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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kmL3dwK8Sv5j9MTYxR94yWQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001200011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700311</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000081</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto da hipertens&#227;o arterial no remodelamento ventricular, em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vicentini</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o T. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roscani</surname>
            <given-names>Meliza Goi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fusco</surname>
            <given-names>Dani&#233;liso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Ricaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanatti</surname>
            <given-names>Silm&#233;ia Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>254</fpage>
      <lpage>259</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) &#233; comum em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) e estenose a&#243;rtica (EAo) e, com certa frequ&#234;ncia, encontramos associa&#231;&#227;o entre estas patologias. Mas, em tal situa&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o est&#225; clara a import&#226;ncia de cada uma na HVE. OBJETIVO: 1 - Avaliar em pacientes portadores de EAo, submetidos previamente a estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, a magnitude da HVE, nos casos de EAo isolada e associada &#224; HAS; 2 - Avaliar o padr&#227;o de remodelamento geom&#233;trico nas duas situa&#231;&#245;es. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, observacional e transversal, incluindo 298 pacientes consecutivos, com EAo ao ecocardiograma. HVE foi considerada para massa mioc&#225;rdica &gt; 224g em homens e &gt; 162g em mulheres. Os pacientes foram classificados como portadores de EAo leve (gradiente m&#225;ximo &lt; 30,0 mmHg), moderada (entre 30 e 50,0 mmHg) e grave (&gt; 50,0 mmHg), al&#233;m disso, foram separados em dois subgrupos: com e sem HAS. RESULTADOS: Nos tr&#234;s n&#237;veis de les&#227;o a&#243;rtica, a massa ventricular esquerda foi maior na EAo associada &#224; HAS do que na EAo isolada (EAo leve: 172 &#177; 45 vs 223 &#177; 73g, p &lt; 0,0001; EAo moderada: 189 &#177; 77 vs 245 &#177; 81g, p = 0,0313; EAo grave: 200 &#177; 62 vs 252 &#177; 88g, p = 0,0372). Presen&#231;a de HAS esteve associada a maior risco de HVE (OR = 2,1,IC95%:1,2-3,6; p = 0,012). Pacientes com EAo grave e HAS apresentaram predom&#237;nio de hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica, quando comparados com aqueles normotensos (p = 0,013). CONCLUS&#195;O: Em pacientes com EAo, a presen&#231;a de HAS foi um fator adicional de aumento da massa ventricular esquerda, interferindo tamb&#233;m na geometria ventricular.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Estenose da valva a&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertrofia ventricular esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Impacto da hipertens&#227;o arterial no remodelamento ventricular, em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jo&#227;o Carlos Hueb; Jo&#227;o T. R. Vicentini; Meliza Goi Roscani; Dani&#233;liso Fusco; Ricaro Mattos; Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanatti; Katashi Okoshi; Beatriz B. Matsubara</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Unesp, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) &#233; comum em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) e estenose a&#243;rtica (EAo) e, com certa frequ&#234;ncia, encontramos associa&#231;&#227;o entre estas patologias. Mas, em tal situa&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o est&#225; clara a import&#226;ncia de cada uma na HVE. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> 1 - Avaliar em pacientes portadores de EAo, submetidos previamente a estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, a magnitude da HVE, nos casos de EAo isolada e associada &#224; HAS; 2 - Avaliar o padr&#227;o de remodelamento geom&#233;trico nas duas situa&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Estudo retrospectivo, observacional e transversal, incluindo 298 pacientes consecutivos, com EAo ao ecocardiograma. HVE foi considerada para massa mioc&#225;rdica &gt; 224g em homens e &gt; 162g em mulheres. Os pacientes foram classificados como portadores de EAo leve (gradiente m&#225;ximo &lt; 30,0 mmHg), moderada (entre 30 e 50,0 mmHg) e grave (&gt; 50,0 mmHg), al&#233;m disso, foram separados em dois subgrupos: com e sem HAS. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> Nos tr&#234;s n&#237;veis de les&#227;o a&#243;rtica, a massa ventricular esquerda foi maior na EAo associada &#224; HAS do que na EAo isolada (EAo leve: 172 &#177; 45 <italic>vs</italic> 223 &#177; 73g, p &lt; 0,0001; EAo moderada: 189 &#177; 77 <italic>vs</italic> 245 &#177; 81g, p = 0,0313; EAo grave: 200 &#177; 62 <italic>vs</italic> 252 &#177; 88g, p = 0,0372). Presen&#231;a de HAS esteve associada a maior risco de HVE (OR = 2,1,IC95%:1,2-3,6; p = 0,012). Pacientes com EAo grave e HAS apresentaram predom&#237;nio de hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica, quando comparados com aqueles normotensos (p = 0,013). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> Em pacientes com EAo, a presen&#231;a de HAS foi um fator adicional de aumento da massa ventricular esquerda, interferindo tamb&#233;m na geometria ventricular. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Estenose da valva a&#243;rtica, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, hipertens&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O remodelamento e a hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) s&#227;o respostas adaptativas &#224; sobrecarga sist&#243;lica cr&#244;nica de press&#227;o, sendo comumente encontrados em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) e estenose valvar a&#243;rtica (EAo). Por outro lado, a hipertrofia &#233; o ponto de partida para a disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cuja consequ&#234;ncia final &#233; a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, al&#233;m do que, como les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo, est&#225; relacionada a maior risco cardiovascular<sup>1</sup>. Outrossim, n&#227;o muito raramente, encontramos associa&#231;&#227;o dessas patologias, ou seja, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em pacientes com estenose valvar a&#243;rtica. </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma &#233; uma ferramenta muito precisa e sens&#237;vel para detectar e quantificar a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. Al&#233;m do que, por esse m&#233;todo, &#233; poss&#237;vel definir o padr&#227;o de remodelamento existente<sup>2</sup>, cuja import&#226;ncia prende-se ao fato de que o risco cardiovascular varia com a geometria ventricular, sendo maior em casos de hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica, seguida da hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica e do remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico<sup>3</sup>. Desta forma, apesar da relev&#226;ncia da quest&#227;o, s&#227;o poucos os estudos que avaliaram o impacto da HAS no risco de HVE em pacientes com EAo.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial no grau de hipertrofia e no padr&#227;o da geometria ventricular, em pacientes com EAo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi submetido &#224; aprecia&#231;&#227;o e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa local (OF.496/2007-CEP). Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo, observacional e transversal, incluindo 298 pacientes consecutivos. Em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2006 a junho de 2007, os quais mostraram estenose da valva a&#243;rtica de qualquer grau, independentemente da exist&#234;ncia de sintomas. Para pacientes em acompanhamento m&#233;dico, as solicita&#231;&#245;es dos exames foram emitidas nos ambulat&#243;rios de especialidade ou nas unidades de interna&#231;&#227;o ou emerg&#234;ncia do hospital.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <list list-type="bullet">
      <list-item>
        <p> Exames com qualidade t&#233;cnica que prejudicassem a an&#225;lise de altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais card&#237;acas.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p> Idade inferior a 18 anos.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p> Corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica pr&#233;via. </p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p> Hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de miocardiopatia dilatada sem rela&#231;&#227;o com a les&#227;o valvar a&#243;rtica.</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p> Outra les&#227;o valvar de grau maior do que leve.</p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
    <p>
      <bold>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos dados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A partir dos laudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos disponibilizados na rede informatizada do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas e nos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos, foram obtidos os seguintes dados: idade, sexo e diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de hipertens&#227;o arterial, e os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos: massa ventricular esquerda (MV), espessura relativa da parede (ERP) e pico de gradiente de press&#227;o transvalvar a&#243;rtico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico completo havia sido realizado em todos os pacientes considerados. Na realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames, foram utilizados os seguintes equipamentos de ultrassonografia: Philips HDI 5000, Toshiba Power Vision e Hewlett-Packard Sonus 2000, com transdutores <italic>phased-array</italic>, com frequ&#234;ncia que variava de 2,5 a 3,5 MHz. No estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, consideraram-se as padroniza&#231;&#245;es e as t&#233;cnicas recomendadas pela <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic><sup>4</sup>. A massa mioc&#225;rdica do VE (MV) foi determinada pela f&#243;rmula de Devereux<sup>5</sup> a partir do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DD), espessura da parede posterior (PP) e do septo interventricular (SIV), medidos na di&#225;stole (MV (g) = 0,8{1,04[(DD + SIV + PP)<sup>3</sup> &#8722; DD<sup>3</sup>]} + 0,6),considerando-se como normais valores <underline>&lt;</underline> 224 g em homens e <underline>&lt;</underline> 162 g em mulheres. J&#225; a espessura relativa da parede foi calculada, utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula 2.PP/DD, considerando-se normais valores <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,44<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Tais vari&#225;veis foram obtidas atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma modo M, a partir do plano paraesternal eixo-curto do ecocardiograma bidimensional, a n&#237;vel de m&#250;sculos papilares da valva mitral, com variabilidade intra e interobservador de 5 e 10%, respectivamente. Pela an&#225;lise dopplerecocardiogr&#225;fica, no plano apical 5 c&#226;maras, utilizando-se o doppler cont&#237;nuo, foi determinada a velocidade de pico do fluxo sangu&#237;neo na raiz da aorta. Atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula de Bernoulli modificada, foi calculado o gradiente transvalvar m&#225;ximo, a partir do qual a gravidade da estenose a&#243;rtica foi quantificada. Considerou-se estenose leve, gradiente <underline>&lt;</underline> 30 mmHg; moderada, entre 30 e 50 mmHg e grave acima de 50 mmHg.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Padr&#245;es de remodelamento ventricular</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Baseado nos valores da espessura relativa da parede e da massa mioc&#225;rdica, os pacientes foram classificados em 04 padr&#245;es de geometria ventricular esquerda: geometria normal, ERP &lt; 0,44 e MM <underline>&lt;</underline> 224 e 162g (para homens e mulheres, respectivamente); remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico, ERP &gt; 0,44 e MM <underline>&lt;</underline> 224/162g; hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica, ERP &gt; 0,44 e MM &gt; 224/162g; e hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica, ERP &lt; 0,44 e MM &gt; 224/162g<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o pacote estat&#237;stico <italic>SAS for Windows</italic> vers&#227;o 92. Os dados foram apresentados como m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram feitas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, foi ajustado um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para explicar a presen&#231;a de hipertrofia. Em todas as an&#225;lises, foi considerado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 298 pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica estudados, 48% tinham hist&#243;ria de HAS e vinham sendo tratados de forma farmacol&#243;gica. Observamos que, nos tr&#234;s n&#237;veis de les&#227;o a&#243;rtica, ou seja, leve, moderada e grave, a massa ventricular esquerda foi maior na EAo associada &#224; HAS do que na EAo isolada (EAo leve:172 &#177; 45 <italic>vs</italic> 223 &#177; 73 g; p &lt; 0,0001; EAo moderada: 189 &#177; 77 <italic>vs</italic> 245 &#177; 81 g; p = 0,0313; EAo grave: 200 &#177; 62 <italic>vs</italic> 252 &#177; 88 g; p = 0,0372) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. Tamb&#233;m foi poss&#237;vel notar que, em pacientes com EAo, a presen&#231;a de HAS esteve associada a maior risco de HVE (OR = 2,1; IC95%: 1,2-3,6; p = 0,012) e que, considerando-se todos os pacientes, HVE foi mais prevalente naqueles do sexo feminino (OR = 2,7; IC95%: 1,6-4,5; p = 0,0002).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0254-00081-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quanto ao remodelamento geom&#233;trico, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos 04 padr&#245;es (normal, remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico, hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica e hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica), observamos que, na EAo leve sem HAS, houve n&#237;tido predom&#237;nio de geometria normal do VE (50% dos casos), e na com HAS, o predom&#237;nio foi de hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica (48% dos casos). Na EAo moderada sem HAS, o predom&#237;nio foi de hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica (50% dos casos); j&#225; com a presen&#231;a de HAS, embora o n&#250;mero de casos com hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica tenha sido o mais prevalente (40%), uma porcentagem significativa dos pacientes apresentou hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica (32%). Quando foram analisados os pacientes com EAo grave sem HAS, observou-se que a porcentagem de casos com hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica e remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico foi semelhante (31 e 28% respectivamente), comportamento diferente daquele observado na EAo grave com HAS, em que houve n&#237;tido predom&#237;nio de casos com hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica (68% dos casos). Dessa forma, a porcentagem de pacientes com hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica, no subgrupo com EAo grave, saltou de 28% para 68% (p = 0,013) quando houve concomit&#226;ncia de HAS - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">Gr&#225;ficos 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02">2</xref>. </p>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0254-00081-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="grf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0254-00081-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na estenose a&#243;rtica, principalmente a grave, espera-se que, na maioria dos casos, a press&#227;o arterial seja baixa, ou normal, devido ao baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em decorr&#234;ncia do reduzido fluxo pela valva a&#243;rtica. Em nosso estudo, encontramos uma preval&#234;ncia de HAS de 48% na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com EAo em todos os n&#237;veis, detectada no exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico. Esses achados s&#227;o diferentes daqueles encontrados por Antonini-Canterin e cols.<sup>7</sup>, cuja preval&#234;ncia de HAS em sua amostra foi de 32%. Tal diferen&#231;a pode ser explicada tendo-se em vista que todos os pacientes daquele estudo eram sintom&#225;ticos e portadores de EAo grave, portanto, com menor possibilidade de n&#237;veis elevados de press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
    <p> Hipertens&#227;o arterial e estenose a&#243;rtica representam dois diferentes modelos de sobrecarga cr&#244;nica de press&#227;o e ambas podem levar ao desenvolvimento de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, com diferentes padr&#245;es de geometria ventricular, identificados pelo ecocardiograma, ou seja: remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico, hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica e hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica, que diferem entre si quanto ao risco cardiovascular<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pacientes com HAS frequentemente apresentam geometria anormal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e esta tem sido, independentemente, associada a desfecho cardiovascular adverso. Da mesma forma, a estenose valvar a&#243;rtica, por si s&#243;, tamb&#233;m altera a geometria do VE, e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com HAS pode aumentar a massa ventricular e mudar sua geometria, de modo a determinar um risco cardiovascular maior do que o esperado para EAo isolada<sup>8</sup>. Na HAS leve a moderada n&#227;o tratada, a preval&#234;ncia de hipertrofia ventricular pelo ecocardiograma foi de 30 a 50%, e os padr&#245;es mais comuns da anormalidade ventricular foram: remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico e hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Koren e cols.<sup>3</sup>, avaliando o progn&#243;stico da HAS, em um estudo prospectivo de coorte com 280 pacientes, observaram que a HAS foi independentemente associada a evento cardiovascular, e, quanto maior a massa ventricular, maior foi a mortalidade cardiovascular. Quando a geometria ventricular foi considerada, evento cardiovascular ocorreu em 11% dos pacientes com geometria normal, 15% com remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico, 23% com hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica e 31% naqueles com hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica. </p>
    <p>Rieck e cols.<sup>9</sup>, analisando o estudo SEA<sup>,</sup>, verificaram que, em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com EAo, a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o influenciava a geometria ventricular e estava associada &#224; maior massa mioc&#225;rdica e espessura relativa da parede. N&#227;o obstante, a maior parte dos pacientes com EAo e HAS tinha geometria ventricular normal (59%); naqueles com geometria anormal, o padr&#227;o de remodelamento foi semelhante nas duas situa&#231;&#245;es (com e sem HAS), sendo a hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica a mais comum (21% com HAS e 19% sem HAS). J&#225; o remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico e a hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica foram encontrados com uma frequ&#234;ncia menor (8% nas duas situa&#231;&#245;es). Em modelo matem&#225;tico de simula&#231;&#227;o, Garcia e cols.<sup>10</sup> demonstraram que, na EAo leve e moderada, a concomit&#226;ncia de HAS teria um papel importante no desenvolvimento de HVE e que a HAS teria mais impacto do que a EAo na mudan&#231;a da geometria ventricular. J&#225; na EAo grave, o impacto da HAS seria pouco significativo. </p>
    <p>Em nossos dados, a HAS foi muito importante na magnitude da massa ventricular nos pacientes com EAO leve e moderada, e menos relevante nos pacientes com EAo grave. Da mesma forma, a aus&#234;ncia de HAS em pacientes com EAo, de todos os graus, exerceu um efeito protetor quanto a presen&#231;a de HVE (OR = 0,272; p &lt; 0,0001). Quando se analisou toda a amostra, chamou a aten&#231;&#227;o o fato de que a presen&#231;a de HVE foi mais prevalente nos pacientes do sexo feminino, de modo que as mulheres tinham 2,7 vezes mais chances de ter HVE do que os homens. Esses achados s&#227;o concordantes com estudos pr&#233;vios que t&#234;m mostrado que o g&#234;nero feminino est&#225; mais relacionado a HVE do que o masculino, em condi&#231;&#245;es de aumento da p&#243;s-carga do VE<sup>11-14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em pacientes com EAo grave, a hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica tem sido reportada como o padr&#227;o de geometria ventricular mais comum, independentemente da presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de HAS<sup>15</sup>. Antonini-Canterin e cols.<sup>16</sup>, avaliando a geometria do VE em 193 pacientes consecutivos com EAo grave e sintom&#225;ticos, dos quais 32% tinham HAS, identificaram hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica em 50% dos pacientes com EAo associada a HAS, e em 50% daqueles com EAo sem HAS. J&#225; a hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica foi encontrada em 29% dos pacientes com EAo associada a HAS e em 31% sem HAS. O remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico foi encontrado em 15% nos dois subgrupos. Portanto, neste estudo, a HAS n&#227;o influenciou a geometria ventricular nos pacientes com EAo grave. J&#225;, analisando-se nossos dados, pode-se observar que a maioria dos pacientes com EAo leve sem HAS apresentou geometria ventricular esquerda normal, e, na presen&#231;a de HAS, a hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica foi a mais prevalente (48%).</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com EAo moderada, os 04 modelos de remodelamento ventricular tiveram preval&#234;ncia semelhante nos casos com e sem hipertens&#227;o. Por outro lado, quando se analisaram os pacientes com EAo grave, observamos que, na situa&#231;&#227;o em que n&#227;o havia associa&#231;&#227;o com HAS, as preval&#234;ncias dos 04 padr&#245;es de geometria ventricular foram equivalentes e, naqueles com HAS, houve um n&#237;tido predom&#237;nio de casos com hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica, que &#233; o padr&#227;o de geometria ventricular mais relacionado com eventos cardiovasculares adversos<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p> Nossos achados mostraram que, na estenose a&#243;rtica, a HAS aumentou a massa mioc&#225;rdica, o que teoricamente aumentaria o risco cardiovascular<sup>3</sup>, e mudou desfavoravelmente a geometria ventricular. De certa forma, esses resultados evidenciam a import&#226;ncia do tratamento da HAS em pacientes com EAo. Mas existe uma s&#233;rie de controv&#233;rsias envolvidas na administra&#231;&#227;o de drogas anti-hipertensivas em pacientes com EAo, raz&#227;o pela qual elas t&#234;m sido classicamente contraindicadas nessa situa&#231;&#227;o. A justificativa para isto &#233; que, com uma obstru&#231;&#227;o fixa da via de sa&#237;da do VE, a redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica n&#227;o &#233; seguida por um proporcional aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Desta forma, uma excessiva vasodilata&#231;&#227;o pode causar redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coronariano e da press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o cerebral, podendo resultar em sintomas de angina, s&#237;ncope e at&#233; morte s&#250;bita; esta &#250;ltima, pela limita&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coronariano determinado pela EAo<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, a sobrecarga de press&#227;o e de volume, causada pela valvopatia a&#243;rtica, aumenta os n&#237;veis de enzima conversora de angiotensina card&#237;aca, podendo contribuir para o aumento do col&#225;geno I e III e do RNA mensageiro<sup>18</sup>; desta forma, drogas inibidoras da enzima conversora da angiotensina poderiam ser &#250;teis em tal situa&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Da mesma forma, acredita-se que a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, em hipertensos com estenose a&#243;rtica, causaria redu&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular, o que, teoricamente, reduziria o risco cardiovascular. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a hipertens&#227;o arterial seja um fator agravante na progress&#227;o da estenose a&#243;rtica, sendo o seu controle importante no sentido de retardar a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a valvar<sup>19</sup>. Tamb&#233;m Tuseth e cols.<sup>20</sup> observaram que a hipertens&#227;o est&#225; relacionada com maior presen&#231;a de hipertrofia septal assim&#233;trica em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica assintom&#225;tica, independentemente da severidade da estenose, condi&#231;&#227;o que piora o progn&#243;stico cir&#250;rgico. </p>
    <p>Por fim, vale a pena enfatizar que a gravidade da estenose a&#243;rtica pode ser mascarada pela coexist&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial (gradiente transvalvar subestimado); assim, o grau da EAo deve ser interpretado com cautela quando a press&#227;o arterial estiver elevada, devendo ser reavaliado ap&#243;s a normaliza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o<sup>21</sup>. Dessa forma, apesar da contraindica&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica para pacientes com EAo severa, os f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos devem ser considerados no tratamento destes pacientes, quando a HAS estiver associada &#224; EAo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em pacientes com EAo, a presen&#231;a de HAS foi um fator adicional de aumento da massa ventricular esquerda, interferindo tamb&#233;m na geometria ventricular. Esses achados foram relevantes e de import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica nos casos de EAo grave, em que a HAS, al&#233;m de contribuir para o aumento da massa mioc&#225;rdica, influenciou nitidamente o padr&#227;o da geometria ventricular, determinando maior preval&#234;ncia para a hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Jo&#227;o Carlos Hueb </p>
        <p> Campus da Unesp de Botucatu </p>
        <p> Distrito de Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior - 18618-979 - Botucatu, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="jchueb@cardiol.br">jchueb@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jchueb@uol.com.br">jchueb@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 29/11/10; revisado recebido em 14/01/11; aceito em 26/01/11.</p>
    <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arquivosonline.com.br">http://www.arquivosonline.com.br</ext-link></p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of hypertension on ventricular remodeling in patients with aortic stenosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a marker of increased cardiovascular risk and is frequently associated with both arterial hypertension (AH) and aortic stenosis (AoS). Also, these two maladies may co-exit in a same patient. However, in these cases, it is not clear the impact of each one in LVH. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate LVH and ventricular geometry in patients with AS associated or not with arterial hypertension. METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational and transversal study, including 298 consecutive patients with echocardiographic diagnosis of AoS. LVH was defined as myocardial mass &gt; 224g for men and &gt; 162g for women. Patients were classified as having mild (peak gradient &lt; 30 mmHg), moderate (between 30 and 50 mmHg) or severe (&gt; 50 mmHg) AoS and separated into two subgroups: with and without hypertension. RESULTS: AH was associated with increased ventricular mass in all three levels of aortic stenosis (mild AS: 172 &#177; 45g vs 223 &#177; 73g, p &lt; 0.0001 moderate AoS: 189 &#177; 77 g vs 245 &#177; 81g, p = 0.0313 severe AoS: 200 &#177; 62g vs 252 &#177; 88g, p = 0.0372), and increased risk of LVH (OR = 2.1 CI95%:1.2-3.6 p = 0.012). Regarding to geometric remodeling, hypertensive patients with severe AS presented a significant increase in frequency of concentric hypertrophy, when compared with those without hypertension (p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: Hypertension is an additional factor of increased left ventricular mass in patients with AS. Also, hypertension was influential in ventricular geometry.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aortic valve stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertrophy</kwd>
        <kwd>left ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Impact of hypertension on ventricular remodeling in patients with aortic stenosis</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jo&#227;o Carlos Hueb; Jo&#227;o T. R. Vicentini; Meliza Goi Roscani; Dani&#233;liso Fusco; Ricaro Mattos; Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanatti; Katashi Okoshi; Beatriz B. Matsubara</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Unesp, Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a marker of increased cardiovascular risk and is frequently associated with both arterial hypertension (AH) and aortic stenosis (AoS). Also, these two maladies may co-exit in a same patient. However, in these cases, it is not clear the impact of each one in LVH.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> To evaluate LVH and ventricular geometry in patients with AS associated or not with arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> This was a retrospective, observational and transversal study, including 298 consecutive patients with echocardiographic diagnosis of AoS. LVH was defined as myocardial mass &gt; 224g for men and &gt; 162g for women. Patients were classified as having mild (peak gradient &lt; 30 mmHg), moderate (between 30 and 50 mmHg) or severe (&gt; 50 mmHg) AoS and separated into two subgroups: with and without hypertension.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> AH was associated with increased ventricular mass in all three levels of aortic stenosis (mild AS: 172 &#177; 45g <italic>vs</italic> 223 &#177; 73g, p &lt; 0.0001 moderate AoS: 189 &#177; 77 g <italic>vs</italic> 245 &#177; 81g, p = 0.0313 severe AoS: 200 &#177; 62g <italic>vs</italic> 252 &#177; 88g, p = 0.0372), and increased risk of LVH (OR = 2.1 CI95%:1.2-3.6 p = 0.012). Regarding to geometric remodeling, hypertensive patients with severe AS presented a significant increase in frequency of concentric hypertrophy, when compared with those without hypertension (p = 0.013).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> Hypertension is an additional factor of increased left ventricular mass in patients with AS. Also, hypertension was influential in ventricular geometry. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold> Aortic valve stenosis; hypertrophy, left ventricular; hypertension; heart failure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Remodeling and hypertrophy of the left ventricle (LV) are adaptive responses to chronic systolic pressure overload commonly found in patients with hypertension (H) and aortic valve stenosis (AoS). On the other hand, hypertrophy is the starting point for myocardial dysfunction whose end result is heart failure, in addition, as a target organ damage, it is associated with higher cardiovascular risk<sup>1</sup>. Also, not very rarely, we find association of these diseases, i.e., hypertension in patients with aortic valve stenosis. </p>
      <p>Echocardiography is a very accurate and sensitive tool to detect and quantify left ventricular hypertrophy. Besides, through this method, it is possible to set the existing remodeling standard<sup>2</sup>, whose importance relates to the fact that cardiovascular risk varies with ventricular geometry, mostly in cases of concentric hypertrophy, followed by eccentric hypertrophy and concentric remodeling<sup>3</sup>. Thus, despite the relevance of this issue, few studies have assessed the impact of hypertension on the risk of LVH in patients with AoS.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of hypertension on the degree of hypertrophy and pattern of ventricular geometry in patients with AoS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was approved by the local Research Ethics Committee (OF.496/2007-CEP). It is a retrospective, observational and cross-sectional study including 298 consecutive patients. In our institution, all patients underwent echocardiographic examinations from January 2006 to June 2007, which showed aortic valve stenosis of any degree, irrespective of symptoms. For patients followed up, requests for tests were issued in specialty clinics or at the hospital admission units or emergency rooms.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Exclusion criteria</bold>
      </p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p> Tests with technical quality that could interfere with the analysis of structural and functional cardiac abnormalities.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p> Age over 18 years.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p> Previous surgical repair.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p> History of dilated cardiomyopathy unrelated to aortic valve lesions.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p> Other valve lesions of greater than mild degree.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>
        <bold>Data acquisition</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From the echocardiographic reports available on the computer network of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas and in the medical records the following data were obtained: age, gender and prior diagnosis of hypertension, and the following echocardiographic parameters: left ventricular mass (VM), relative wall thickness (RWT) and peak aortic pressure gradient.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A complete echocardiographic study was performed in all patients considered. In these examinations, we used the following ultrasound equipment: Philips HDI 5000, Toshiba Power Vision and Hewlett-Packard Sonus 2000 with phased-array transducers with frequencies ranging from 2.5 to 3.5 MHz. In the echocardiographic study, we considered the standards and techniques recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>4</sup>. The LV myocardial mass (FM) was determined by the formula Devereux<sup>5</sup> from the left ventricle diastolic diameter (DD), posterior wall thickness (PWT) and interventricular septum (IVS), measured during diastole (MV (g) = 0.8 {1.04 [(DD + IVS + PW)<sup>3</sup> - DD<sup>3</sup>]} + 0.6),considering as normal values <underline>&lt;</underline> 224 g in men and <underline>&lt;</underline> 162 g in women. The relative wall thickness was calculated using the formula 2.PP/DD, considering normal values <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.44<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>These variables were obtained from M mode echocardiography from the parasternal short-axis view plane on two-dimensional echocardiography at the level of the papillary muscles of the mitral valve, with intra and interobserver variability of 5 and 10%, respectively. By doppler echocardiographic analysis in the apical 5-chamber place, using continuous Doppler, we determined peak velocity of blood flow in the aortic root. Through the modified Bernoulli formula, we calculated the maximum valve gradient, from which the severity of aortic stenosis was quantified. We considered gradient <underline>&lt;</underline> 30 mmHg as mild stenosis; moderate, between 30 and 50 mmHg and severe above 50 mmHg.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patterns of ventricular remodeling</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Based on the values of relative wall thickness and myocardial mass, patients were classified into 04 patterns of left ventricular geometry: normal geometry, RWT &lt;0.44 and MM <underline>&lt;</underline> 224 and 162 g (for men and women, respectively); concentric remodeling, RWT &gt; 0.44 and MM <underline>&lt;</underline> 224/162 g; concentric hypertrophy, RWT &gt; 0.44 and MM &gt; 224/162 g; and eccentric hypertrophy, RWT &lt; 0.44 and MM &gt; 224/162 g<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical package SAS for Windows version 92. The data were presented as means and standard deviations. Comparisons between groups were made by chi-square test. In multivariate analysis, we adjusted a logistic regression model to explain the presence of hypertrophy. In all analyses, the significance level p &lt; 0.05 was considered.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Out of the 298 studied patients with aortic stenosis, 48% had a history of hypertension and had been treated pharmacologically. We observed that at the three levels of aortic injury, i.e., mild, moderate and severe, the left ventricular mass was greater in AoS associated with hypertension than in isolated AoS (mild AoS: 172 &#177; 45 <italic>vs</italic> 223 &#177; 73 g; p &lt; 0.0001; moderate AoS: 189 &#177; 77 <italic>vs</italic> 245 &#177; 81 g; p = 0.0313; severe AoS: 200 &#177; 62 <italic>vs</italic> 252 &#177; 88 g; p = 0.0372) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. We also noted that in patients with AoS, the presence of hypertension was associated with increased risk of LVH (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.2 to 3.6; p = 0.012) and that, considering all patients, LVH was more prevalent in females (OR = 2.7; 95% CI 1.6 to 4.5, p = 0.0002).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0254-00081-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>As to geometric remodeling, concerning the 04 patterns (normal, concentric remodeling, eccentric hypertrophy and concentric hypertrophy), we observed that in mild AoS without hypertension, there was a clear prevalence of normal LV geometry (50% of cases), and with hypertension, there was the predominance of concentric hypertrophy (48% of cases). In moderate AoS without hypertension, the prevalence was concentric hypertrophy (50% of cases); with the presence of hypertension, although the number of cases with concentric hypertrophy has been the most prevalent (40%), a significant percentage of patients had eccentric hypertrophy (32%). When we analyzed the patients with severe AoS without hypertension, we observed that the percentage of cases with concentric hypertrophy and concentric remodeling was similar (31 and 28% respectively), a different behavior from that observed in AoS with severe hypertension, which had clear predominance of cases with concentric hypertrophy (68% of cases). Thus, the percentage of patients with concentric hypertrophy, in the subgroup with severe AoS, jumped from 28% to 68% (p = 0.013) when there was concomitant hypertension - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="cht01-body2">Charts 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="cht02-body2">2</xref>. </p>
      <fig id="cht01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0254-00081-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="cht02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0254-00081-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In aortic stenosis, especially the severe one, in most cases blood pressure is expected to be low or normal due to low cardiac output due to reduced flow through the aortic valve. In our study, we found a hypertension prevalence of 48% in the population of patients with AoS at all levels, detected on echocardiography. These findings are different from those found by Antonini-Canterin et al<sup>7</sup> whose prevalence of hypertension in their sample was 32%. This difference can be explained bearing in mind that all patients in that study were symptomatic patients with severe AoS, therefore, with a smaller less possibility of high blood pressure.</p>
      <p>Hypertension and aortic stenosis represent two different models of chronic pressure overload and both can lead to the development of left ventricular hypertrophy, with different patterns of ventricular geometry identified by echocardiography, i.e., concentric remodeling, concentric hypertrophy and eccentric hypertrophy, which differ among themselves as for the cardiovascular risk<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients with hypertension often have abnormal left ventricular geometry, and this has been independently associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Likewise, the aortic valve stenosis, by itself, also alters LV geometry, and its association with hypertension may increase the ventricular mass and change its geometry in order to establish a cardiovascular risk higher than expected for isolated AoS<sup>8</sup>. In untreated mild to moderate hypertension, the prevalence of ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiography was 30 to 50%, and the most common patterns of ventricular abnormalities were: concentric remodeling and eccentric hypertrophy<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Koren et al<sup>3</sup> evaluating the prognosis of hypertension in a prospective cohort study with 280 patients, found that hypertension was independently associated with cardiovascular events, and the higher the ventricular mass, the higher cardiovascular mortality. When ventricular geometry was considered, a cardiovascular event occurred in 11% of patients with normal geometry, 15% with concentric remodeling, 23% with eccentric hypertrophy and and 31% in those with concentric hypertrophy. </p>
      <p>Rieck et al<sup>9</sup> analyzed the SEA study and found that, in asymptomatic patients with AoS, the presence of hypertension influenced ventricular geometry and was associated with increased myocardial mass and relative wall thickness. Nevertheless, most patients with AoS and hypertension had normal ventricular geometry (59%); in those with abnormal geometry, the pattern of remodeling was similar in both situations (with and without hypertension), and eccentric hypertrophy was the most common one (21% with hypertension and 19% without hypertension). Concentric remodeling and concentric hypertrophy were found at a lower frequency (8% in both situations). In a mathematical simulation model. Garcia et al<sup>10</sup> reported that in mild and moderate AoS, the concomitance of hypertension would have an important role in the development of LVH and hypertension would have a greater impact than AoS in the change in ventricular geometry. In the severe AoS, the impact of hypertension would be little significant. </p>
      <p>In our data, hypertension was very important in the magnitude of ventricular mass in patients with mild and moderate AoS and less relevant in patients with severe AoS. Likewise, absence of hypertension in patients with AoS, at all levels, exerted a protective effect for the presence of LVH (OR = 0.272; p &lt; 0.0001). When we analyzed the entire sample, we observed that the presence of LVH was more prevalent in female patients, therefore, women were 2.7 times more likely to have LVH than men. These findings are consistent with previous studies that have shown that females are more related to LVH than men in conditions of increased LV afterload<sup>11-14</sup>.</p>
      <p>In patients with severe AoS, concentric hypertrophy has been reported as the most common pattern of ventricular geometry regardless of the presence or absence of hypertension<sup>15</sup>. Antonini-Canterin et al<sup>16</sup> evaluated LV geometry in 193 consecutive patients with symptomatic severe AoS, of which 32% had hypertension, and identified concentric hypertrophy in 50% of patients with AoS associated with hypertension, and in 50% of those with AoS without hypertension. Eccentric hypertrophy was found in 29% of patients with AoS associated with hypertension and 31% without hypertension. Concentric remodeling was found in 15% in both groups. Therefore, in this study, hypertension did not influence ventricular geometry in patients with severe AoS. By analyzing our data, we can observe that most patients with AoS without mild hypertension showed normal left ventricular geometry, and in the presence of hypertension, concentric hypertrophy was the most prevalent one (48%).</p>
      <p>Compared to patients with moderate AoS, the 04 models of ventricular remodeling had a similar prevalence in cases with and without hypertension. On the other hand, by assessing patients with severe AoS, it was found that in the situation where there was no association with hypertension, the prevalence of 04 patterns of ventricular geometric were equivalent and in those with hypertension, there was a clear predominance of cases with concentric hypertrophy, which is the pattern of ventricular geometry mostly associated with adverse cardiovascular events<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our findings show that, in aortic stenosis, hypertension increased myocardial mass, which would theoretically increase the cardiovascular risk<sup>3</sup> and adversely change ventricular geometry. In some way, these results highlight the importance of treating hypertension in patients with AoS. But there is a series of controversies involved in the administration of antihypertensive drugs in patients with AoS, which is why they have been classically contraindicated in this situation. The reason for this is that with a fixed obstruction of the LV outflow tract, reduction of systemic vascular resistance is not followed by a proportional increase in cardiac output. Thus, excessive vasodilation can cause reduced coronary blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure and may result in symptoms of angina, syncope and even sudden death; the latter, caused by limited coronary flow determined by AoS<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, pressure and volume overload caused by aortic valve disease increases levels of cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme and may contribute to increased collagen I and III and messenger RNA<sup>18</sup>, thereby angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor drugs could be useful in this situation. </p>
      <p>Likewise, it is believed that reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients with aortic stenosis would cause ventricular mass reduction which would theoretically reduce cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, hypertension can be an aggravating factor in the progression of aortic stenosis, and its control is important to slow down the progression of valve disease<sup>19</sup>. Tuseth et al<sup>20</sup> found that hypertension is associated with a greater presence of asymmetric septal hypertrophy in patients with asymptomatic aortic stenosis, regardless of the severity of the stenosis, a condition that worsens the prognosis of surgery. </p>
      <p>Finally, it is worth emphasizing that the severity of aortic stenosis may be masked by the coexistence of hypertension (underestimated valve gradient); thus, the degree of AoS should be interpreted with caution when blood pressure is high and should be reassessed after the normalization of pressure<sup>21</sup>. Thus, despite the classic contraindication for patients with severe AoS, antihypertensive drugs should be considered when treating these patients when hypertension is associated with AoS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In patients with AoS, the presence of hypertension was an additional factor of increased left ventricular mass, also interfering with ventricular geometry. These findings were relevant and of clinical importance in cases of severe AoS, in which hypertension contributed to increased myocardial mass and clearly influenced the pattern of ventricular geometry, resulting in a greater prevalence of concentric hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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