<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XFdBrkgKQQLvtmwMqhgtQSc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001300004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700404</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000088</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Seguran&#231;a da abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com RNI terap&#234;utico: compara&#231;&#227;o com a transi&#231;&#227;o com heparina de baixo peso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saad</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ieda P.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo E. da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>In&#225;cio Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Ant&#244;nio O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Slater</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camiletti</surname>
            <given-names>Angelina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Dario G. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maldonado</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camanho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto para Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologias em Sa&#250;de (IATS)</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Setor de Arritmia Invasiva </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>289</fpage>
      <lpage>296</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O manejo ideal da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral (ACO) no per&#237;odo pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) ainda &#233; motivo de controv&#233;rsia. OBJETIVO: Comparar duas estrat&#233;gias de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o: suspens&#227;o da warfarina com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de heparina de baixo peso molecular (HBPM) e a realiza&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o sem a suspens&#227;o da warfarina, mantendo o RNI terap&#234;utico (entre 2,0 e 3,0). M&#201;TODOS: 140 pacientes (pt) portadores de FA persistente/ permanente submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FA foram divididos em dois grupos: no grupo I (70 pt), a warfarina foi suspensa cinco dias antes do procedimento e utilizada terapia de transi&#231;&#227;o com HBPM (enoxaparina 1 mg/kg 2x/dia pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o e 0,5 mg/kg 2x/dia ap&#243;s o procedimento); no grupo II (70 pt), a warfarina n&#227;o foi suspensa e o procedimento foi realizado com RNI terap&#234;utico. Ambos os grupos receberam heparina intravenosa (TCA &gt; 350 seg) durante o procedimento. RESULTADOS: No Grupo I, observou-se complica&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica maior (1,4%) e 4 pt (5,7%) com complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas menores. No Grupo II, 2 pt (2,8%) apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas menores e 1 pt apresentou sangramento maior; por&#233;m, este ocorreu ap&#243;s uso de HBPM por RNI &lt; 2,0. N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#227;o tromboemb&#243;lica ou morte cardiovascular nos dois grupos ap&#243;s 16 &#177; 8 meses. CONCLUS&#195;O: A realiza&#231;&#227;o de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FA sem a suspens&#227;o de ACO e RNI terap&#234;utico &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia semelhante em seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia quando comparada &#224; tradicional transi&#231;&#227;o com HBPM, evitando um per&#237;odo inicial p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o potencialmente inadequada.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>resultado de tratamento</kwd>
        <kwd>suspens&#227;o de tratamento</kwd>
        <kwd>varfarina</kwd>
        <kwd>heparina de baixo peso molecular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Seguran&#231;a da abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com RNI terap&#234;utico: compara&#231;&#227;o com a transi&#231;&#227;o com heparina de baixo peso</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eduardo B. Saad<sup>I</sup>; Ieda P. Costa<sup>II</sup>; Rodrigo E. da Costa<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Ant&#244;nio O. In&#225;cio Jr.<sup>I</sup>; Charles Slater<sup>I</sup>; Angelina Camiletti<sup>I</sup>; Dario G. de Moura Neto<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Maldonado<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Eduardo Camanho<sup>I</sup>; Carisi A. Polanczyk<sup>III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup> Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Setor de Arritmia Invasiva e Centro de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p><sup>II</sup> Hospital de Messejana, Fortaleza, CE</p>
    <p><sup>III</sup> Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Instituto para Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologias em Sa&#250;de (IATS) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nota">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O manejo ideal da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral (ACO) no per&#237;odo pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) ainda &#233; motivo de controv&#233;rsia.</p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar duas estrat&#233;gias de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o: suspens&#227;o da warfarina com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de heparina de baixo peso molecular (HBPM) e a realiza&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o sem a suspens&#227;o da warfarina, mantendo o RNI terap&#234;utico (entre 2,0 e 3,0).</p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> 140 pacientes (pt) portadores de FA persistente/ permanente submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FA foram divididos em dois grupos: no grupo I (70 pt), a warfarina foi suspensa cinco dias antes do procedimento e utilizada terapia de transi&#231;&#227;o com HBPM (enoxaparina 1 mg/kg 2x/dia pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o e 0,5 mg/kg 2x/dia ap&#243;s o procedimento); no grupo II</p>
    <p> (70 pt), a warfarina n&#227;o foi suspensa e o procedimento foi realizado com RNI terap&#234;utico. Ambos os grupos receberam heparina intravenosa (TCA &gt; 350 seg) durante o procedimento.</p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> No Grupo I, observou-se complica&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica maior (1,4%) e 4 pt (5,7%) com complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas menores. No Grupo II, 2 pt (2,8%) apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas menores e 1 pt apresentou sangramento maior; por&#233;m, este ocorreu ap&#243;s uso de HBPM por RNI &lt; 2,0. N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#227;o tromboemb&#243;lica ou morte cardiovascular nos dois grupos ap&#243;s 16 &#177; 8 meses.</p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A realiza&#231;&#227;o de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FA sem a suspens&#227;o de ACO e RNI terap&#234;utico &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia semelhante em seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia quando comparada &#224; tradicional transi&#231;&#227;o com HBPM, evitando um per&#237;odo inicial p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o potencialmente inadequada. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, resultado de tratamento, suspens&#227;o de tratamento, varfarina, heparina de baixo peso molecular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) representa a arritmia sustentada mais comum na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<sup>1-3</sup>. Devido &#224; baixa efic&#225;cia das drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas<sup>4-6</sup>, o tratamento ablativo foi largamente difundido na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada e se afirmou como uma alternativa eficaz e segura<sup>7-13</sup>. No entanto, a abla&#231;&#227;o envolve extensa manipula&#231;&#227;o no &#225;trio esquerdo, revelando-se fundamental uma agressiva anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com heparina durante a interven&#231;&#227;o<sup>14-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora o acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) represente uma das complica&#231;&#245;es mais temidas quando associadas &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o, as complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas s&#227;o mais prevalentes<sup>17</sup>, devido &#224; necessidade de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o no contexto de m&#250;ltiplas pun&#231;&#245;es venosas. </p>
    <p>A abordagem cl&#225;ssica &#233; a descontinua&#231;&#227;o da warfarina 3 a 5 dias antes, a fim de se obter a normaliza&#231;&#227;o do RNI, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de terapia de transi&#231;&#227;o com heparina de baixo peso molecular (HBPM) at&#233; a v&#233;spera do procedimento, sendo a warfarina reiniciada imediatamente ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o<sup>11</sup>. Esse representa um momento cr&#237;tico, devido &#224; revers&#227;o da FA e &#224; presen&#231;a de extensas les&#245;es no &#225;trio esquerdo realizadas no procedimento; por&#233;m, esse tamb&#233;m &#233; o momento em que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dose plena de HBPM (1 mg/Kg de enoxaparina em duas tomadas) aumenta substancialmente as chances de haver uma complica&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica. Por tal raz&#227;o, recomenda-se o uso da metade da dose habitual da HBPM (0,5 mg/Kg de enoxaparina em duas tomadas), com vistas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas. Dessa forma, por&#233;m, o paciente fica temporariamente submetido a um esquema de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o potencialmente inadequado.</p>
    <p>Para evitar poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a esse esquema, a estrat&#233;gia de realizar o procedimento sem a suspens&#227;o da warfarina (com RNI terap&#234;utico e sem o uso da HBPM) foi proposta em centros de excel&#234;ncia<sup>18,19</sup>. Tal estrat&#233;gia representa uma mudan&#231;a de paradigma, na medida em que se acredita, classicamente, que procedimentos invasivos em pacientes que se encontram sob anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral (ACO) apresentam risco elevado de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas. Al&#233;m disso, a estrat&#233;gia envolve o mesmo protocolo de hepariniza&#231;&#227;o durante o procedimento, o que aumenta o receio de se associarem drogas anticoagulantes e de haver complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas durante a interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia da realiza&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FA em uso de ACO e RNI terap&#234;utico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre janeiro de 2008 e agosto de 2010, 140 pt portadores de FA persistente ou permanente refrat&#225;rios a pelo menos uma droga antiarr&#237;tmica e submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter no Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco (RJ) foram divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com a prefer&#234;ncia do operador: Grupo I (HBPM) &#8211; suspens&#227;o da warfarina com transi&#231;&#227;o utilizando HBPM &#8211; e Grupo II &#8211; realiza&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o com RNI terap&#234;utico (entre 2,0 e 3,0). </p>
    <p>No Grupo I, a warfarina era suspensa 5 dias antes do procedimento, iniciando-se enoxaparina (1 mg/Kg em duas tomadas di&#225;rias). A &#250;ltima dose de HBPM era administrada 24h antes do procedimento e o RNI era dosado na v&#233;spera, sendo o procedimento realizado se inferior a 2,0. A ACO era reintroduzida ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o e a enoxaparina em dose reduzida (0,5 mg/Kg em duas tomadas di&#225;rias) iniciada na manh&#227; seguinte e mantida at&#233; se atingir novamente um RNI &gt; 2,0.</p>
    <p>No Grupo II, a ACO n&#227;o era suspensa e o RNI era realizado periodicamente, mostrando-se obrigat&#243;rio 5 dias antes, na v&#233;spera e no dia do procedimento. Nesses pacientes, a tipagem sangu&#237;nea era realizada no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o, reservando-se plasma fresco e fatores de coagula&#231;&#227;o recombinantes para a revers&#227;o imediata em caso de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas e/ou mec&#226;nicas. Caso o RNI estivesse fora da faixa desejada, o procedimento era adiado e a dose de warfarina, reajustada, at&#233; se alcan&#231;ar a faixa terap&#234;utica, quando, ent&#227;o, o procedimento era realizado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>T&#233;cnica da abla&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Sob anestesia geral, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico no momento do procedimento. A t&#233;cnica de abla&#231;&#227;o consistia no isolamento el&#233;trico do antro das veias pulmonares e da veia cava superior guiado por ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco (EIC)<sup>15,20-22</sup>, em associa&#231;&#227;o a extensas les&#245;es no &#225;trio esquerdo realizadas em regi&#245;es nas quais se obtinha registro de potenciais el&#233;tricos fracionados. Os seguintes acessos venosos eram obtidos: duas pun&#231;&#245;es de veia femoral direita, uma pun&#231;&#227;o de veia femoral esquerda e uma pun&#231;&#227;o de veia jugular interna direita. Esta &#250;ltima podia ser guiada fluoroscopicamente por um cateter posicionado na veia atrav&#233;s do acesso femoral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). A sonda do EIC (Acunav, Mountain View, California) era posicionada no &#225;trio direito e um cateter duodecapolar era utilizado para mapeamento do seio coron&#225;rio e da <italic>crista terminalis</italic>; na impossibilidade de uso, um cateter decapolar era utilizado para registrar os sinais el&#233;tricos no seio coron&#225;rio. Imediatamente ap&#243;s os acessos venosos, iniciava-se hepariniza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, a fim de se obter um TCA &gt; 350 seg (alvo &#8211; entre 350 e 400 segundos); somente ap&#243;s realizava-se o acesso transeptal, que era guiada pelo EIC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a02f2">Figura 2</xref>). Ap&#243;s dupla pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal, posicionavam-se um cateter decapolar circular (20 mm) de mapeamento (Lasso, Biosense Webster, Baldwin Park, California) e um cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o com irriga&#231;&#227;o externa e ponta de 3,5mm (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, California). A pot&#234;ncia e a temperatura m&#225;ximas eram, respectivamente, 35W e 43&#186;C, com fluxo de 30ml/min. A temperatura esof&#225;gica era monitorada atrav&#233;s da inser&#231;&#227;o de um term&#244;metro multipolar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a02f3">Figura 3</xref>). Quando havia eleva&#231;&#227;o da temperatura esof&#225;gica acima de 39&#186;C, a aplica&#231;&#227;o era interrompida e reiniciada com pot&#234;ncia menor. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0289-00088-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a02f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0289-00088-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a02f3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0289-00088-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s todas as les&#245;es de radiofrequ&#234;ncia no &#225;trio esquerdo, realizava-se cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica caso o ritmo n&#227;o fosse revertido &#224; sinusal durante as aplica&#231;&#245;es. Ap&#243;s a restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal, realizava-se infus&#227;o de alta dose de isoprenalina intravenosa (20&#181;g/ min) durante 10 minutos, com o objetivo de avaliar a reconex&#227;o de veias e deflagrar focos ect&#243;picos situados fora das veias pulmonares que, se presentes, eram ent&#227;o mapeados e ablacionados. Por fim, efetuava-se abla&#231;&#227;o do istmo cavotricusp&#237;deo para prevenir flutter atrial.</p>
    <p>Imediatamente ap&#243;s a retirada das bainhas do &#225;trio esquerdo, a hepariniza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica era revertida com protamina para atingir um TCA &lt; 200 seg. Realizava-se compress&#227;o vascular por 20 minutos e o curativo compressivo era mantido por 6 horas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Acompanhamento ap&#243;s o procedimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A alta hospitalar ocorria na manh&#227; seguinte ao procedimento, com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de visitas ambulatoriais rotineiras ap&#243;s 30, 90 e 180 dias, ocasi&#245;es em que se efetuavam ECG e holter de 24h. Angiotomografia computadorizada ou angiorresson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica das veias pulmonares eram executadas antes e 3 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento, para a detec&#231;&#227;o de eventual estenose.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes eram instru&#237;dos a checar o pulso diariamente e reportar imediatamente qualquer sintoma ou irregularidade observada, quando, ent&#227;o, tinham acesso imediato &#224; equipe m&#233;dica.</p>
    <p>As drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas eram mantidas por 4 semanas e ACO por, no m&#237;nimo, 3 meses, sendo suspensos na aus&#234;ncia de sintomas ou documenta&#231;&#227;o de arritmias sustentadas, desde que o risco tromboemb&#243;lico n&#227;o fosse superior ao moderado (CHADS2 &lt; 2). Em casos tais, a ACO era mantida ou discutida individualmente com cada paciente.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento informado, e o estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis analisadas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As seguintes vari&#225;veis foram analisadas: complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, menores e maiores (tamponamento card&#237;aco e/ ou complica&#231;&#245;es que necessitassem de transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea); fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos e mortalidade cardiovascular. Os eventos foram avaliados por revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio e seguiram crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelo m&#233;dico assistente. O per&#237;odo de acompanhamento m&#233;dio foi de 16 &#177; 8 meses (5 a 31 meses), sem perdas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foi realizada atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, sendo a an&#225;lise inferencial realizada atrav&#233;s do Teste <italic>t </italic>de Student para amostras independentes. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas usando os testes exato de Fisher e qui-quadrado de Pearson. Considerou-se valor de signific&#226;ncia p&lt; 0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cento e quarenta pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 72 &#177; 8,2 anos (83% do sexo masculino) foram submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico revelou remora do fluxo na cavidade atrial esquerda em 80% (56 pt) do Grupo I e 91% (64 pt) do Grupo II (p = ns). Havia, contudo, hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de trombo em auriculeta esquerda em 2 pt do Grupo I (2,8%) e 12 pt do Grupo II (17% &#8211; p &lt; 0.05).</p>
    <p>No Grupo I (70 pt &#8211; 50%), o tamanho m&#233;dio do AE era de 44 &#177; 7mm, e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia era de 60 &#177; 15%. Em 35% dos casos, havia cardiopatia estrutural, sendo a etiologia isqu&#234;mica a mais comum (67%). Treze pt (18,6%) foram classificados com CHADS2 = 1, enquanto 27 (38,6%), 26 (37,1%) e 4 pt (5,7%) foram classificados com CHADS2 = 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente. O RNI no dia do procedimento estava abaixo de 2,0 em todos os pacientes. A dose m&#233;dia do <italic>bolus</italic> de heparina venosa utilizada para atingir o TCA alvo foi de 16.000 &#177; 4.000 UI. As principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0289-00088-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nesse grupo, observou-se maior complica&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica maior &#8211; 1 pt (1,4%) desenvolveu volumoso hematoma inguinal no quarto dia p&#243;s-procedimento, que necessitou de transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea. Quatro pt (5,7%) apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas menores (hematoma inguinal), sendo necess&#225;ria a suspens&#227;o da HBPM.</p>
    <p>No Grupo II (70 pt &#8211; 50%), o tamanho m&#233;dio do AE era de 45 &#177; 6,2mm e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia era de 58 &#177; 11%. Em 33% dos casos, havia cardiopatia estrutural associada, sendo a etiologia isqu&#234;mica tamb&#233;m a mais frequente (72%). Onze pt (15,7%) foram classificados com CHADS2 = 1, enquanto 29 (41,5%), 25 (35,7%) e 5 pt (7,1%) foram classificados com CHADS2 = 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente (p = ns). O RNI m&#233;dio do dia da interna&#231;&#227;o era de 2,3 &#177; 0,2. A dose m&#233;dia do <italic>bolus</italic> de heparina venosa utilizada para atingir o TCA alvo foi significativamente menor (7.000 &#177; 2.000 U) &#8211; p &lt; 0,01.</p>
    <p>Nesse grupo, foram observadas duas complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas menores (2,8%). Um pt (1,4%) apresentou sangramento inguinal espont&#226;neo 24 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento, que foi resolvido com uma simples compress&#227;o externa. Outro pt apresentou volumoso hematoma inguinal, por&#233;m sem necessidade de transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea ou suspens&#227;o do ACO. Um pt (1,4%) necessitou usar HBPM devido a RNI &lt; 2,0 no dia seguinte ao procedimento, tendo apresentado grande hematoma em coxa direita, com necessidade de transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, em virtude do desenvolvimento de uma angina inst&#225;vel decorrente de anemia significativa. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o se observou complica&#231;&#227;o tromboemb&#243;lica ou morte cardiovascular em ambos os grupos ao longo de 16 &#177; 8 meses de acompanhamento. As vari&#225;veis analisadas est&#227;o sumarizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0289-00088-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este trabalho representa a primeira experi&#234;ncia nacional sobre abla&#231;&#227;o de FA sem a suspens&#227;o da ACO (RNI terap&#234;utico) em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de risco tromboemb&#243;lico moderado. Tal proposta representa uma mudan&#231;a de paradigma, uma vez que procedimentos invasivos em pt em uso de ACO sempre foram considerados de elevado risco para complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas. Os dados apresentados, por&#233;m, s&#227;o contr&#225;rios a essa hip&#243;tese, visto que pt em uso de ACO n&#227;o apresentou aumento dessas complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudos previamente publicados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em 2007, Wazni e cols.<sup>18 </sup>apresentaram estudo sobre a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia dessa estrat&#233;gia em pacientes portadores de FA persistente, com 310 pacientes divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: Grupo I, em que a warfarina era suspensa antes do procedimento, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma transi&#231;&#227;o com HBPM em dose plena (1 mg/kg de enoxaparina duas vezes/ dia) no pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o; Grupo II, em que foi seguido o mesmo protocolo e utilizada HBPM em dose reduzida (0,5 mg/kg de enoxaparina duas vezes/dia); e Grupo III, em que a warfarina n&#227;o foi descontinuada e o procedimento foi realizado com RNI entre 2,0 e 3,0. Esse ensaio cl&#237;nico revelou a seguran&#231;a da estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o com o uso de ACO, observando-se uma taxa significativamente menor de sangramentos discretos (hematomas que n&#227;o necessitam de drenagem &#8211; 22% <italic>versus</italic> 19% <italic>versus</italic> 5%, respectivamente, p &lt; 0,001) e maiores (hematoma que requer drenagem, sangramento que requer transfus&#227;o ou tamponamento peric&#225;rdico &#8211; 8,5% <italic>versus</italic> 0% <italic>versus</italic> 0%, respectivamente, p &lt; 0,001) no Grupo III, sem aumento do risco de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores (AVE isqu&#234;mico ou derrame peric&#225;rdico). Esses dados suportam a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de doses menores de HBPM no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o, em face do aumento significativo de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores quando doses plenas s&#227;o utilizadas, apesar de haver o receio de complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas quando se atingem n&#237;veis subterap&#234;uticos.</p>
    <p>Posteriormente, Hussein e cols.<sup>19</sup> publicaram um estudo com um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes apresentando FA parox&#237;stica e persistente, em que tamb&#233;m se adotou a estrat&#233;gia de manuten&#231;&#227;o da warfarina durante a abla&#231;&#227;o. Foram inclu&#237;dos 3.052 pacientes encaminhados para abla&#231;&#227;o de FA que apresentavam RNI &gt; 1,8 no dia da interven&#231;&#227;o (RNI m&#233;dio 2,53 &#177; 0,62). Mais uma vez, observou-se baixa incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas com essa estrat&#233;gia (1,1% &#8211; a maioria dos eventos de pouca signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica). Os resultados do presente trabalho tamb&#233;m evidenciaram baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos neurol&#243;gicos tromboemb&#243;licos e hemorr&#225;gicos, os quais tiveram uma taxa, respectivamente, de 0,09% (AVE isqu&#234;mico) e de 0,03% (AVE hemorr&#225;gico). J&#225; a ocorr&#234;ncia de derrame peric&#225;rdico foi de apenas 0,29%, sendo a maior parte de pequena monta, sem necessidade de drenagem. Essa estrat&#233;gia, al&#233;m de protetora contra eventos emb&#243;licos, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentou maior incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, corroborando os achados anteriores relatados por Wasni e cols.<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Cappato e cols.<sup>17</sup> publicaram um registro mundial em que 16.309 pacientes de 182 centros (24 pa&#237;ses) foram submetidos a interven&#231;&#245;es entre 2003 e 2006. Nessa publica&#231;&#227;o, a warfarina foi interrompida antes do procedimento, e a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com heparina endovenosa, subcut&#226;nea ou HBPM, ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. A maior taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es ficou em 4,5% (741 pacientes), e as mais frequentes foram: tamponamento card&#237;aco (1,31%), pseudoaneurisma femoral (0,93%) e ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (0,71%). Quando comparada a esses resultados, a estrat&#233;gia de continua&#231;&#227;o da warfarina foi associada a menor incid&#234;ncia de hemorragias graves e de complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas.</p>
    <p>Corroborando esses dados, recentemente Di Biase e cols.<sup>23</sup> publicaram sua experi&#234;ncia com mais de 6.000 pt submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, em que o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es emb&#243;licas durante o procedimento foi menor quando se realizou o procedimento com RNI terap&#234;utico (nenhum caso contra aproximadamente 1% em procedimentos sem RNI terap&#234;utico). Esse resultado &#233; significativo quando se observa que esse grupo apresentava maior incid&#234;ncia de FA n&#227;o parox&#237;stica e de CHADS2 &gt; 2. Mais uma vez, essa estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o foi associada a maior &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas ou de derrame peric&#225;rdico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Correla&#231;&#227;o com os achados do presente estudo </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os achados contidos neste trabalho est&#227;o de acordo com os da literatura, em que observamos baixo &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es no grupo do RNI terap&#234;utico. N&#227;o se observou complica&#231;&#227;o emb&#243;lica. </p>
    <p>Vale ressaltar que todos os trabalhos publicados foram realizados em centros de grande volume e experi&#234;ncia, e o EIC sempre foi utilizado. Esse m&#233;todo &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia quando adotamos tal estrat&#233;gia, uma vez que permite acesso transeptal sob visualiza&#231;&#227;o direta em tempo real sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de contraste iodado, a monitora&#231;&#227;o da localiza&#231;&#227;o e do contato dos cateteres com a parede atrial e a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas (como, por exemplo, tamponamento card&#237;aco), o que torna o procedimento mais seguro<sup>22,24</sup>. Devem-se considerar ainda a experi&#234;ncia e a habilidade do operador, a cautela durante os acessos venosos e a manipula&#231;&#227;o dos cateteres no interior do &#225;trio esquerdo fatores impactantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; seguran&#231;a do procedimento.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, Page e cols.<sup>25</sup> publicaram estudo com desenho semelhante comparando a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento ablativo em 109 pt com o uso de HBPM com 89 pt em que a warfarina foi mantida (RNI m&#233;dio 2,3 &#177; 0,5). Nesse trabalho, por&#233;m, n&#227;o se utilizou EIC. Dois pt (2,2%) no grupo do RNI terap&#234;utico necessitaram de drenagem peric&#225;rdica por tamponamento card&#237;aco. </p>
    <p>O EIC &#233; o &#250;nico m&#233;todo capaz de detectar trombos intracard&#237;acos; apesar de n&#227;o estar provado que seu uso reduz significativamente a incid&#234;ncia de eventos emb&#243;licos cl&#237;nicos, evid&#234;ncias recentes sugerem que podem estar presentes em at&#233; 10% dos casos durante abla&#231;&#227;o de FA<sup>26-28</sup>. Por isso, nosso protocolo envolve o uso agressivo de heparina venosa a fim de se obter TCA acima de 350 segundos, iniciada antes mesmo do acesso transeptal. Essa estrat&#233;gia foi adotada ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia de um caso no qual um trombo foi visualizado no cateter circular imediatamente ap&#243;s o acesso ao &#225;trio esquerdo, antes mesmo do in&#237;cio das aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofrequ&#234;ncia<sup>29</sup>. Nessa &#233;poca, a heparina s&#243; era iniciada ap&#243;s obtidos os dois acessos transeptais. Com o uso do EIC, &#233; seguro realiz&#225;-los mesmo sob intensa anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (oral e venosa).</p>
    <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o da FA est&#225; associada a baixo risco de tromboembolismo cerebral sintom&#225;tico; por&#233;m, h&#225; ainda receio quanto &#224; possibilidade de haver isquemia cerebral silenciosa, algo semelhante ao que ocorre em procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos abertos. Gaita F. e cols.<sup>30</sup> publicaram recentemente sua experi&#234;ncia utilizando a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) como instrumento diagn&#243;stico e demonstraram que um dos fatores associados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#245;es sem express&#227;o cl&#237;nica era a intensidade de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o durante o procedimento, expresso pelo valor do TCA. Nos pacientes em que o TCA era &lt; 250 segundos, houve 17% de RM positiva; quando o TCA era &gt; 250 segundos, a RM foi positiva em apenas 9% (p = 0,01).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Implica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m dos cuidados mencionados para se utilizar essa estrat&#233;gia com seguran&#231;a, deve-se ainda destacar que a dose de heparina necess&#225;ria para se atingir o TCA ideal (entre 350 e 400 segundos) foi significativamente menor no Grupo II (sem suspens&#227;o da ACO) que no Grupo I, parecendo haver intera&#231;&#227;o entre a warfarina e a heparina, de modo a tornar o pt mais sens&#237;vel a doses menores de heparina. Fica claro que, ao se optar por essa estrat&#233;gia, &#233; fundamental monitorar o TCA antes de se dar in&#237;cio &#224; manipula&#231;&#227;o, a fim de evitar n&#237;veis inaceitavelmente elevados de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e suas poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Outro aspecto digno de men&#231;&#227;o &#233; o custo relacionado &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o da HBPM, eliminado quando se usa a manuten&#231;&#227;o de ACO como estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica. Muitas vezes em nosso meio, esse &#233; um fator impeditivo ao procedimento ablativo por ser absorvido pelo pt, embora dados recentes n&#227;o apontem redu&#231;&#227;o nos custos totais do tratamento por pt (inclu&#237;ndo a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o)<sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p>Dessa forma, acreditamos que &#233; fundamental buscar uma adequada anticoagula&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o, sem aumentar os riscos relacionados ao procedimento. A estrat&#233;gia de n&#227;o suspens&#227;o da warfarina e consequente realiza&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o com RNI terap&#234;utico se apresenta como uma proposta terap&#234;utica interessante e segura. Al&#233;m disso, destacamos o uso do EIC nesses casos, por acreditar que as vantagens associadas a esse m&#233;todo contribuem significativamente para a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia de tal estrat&#233;gia, em que pese o custo adicional de seu uso, certamente maior que o da HBPM. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O desenho n&#227;o randomizado deste relato n&#227;o permite descartar a sele&#231;&#227;o preferencial de pt com maior risco para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da ACO como estrat&#233;gia para abla&#231;&#227;o. A principal limita&#231;&#227;o consistiu em que os grupos n&#227;o foram aleatorizados para uma ou outra estrat&#233;gia, mas, na compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas clinicas de ambos os grupos, eles eram muito semelhantes. Al&#233;m disso, a amostra foi de relativo pequeno tamanho, podendo contribuir para a aus&#234;ncia de fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos no grupo que usou a HBPM, apesar da dosagem reduzida.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FA sem a suspens&#227;o da ACO e RNI terap&#234;utico &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia semelhante em seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia quando comparada &#224; tradicional transi&#231;&#227;o com HBPM, evitando-se um per&#237;odo inicial p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o potencialmente inadequada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Eduardo B. Saad pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nota" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Eduardo B. Saad </p>
        <p> Av. Borges de Medeiros, 3607/303 &#150; Lagoa &#150; 22470-001 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="ebsaad@cardiol.br">ebsaad@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="eduardobsaad@hotmail.com">eduardobsaad@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 21/02/11; revisado recebido em 28/04/11; aceito em 16/05/11.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Safety of ablation for atrial fibrillation with therapeutic INR: comparison with transition to low-molecular-weight heparin</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The ideal management of oral anticoagulation (OAC) before and after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) is still controversial. OBJECTIVE: To compare two anticoagulation strategies for catheter ablation for AF: warfarin withholding and use of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH); and maintenance of warfarin and therapeutic INR (between 2.0 and 3.0). METHODS: 140 patients (pt) with persistent/permanent AF undergoing catheter ablation for AF were divided into two groups: Group I (70 pt), in which warfarin was withheld five days prior to the procedure and transition to LMWH was used (enoxaparin: 1 mg/kg 2x/day before ablation, and 0.5 mg/kg 2x/day after ablation); Group II (70 pt), in which warfarin was not withheld and the procedure was performed with therapeutic INR. Both groups received intravenous heparin (ACT &gt; 350 seconds) during ablation. RESULTS: In Group I, one pt (1.4%) had a major hemorrhagic complication and four pts (5.7%) had minor hemorrhagic complications. In Group II, two pts (2.8%) had minor hemorrhagic complications and one pt had a major bleeding, which occurred after using LMWH due to INR &lt; 2.0. None of the groups had thromboembolic complications or cardiovascular death over a period of 16 &#177; 8 months. CONCLUSION: Catheter ablation for AF without withholding OAC and with therapeutic INR is a strategy that has similar safety and efficacy when compared with the traditional transition to LMWH, avoiding the potentially inadequate anticoagulation of the initial post-ablation period.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>catheter ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>treatment outcome</kwd>
        <kwd>withholding treatment</kwd>
        <kwd>warfarin</kwd>
        <kwd>heparin, low-molecular-weight</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="topo-body2"/>Safety of ablation for atrial fibrillation with therapeutic INR: comparison with transition to low-molecular-weight heparin</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Eduardo B. Saad<sup>I</sup>; Ieda P. Costa<sup>II</sup>; Rodrigo E. da Costa<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Ant&#244;nio O. In&#225;cio Jr.<sup>I</sup>; Charles Slater<sup>I</sup>; Angelina Camiletti<sup>I</sup>; Dario G. de Moura Neto<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Maldonado<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Eduardo Camanho<sup>I</sup>; Carisi A. Polanczyk<sup>III</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Setor de Arritmia Invasiva e Centro de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital de Messejana, Fortaleza, CE; Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</p>
      <p> Instituto para Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologias em Sa&#250;de (IATS) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul<sup>3</sup>, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil </p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMO</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The ideal management of oral anticoagulation (OAC) before and after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) is still controversial.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVE:</bold> To compare two anticoagulation strategies for catheter ablation for AF: warfarin withholding and use of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH); and maintenance of warfarin and therapeutic INR (between 2.0 and 3.0).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> 140 patients (pt) with persistent/permanent AF undergoing catheter ablation for AF were divided into two groups: Group I (70 pt), in which warfarin was withheld five days prior to the procedure and transition to LMWH was used (enoxaparin: 1 mg/kg 2x/day before ablation, and 0.5 mg/kg 2x/day after ablation); Group II (70 pt), in which warfarin was not withheld and the procedure was performed with therapeutic INR. Both groups received intravenous heparin (ACT &gt; 350 seconds) during ablation.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In Group I, one pt (1.4%) had a major hemorrhagic complication and four pts (5.7%) had minor hemorrhagic complications. In Group II, two pts (2.8%) had minor hemorrhagic complications and one pt had a major bleeding, which occurred after using LMWH due to INR &lt; 2.0. None of the groups had thromboembolic complications or cardiovascular death over a period of 16 &#177; 8 months.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Catheter ablation for AF without withholding OAC and with therapeutic INR is a strategy that has similar safety and efficacy when compared with the traditional transition to LMWH, avoiding the potentially inadequate anticoagulation of the initial post-ablation period. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Atrial fibrillation; catheter ablation; treatment outcome; withholding treatment; warfarin; heparin, low-molecular-weight</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice<sup>1-3</sup>. Because of the low efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs<sup>4-6</sup>, ablation was largely used in the past decade and has been consolidated as an effective and safe treatment alternative<sup>7-13</sup>. However, ablation involves extensive manipulation of the left atrium, and, thus, aggressive anticoagulation with heparin during the intervention has proved to be fundamental<sup>14-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although stroke is one of the most feared complications associated with ablation, hemorrhagic complications are the most prevalent<sup>17</sup>, because of the need for anticoagulation in the context of multiple venous punctures. </p>
      <p>The classical approach consists in withholding warfarin therapy three to five days prior to the procedure to normalize INR, and in using transition therapy to low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) until the day prior to the procedure, warfarin being reinitiated immediately after the intervention<sup>11</sup>. That is a critical moment due to AF reversion and occurrence of extensive tissue damage in the left atrium during the procedure. However, that is also the time when the use of a full dose of LMWH (1 mg/kg of enoxaparin, twice a day) substantially increases the likelihood of hemorrhagic complications. That is why half of the usual dose of LMWH (0.5 mg/kg of enoxaparin, twice a day) is recommended, aiming at reducing the incidence of hemorrhagic complications. However, the patient is temporarily submitted to a potentially inadequate anticoagulation regimen.</p>
      <p>To prevent possible complications related to that regimen, the strategy of performing the procedure without withholding warfarin (with therapeutic INR and no LMWH) has been proposed in centers of excellence<sup>18,19</sup>. This strategy represents a paradigm shift, because invasive procedures in patients undergoing oral anticoagulation (OAC) are classically believed to carry a high risk of hemorrhagic complications. In addition, the strategy uses the same heparinization protocol during the procedure, which increases the concern regarding the association of anticoagulant drugs and the occurrence of mechanical complications during the intervention.</p>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing the safety and efficacy of catheter ablation for AF in patients undergoing OAC and with therapeutic INR.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between January 2008 and August 2010, 140 patients with persistent or permanent AF refractory to at least one antiarrhythmic drug and undergoing catheter ablation at the Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco (Rio de Janeiro state) were divided into two groups, according to the preference of the operator as follows: Group I (LMWH &#8211; 70 patients), suspension of warfarin and transition to LMWH; and Group II (70 patients), warfarin was maintained and ablation was performed with therapeutic INR (between 2.0 and 3.0). </p>
      <p>In Group I, warfarin was withheld five days prior to the procedure, when enoxaparin (1 mg/kg, twice a day) was initiated. The last dose of LMWH was administered 24 hours prior to the procedure. The INR was measured on the day before the procedure, which was performed when the INR was lower than 2.0. Oral anticoagulation was restarted after ablation, and enoxaparin, at a reduced dose (0.5 mg/kg, twice a day), was initiated in the following morning and maintained until the INR &gt; 2.0 was obtained again.</p>
      <p>In Group II, OAC was not withheld. The INR was periodically assessed, mandatory measurements being performed as follows: five days prior to the procedure; on the day before the procedure; and on the day of the procedure. Blood typing was performed on hospital admission, and fresh plasma and recombinant coagulation factors were reserved for immediate reversion in case of hemorrhagic and/or mechanical complications. If the INR was not within the desired range, the procedure would be postponed, and the warfarin dose readjusted until the therapeutic range was achieved, when the procedure would be performed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ablation technique</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Under general anesthesia, all patients underwent transesophageal echocardiography during the procedure. The ablation technique consisted in the electrical isolation of the pulmonary vein antrum and of the superior vena cava guided by intracardiac echocardiography (ICE)<sup>15,20-22</sup>, in association with extensive damage to the left atrium in regions where complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAE) were obtained. The following venous accesses were obtained: two punctures of the right femoral vein; one puncture of the left femoral vein; and one puncture of the right internal jugular vein. The latter could be performed under fluoroscopic guidance by use of a catheter positioned in the vein through femoral access (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>). The ICE probe (AcuNav, Mountain View, California) was positioned in the right atrium and a duodecapolar catheter was used to map the coronary sinus and the <italic>crista terminalis</italic>; when this was not possible, a decapolar catheter could be used to record the electrical signs in the coronary sinus. Immediately after obtaining the venous accesses, systemic heparinization was initiated to achieve an activated coagulation time (ACT) &gt; 350 seconds (aim: between 350 and 400 seconds); only then the ICE-guided transseptal access was obtained (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>). After double transseptal puncture, a circular decapolar catheter (20 mm) for mapping (Lasso, Biosense Webster, Baldwin Park, California) and an ablation catheter with external irrigation and 3.5-mm tip (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, California) were positioned. Maximum power and temperature were 35W and 43&#186;C, respectively, with a flow of 30 mL/min. Esophageal temperature was monitored by inserting a multipolar thermometer (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3-body2">Figure 3</xref>), and when it exceeded 39&#186;C, the application was interrupted and reinitiated at lower power. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0289-00088-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0289-00088-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="f3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0289-00088-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>After all radiofrequency damage to the left atrium, electrical cardioversion was performed if sinus rhythm was not resumed during the applications. After sinus rhythm resumption, a high dose of intravenous isoprenaline (20 &#181;g/ min) was infused during ten minutes, aiming at assessing the reconnection of the veins and at triggering ectopic foci located outside the pulmonary veins, which, when present, were then mapped and ablated. Finally, the cavotricuspid isthmus was ablated to prevent atrial flutter.</p>
      <p>Right after withdrawing the sheaths from the left atrium, systemic heparinization was reverted with protamine to achieve an ACT &lt; 200 seconds. Vascular compression was performed for 20 minutes, and a compressive dressing was maintained for six hours.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Follow-up after the procedure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients were discharged from the hospital on the morning following the procedure, and were followed up at the outpatient clinic with visits 30, 90 and 180 days after that, when they underwent ECG and 24-hour Holter. Pulmonary vein computed tomography or magnetic resonance angiography was performed prior to the procedure and three months after that for detecting occasional stenosis.</p>
      <p>Patients were instructed to check their pulse on a daily basis and to immediately report any symptom or irregularity observed, having, then, immediate access to the medical team.</p>
      <p>Antiarrhythmic drugs were maintained for four weeks and OAC for, at least, three months, being withheld in the absence of symptoms or of sustained arrhythmias, as long as the thromboembolic risk was not greater than moderate (CHADS2 &lt; 2). In such cases, OAC was maintained or individually discussed with each patient.</p>
      <p>All patients provided written informed consent, and the study was approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research of the Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Variables analyzed</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The following variables were analyzed: minor and major hemorrhagic complications (cardiac tamponade and/or complications requiring blood transfusion); thromboembolic phenomena; and cardiovascular mortality. The events were assessed through medical record review and met the criteria established by the assistant physician. The mean follow-up period was 16 &#177; 8 months (five to 31 months), and no loss to follow-up occurred. </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis</p>
      <p>Descriptive statistical analysis of the numerical variables was performed through mean and standard deviation, and inferential analysis was performed by use of Student <italic>t </italic>test for independent samples. The categorical variables were analyzed by using Fisher exact and Pearson chi-square tests. The significance value of p&lt; 0.05 was adopted. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study sample comprised 140 patients (mean age, 72 &#177; 8.2 years; 83%, males) undergoing catheter ablation.</p>
      <p>Transesophageal echocardiography revealed blood flow delay in the left atrial cavity in 56 Group I patients (80%) and in 64 Group II patients (91%) (p = ns). However, previous history of thrombus in the left atrial auricle was observed in two Group I patients (2.8%) and 12 Group II patients (17%; p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>In Group I, the mean size of the left atrium was 44 &#177; 7mm, and the mean ejection fraction was 60% &#177; 15%. In 35% of the patients, structural cardiopathy was observed, and the most common etiology was ischemia (67%). Thirteen patients (18.6%) were classified as having a CHADS2 score of 1, while 27 (38.6%), 26 (37.1%), and four patients (5.7%) were classified as having a CHADS2 score of 2, 3, and 4, respectively. On the day of the procedure, all patients had an INR lower than 2.0. The mean dose of the <italic>bolus</italic> of venous heparin used to achieve the target ACT was 16,000 &#177; 4,000 IU. The major clinical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0289-00088-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Group I showed more major hemorrhagic complications: one patient (1.4%) developed a large inguinal hematoma on the fourth day after the procedure, requiring blood transfusion. Four patients (5.7%) had minor hemorrhagic complications (inguinal hematoma), requiring suspension of LMWH.</p>
      <p>In Group II, the mean size of the left atrium was 45 &#177; 6.2mm, and the mean ejection fraction was 58% &#177; 11%. In 33% of the cases, structural cardiopathy was observed, and the most common etiology was ischemia (72%). Eleven patients (15.7%) were classified as having a CHADS2 score of 1, while 29 (41.5%), 25 (35.7%), and five patients (7.1%) were classified as having a CHADS2 score of 2, 3, and 4, respectively (p = ns). The mean INR on the day of admission was 2.3 &#177; 0.2. The mean <italic>bolus</italic> dose of venous heparin used to achieve the target ACT was significantly lower (7,000 &#177; 2,000 IU; p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      <p>In Group II, two (2.8%) minor hemorrhagic complications were observed. One patient (1.4%) had spontaneous inguinal bleeding 24 hours after the procedure, which was solved by simple external compression. Another patient had a large inguinal hematoma, but required neither blood transfusion nor OAC suspension. One patient (1.4%) needed LMWH because of INR &lt; 2.0 on the day following the procedure, and showed a large hematoma in the right thigh, requiring blood transfusion because of the development of unstable angina due to significant anemia. </p>
      <p>Neither thromboembolic complications nor cardiovascular death were observed in the groups over 16 &#177; 8 months of follow-up. The variables analyzed are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0289-00088-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is the first national experience about ablation for AF without withholding OAC (therapeutic INR) in a population at moderate thromboembolic risk. This represents a paradigm change, because invasive procedures in patients undergoing OAC have always been considered of high risk for hemorrhagic complications. However, the data presented do not corroborate that hypothesis, since patients undergoing OAC showed no increase in complications.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Previously published studies</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In 2007, Wazni et al<sup>18 </sup>reported a study on the safety and efficacy of that strategy in 310 patients with persistent AF divided into three groups: Group I, in which warfarin was withheld before the procedure, and transition to full-dose LMWH (1 mg/kg of enoxaparin, twice a day) was used in the pre- and post-ablation period; Group II, with the same protocol, but a reduced dose of LMWH (0.5 mg/kg of enoxaparin, twice a day); and Group III, in which warfarin was not withheld and the procedure was performed with INR between 2.0 and 3.0. That clinical assay showed the safety and strategy of ablation with the use of OAC, with a significantly lower rate of mild bleedings (hematomas that do not require drainage &#8211; 22% <italic>versus</italic> 19% <italic>versus</italic> 5%, respectively, p &lt; 0.001) and of major bleedings (hematoma requiring drainage, bleeding requiring transfusion, or pericardial tamponade &#8211; 8.5% <italic>versus</italic> 0% <italic>versus</italic> 0%, respectively, p &lt; 0.001) in Group III, and no increase in the risk of major complications (ischemic stroke or pericardial effusion). Such data support the recommendation of lower doses of LMWH in the post-ablation period, in face of the significant increase in major complications when full doses are used, despite the concern regarding thromboembolic complications when subtherapeutic levels are achieved.</p>
      <p>Later, Hussein et al<sup>19</sup> have published a study with a significant number of patients with paroxysmal and persistent AF, in which the strategy of maintaining warfarin during ablation was also adopted. The study comprised 3,052 patients referred for ablation for AF with INR &gt; 1.8 on the day of the intervention (mean INR, 2.53 &#177; 0.62). Once more, a low incidence of hemorrhagic complications was observed with that strategy (1.1% &#8211; most events of little clinical significance). The results of the present study have also shown a low incidence of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic neurological events, whose rates were 0.09% (ischemic stroke) and 0.03% (hemorrhagic stroke), respectively. The incidence of pericardial effusion was only 0.29%, most of which mild, requiring no drainage. In addition to protecting against embolic events, that strategy did not show a greater incidence of hemorrhagic complications, corroborating the findings previously reported by Wasni et al<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cappato et al<sup>17</sup> have published a world record in which 16,309 patients of 182 centers (24 countries) underwent interventions between 2003 and 2006. In that study, warfarin was withheld before the procedure, and anticoagulation performed with intravenous or subcutaneous heparin or LMWH, after ablation. The greatest rate of complications was 4.5% (741 patients), and the most frequent were cardiac tamponade (1.31%), femoral pseudoaneurysm (0.93%), and transient ischemic attack (0.71%). When compared with those results, the strategy of continuing warfarin showed a lower incidence of severe hemorrhages and thromboembolic complications.</p>
      <p>Confirming those data, Di Biase et al<sup>23</sup> have recently published their experience with more than 6,000 patients undergoing ablation for AF, in which the risk of embolic complications during the procedure was lower in the presence of therapeutic INR (no complication <italic>versus</italic> approximately 1% in procedures without therapeutic INR). That result is significant, considering that the group had a higher incidence of non-paroxysmal AF and CHADS2 &gt; 2. Once again, that strategy was not associated with a higher rate of hemorrhagic complications or pericardial effusion.</p>
      <p>Correlation with the findings of the present study</p>
      <p>The findings in this study are in accordance with those of the literature, with a low index of complications in the group of therapeutic INR. No embolic complication was observed. </p>
      <p>It is worth noting that all studies published have been performed in high-volume and experienced centers, and always using ICE. That method is of fundamental importance when that strategy is adopted, because it provides real-time transseptal access under direct visualization without the use of iodine contrast medium, monitoring of the catheter position and contact with the atrial wall, and early detection of mechanical complications (such as cardiac tamponade), which make the procedure safer<sup>22,24</sup>. The following should be considered impacting factors regarding safety of the procedure: operator's experience and ability; caution during venous accesses; and manipulation of the catheters inside the left atrium.</p>
      <p>Recently, Page et al<sup>25</sup> have published a study with a similar design, comparing the ablation procedure in 109 patients using LMWH with 89 patients whose warfarin was maintained (mean INR, 2.3 &#177; 0.5). In that study, however, ICE was not used. Two patients (2.2%) in the group of therapeutic INR required pericardial drainage due to cardiac tamponade. </p>
      <p>Intracardiac echocardiography is the only method capable of detecting intracardiac thrombi. Although its use has not been proven to significantly reduce the incidence of clinical embolic events, recent evidence suggests that they can be present in up to 10% of the cases during ablation for AF<sup>26-28</sup>. That is why our protocol involves the aggressive use of venous heparin to achieve an ACT over 350 seconds, initiated prior to transseptal access. That strategy has been adopted after one case in which a thrombus was visualized in the circular catheter immediately after access to the left atrium, even before beginning radiofrequency applications<sup>29</sup>. At that time, heparin was only initiated after obtaining both transseptal accesses. By using ICE, both transseptal accesses are safely obtained even under intense anticoagulation (oral and venous).</p>
      <p>Ablation for AF is associated with a low risk for symptomatic cerebral thromboembolism. However, the possibility of silent cerebral ischemia, similarly to that which occurs in open surgical procedures, is feared. Gaita F. et al<sup>30</sup> have recently published their experience using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a diagnostic tool and have demonstrated that the intensity of anticoagulation during the procedure, expressed as ACT, was one of the factors associated with the occurrence of lesions without clinical expression. Of the patients with an ACT &lt; 250 seconds, 17% had a positive MRI; when ACT &gt; 250 seconds, MRI was positive in only 9% (p = 0.01).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Implications</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To safely use that strategy, in addition to the measures previously mentioned, it is worth emphasizing that the heparin dose necessary to achieve the ideal ACT (between 350 and 400 seconds) was significantly lower in Group II (without withholding OAC) than in Group I, and that interaction between warfarin and heparin seemed to occur, making patients more sensitive to lower heparin doses. It is clear that, when choosing that strategy, monitoring ACT before initiating the manipulation is fundamental to prevent unacceptably high levels of anticoagulation and their possible complications. </p>
      <p>It is also worth emphasizing that the maintenance of OAC as a therapeutic strategy reduces the cost associated with the use of LMWH. This cost, often covered by the patient, represents a hindrance to the ablation procedure; however, recent data have shown no reduction in total costs of the treatment per patient (including hospitalization)<sup>25</sup>. </p>
      <p>Thus, we believe that it is fundamental to look for adequate anticoagulation in the pre- and post-ablation period, without increasing the risks related to the procedure. The strategy of not withholding warfarin and consequently performing ablation with therapeutic INR is an interesting and safe therapeutic proposal. In addition, it is worth emphasizing the use of ICE in such cases, as we believe that the advantages associated with that method significantly contribute to the safety and efficacy of that strategy, despite its additional cost, certainly greater than that of LMWH. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The non-randomized design of this report does not allow the elimination of the preferential selection of patients at a higher risk for maintaining OAC as the strategy for ablation. The major limitation was that the groups were not randomized for one or the other strategy, but, when comparing the clinical characteristics of both groups, they were very similar. In addition, the relative small size of the sample might have contributed to the lack of thromboembolic phenomena in the group using LMWH, despite its reduced dosage.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Catheter ablation for AF without withholding OAC and with therapeutic INR has similar safety and efficacy when compared with the traditional transition to LMWH, avoiding the potentially inadequate anticoagulation of the initial post-ablation period.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Eduardo B. Saad, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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