% was observed<sup>23</sup>. Mortality at one year was 0.8% in CABG and 2.5% in CA in 988 randomized patients (488 CA and 500 CABG) from 1996 to 1999, in 11 European countries and Canada<sup>24</sup>. In 445 high-risk patients, followed for three years, the reported rates were 0.79% for CABG and 0.82 for CA<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>A study carried out at the Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology in 103 CABG reimbursed by SUS in 2005, showed a mean cost of US$ 2,784.98, with a minimum cost of US$ 2,166.81 and a maximum cost of US$ 4,692.81. The highest mean costs were in the operating room (R$ 4,627.97) and in the immediate postoperative period (R$ 1,221.39), followed by the nursing care after the immediate postoperative period (R$ 840.04) and the initial preoperative nursing care (R$ 300.90)<sup>26</sup>. In the SRJ, the mean relative cost was higher in most hospitals, of US$ 3,088.12. Expenses with Hosp. Serv. represented on average about 40% (US$ 1,252.96), followed by Ort./Prot. with 27% (US$ 849.37) of the total (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08611tab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Almeida<sup>27</sup> compared the costs of CABG and CA in 86 and 240 patients, respectively, from October 2003 to April 2004, with a one-year follow-up. The mean initial cost of CABG was R$ 7,759.78 and of CA, R$ 6,307.79. After one year, the mean total costs were R$ 7,875.73 for CABG and R$ 8,234.96 RVM for CA. CABG has a 23.0% higher cost than the CA<sup>27</sup>. This finding was similar in the SRJ, where mean total costs of CA accounted for 71% of expenses paid by SUS for CABG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08611tab02m-body2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08611tab03m-body2">3</xref>).</p>
      <p>The average length of stay was 17.5 days in the CABG in survivors and 20.8 days in deaths and in CA, it was 4.2 and 7.7 days respectively, in the SRJ from 1999 to 2008 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08611tab04m-body2">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08611tab05m-body2">5</xref>). Piegas et al<sup>20</sup> observed that the differences between the length of stay means in the various regions of Brazil ranged from 10.7 to 15.5 in the Northeast and North. If we consider only the survivors in the CABG in the SRJ, the length of stay was higher than that observed on average in Brazilian hospitals.</p>
      <p>Brown et al<sup>28</sup>, studying the frequency and costs of complications associated with CABG without valve replacement in 114,223 Medicare beneficiaries in 2005, observed that the mean cost of CABG was US$ 32,200 and the mean hospital stay of 9.9 days. Adjusting these results by comorbidities and demographic variables, the authors observed incremental cost and length of hospital stay of US$ 15,500 and 5.3 days in the presence of any complication<sup>28</sup>. We hypothesize that the same would have occurred in patients in the SRJ, where most deaths had five or more complications<sup>5</sup>. This fact can be corroborated by the high expenses with ICU, especially in deaths.</p>
      <p>The MASS II study, carried out from 1995 to 2000, at the Heart Institute in Sao Paulo, involving 611 candidates to CABG due to multi-vessel coronary disease with good LV function, compared the costs of medical treatment with the performance of CA and CABG (203, 205 and 203 patients) with a one-year follow-up<sup>29</sup>. The mortality rate in the first 30 days was similar in the three groups (1.9%, 4.4%, 3.9%). The mean costs in one event-free year were US$ 2,453.50, 10,348.93 and 12,404.21, respectively.</p>
      <p>The authors concluded that the actual costs of CA increased in one year, approaching those of the CABG, and that the medical treatment had a lower initial cost with greater increase in one year because of recurrent angina. However, the cost-effectiveness of these procedures has not been definitively established, being appropriate only in CABG<sup>30</sup> with no gain in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)<sup>31</sup>.</p>
      <p>Murad and Murad suggest that strict quality control of CABG can possibly improve performance<sup>32</sup>. Gomes et al<sup>15</sup> suggest that a joint technical approach of interaction between the technical skill of the surgical team and organizational aspects can improve the performance of CABG and the results depend on the structure and allocation of human and material resources.</p>
      <p>The main limitation of this study is the absence of clinical information and the fact that expenses are reported by the HAA, allowing only a partial assessment of the economic problem. It is necessary to carry on studies to further discuss the inclusion of technology in the health system, with emphasis on cost-effectiveness for the best allocation of resources, especially considering the growing demand of the aging population. It is also necessary to investigate the reasons for the wide variability between hospitals regarding in-hospital mortality, either in the mean length of hospitalization, or the expenses with procedures or components of these expenses.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
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