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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tLxqYgYzm55F4JMwGfnfmsM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001300003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700403</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000106</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma entre hospitais p&#250;blico e privado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Candolo Pupo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barachi</surname>
            <given-names>Laiz Baniziolli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salgado</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kazuo</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luiza Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Ecocardiografia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>281</fpage>
      <lpage>288</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Buscando aprimorar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos exames de ecocardiografia, foram criados os Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o (CA) (Appropriateness Criteria), pela Sociedade Norte-Americana de Ecocardiografia (ASE) /Col&#233;gio Americano de Cardiologia (ACC). OBJETIVO: Comparar o perfil de adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) de acordo com os CA, entre Hospital P&#250;blico Universit&#225;rio (HU) e Hospital Privado (HP), e verificar quais caracter&#237;sticas se associam com melhor perfil de solicita&#231;&#227;o de ETT. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados prospectivamente 779 solicita&#231;&#245;es consecutivas de ETT no HP (49,8%) e no HU (50,2%). Sendo 55,6% solicita&#231;&#245;es para mulheres e 44,4%, para homens com 59,1 &#177; 15,7 anos. As indica&#231;&#245;es foram classificadas como: apropriadas, inapropriadas ou n&#227;o classificadas, e a adequa&#231;&#227;o aos CA foi correlacionada com idade, sexo dos pacientes, al&#233;m do tempo de formado do solicitante. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica empregou Coeficiente Kappa e teste Qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no perfil de adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#245;es apropriadas de ETT nas duas institui&#231;&#245;es (71% x 75%; p = 0,3). No HP, os fatores associados a maior taxa de exames apropriados foram: sexo feminino (p = 0,001) e idade menor que 60 anos (p &lt; 0,001). No HU, m&#233;dicos formados entre 5 e 10 anos apresentaram maior taxa de solicita&#231;&#245;es inadequadas (p = 0,02). As vari&#225;veis que foram preditoras independentes de exames apropriados foram, no HP: sexo feminino (p = 0,001) e idade &lt; 60 anos (p = 0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: Nesta avalia&#231;&#227;o, HP e HU apresentaram perfis de adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#245;es similares. Sexo feminino, tempo de formado do m&#233;dico solicitante e a idade do paciente influ&#237;ram na adequa&#231;&#227;o das solicita&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Exames m&#233;dicos</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>hospitais p&#250;blicos</kwd>
        <kwd>hospitais privados</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Compara&#231;&#227;o da adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma entre hospitais p&#250;blico e privado</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fl&#225;via Candolo Pupo Barbosa<sup>I,III</sup>; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita<sup>III</sup>; Laiz Baniziolli Barachi<sup>III</sup>; Angelo Salgado<sup>I</sup>; Rafael Kazuo<sup>II</sup>; Maria Luiza Garcia Rosa<sup>III</sup>; Claudio Tinoco Mesquita<sup>II,III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Servi&#231;o de Ecocardiografia Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro UFF, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Buscando aprimorar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos exames de ecocardiografia, foram criados os Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o (CA) (Appropriateness Criteria), pela Sociedade Norte-Americana de Ecocardiografia (ASE) /Col&#233;gio Americano de Cardiologia (ACC). </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Comparar o perfil de adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) de acordo com os CA, entre Hospital P&#250;blico Universit&#225;rio (HU) e Hospital Privado (HP), e verificar quais caracter&#237;sticas se associam com melhor perfil de solicita&#231;&#227;o de ETT. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram avaliados prospectivamente 779 solicita&#231;&#245;es consecutivas de ETT no HP (49,8%) e no HU (50,2%). Sendo 55,6% solicita&#231;&#245;es para mulheres e 44,4%, para homens com 59,1 &#177; 15,7 anos. As indica&#231;&#245;es foram classificadas como: apropriadas, inapropriadas ou n&#227;o classificadas, e a adequa&#231;&#227;o aos CA foi correlacionada com idade, sexo dos pacientes, al&#233;m do tempo de formado do solicitante. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica empregou Coeficiente Kappa e teste Qui-quadrado. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no perfil de adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#245;es apropriadas de ETT nas duas institui&#231;&#245;es (71% x 75%; p = 0,3). No HP, os fatores associados a maior taxa de exames apropriados foram: sexo feminino (p = 0,001) e idade menor que 60 anos (p &lt; 0,001). No HU, m&#233;dicos formados entre 5 e 10 anos apresentaram maior taxa de solicita&#231;&#245;es inadequadas (p = 0,02). As vari&#225;veis que foram preditoras independentes de exames apropriados foram, no HP: sexo feminino (p = 0,001) e idade &lt; 60 anos (p = 0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Nesta avalia&#231;&#227;o, HP e HU apresentaram perfis de adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#245;es similares. Sexo feminino, tempo de formado do m&#233;dico solicitante e a idade do paciente influ&#237;ram na adequa&#231;&#227;o das solicita&#231;&#245;es. print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Exames m&#233;dicos/pol&#237;ticas, ecocardiografia, hospitais p&#250;blicos, hospitais privados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O desenvolvimento dos m&#233;todos de imagem tem revolucionado o diagn&#243;stico e o manejo da doen&#231;a cardiovascular em todo o mundo. Como resultado, a solicita&#231;&#227;o de exame de imagem em cardiologia cresce exponencialmente, sendo esse um fator respons&#225;vel pelo aumento global dos custos com sa&#250;de<sup>1</sup>. Um dos maiores desafios dos servi&#231;os de imagem cardiovascular &#233; conciliar a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um grande n&#250;mero de exames com a manuten&#231;&#227;o de padr&#245;es de qualidade<sup>2</sup>. As sociedades de imagem cardiovascular, ag&#234;ncias governamentais, ind&#250;strias de equipamentos de diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico e especialistas em medidas de qualidade t&#234;m criado ferramentas para promover o "crescimento sustentado" da imagem cardiovascular. Nesse contexto, em 2007, o Col&#233;gio Americano de Cardiologia e a Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia publicaram os Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o (CA) (<italic>Appropriateness Criteria</italic>) para a solicita&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) e ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE)<sup>3</sup>. Nesse documento, h&#225; diversos cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos que s&#227;o classificados como apropriados, inapropriados ou incertos, de acordo com um sistema de escores. Assim, escore 1 a 3 indica que a solicita&#231;&#227;o &#233; inapropriada; de 4 a 6, incerta; e de 7 a 9, que a indica&#231;&#227;o &#233; apropriada. </p>
    <p>Um adequado estudo de imagem &#233; aquele em que a informa&#231;&#227;o incremental combinada com o julgamento cl&#237;nico excede as poss&#237;veis consequ&#234;ncias negativas para uma larga margem de indica&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas nas quais o procedimento &#233; considerado aceit&#225;vel e razo&#225;vel<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, apesar do crescente n&#250;mero de solicita&#231;&#245;es de exames e da necessidade urgente em otimizar os recursos para a Sa&#250;de, ainda n&#227;o houve a elabora&#231;&#227;o de um documento pelas sociedades com a normatiza&#231;&#227;o dos CA para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ETT e do ETE. Observa-se tamb&#233;m a aus&#234;ncia de estudos avaliando a adequa&#231;&#227;o das solicita&#231;&#245;es para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ETT, mesmo que baseado em diretrizes publicadas pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), que versem sobre as indica&#231;&#245;es e utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m da necessidade de conhecer de forma pioneira o perfil da solicita&#231;&#227;o de ETT no nosso meio, diante da discrepante realidade entre os sistemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico e privado no nosso pa&#237;s, ao desenharmos este estudo pareceu-nos imprescind&#237;vel avaliar a diferen&#231;a do grau de adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#227;o de exames desses dois mundos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Objetivos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este trabalho tem como objetivo prim&#225;rio comparar o perfil de adequa&#231;&#227;o das solicita&#231;&#245;es de ETT ambulatoriais, de acordo com o escore de Crit&#233;rios de Adequa&#231;&#227;o (CA)<sup>3</sup>, realizados em um hospital privado, com os de um hospital p&#250;blico universit&#225;rio. Seu objetivo secund&#225;rio &#233; verificar quais as caracter&#237;sticas dos hospitais e dos m&#233;dicos solicitantes que estiveram associadas a um melhor perfil de solicita&#231;&#227;o de ETT.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo apresentou uma an&#225;lise observacional e prospectiva.</p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos na pesquisa os pacientes consecutivos maiores de 18 anos que se apresentaram aos servi&#231;os de ecocardiografia do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco e do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, para realiza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, trazendo consigo a solicita&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica entre dezembro de 2009 e maio de 2010. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes internados e os pacientes em que a solicita&#231;&#227;o do exame do m&#233;dico assistente n&#227;o estava.</p>
    <p>Houve aprova&#231;&#227;o pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica em pesquisa da UFF (130/2010) e do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco (330/2009).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O investigador teve acesso &#224; solicita&#231;&#227;o do ETT do m&#233;dico requisitante, coletou a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica do paciente e realizou o ETT. Foi tamb&#233;m o investigador quem preencheu de forma cega um formul&#225;rio com dados sobre o paciente e a classifica&#231;&#227;o do exame de acordo com os CA.</p>
    <p>Foi feita avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade da indica&#231;&#227;o do exame pelo m&#233;dico solicitante por meio da entrevista do paciente que elucidou qual o motivo do exame, se houve altera&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e seu hist&#243;rico patol&#243;gico. Assim, &#233; importante ressaltar que, para um mesmo paciente, haver&#225; no formul&#225;rio de aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos dados duas indica&#231;&#245;es para o ETT (uma do m&#233;dico requisitante e outra do pesquisador). Esse protocolo foi desenvolvido como controle de qualidade do pedido m&#233;dico. Os ETT foram realizados pelo investigador nos dois Servi&#231;os de Ecocardiografia j&#225; citados, da maneira normatizada pela ASE. Foram usados os aparelhos Vivid<sup>&#174;</sup> da GE no hospital p&#250;blico e Vivid 7<sup>&#174;</sup> da GE no hospital privado, ambos capacitados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames uni e bidimensional, Doppler puls&#225;til.</p>
    <p>O investigador agrupou a solicita&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica do ETT, o formul&#225;rio preenchido ap&#243;s anamnese com o paciente e o laudo do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico para posterior classifica&#231;&#227;o da indica&#231;&#227;o do exame pelos CA.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m da an&#225;lise realizada pelo investigador principal, um segundo ecocardiografista fez a an&#225;lise cega dos dados e classificou os exames segundo os CA, sendo realizada assim a correla&#231;&#227;o interobservador.</p>
    <p>Ficou demonstrado que existe concord&#226;ncia significativa na classifica&#231;&#227;o do <italic>appropriateness</italic> de acordo com a indica&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico solicitante (Kappa = 0,788; EP = 0,072; <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001) entre os dois observadores.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Composta pelos testes: Coeficiente de Kappa, para medir a concord&#226;ncia amostra. A an&#225;lise de Regress&#227;o Log&#237;stica foi realizada para identificar as caracter&#237;sticas da amostra independentes que predizem (ou explicam) a classifica&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Appropriateness</italic> do m&#233;dico solicitante. O crit&#233;rio de determina&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia foi o n&#237;vel de 5%. A an&#225;lise foi processada pelo <italic>software</italic> SAS 6.11 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados gerais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliadas de forma prospectiva 779 solicita&#231;&#245;es de ETT, sendo 391 (50,2%) do hospital p&#250;blico universit&#225;rio, e 388 (49,8%) do hospital privado, no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2009 a maio de 2010.</p>
    <p>Importante salientar que 15 solicita&#231;&#245;es, todas provenientes do hospital privado (15/388), foram exclu&#237;das do estudo, pois n&#227;o tinham a indica&#231;&#227;o do exame pelo m&#233;dico solicitante, sendo este um crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Concord&#226;ncia das indica&#231;&#245;es de exames dos m&#233;dicos solicitantes com a do avaliador</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de todas as indica&#231;&#245;es (779), obteve-se concord&#226;ncia muito boa (Kappa: 0,874; p &lt; 0,001) entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos CA, levando-se em conta a indica&#231;&#227;o descrita no pedido m&#233;dico e a classifica&#231;&#227;o a partir da indica&#231;&#227;o obtida ap&#243;s anamnese na sala de exames. Assim, j&#225; que houve uma excelente concord&#226;ncia entre as medidas do perfil de adequa&#231;&#227;o da solicita&#231;&#227;o de exame entre o pesquisador e o m&#233;dico solicitante, a partir de ent&#227;o usaremos sempre os resultados obtidos a partir dos dados provenientes da indica&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico solicitante.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08811tab01m">tabela 1</xref> demonstra as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas da amostra.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop08811tab01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0281-00106-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Observamos na amostra geral uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes do sexo feminino 433 (55,6%) <italic>versus</italic> 346 (44,4%) pacientes do sexo masculino. Esse predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino permanece quando avaliamos as popula&#231;&#245;es dos dois hospitais individualmente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas dos m&#233;dicos solicitantes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quando avaliamos a amostra total observamos que a maior parte das solicita&#231;&#245;es de ETT foram prescritas por m&#233;dicos com 20 ou mais anos de formado 461 (59,2%). Essa propor&#231;&#227;o s&#243; se mant&#233;m nas solicita&#231;&#245;es provenientes do hospital privado, onde 311 (80,2%) solicita&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o provenientes de m&#233;dicos com 20 ou mais anos de formados. Quando a an&#225;lise &#233; focada nas solicita&#231;&#245;es da institui&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica, evidenciamos que a soma total de pedidos de exames encaminhados por formados h&#225; menos de 20 anos &#233; maior e estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,001) do que os pedidos efetuados por m&#233;dicos com 20 ou mais anos de formados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08811tab01m">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas das solicita&#231;&#245;es dos exames</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quando avaliamos as duas institui&#231;&#245;es separadamente, percebemos que o perfil das indica&#231;&#245;es de ETT &#233; bastante diferente. No <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop08811graf01m">gr&#225;fico 1</xref> percebemos que no hospital p&#250;blico as indica&#231;&#245;es de HAS (32% <italic>versus</italic> 25%) e especialmente de IC (17,2% <italic>versus</italic> 3,7%) predominam em rela&#231;&#227;o ao hospital privado. Entretanto, na institui&#231;&#227;o particular as indica&#231;&#245;es de ETT para avaliar sintomas suspeitos de etiologia card&#237;aca em assintom&#225;ticos (18,4 <italic>versus</italic> 16,2%), isquemia ou IAM (10% <italic>versus</italic> 6,2%), pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (9,2 <italic>versus</italic> 6,3%), arritmias (4,8% <italic>versus</italic> 1,3%), prolapso de valva mitral (3,9% <italic>versus</italic> 1,5%) s&#227;o prevalentes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; institui&#231;&#227;o universit&#225;ria.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop08811graf01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0281-00106-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o entre a adequa&#231;&#227;o das solicita&#231;&#245;es de ecocardiograma de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de <italic>Appropriateness</italic> e a origem dos pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na institui&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica universit&#225;ria, excluindo 31 (7,9%) solicita&#231;&#245;es de exame que foram consideradas "n&#227;o classificadas", 269 (74,7%) foram classificadas como apropriadas e 91 (25,2%), inapropriadas. No hospital privado, ao excluirmos 53 (13,6%) solicita&#231;&#245;es "n&#227;o classificadas", verificamos que 239 (71,3%) foram apropriadas e 96 (28,6%), inapropriadas. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre o grau de adequa&#231;&#227;o de indica&#231;&#227;o de ETT entre as duas institui&#231;&#245;es estudadas. (p = 0,359).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do grau de adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#227;o de exame de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Compara&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o sexo do paciente</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os exames solicitados para pacientes do sexo feminino na institui&#231;&#227;o privada apresentaram significativamente (p = 0,001) mais classifica&#231;&#227;o apropriada do que os solicitados para os homens (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08811tab02m">tab. 2</xref>). Ao avaliarmos as solicita&#231;&#245;es provenientes da institui&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a significativa (p = 0,347) entre o perfil de adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#227;o de ETT e o sexo dos pacientes.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop08811tab02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0281-00106-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Compara&#231;&#227;o de acordo com as faixas et&#225;rias dos pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Existe associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o da solicita&#231;&#227;o de exames pelos crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o e a idade do paciente na institui&#231;&#227;o privada (<italic>p</italic> = 0,000). J&#225; na institui&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica n&#227;o existe associa&#231;&#227;o significativa (p = 0,466) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08811tab02m">tab.2</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Compara&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o tempo de formado do m&#233;dico solicitante</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Como se pode observar pela an&#225;lise da <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08811tab02m">tabela 2</xref>, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa (p = 0,571) entre o tempo de formado do m&#233;dico solicitante e a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos exames segundo os crit&#233;rios de adequa&#231;&#227;o na institui&#231;&#227;o privada. J&#225; quando avaliamos as indica&#231;&#245;es provenientes da institui&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica, observamos diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,039) entre o perfil de adequa&#231;&#227;o a solicita&#231;&#227;o de ETT e o tempo de formado do solicitante.</p>
    <p>Ao analisarmos as categorias "tempo de formado" com o teste Qui-quadrado percebemos que o grupo de m&#233;dicos do hospital p&#250;blico formados entre 5 e 10 anos apresentou o pior perfil de adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#227;o de ETT (p = 0,005 analisando os formados h&#225; menos de cinco anos com os formados entre 5 e 10 anos e p = 0,02 quando a an&#225;lise &#233; feita entre os formados entre 5 e 10 anos e aqueles com mais de 20 anos de formado).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma de acordo com o tipo de indica&#231;&#227;o do exame</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao compararmos as duas institui&#231;&#245;es, percebemos que o perfil de adequa&#231;&#227;o das classes de indica&#231;&#245;es foi variado. No hospital p&#250;blico, a indica&#231;&#227;o "isquemia ou IAM" para realiza&#231;&#227;o do ETT foi apropriada em 83,3% dos casos comparada a apenas 42,1% das solicita&#231;&#245;es com a mesma indica&#231;&#227;o no hospital privado. Perfil semelhante ocorreu com a indica&#231;&#227;o "HAS". Essa indica&#231;&#227;o apresentou 71,2% solicita&#231;&#245;es apropriadas no hospital p&#250;blico <italic>versus</italic> 58,6% no hospital privado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08811tab03m">tab. 3</xref>). J&#225; no hospital particular, as classes de indica&#231;&#245;es que tiveram maior propor&#231;&#227;o de indica&#231;&#227;o "apropriada" comparada ao hospital universit&#225;rio foram: arritmia (88,9% <italic>versus</italic> 75%), prolapso de v&#225;lva mitral (93,3% <italic>versus</italic> 83,3%) e as solicita&#231;&#245;es de ETT com indica&#231;&#227;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (50% <italic>versus</italic> 46,3%). Entretanto, n&#227;o se pode deixar de acentuar que a popula&#231;&#227;o que recebeu solicita&#231;&#227;o para ETT com indica&#231;&#227;o "ICC" no hospital p&#250;blico foi muito maior do que a do hospital privado (67 pacientes <italic>versus</italic> 14) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08811tab03m">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop08811tab03m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0281-00106-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A classe de indica&#231;&#227;o que nas duas institui&#231;&#245;es apresentou maior propor&#231;&#227;o de classifica&#231;&#227;o "inapropriada" foi ICC (53,7% no hospital p&#250;blico e 50% no hospital privado).</p>
    <p>Ao avaliarmos algumas solicita&#231;&#245;es de ETT, deparamos com indica&#231;&#245;es que apesar de fazerem parte dos cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos abordados no documento que cont&#233;m os CA usados neste trabalho, n&#227;o conseguimos classific&#225;-las por n&#227;o se enquadrarem nas indica&#231;&#245;es publicadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop08811tab04m">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop08811tab04m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0281-00106-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o com maior propor&#231;&#227;o de "n&#227;o classificado" foi pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio nas duas institui&#231;&#245;es, classe de indica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o abordada nos CA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise multivariada</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizada a an&#225;lise multivariada com o objetivo de analisar o peso independentemente de cada vari&#225;vel para determinar a indica&#231;&#227;o "apropriada" da solicita&#231;&#227;o de ETT de acordo com os CA.</p>
    <p>Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada apenas com as vari&#225;veis que na an&#225;lise univariada apresentaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. Sendo assim, nessa an&#225;lise avaliamos duas vari&#225;veis no hospital privado (sexo e idade do paciente) e nenhuma no hospital p&#250;blico, j&#225; que a &#250;nica univariada que nessa institui&#231;&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa foi o tempo de formado do solicitante.</p>
    <p> De acordo com a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, observou-se que sexo feminino (p<italic> = </italic>0,001) e idade &lt; 60 anos (p<italic> =</italic> 0,001) foram significativos para predizer a classifica&#231;&#227;o "apropriado" da solicita&#231;&#227;o do exame no hospital privado avaliado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Semelhante &#224; literatura, na nossa amostra observamos, de uma forma geral, mais solicita&#231;&#245;es apropriadas do que inapropriadas de ETT ambulatorial, sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre as duas institui&#231;&#245;es avaliadas. Entretanto, no nosso estudo, as solicita&#231;&#245;es de ETT s&#227;o inapropriadas em um n&#250;mero significativo de casos (25% na institui&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica e 29% no hospital particular). Taxas t&#227;o elevadas de solicita&#231;&#227;o de ETT inapropriada s&#243; foram relatadas at&#233; o momento no estudo de Rao e cols.<sup>5</sup>, que observou 26% de solicita&#231;&#245;es inapropriadas. As demais avalia&#231;&#245;es da literatura<sup>6-9</sup> apontam para um percentual muito menor de pedidos de ETT classificados como inadequados. Entretanto, diferente deste estudo, a maioria das informa&#231;&#245;es j&#225; publicadas sobre esse tema incluiu pacientes internados na sua avalia&#231;&#227;o, o que tende a inflar o uso adequado do procedimento, j&#225; que, por estarem hospitalizados, a maior parte desses pacientes passou por mudan&#231;a recente no quadro cl&#237;nico, observa&#231;&#227;o que torna a solicita&#231;&#227;o apropriada segundo os CA.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s indica&#231;&#245;es de ETT "n&#227;o classificadas", a literatura aponta porcentagens bastante vari&#225;veis (os valores nos estudos variam de 2% a 36%)<sup>1,8-13</sup>. Nossa amostra apresentou 10,7% de indica&#231;&#245;es "n&#227;o classificadas" na amostra total, e na institui&#231;&#227;o privada esse valor foi de 13,6%, enquanto que no hospital p&#250;blico foi de 7,9%.</p>
    <p>Os estudos de Ward e cols.<sup>8</sup> e Willens e cols.<sup>9</sup> tamb&#233;m compararam o grau de adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#227;o de exame entre uma institui&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica e uma comunit&#225;ria, e assim como o presente estudo, n&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre o perfil de solicita&#231;&#227;o de ETT dessas duas institui&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Tentando correlacionar o perfil de adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#227;o de ETT com as caracter&#237;sticas dos m&#233;dicos solicitantes, observamos que no hospital privado n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre o tempo de formado do requisitante e sua adequa&#231;&#227;o &#224; solicita&#231;&#227;o segundo os CA. Entretanto, quando avaliamos os m&#233;dicos solicitantes da institui&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica universit&#225;ria, observamos que aqueles formados entre 5 e 10 anos foram respons&#225;veis pelo pior perfil de adequa&#231;&#227;o &#224; solicita&#231;&#227;o de exame (valor estatisticamente significativo). Esse grupo pertence provavelmente aos m&#233;dicos com resid&#234;ncias ou p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#245;es rec&#233;m-terminadas, que j&#225; atuam no hospital universit&#225;rio sem supervis&#227;o, mas ainda s&#227;o relativamente inexperientes. Na literatura<sup>1,8,13,14</sup> n&#227;o h&#225; relato de diferen&#231;a entre a adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#227;o de ETT e o n&#237;vel de treinamento do solicitante.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo observou tamb&#233;m que no hospital privado as pacientes do sexo feminino obtiveram mais solicita&#231;&#245;es apropriadas do que os pacientes do sexo masculino. Os dados da literatura n&#227;o encontram essa associa&#231;&#227;o<sup>1,8,13,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outro resultado relevante obtido na nossa amostra foi o fato de os pacientes mais jovens da institui&#231;&#227;o privada receberem solicita&#231;&#245;es de ETT de maneira mais apropriada segundo os CA. Na literatura, os dados sobre a idade dos pacientes e o grau de adequa&#231;&#227;o da solicita&#231;&#227;o de ETT s&#227;o bastante vari&#225;veis<sup>6,8,11,12</sup>. No hospital p&#250;blico, avaliado na nossa amostra, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre g&#234;nero e idade do paciente e perfil de adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#227;o de ETT pelos CA. Uma discuss&#227;o sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o do g&#234;nero e idade do paciente e solicita&#231;&#245;es apropriadas de ETT, baseada tamb&#233;m nas observa&#231;&#245;es de Maksoud<sup>14</sup>, levantou a seguinte hip&#243;tese: estando diante de um paciente mais idoso e do sexo masculino, em raz&#227;o da maior chance de esse apresentar doen&#231;a cardiovascular, os m&#233;dicos poderiam pedir mais frequentemente e de maneira menos criteriosa o ecocardiograma, por causa da maior probabilidade pr&#233;-teste. Al&#233;m disso, o vi&#233;s de idade e sexo relacionado &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o e interven&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, observado em alguns estudos, pode ter se apresentado tamb&#233;m na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>15</sup>. Esse conceito est&#225; relacionado &#224; pr&#225;tica discriminat&#243;ria em rela&#231;&#227;o aos mais idosos, por exemplo, no que se refere &#224; credibilidade de suas queixas e acesso &#224;s pr&#225;ticas de investiga&#231;&#227;o e interven&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica de maneira apropriada<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o do exame, semelhante ao observado na literatura, os pedidos mais solicitados na amostra geral foram referentes a sintomas suspeitos de etiologia card&#237;aca, hipertens&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>5-7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quando avaliamos as institui&#231;&#245;es separadamente, percebemos que, enquanto no hospital p&#250;blico, cerca de 65% das indica&#231;&#245;es ficaram concentradas nas categorias "HAS", "insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca" e "sintomas suspeitos de etiologia card&#237;aca", as solicita&#231;&#245;es de ETT provenientes do hospital particular apresentaram indica&#231;&#245;es mais bem distribu&#237;das entre as categorias do nosso trabalho.</p>
    <p>As indica&#231;&#245;es "isquemia ou IAM" e "HAS" apresentaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil de adequa&#231;&#227;o entre o hospital p&#250;blico e privado. Uma demonstra&#231;&#227;o da marcante diferen&#231;a entre os perfis dessas solicita&#231;&#245;es de acordo com sua origem pode ser ilustrada pela avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pedidos com indica&#231;&#227;o "isquemia ou IAM". Enquanto no hospital p&#250;blico, 10 solicita&#231;&#245;es de ETT com essa indica&#231;&#227;o foram dirigidas para pacientes assintom&#225;ticos e 14 para sintom&#225;ticos, na institui&#231;&#227;o privada, 32 solicita&#231;&#245;es foram para pacientes com doen&#231;a conhecida mas sem nenhum sintoma cl&#237;nico, sendo apenas seis das indica&#231;&#245;es para sintom&#225;ticos (p = 0,001). Esse fato ressalta uma poss&#237;vel "ansiedade cl&#237;nica" das solicita&#231;&#245;es provenientes do hospital privado, no seu manejo com pacientes sabidamente doentes, recorrendo &#224; requisi&#231;&#227;o de exames seriados.</p>
    <p>Apesar de n&#227;o ter apresentado diferen&#231;a significativa entre as institui&#231;&#245;es, mas de acordo com a literatura dispon&#237;vel sobre o assunto, o tipo de solicita&#231;&#227;o mais inapropriada, tanto no hospital p&#250;blico como no particular, foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>5,7</sup>. Essa indica&#231;&#227;o poderia ser reavaliada em futuros documentos de adequa&#231;&#227;o de solicita&#231;&#227;o de exame. Com as novas drogas e dispositivos para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel, dispositivos de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o, por exemplo), h&#225; consequente maior necessidade de reavalia&#231;&#245;es com intervalos regulares da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e de par&#226;metros da sincronia ventricular, mesmo sem que tenha ocorrido mudan&#231;a cl&#237;nica do paciente.</p>
    <p>Ainda seguindo o perfil dos estudos j&#225; publicados<sup>6-8</sup>, a indica&#231;&#227;o mais descrita como "n&#227;o classificada" foi pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Essa solicita&#231;&#227;o &#233; bastante comum no nosso meio, impulsionada tanto por quest&#245;es cl&#237;nicas reais, mas tamb&#233;m como forma defensiva legal, e n&#227;o foi abordada nos CA. Sugere-se a inclus&#227;o dessa indica&#231;&#227;o em futuros documentos sobre o assunto, de forma que o tipo de cirurgia e o perfil do paciente sejam determinantes para determinar o grau de adequa&#231;&#227;o dessa solicita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#201; preciso reconhecer que se est&#225; num momento de transi&#231;&#227;o para determinar a verdadeira adequa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos exames de imagem. Necess&#225;rio ressaltar muita cautela para que os CA n&#227;o sejam considerados substitutos do julgamento cl&#237;nico e da experi&#234;ncia pr&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>Idealmente, os CA deveriam ser validados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica com o objetivo de demonstrar se os estudos classificados como apropriados determinaram desfecho ou mudan&#231;a no manejo do paciente, enquanto os inapropriados, n&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo n&#227;o observou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre o perfil de solicita&#231;&#227;o de ETT ambulatorial de acordo com os CA entre as institui&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blica universit&#225;ria e privada</p>
    <p>A &#250;nica vari&#225;vel que na institui&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica se correlacionou com solicita&#231;&#227;o de ETT de forma mais apropriada neste estudo, segundo os CA foi o tempo de formado do m&#233;dico requisitante, e aqueles formados entre 5 a 10 anos apresentaram o pior perfil de solicita&#231;&#227;o de exame.</p>
    <p>No hospital privado as vari&#225;veis que neste estudo correlacionaram-se a uma solicita&#231;&#227;o de ETT ambulatorial de forma apropriada foram pacientes do sexo feminino e com menos de 60 anos de idade.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante destacar que os dados deste estudo foram obtidos exclusivamente de pacientes ambulatoriais; sendo assim, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel extrapolar tais conclus&#245;es para pacientes hospitalizados, que possuem maior complexidade de doen&#231;a, com maior impacto na adequa&#231;&#227;o da solicita&#231;&#227;o de exame.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Fl&#225;via Candolo Pupo Barbosa pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Claudio Tinoco Mesquita </p>
        <p> Av. Almirante Ary Parreiras 60/ apto 801 - Icara&#237; </p>
        <p> 24230-322 - Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="ctinocom@cardiol.br">ctinocom@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="claudiotinocomesquita@gmail.com">claudiotinocomesquita@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 22/12/10; revisado recebido em 23/12/10; aceito em 05/05/11.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of echocardiography request appropriateness between public and private hospitals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Aiming at improving the use of echocardiography tests, the Appropriateness Criteria (AC) were created by the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)/American College of Cardiology (ACC). OBJECTIVE: To compare the appropriateness profile of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) requests in accordance with the AC, between a public University Hospital (UH) and a Private Hospital (PH), and verify which characteristics are associated with a better TTE request profile. METHODS: We prospectively assessed 779 consecutive TTE requests in a PH (49.8%) and a UH (50.2%), with 55.6% of requests for women and 44.4% for men, aged 59.1 &#177; 15.7 years. The indications were classified as appropriate, inappropriate or non-classified, and adequacy to AC was correlated with age, patient gender, and the time since graduation of the requesting physician. The statistical analysis used Kappa coefficient and chi-square test. RESULTS: There was no significant difference regarding the adequacy profile of appropriate TTE requests in the two institutions (71% vs. 75%, p = 0.3). At PH, the factors associated with higher rates of appropriate tests were: female gender (p = 0.001) and age younger than 60 years (p &lt;0.001). In the UH, physicians who had graduated between 5 and 10 years before had a higher rate of inappropriate requests (p = 0.02). The variables that were independent predictors of appropriate tests in the PH were: female sex (p = 0.001) and age &lt;60 years (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In this evaluation, the PH and the UH profiles showed similar request appropriateness profiles. Female gender, time since graduation of the requesting physician and the patient's age influenced the appropriateness of requests.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Medical examination</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>quality</kwd>
        <kwd>hospitals, public</kwd>
        <kwd>hospitals, private</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top1-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Comparison of echocardiography request appropriateness between public and private hospitals</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Fl&#225;via Candolo Pupo Barbosa<sup>I,III</sup>; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita<sup>III</sup>; Laiz Baniziolli Barachi<sup>III</sup>; Angelo Salgado<sup>I</sup>; Rafael Kazuo<sup>II</sup>; Maria Luiza Garcia Rosa<sup>III</sup>; Claudio Tinoco Mesquita<sup>II,III</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Servi&#231;o de Ecocardiografia Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro UFF, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Aiming at improving the use of echocardiography tests, the Appropriateness Criteria (AC) were created by the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)/American College of Cardiology (ACC).</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To compare the appropriateness profile of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) requests in accordance with the AC, between a public University Hospital (UH) and a Private Hospital (PH), and verify which characteristics are associated with a better TTE request profile</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We prospectively assessed 779 consecutive TTE requests in a PH (49.8%) and a UH (50.2%), with 55.6% of requests for women and 44.4% for men, aged 59.1 &#177; 15.7 years. The indications were classified as appropriate, inappropriate or non-classified, and adequacy to AC was correlated with age, patient gender, and the time since graduation of the requesting physician. The statistical analysis used Kappa coefficient and chi-square test.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> There was no significant difference regarding the adequacy profile of appropriate TTE requests in the two institutions (71% vs. 75%, p = 0.3). At PH, the factors associated with higher rates of appropriate tests were: female gender (p = 0.001) and age younger than 60 years (p &lt;0.001). In the UH, physicians who had graduated between 5 and 10 years before had a higher rate of inappropriate requests (p = 0.02). The variables that were independent predictors of appropriate tests in the PH were: female sex (p = 0.001) and age &lt;60 years (p = 0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> In this evaluation, the PH and the UH profiles showed similar request appropriateness profiles. Female gender, time since graduation of the requesting physician and the patient's age influenced the appropriateness of requests.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Medical examination/policies; echocardiography; quality; hospitals, public; hospitals, private.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The development of imaging techniques has revolutionized the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease worldwide. As a result, the request for imaging tests in cardiology grows exponentially, and this is one of the factors that lead to an overall increase in health costs<sup>1</sup>. One of the biggest challenges of cardiovascular imaging services is to conciliate the performance of a large number of tests, while maintaining the quality standards<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular imaging societies, governmental agencies, medical diagnostic equipment industries and specialists in quality measures have created tools to promote the "sustainable growth" of cardiovascular imaging. In this context, in 2007, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) published the Appropriateness Criteria (AC) for requesting transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)<sup>3</sup>. In this document, there are several clinical scenarios that are classified as appropriate, inappropriate or uncertain, according to a scoring system. Therefore a score 1 to 3 indicates that the request is inappropriate; 4-6 is uncertain, and 7 to 9, the indication is appropriate.</p>
      <p>An appropriate imaging study is one in which the incremental information combined with the clinical judgment exceeds the possible negative consequences for a wide margin of specific indications in which the procedure is considered acceptable and reasonable<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, in spite of the growing number of test requests and the urgent need to optimize health resources, a document has yet to be created by the societies regarding the standardization of the AC to perform TTE and TEE.</p>
      <p>Moreover, there is a lack of studies evaluating the appropriateness of requests to perform TTE, even when based on guidelines published by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC), which deal with the indications and uses of echocardiography in clinical practice<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>In addition to the need to construct a pioneer profile of TTE request in our country, considering the discrepant reality between the public and private healthcare systems in our country, when this study was designed, it seemed essential to assess the difference in the degree of adequacy of test requests in both scenarios.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Objectives</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study aims primarily at comparing the profile of adequacy of outpatient TTE requests, according to the score of appropriateness criteria (AC)<sup>3</sup>, carried out in a private hospital, with a public university hospital. Its secondary purpose is to verify which characteristics of hospitals and requesting physicians were associated with a better profile of TTE request.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is an observational and prospective study. The study included consecutive patients older than 18 years who presented to the echocardiography services at Pro-Card&#237;aco Hospital and the Ant&#244;nio Pedro University Hospital, to undergo outpatient transthoracic echocardiography and brought the medical request between December 2009 and May 2010. Inpatients and patients whose test request forms issued by the assistant physician were not available or readable were excluded.</p>
      <p>The Research Ethics Committees of UFF (130/2010) and the Pro-Card&#237;aco Hospital (330/2009) approved the study protocol.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Protocol</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The investigator had access to the TTE request made by the requesting physician, collected the patient's clinical history and performed the TTE. The investigator also filled out a form with blind data about the patient and the examination classification according to the AC.</p>
      <p>The quality of the examination indication by the requesting physician was evaluated through an interview with the patient, which elucidated the reason for the examination, whether there were clinical changes and his or her pathological history. Thus, it is important to note that for a given patient, there will be two indications for TTE in the data acquisition form (one by the requesting physician and one by the researcher). This protocol was developed as quality control for medical requests. The TTE were performed by the investigator in two aforementioned Echocardiography Services, as established by the ASE. The equipment used were GE Vivid 3<sup>TM</sup> and GE Vivid 7<sup>TM</sup> in the public and private hospitals, respectively, both capable of carrying out one- and two dimensional, pulsed and continuous Doppler and color Doppler examinations.</p>
      <p>The investigator grouped the medical request for TTE, the completed form after the patient anamnesis and the echocardiography examination report for further classification of the examination indication according to the AC.</p>
      <p>In addition to the analysis carried out by the main investigator, a second echocardiographist performed a blind analysis of the data and classified the examinations according to the AC, thus performing the interobserver correlation.</p>
      <p>Significant agreement regarding the classification of appropriateness according to the indication of the requesting physician was demonstrated (kappa = 0.788, SE = 0.072, p &lt;0.001) between the two observers.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The following tests were used in the statistical analysis: Kappa Coefficient, to measure the agreement between the measures of appropriateness classification and chi-square (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) or Fisher's exact test, to compare the classification of appropriateness with the sample characteristics. The logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the independent sample characteristics that predicted (or explained) the classification of appropriateness of the requesting physician. The criterion for determining the level of significance was 5%. The analysis was performed using SAS software, version 6.11 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Overall Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We prospectively evaluated 779 requests for TTE, of which 391 (50.2%) were requested at the public university hospital, and 388 (49.8%) at the private hospital, from December 2009 to May 2010.</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy the fact that 15 requests, all from the private hospital (15/388) were excluded from the study because they had no indication for the examination made by the requesting physician, with the latter being an exclusion criterion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Agreement of examination indications between the requesting physicians and the investigator</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After the statistical analysis of all indications (779), very good agreement was obtained (kappa: 0.874, p &lt;0.001) between the classification of AC, taking into account the medical indication described in the medical request and the classification based on the indication obtained after patient anamnesis in the examining room. Thus, as there was excellent agreement between the measures of the adequacy profile of the examination request between the investigator and the requesting physician, from then on, we will always use the results obtained from the data that came from the requesting physician's indication.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Characteristics of the studied population</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08811tab01m-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the demographic characteristics of the sample.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop08811tab01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0281-00106-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Owe observed in the overall sample a higher proportion of female patients, with 433 (55.6%) <italic>versus</italic> 346 (44.4%) male patients. This predominance of female individuals persisted when the populations of the two hospitals were evaluated individually.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Characteristics of the requesting physicians</bold>
      </p>
      <p>When evaluating the total sample, we observed that most TTE requests had been made by physicians that had graduated 20 or more years before, 461 (59.2%). This proportion was only maintained for requests from the private hospital, where 311 (80.2%) requests came from doctors that had graduated 20 or more years before. When the analysis was focused on the requests from the public institution, we observed that the total sum of test requests made by physicians that had been graduated for less than 20 years was higher and statistically significant (p &lt;0.001) than the requests made by physicians that had been graduated for 20 years or more (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08811tab01m-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Characteristics of the medical examination requests</bold>
      </p>
      <p>When evaluating the two institutions separately, we observe that the profile for TTE indications is quite different. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop08811cha01m-body2">Chart 1</xref> shows that, in the public hospital, the indications of SAH - systemic arterial hypertension - (32% versus 25%) and especially HF (17.2% versus 3.7%) predominate in relation to the private hospital. However, in the private institution, the TTE indications to evaluate suspected symptoms of cardiac etiology in asymptomatic patients (18.4 <italic>versus</italic> 16.2%), ischemia or AMI (10% <italic>versus</italic> 6.2%), preoperative (9.2 <italic>vs</italic>. 6.3%), arrhythmias (4.8% <italic>versus</italic> 1.3%), mitral valve prolapse (3.9% <italic>versus</italic> 1.5%) are prevalent in relation to the university institution.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop08811cha01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0281-00106-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Evaluation between the adequacy of echocardiogram requests according to the appropriateness criteria and patient origin</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the public university institution, excluding 31 (7.9%) requests for examination that were considered "non-classified", 269 (74.7%) were classified as appropriate and 91 (25.2%) as inappropriate. In the private hospital, after excluding 53 (13.6%) "non-classified" requests, we observed that 239 (71.3%) were appropriate and 96 (28.6%) were inappropriate. There was no statistically significant difference between the degree of adequacy of TTE indication between the two studied institutions (p = 0.359).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Evaluation of the appropriateness degree of the examination request according to the demographic characteristics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comparison according to patient gender</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The examinations requested for female patients in the private institution had a significantly (p = 0.001) more appropriate classification than those requested for men (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08811tab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>). When evaluating the requests from the public institution, we observed no significant difference (p = 0.347) between the adequacy profile of TTE request and patient gender.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop08811tab02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0281-00106-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comparison according to patient age range</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There is a significant association between the classification of the examination request by the appropriateness criteria and patient age at the private institution (p = 0.000). In the public institution, there is no significant association (p = 0.466) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08811tab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comparison according to time since graduation of the requesting physician</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08811tab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>, there was no significant association (p = 0.571) between the time since graduation of the requesting physician and the classification of examinations according to the AC in the private institution. However, when evaluating the information from the public institution, we observed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.039) between the appropriateness profile of the TTE request and the time since graduation of the requesting physician.</p>
      <p>When analyzing the categories "time since graduation" with the Chi-square test, we observed that the group of physicians from the public hospital who had graduated between 5 and 10 years had the worst appropriateness profile for TTE request (p = 0.005 when analyzing those graduated for less than five years with those graduated between 50 and 10 years and p = 0.02 when the analysis was made between those graduated between 50 and 10 years and those graduated more than 20 years before).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Distribution of the appropriateness of TTE request according to the type of examination indication</bold>
      </p>
      <p>When comparing the two institutions, we observe that the appropriateness profile of indication classes was varied. In the public hospital, the term "ischemia or AMI" for TTE performance was appropriate in 83.3% of cases, compared to only 42.1% of the requests with the same indication in the private hospital. A similar profile occurred with "SAH". This indication showed 71.2% of appropriate requests in the public hospital <italic>versus</italic> 58.6% in the private one (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08811tab03m-body2">Table 3</xref>). In the private hospital, the classes of indications that had a higher proportion of "appropriate" indications, when compared to the university hospital, were: arrhythmia (88.9% <italic>versus</italic> 75%), mitral valve prolapse (93.3% <italic>versus</italic> 83.3%) and TTE requests with indication for heart failure assessment (50% <italic>versus</italic> 46.3%). However, one cannot fail to stress that the population that received a request for TTE with a CHF indication in the public hospital was much higher than the one in the private hospital (67 <italic>versus</italic> 14 patients) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08811tab03m-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop08811tab03m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0281-00106-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The class of indication that had the highest proportion of "inappropriate" classification in the two institutions was CHF (53.7% in public hospitals and 50% in the private hospital).</p>
      <p>When evaluating some TTE requests, we find indications that, in spite of being part of the clinical scenarios addressed in the document that contains the AC used in this work, cannot be classified, as they do not fit the published indications (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop08811tab04m-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop08811tab04m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-04-0281-00106-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The indication with the highest proportion of "non-classified" was preoperative in both institutions, an indication class that is not addressed in the AC.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Multivariate analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The multivariate analysis was performed to analyze the independent weight of each variable to determine the "appropriate" indication of the TTE request according to the AC.</p>
      <p>This evaluation was performed only with the variables that showed a statistically significant difference in the univariate analysis. Therefore, this analysis assessed two variables in the private hospital (sex and age of the patient) and none in the public hospital, as the only univariate that showed statistically significant difference in this institution was the time since graduation of the requesting physician.</p>
      <p>The logistic regression showed that female sex (p = 0.001) and age &lt; 60 years (p = 0.001) were significant to predict the "appropriate" classification of the examination request in the assessed private hospital.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Similarly to the literature, our sample showed, in general, more appropriate than inappropriate requests for outpatient TTE, with no statistically significant differences between the two evaluated institutions.</p>
      <p>However, in our study, TTE requests are inappropriate in a significant number of cases (25% in the public institutions and 29% in the private hospital). Such high rates of inappropriate TTE requests have only been reported so far in the study by Rao et al<sup>5</sup>, who observed 26% of inappropriate requests. Other evaluations in literature<sup>6-9</sup> point to a much smaller percentage of TTE requests classified as inappropriate. However, unlike this study, most of the information already published on this topic included patients admitted at the assessment, which tends to inflate the appropriate use of the procedure, since, being hospitalized, most of these patients has undergone recent changes in the clinical picture, an observation that makes the request appropriate according to the AC.</p>
      <p>In relation to the "non-classified" TTE indications, literature indicates very variable percentages (values in studies ranging from 2% to 36%)<sup>1,8-13</sup>. Our sample showed 10.7% of "non-classified" indications in the total sample, and in the private institution this number was 13.6%, <italic>versus</italic> 7.9% in the public hospital.</p>
      <p>The studies by Ward et al<sup>8</sup> and Willens et al<sup>9</sup> also compared the degree of adequacy of examination request between an academic and a community institution, and similar to this study, found no statistically significant difference between the TTE request profiles of these two institutions.</p>
      <p>In an attempt to correlate the profile of appropriateness of TTE request with the characteristics of the requesting physicians, we observed that, in the PH, there was no significant difference between the time since graduation of the requesting physician and the appropriateness of the request according to the AC. However, when evaluating the requesting physicians from the public university institution, we observed that those who had graduated between 5 to 10 years were responsible for the worst appropriateness profile of the examination request (a statistically significant value). This group probably belongs to physicians with newly completed residencies or post-graduation programs, who already work at the university hospital without supervision, but are still relatively inexperienced. In literature<sup>1,8,13,14</sup> there is no report of difference between the appropriateness of TTE request and level of training of the requesting physician.</p>
      <p>Our study also observed that, in the private hospital, the female patients had more appropriate requests than the male patients. Literature data do not show this association<sup>1,8,13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another important result obtained in our sample was that younger patients from the private institution receiving more appropriate requests for TTE according to the AC. In the literature, data on patient age and degree of appropriateness of the request for TTE are quite variable<sup>6,8,11,12</sup>. In the public hospital evaluated in our sample, there was no significant difference between patient gender and age and the profile of appropriateness of TTE request according to the AC. A discussion on the association of patient gender and age and appropriate requests for TTE, also based on the observations of Maksoud<sup>14</sup> raised the following hypothesis: when treating an elderly male patient, due to the greater chance of his presenting cardiovascular disease, doctors would more frequently and less judiciously request an echocardiography, due to the higher pre-test probability. In addition, the age and gender bias related to the research and medical intervention, observed in some studies may also have been present in our population<sup>15</sup>. This concept is related to the discriminatory practice concerning the elderly, for instance, with regard to the credibility of their complaints and access to research practices and appropriate medical intervention<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the indication for the examination, similar to what was observed in the literature, the most often requested examinations in the overall sample were those related to symptoms of suspected cardiac etiology, hypertension and heart failure<sup>5-7</sup>.</p>
      <p>When evaluating the institutions separately, we observe that, while in the public hospital about 65% of indications were concentrated in the "SAH", "heart failure" and "symptoms of suspected cardiac etiology," categories, the TTE requests from the private hospital had better distributed information among the categories of our field.</p>
      <p>The indications "ischemia or myocardial infarction" and "systemic arterial hypertension" showed statistically significant difference in relation to the appropriateness profile between the public and private hospitals. A striking demonstration of the difference between the profiles of these requests according to their origin can be illustrated by the assessment of requests indicating "ischemia or AMI." While in the public hospital, 10 TTE requests with this indication were related to asymptomatic patients and 14 to symptomatic, in the private institution, 32 requests were made for patients with known disease but no clinical symptoms, and there were only six indications for symptomatic patients (p = 0.001). This fact highlights a possible 'clinical anxiety' of the requests from the private hospital, in its management of patients known to be ill, through requests for serial examinations.</p>
      <p>Although there were no significant differences between the institutions, but according to the available literature on the subject, the most inappropriate type of request, both in the public and private hospitals, was the heart failure evaluation<sup>5,7</sup>. That indication could be reassessed in future documents of appropriateness of examination requests. With new drugs and devices for heart failure (implantable cardioverter defibrillator, cardiac resynchronization devices, for instance), there is greater need for subsequent re-evaluations at regular intervals of left ventricular ejection fraction and ventricular synchrony parameters, even though the patient has shown no clinical changes.</p>
      <p>Also according to the profile of studies that have been published<sup>6-8</sup>, the indication most often described as "non-classified" was the preoperative. This request is quite common in our country, compelled both by actual clinical issues, but also as a defensive legal action, and it was not addressed in the AC. We suggest the inclusion of this indication in future documents on the subject, so that the type of surgery and patient profile are crucial for determining the degree of appropriateness of this request.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Recommendations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It is necessary to acknowledge that we are going through a time of transition to determine the true clinical appropriateness of imaging examinations. Caution should be emphasized that the AC are not to be considered a substitute for clinical judgment and practical experience.</p>
      <p>Ideally, the AC should be validated in clinical practice in order to demonstrate whether studies classified as appropriate determined the outcome or change in patient management, while the inappropriate ones did not.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our study showed no statistically significant difference between the profile of outpatient TTE request according to the AC between the public university and private institutions.</p>
      <p>The only variable that was more appropriately correlated, in the public institution, with a request for TTE in this study according to the AC, was time since graduation of the requesting physician, and those who had graduated between 5 to 10 years before had the worst test request profile.</p>
      <p>In the private hospital, the study variables that correlated with an appropriate outpatient request for TTE were female patients younger than 60 years of age. It is important to emphasize that the data from this study were obtained exclusively from outpatients, so it is not possible to extrapolate these findings to hospitalized patients, who have more complex disease, with a greater impact on the appropriateness of test requests.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Fl&#225;via Candolo Pupo Barbosa, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
