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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">W3w3Sdnk4bWkwrWLrYQrXwR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001200017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700317</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011001200017</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome de Austrian</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Midon</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Estev&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goldoni</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Sylvian Greicy Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miyasato</surname>
            <given-names>Jan Norimitsu Schiemann</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Mato Grosso do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Regional de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e50</fpage>
      <lpage>e52</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2009</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Neste relato, &#233; descrito o caso de um paciente masculino, 64 anos, sem hist&#243;ria de etilismo, que se apresentou com a Tr&#237;ade de Osler, que consiste no desenvolvimento de endocardite, pneumonia e meningite, por um mesmo agente. A s&#237;ndrome &#233; denominada s&#237;ndrome de Austrian, quando a infec&#231;&#227;o for por Streptococcus pneumoniae. Ser&#227;o discutidas as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, fisiopatol&#243;gicas e a terap&#234;utica mais adequada para esse quadro. Tendo em vista a raridade do caso e a elevada morbimortalidade, ser&#227;o enfatizadas a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico precoce e o tratamento adequado, visando reduzir as complica&#231;&#245;es inerentes a essa doen&#231;a.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de austrian</kwd>
        <kwd>endocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>streptococcus pneumoniae</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>S&#237;ndrome de Austrian</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#225;rcio Estev&#227;o Midon; Fernando Goldoni; Sylvian Greicy Rocha Souza; Jan Norimitsu Schiemann Miyasato</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Regional de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste relato, &#233; descrito o caso de um paciente masculino, 64 anos, sem hist&#243;ria de etilismo, que se apresentou com a Tr&#237;ade de Osler, que consiste no desenvolvimento de endocardite, pneumonia e meningite, por um mesmo agente. A s&#237;ndrome &#233; denominada s&#237;ndrome de Austrian, quando a infec&#231;&#227;o for por <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic>. Ser&#227;o discutidas as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, fisiopatol&#243;gicas e a terap&#234;utica mais adequada para esse quadro. Tendo em vista a raridade do caso e a elevada morbimortalidade, ser&#227;o enfatizadas a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico precoce e o tratamento adequado, visando reduzir as complica&#231;&#245;es inerentes a essa doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> S&#237;ndrome de austrian, endocardite, <italic>streptococcus pneumoniae</italic>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A endocardite pneumoc&#243;cica tem se tornado uma doen&#231;a rara, desde a introdu&#231;&#227;o da penicilina, no in&#237;cio dos anos 40, sendo respons&#225;vel por 1-3% de todos os casos em valvas nativas. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, no entanto, um n&#250;mero maior de casos tem sido descrito, devido ao surgimento de cepas de <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> resistentes &#224; penicilina&#185;. A associa&#231;&#227;o de pneumonia, meningite e endocardite foi descrita em 1862, por Herchl, ap&#243;s aut&#243;psia de 5 pacientes. Em 1881, Osler a denominou s&#237;ndrome de Austrian quando sua etiologia &#233; o <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic>&#178;<sup>,</sup>&#179;.</p>
    <p>Em 1882, Netter retornou para mostrar tal rela&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, indicando uma clara predisposi&#231;&#227;o pela valva a&#243;rtica. Robert Austrian, em 1957, comunicou um total de 8 casos, dos quais 6 faleceram revelando que o desfecho fatal destes pacientes era comumente a ruptura da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Relataremos o caso de um homem que se apresentou com s&#237;ndrome de Austrian, e, mesmo tendo sido diagnosticado e tratado adequadamente, evoluiu com complica&#231;&#245;es inerentes a esse raro caso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Agricultor, masculino, 64 anos, admitido no Pronto-Atendimento M&#233;dico do HRMS com quadro de febre baixa, mialgia, artralgia e hiporexia, h&#225; tr&#234;s semanas, evoluindo h&#225; tr&#234;s dias com tosse produtiva, dispneia e comprometimento do estado geral. Sem hist&#243;ria de etilismo, tabagismo, uso de drogas injet&#225;veis ou doen&#231;as pr&#233;vias. &#192; admiss&#227;o, apresentava-se taquidispneico, depletado, com v&#244;mitos, confus&#227;o mental e agita&#231;&#227;o. Apresentava pupilas isoc&#243;ricas e fotorreagentes, reflexo cut&#226;neo plantar negativo, aus&#234;ncia de sinais focais e presen&#231;a de rigidez cervical terminal. Ausculta pulmonar com estertora&#231;&#227;o crepitante em base de hemit&#243;rax direito foi realizada. Tamb&#233;m foi realizada ausculta card&#237;aca com sopro diast&#243;lico em foco mitral +2/+6, sem irradia&#231;&#227;o e sopro sist&#243;lico em foco a&#243;rtico +3/+6, com irradia&#231;&#227;o cervical. Apresentou leucograma de 18.700 cels/mm&#179; e 6% de bast&#245;es. A radiografia t&#243;rax evidenciou opacidade alveolar em base direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0e50-00017-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O paciente evoluiu com insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda, sendo necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal e ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. Foi realizada tomografia computadorizada (TC) de cr&#226;nio, que n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es, e pun&#231;&#227;o lombar com l&#237;quor cefalorraquidiano apresentando 78 cels/mm&#179;, sendo 87% polimorfonucleares, hipoglicorraquia, cuja prova de l&#225;tex e bacterioscopia foram positivas para pneumococo, confirmando a meningite por essa bact&#233;ria.</p>
    <p>Foi iniciado tratamento com ceftriaxone em dose para sistema nervoso central, por&#233;m houve persist&#234;ncia da febre. Solicitamos culturas de sangue, urina, aspirado traqueal e ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ECOCG), que demonstrou espessamento e calcifica&#231;&#227;o em valva a&#243;rtica com estenose e refluxo de grau leve, imagem de les&#227;o filamentar, m&#243;vel e aderida em folheto mitral posterior com estenose mitral leve, gradiente a&#243;rtico m&#225;ximo de 17 mmHg, gradiente m&#225;ximo mitral de 9 mmHg e m&#233;dio de 4 mmHg, &#225;trio esquerdo: 36 mm, ventr&#237;culo direito: 20 mm, VE DD: 55 mm, VE DS: 30 mm e FE: 83%. Hemocultura positiva para <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> em duas amostras e aspirado traqueal positivo para o mesmo agente. Foi iniciada vancomicina e trocado ceftriaxone por meropenem com resposta favor&#225;vel, levando-se em conta o padr&#227;o cl&#237;nico e laboratorial.</p>
    <p>O paciente foi extubado ap&#243;s melhora do padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio, por&#233;m apresentou <italic>d&#233;ficit</italic> motor s&#250;bito com hemiparesia &#224; esquerda, com for&#231;a muscular grau II e rebaixamento do sens&#243;rio. A TC do cr&#226;nio evidenciou extensa &#225;rea de hipodensidade em hemisf&#233;rio direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Ap&#243;s 21 dias de carbapen&#234;mico e 28 dias vancomicina, apresentou melhoras cl&#237;nica e laboratorial recebendo alta ao domic&#237;lio com intensa fisioterapia de reabilita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <fig id="f2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0e50-00017-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica de controle, um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, manteve seu quadro est&#225;vel, sem altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas anat&#244;micas ou funcionais significativas, persistindo apenas o <italic>d&#233;ficit</italic> neurol&#243;gico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A endocardite infecciosa por pneumococo teve sua incid&#234;ncia reduzida a menos de 3%, ap&#243;s uso da penicilina. No entanto, a taxa de mortalidade permanece elevada e a incid&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia pneumoc&#243;cica aumentou em todo o mundo nos &#250;ltimos 10 anos<sup>5</sup>. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica predominante &#233; a aguda, com uma evolu&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida, agressiva e associada a uma alta taxa de morbimortalidade. Os sinais e sintomas perif&#233;ricos da endocardite n&#227;o costumam estar presentes na etiologia pneumoc&#243;cica, retardando o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento. Al&#233;m disso, complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e n&#227;o card&#237;acas s&#227;o comuns, em particular, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, forma&#231;&#227;o de abscessos e emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica<sup>1</sup>. Alcoolismo e idade avan&#231;ada constituem os principais fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>Na endocardite pneumoc&#243;cica, a valva a&#243;rtica nativa &#233; a localiza&#231;&#227;o mais frequente das vegeta&#231;&#245;es. Apesar de antibi&#243;ticos adequados, a evolu&#231;&#227;o &#233; normalmente aguda e muito agressiva, com altas taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es locais (abscesso perivalvar) e complica&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas, que exigem tratamento cir&#250;rgico na maioria dos casos. Uma evolu&#231;&#227;o subaguda &#233; menos frequente e muitas vezes envolve a valva mitral<sup>6</sup>. As infec&#231;&#245;es das vias a&#233;reas s&#227;o as principais portas de entrada para o pneumococo. A valva a&#243;rtica &#233; preferencialmente acometida.</p>
    <p>Habitualmente existem extensas vegeta&#231;&#245;es, o que torna frequente as emboliza&#231;&#245;es s&#233;pticas, como o ocorrido com o paciente que motiva o relato<sup>7</sup>. Em um recente estudo retrospectivo sobre 80 casos de meningite pneumoc&#243;cica, em uma unidade de terapia intensiva, somente 6 pacientes desenvolveram endocardite, e apenas dois destes evolu&#237;ram com choque cardiog&#234;nico e morte<sup>8</sup>. Da mesma forma, no maior estudo de coorte descrito sobre endocardite pneumoc&#243;cica (325 pacientes), apenas tr&#234;s pacientes apresentaram-se com a tr&#237;ade<sup>9</sup>. No entanto, Aronin e cols.<sup>2</sup> relataram uma preval&#234;ncia de 42% de Tr&#237;ade de Osler, em uma revis&#227;o de endocardite pneumoc&#243;cicas na era da penicilina, com taxa de mortalidade maior do que 50%.</p>
    <p>Estudo realizado por Vuilles e cols.<sup>10</sup> demonstrou que apenas 17% das vegeta&#231;&#245;es desaparecem ap&#243;s antibioticoterapia e, em 39% dos casos, acabaram necessitando de cirurgia corretiva, a qual n&#227;o foi observada neste paciente.</p>
    <p>Atualmente, a escolha do antibi&#243;tico na endocardite pneumoc&#243;cica tem sofrido mudan&#231;as, n&#227;o s&#243; pelo surgimento de resist&#234;ncia &#224; penicilina, mas devido &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o agressiva e &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o com meningite. A penicilina n&#227;o se constitui no antibi&#243;tico de primeira escolha e, embora n&#227;o exista nenhuma recomenda&#231;&#227;o formal at&#233; o momento, a orienta&#231;&#227;o &#233; a mesma para meningite pneumoc&#243;cica, ou seja, introduzir uma cefalosporina de terceira gera&#231;&#227;o associada ou n&#227;o &#224; vancomicina, dependendo do n&#237;vel de resist&#234;ncia &#224; cefalosporina na regi&#227;o estudada<sup>2,3,7</sup>. Apesar da baixa incid&#234;ncia de endocardite por pneumococo, esta entidade cursa com uma elevada morbimortalidade, sobretudo quando raramente se associa &#224; pneumonia e &#224; meningite. Por isso, a identifica&#231;&#227;o e terapia precoces s&#227;o cruciais para modificar a sua evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Fernando Goldoni </p>
        <p> Rua Fl&#225;vio de Matos, 2462 - Vila Morumbi </p>
        <p> 79051510 - Campo Grande, MS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fernando_goldoni@hotmail.com">fernando_goldoni@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 26/11/09; revisado recebido em 31/03/10; aceito em 25/05/10.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Austrian Syndrome: case report</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>In this report, we describe the case of a 64-year-old male patient, with no history of alcohol consumption, who presented the Osler's triad, which is the association of endocarditis, pneumonia, and meningitis caused by a single agent. This syndrome is called Austrian syndrome, when the infection is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. We discuss the clinical manifestations, the pathophysiology, and the therapeutic approach to this condition. Given the rarity of the condition and its high morbidity and mortality, the importance of an early diagnosis and an appropriate treatment to reduce the complications associated with this disease will be emphasized.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Austrian Syndrome</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>M&#225;rcio Estev&#227;o Midon; Fernando Goldoni; Sylvian Greicy Rocha Souza; Jan Norimitsu Schiemann Miyasato</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Regional de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this report, we describe the case of a 64-year-old male patient, with no history of alcohol consumption, who presented the Osler's triad, which is the association of endocarditis, pneumonia, and meningitis caused by a single agent. This syndrome is called Austrian syndrome, when the infection is caused by <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic>. We discuss the clinical manifestations, the pathophysiology, and the therapeutic approach to this condition. Given the rarity of the condition and its high morbidity and mortality, the importance of an early diagnosis and an appropriate treatment to reduce the complications associated with this disease will be emphasized.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Austrian syndrome; endocarditis; <italic>streptococcus pneumoniae</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pneumococcal endocarditis has become a rare disease since the introduction of penicillin in the early 40s, accounting for 1 to 3% of all cases in native valves. In recent years, however, a larger number of cases have been reported due to the emergence of penicillin-resistant <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> strains&#185;. The association of pneumonia, meningitis, and endocarditis was described in 1862, by Herchl, following the autopsy of 5 patients. In 1881, Osler called it Austrian syndrome, when its etiology was <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic>&#178;<sup>,</sup>&#179;.</p>
      <p>By 1882, Netter once more showed this clinical relationship, indicating a clear predisposition of the aortic valve towards the condition. In 1957, Robert Austrian reported a total of eight cases, of which 6 died: the fatal outcome of these patients was often found to be the rupture of the aortic valve<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>We report the case of a man who presented the Austrian syndrome, and who, even after having been diagnosed and treated properly, developed the inherent complications of this rare condition.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A farmer, male, 64 years old, was admitted to the emergency room of the HRMS with low fever, myalgia, arthralgia, and appetite loss for three weeks, which had evolved to productive cough, breathlessness, and impaired general condition in the last three days. No history of alcohol consumption, smoking habit, I.V. drug use, or previous diseases was reported. On admission, he was tachydyspneic, depleted, vomiting, confused, and agitated. His pupils were isocoric and normally reactive to light, and he had a negative plantar cutaneous reflex, no focal signs, and terminal neck stiffness. Lung auscultation detected crackling rales at right lung base. Cardiac auscultation revealed a grade 2/6 diastolic murmur in the mitral area, without irradiation, and a grade 3/6 aortic systolic murmur, with cervical irradiation. WBC showed 18,700 cells/mm&#179; and 6% of band cells. Chest x-ray showed alveolar opacity in the right lower lobe (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0e50-00017-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patient developed acute respiratory failure, requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. A cranial computed tomography (CT) showed no changes, and CSF analysis from lumbar puncture revealed 78 cells/mm&#179; (87% polymorphonuclear leukocytes), low glucose concentration, and positive latex agglutination test and microscopic analysis for bacterial meningitis, confirming the diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis.</p>
      <p>The treatment was initiated with ceftriaxone, using an adequate dose for central nervous system infections, but the fever persisted. Blood, urine, and tracheal aspirate cultures were collected, and a transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed thickening and calcification of the aortic valve with stenosis and mild reflux, a mobile filament attached to the posterior mitral leaflet with mild mitral stenosis, a maximum aortic gradient of 17 mmHg, a mitral peak gradient of 9 mmHg and a mean gradient of 4 mmHg; left atrium: 36 mm; right ventricle: 20 mm; LVDD; 55 mm; LVSD: 30mm; and EF: 83%. Blood culture was positive for <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> in two samples, and tracheal aspirate cultures were positive for the same agent. Vancomycin therapy was initiated, and ceftriaxone was replaced by meropenem with a favorable response, based on clinical and laboratory criteria.</p>
      <p>The patient was extubated after improvement in the breathing pattern, but presented a sudden left hemiparesis, with muscle strength grade II and sensory loss. A cranial CT scan showed an extensive area of hypodensity in the right hemisphere (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-body2">Figure 2</xref>). After 21 days of carbapenem therapy and 28 days of vancomycin therapy, the patient showed clinical and laboratory improvement, and was discharged from the hospital for home intensive physiotherapy and rehabilitation.</p>
      <fig id="f2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0e50-00017-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>On a follow-up cardiac evaluation, one month after discharge, the patient remained stable, with no significant anatomic or functional heart abnormalities; only the neurological deficit persisted.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The incidence of infective endocarditis by pneumococci was reduced to less than 3% after the use of penicillin. However, the mortality rate remains high and the incidence of pneumococcal resistance has increased worldwide over the past 10 years<sup>5</sup>. The predominant clinical presentation is acute, with a rapid and aggressive clinical course, associated with a high mortality rate. Peripheral signs and symptoms of endocarditis are often not present in the pneumococcus etiology, thus delaying diagnosis and treatment. In addition, cardiac and noncardiac complications are common, particularly hemodynamic instability, abscess formation, and systemic embolization<sup>1</sup>. Alcohol consumption and advanced age are major risk factors.</p>
      <p>In pneumococcal endocarditis, the native aortic valve is the most frequent location of vegetations. Despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, the clinical course is usually acute and very aggressive, with a high rate of local complications (perivalvular abscesses) and systemic complications, requiring surgical treatment in most cases. A subacute clinical course is less frequent and often involves the mitral valve<sup>6</sup>. Respiratory tract infections are the main gateways to pneumococci. The aortic valve is predominantly affected.</p>
      <p>Usually there are extensive vegetations, which lead to frequent septic embolization, as it occurred with the patient of this case report<sup>7</sup>. In a recent retrospective study on 80 cases of pneumococcal meningitis in an intensive care unit, only six patients developed endocarditis, and only two of these patients evolved to cardiogenic shock and death<sup>8</sup>. Likewise, in the largest cohort study on pneumococcal endocarditis (325 patients) recorded in literature, only three patients presented the triad<sup>9</sup>. However, Aronin et al<sup>2</sup> reported an Osler's triad prevalence of 42% in a review of pneumococcal endocarditis in the penicillin era, with a mortality rate greater than 50%.</p>
      <p>A study conducted by Vuille et al<sup>10</sup> showed that only 17% of the vegetations disappeared after antibiotic therapy, and 39% of cases eventually required corrective surgery, which was not necessary for this patient.</p>
      <p>Currently, the choice of antibiotics for pneumococcal endocarditis has changed, not only because of the emergence of penicillin resistance, but also due to an aggressive clinical course and its association with meningitis. Penicillin is not the antibiotic of choice, and although there is no formal recommendation at this point, the orientation is the same as for pneumococcal meningitis, i.e., the treatment should be initiated with a third generation cephalosporin with or without vancomycin, depending on the level of cephalosporin resistance in the studied region<sup>2,3,7</sup>. Despite the low incidence of pneumococcal endocarditis, this condition presents high morbidity and mortality, especially in the rare cases in which it is associated with pneumonia and meningitis. Therefore, early identification and treatment are crucial in order to change the negative outcome.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
