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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fmL7KrjTrx4jCxvzfM5xTvH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001200010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000075</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal na evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cestari</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Feitoza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Capeletti</surname>
            <given-names>Julhano Tiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peres</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Magnus T. L. S. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Iba&#241;ez</surname>
            <given-names>Tania L. Pozzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Viana da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farran</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amato</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian Lerner</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farsky</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Silvio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>249</fpage>
      <lpage>253</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) &#233; um marcador de mortalidade na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM). OBJETIVO: Avaliar em pacientes com DRC submetidos a CRM as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e os marcadores de morbimortalidade hospitalar; comparar a evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar entre os grupos com e sem DRC, e com e sem desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (IRA). M&#201;TODOS: Foram analisadas as CRM isoladas realizadas num hospital p&#250;blico cardiol&#243;gico de 1999 a 2007. Considerado disfun&#231;&#227;o renal quando creatinina &gt; 1,5 mg/dl. Avaliaram-se caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias conforme a fun&#231;&#227;o renal. RESULTADOS: De 3.890 pacientes, 362 (9,3%) tinham DRC. Esse grupo apresentava idade mais avan&#231;ada, maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e triarteriais. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, apresentou maior incid&#234;ncia de AVE (5,5% vs 2,1%), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (16 vs 8,3%), s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (14,4% vs 8,5%), maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva (4,04 vs 2,83 dias), e maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar (10,5% vs 3,8%). Sexo feminino, tabagismo, diabete e doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica e/ou carot&#237;dea associaram-se com maior mortalidade no grupo DRC. Pacientes que n&#227;o desenvolveram IRA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria apresentaram 3,5% de mortalidade; grupo IRA n&#227;o dial&#237;tica: 35,4%; grupo IRA dial&#237;tica: 66,7%. Calculando-se a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, observou-se aumento da mortalidade conforme o aumento da classe da DRC. CONCLUS&#195;O: Pacientes com DRC submetidos a CRM constituem popula&#231;&#227;o de elevado risco, apresentando maior morbimortalidade. IRA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria &#233; importante marcador de mortalidade. A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular foi inversamente relacionada com mortalidade.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>morbidade</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>unidade de terapia intensiva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Impacto da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal na evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Roberto Ramos Barbosa; Priscila Feitoza Cestari; Julhano Tiago Capeletti; Gustavo Magnus T. L. S. R. Peres; Tania L. Pozzo Iba&#241;ez; Patr&#237;cia Viana da Silva; Jorge A. Farran; Vivian Lerner Amato; Pedro Silvio Farsky</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="ab1">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) &#233; um marcador de mortalidade na cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM). </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar em pacientes com DRC submetidos a CRM as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e os marcadores de morbimortalidade hospitalar; comparar a evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar entre os grupos com e sem DRC, e com e sem desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (IRA). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram analisadas as CRM isoladas realizadas num hospital p&#250;blico cardiol&#243;gico de 1999 a 2007. Considerado disfun&#231;&#227;o renal quando creatinina &gt; 1,5 mg/dl. Avaliaram-se caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias conforme a fun&#231;&#227;o renal. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> De 3.890 pacientes, 362 (9,3%) tinham DRC. Esse grupo apresentava idade mais avan&#231;ada, maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e triarteriais. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, apresentou maior incid&#234;ncia de AVE (5,5% <italic>vs</italic> 2,1%), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (16 <italic>vs</italic> 8,3%), s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (14,4% <italic>vs</italic> 8,5%), maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva (4,04 <italic>vs</italic> 2,83 dias), e maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar (10,5% <italic>vs</italic> 3,8%). Sexo feminino, tabagismo, diabete e doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica e/ou carot&#237;dea associaram-se com maior mortalidade no grupo DRC. Pacientes que n&#227;o desenvolveram IRA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria apresentaram 3,5% de mortalidade; grupo IRA n&#227;o dial&#237;tica: 35,4%; grupo IRA dial&#237;tica: 66,7%. Calculando-se a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, observou-se aumento da mortalidade conforme o aumento da classe da DRC. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Pacientes com DRC submetidos a CRM constituem popula&#231;&#227;o de elevado risco, apresentando maior morbimortalidade. IRA p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria &#233; importante marcador de mortalidade. A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular foi inversamente relacionada com mortalidade.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica/mortalidade, morbidade, progn&#243;stico, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, unidade de terapia intensiva.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) &#233; um marcador de risco em pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC)<sup>1</sup>. Nos pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM), a DRC est&#225; associada com maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e maiores taxas de morbimortalidade hospitalar<sup>2-4</sup>. A DRC, mesmo que leve a moderada, implica eleva&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade ap&#243;s CRM, sendo o progn&#243;stico ainda mais reservado nos pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica em fase terminal<sup>5</sup>. Ademais, necessidade de procedimentos dial&#237;ticos no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio est&#225; associada a importante eleva&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade hospitalar, e a sua incid&#234;ncia &#233; mais elevada nos portadores de DRC pr&#233;via a cirurgia card&#237;aca<sup>4,6,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes portadores de DRC s&#227;o mais idosos, apresentam maior preval&#234;ncia de diabete e hipertens&#227;o arterial, fatores esses tamb&#233;m associados a maior morbimortalidade operat&#243;ria. Apesar dessa associa&#231;&#227;o, acredita-se que a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica seja um marcador independente de mortalidade hospitalar e em longo prazo<sup>8</sup>. Os escores de risco cir&#250;rgico utilizam habitualmente a DRC como marcador de maior risco cir&#250;rgico<sup>9-11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal ser um conhecido fator de maior risco em pacientes submetidos a CRM, as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes portadores de DRC s&#227;o pouco conhecidas, bem como os fatores associados a maior morbimortalidade nesse grupo espec&#237;fico de pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Objetivo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo prim&#225;rio avaliar o impacto da doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica na morbidade (tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva, ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico) e mortalidade hospitalares ap&#243;s CRM, e identificar os fatores associados a maior mortalidade hospitalar no grupo com DRC. Os objetivos secund&#225;rios foram: avaliar o efeito da insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio sobre a mortalidade hospitalar; analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de creatinina e hemoglobina no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio; avaliar a import&#226;ncia do uso da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular calculado pela f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft-Gault<sup>12</sup>, definindo-se a mortalidade encontrada para cada classe de DRC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de um banco de dados coletado prospectivamente, no per&#237;odo de 1&#186; de janeiro de 1999 at&#233; 31 de dezembro de 2007, de todas as CRM isoladas em uma institui&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica terci&#225;ria de ensino. Foram exclu&#237;das as cirurgias com procedimentos associados, como implante de pr&#243;teses e plastias valvares, corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurismas e endarterectomia de car&#243;tidas. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local.</p>
    <p>Definiu-se como mortalidade operat&#243;ria hospitalar aquela que ocorre em at&#233; 30 dias da data da cirurgia, ou durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, independentemente do tempo decorrido desde a opera&#231;&#227;o<sup>13</sup>. Foram avaliados os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais, hemodin&#226;micos, operat&#243;rios e dados de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Considerou-se DRC a presen&#231;a de uma creatinina plasm&#225;tica pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria &gt; 1,5 mg/dl; considerou-se IRA a eleva&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria da creatinina plasm&#225;tica <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis basais, ou a necessidade de di&#225;lise no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em pacientes que n&#227;o a realizavam antes da CRM.</p>
    <p>Utilizou-se o modelo de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio <italic>European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation</italic> (EuroSCORE)<sup>11</sup> para o c&#225;lculo do risco de cada paciente. Foi calculado tamb&#233;m o <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina por meio da f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft-Gault<sup>12</sup> para todos os pacientes.</p>
    <p>Para compara&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi utilizado o teste do Qui-Quadrado, e para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>, sendo considerados estatisticamente significativos valores de p &lt; 0,05. Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram utilizados considerando-se a mortalidade como a vari&#225;vel dependente<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram comparados os grupos DRC e n&#227;o DRC em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s suas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias, ao tempo de perman&#234;ncia em dias na unidade de terapia intensiva, e &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico) e &#243;bito na fase intra-hospitalar da evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>No grupo DRC, foi analisada a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de creatinina e hemoglobina s&#233;rica na data mais pr&#243;xima da cirurgia, com um intervalo m&#225;ximo de 30 dias.</p>
    <p>Foram constru&#237;das curvas ROC para vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas referentes &#224; mensura&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e &#224; hemoglobina s&#233;rica, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a mortalidade, a fim de se determinar n&#237;veis considerados como pontos de corte para marcadores de mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 3.890 pacientes submetidos a CRM isolada no per&#237;odo, 362 (9,3%) eram portadores de DRC. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela 1</xref> descreve as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais de cada grupo. Os pacientes portadores de DRC constituem um grupo de maior risco, apresentando um EuroSCORE significativamente mais elevado quando comparado com o grupo sem DRC. O escore mais elevado n&#227;o foi justificado apenas pela presen&#231;a da DRC.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0249-00075-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela 2</xref> est&#227;o descritas as taxas mais elevadas de complica&#231;&#245;es do grupo DRC.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0249-00075-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Com a finalidade de identificar os fatores relacionados ao &#243;bito no grupo DRC, foi utilizada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. 3</xref>). O sexo feminino, tabagismo, diabete, e doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica e/ou carot&#237;dea foram associados com maior mortalidade.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0249-00075-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (IRA) resultou em importante incremento da mortalidade, de 3,5% no grupo que n&#227;o desenvolveu IRA, em compara&#231;&#227;o a 35,4% no grupo que desenvolveu IRA n&#227;o dial&#237;tica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e 66,7% no grupo IRA que necessitou terapia de di&#225;lise (p = 0,001).</p>
    <p>N&#237;veis mais baixos de hemoglobina no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio imediato estiveram correlacionados com maior gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, medida pela creatinina s&#233;rica (Rho correla&#231;&#227;o = -0,368, p &lt; 0,001). No grupo DRC, o valor m&#233;dio da creatinina foi de 2,1 mg/dl (&#177; 0,6), e o valor m&#233;dio da hemoglobina foi de 12,3 mg/dl (&#177; 1,9 mg/dl).</p>
    <p>Quando a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal &#233; medida pela f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft-Gault<sup>12</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tab. 4</xref>) para c&#225;lculo da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, verificamos uma maior preval&#234;ncia da classe III de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, e aumento da mortalidade conforme o aumento da classe da DRC<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0249-00075-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel detectar valores de corte da creatinina s&#233;rica ou da depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina pela an&#225;lise das curvas ROC a partir do qual haveria aumento significativo do desfecho &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nesta an&#225;lise de 3.890 pacientes submetidos a CRM isolada ao longo de seis anos (1999 a 2007) foram encontrados 362 (9,3%) pacientes portadores de DRC, sendo esses com maior preval&#234;ncia do sexo masculino, idade mais avan&#231;ada, maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, doen&#231;a coronariana triarterial e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, e, consequentemente, um EuroSCORE mais elevado.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes portadores de DRC apresentaram maiores taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es operat&#243;rias e mortalidade, e, nesse grupo, ap&#243;s ajustes para os fatores de risco, correlacionaram-se com maior mortalidade sexo feminino, tabagismo, diabete e doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e/ou carot&#237;dea. A insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi associada com importante eleva&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade, especialmente quando foi necess&#225;ria terapia dial&#237;tica.</p>
    <p>Na nossa amostra, encontramos uma preval&#234;ncia de DRC de 9,3% similar &#224; descrita por Zakeri e cols.<sup>15</sup>, de 10,4%. Definimos o valor acima de 1,5 mg/dl como DRC. Outros autores definem valores acima de 1,2 mg/dl, como utilizado por Jyrala e cols.<sup>16</sup>, que encontraram aumento da mortalidade a partir desse valor da creatinina no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e outros autores definem valores de 2,26 mg/dl (&lt; 200 micromol/l)<sup>15</sup> como valor de corte para DRC, o qual &#233; o mesmo utilizado pelo EuroSCORE<sup>11</sup>. Valores definidos pela taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular s&#227;o mais fidedignos para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, sendo utilizados por alguns autores quando inferiores a 60 ml/min<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os valores de hemoglobina e os n&#237;veis de creatinina no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio apresentaram rela&#231;&#227;o inversamente proporcional, demonstrando maior incid&#234;ncia de anemia conforme a piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, mas a identifica&#231;&#227;o de um ponto de corte para aumento de mortalidade pela curva ROC n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel. Talvez isso se explique por existir uma corre&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da anemia antes e durante o ato operat&#243;rio, geralmente por transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, dificultando a real mensura&#231;&#227;o dessa; por conseguinte, a anemia n&#227;o foi associada com mortalidade.</p>
    <p>O maior n&#250;mero de comorbidades encontradas no grupo DRC &#233; achado similar ao de estudos pr&#233;vios, comparado a informa&#231;&#245;es provenientes de grandes bancos de dados, como o banco de dados da STS (<italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Adult Cardiac</italic>)<sup>3</sup> e o banco de dados do Estado da Calif&#243;rnia<sup>18</sup>. Os pacientes portadores de DRC apresentam maior preval&#234;ncia de fatores associados com aumento da mortalidade operat&#243;ria definidos por Jones e cols.<sup>9</sup>, como idade avan&#231;ada, sexo feminino, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. O EuroSCORE<sup>19</sup> inclui a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal como um fator de risco para mortalidade, bem como idade, sexo feminino, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. O banco de dados do STS aponta a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal grave como importante marcador de mortalidade hospitalar, associando DRC grave e depend&#234;ncia de di&#225;lise com uma raz&#227;o de risco de 2,9 a 3,8 sobre a mortalidade<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes foi avaliado, revelando uma mortalidade de 3,8% no grupo de n&#227;o portadores de DRC e uma mortalidade significativamente mais elevada, de 10,5% (p &lt; 0,001) nos pacientes portadores de DRC. Piegas e cols.<sup>20</sup> descrevem uma mortalidade nacional para a CRM de 6,22%, por&#233;m esses dados referem-se ao total de revasculariza&#231;&#245;es, sem exclus&#227;o das cirurgias com procedimentos associados, os quais interferem na an&#225;lise da mortalidade.</p>
    <p>O desenvolvimento de IRA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi associado a importantes eleva&#231;&#245;es de mortalidade, especialmente quando a hemodi&#225;lise foi necess&#225;ria. Mesmo pequenas altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o renal no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio s&#227;o associadas a importantes eleva&#231;&#245;es de mortalidade, conforme estudos de Litmathe e cols.<sup>21</sup> e Machado e cols.<sup>22</sup>. O tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) foi maior no grupo DRC, provavelmente relacionado ao maior n&#250;mero de vasos acometidos. Esse maior tempo n&#227;o foi identificado pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica como relacionada ao evento &#243;bito. Diez e cols.<sup>23</sup> associaram um menor tempo de CEC a um menor aparecimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato da CRM. Na nossa amostra houve poucos casos operados sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da CEC, portanto esse fator n&#227;o foi analisado. Di Mauro e cols.<sup>24</sup> avaliaram a CRM com e sem o uso de CEC em pacientes portadores de DRC, definida por creatinina &gt; 1,5 mg/dl, e n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as entre as diferentes estrat&#233;gias em rela&#231;&#227;o a piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
    <p>At&#233; recentemente, a maior parte dos estudos tem utilizado apenas a creatinina para a defini&#231;&#227;o de DRC. A Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia definiu uma classifica&#231;&#227;o em cinco n&#237;veis para a insufici&#234;ncia renal<sup>14</sup>, baseada na taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG). De acordo com esses achados, foi verificada uma maior incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal classe III, tendo sido encontrada uma mortalidade progressivamente mais elevada conforme a piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Swart e cols.<sup>25</sup> encontraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre menor TFG e o risco de desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda ap&#243;s a cirurgia, assim como Moore e cols.<sup>26</sup>, que identificaram tamb&#233;m correla&#231;&#227;o da TFG com o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Lopes e cols.<sup>27</sup>, por sua vez, acompanharam por cinco anos pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana de m&#250;ltiplos vasos sob modalidades de tratamento diversas, e descreveram uma mortalidade significativamente maior no grupo com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal moderada, em compara&#231;&#227;o com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal leve e fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal, conforme a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular<sup>27</sup>. Nosso estudo tamb&#233;m demonstrou essa associa&#231;&#227;o inversa entre taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular e mortalidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes com DRC submetidos a CRM constituem uma popula&#231;&#227;o de risco mais elevado, evoluindo no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com maiores taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade hospitalar. Nesse grupo, sexo feminino, tabagismo, diabete e presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica e/ou carot&#237;dea se associaram a maior mortalidade no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. O desenvolvimento de IRA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio esteve associado com importantes eleva&#231;&#245;es da mortalidade, especialmente quando a terapia dial&#237;tica foi necess&#225;ria. A gravidade da anemia foi diretamente relacionada com a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal. Quando a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal foi calculada pela taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft-Gault), encontramos uma mortalidade hospitalar progressivamente mais elevada conforme a piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="ab1" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Roberto Ramos Barbosa </p>
        <p> Av. Onze de Junho, 875/33 - Vila Clementino </p>
        <p> 04041-053 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="roberto.rb@cardiol.br">roberto.rb@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="beto.cardio@yahoo.com.br">beto.cardio@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 14/11/10; revisado recebido em 29/11/10; aceito em 23/02/11.</p>
    <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arquivosonline.com.br"><italic>http://www.arquivosonline.com.br</italic></ext-link></p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of renal failure on in-hospital outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a predictor of increased mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the characteristics and predictors of increased mortality in the CKD population submitted to CABG. To compare in-hospital outcomes between patients with and without CKD, and with and without development of acute renal failure (ARF). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a prospective database of all isolated CABG performed in a single public tertiary hospital from 1999 to 2007. CKD was considered when creatinine &gt; 1.5 mg/dl. Clinical characteristics, mortality and post-operative complications were evaluated according to renal function. RESULTS: Of 3,890 patients, 362 (9.3%) had CKD. This population was older, presented grater prevalence of hypertension, left ventricular dysfunction, previous stroke, peripheral vascular disease and three-vessel disease. In-hospital outcomes revealed greater incidence of stroke (5.5% vs 2.1%), atrial fibrillation (16 vs 8.3%), low cardiac ouput syndrome (14.4% vs 8.5%), longer stay in intensive care unit (4.04 vs 2.83 days), and greater mortality (10.5% vs 3.8%). Logistic regression: female gender, smoking, diabetes and peripheral vascular disease were associated with higher in-hospital mortality within the CKD group. Patients who did not develop post-operative ARF presented 3.5% mortality; non-dialytic ARF: 35.4%; dialytic ARF: 66.7% mortality. Mortality was directly related to the stage of CKD, according to glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSION: CKD patients submitted to CABG represent a high risk population, with increased incidence of complications and mortality. Post-operative ARF is a strong in-hospital mortality predictor. Glomerular filtration rate was inversely related to mortality.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Renal insufficiency, chronic</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>morbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>prognostic</kwd>
        <kwd>lenght of stay</kwd>
        <kwd>intensive care units</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="ab-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Impact of renal failure on in-hospital outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Roberto Ramos Barbosa; Priscila Feitoza Cestari; Julhano Tiago Capeletti; Gustavo Magnus T. L. S. R. Peres; Tania L. Pozzo Iba&#241;ez; Patr&#237;cia Viana da Silva; Jorge A. Farran; Vivian Lerner Amato; Pedro Silvio Farsky</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a predictor of increased mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG).</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the characteristics and predictors of increased mortality in the CKD population submitted to CABG. To compare in-hospital outcomes between patients with and without CKD, and with and without development of acute renal failure (ARF).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Retrospective analysis of a prospective database of all isolated CABG performed in a single public tertiary hospital from 1999 to 2007. CKD was considered when creatinine &gt; 1.5 mg/dl. Clinical characteristics, mortality and post-operative complications were evaluated according to renal function.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of 3,890 patients, 362 (9.3%) had CKD. This population was older, presented grater prevalence of hypertension, left ventricular dysfunction, previous stroke, peripheral vascular disease and three-vessel disease. In-hospital outcomes revealed greater incidence of stroke (5.5% <italic>vs</italic> 2.1%), atrial fibrillation (16 <italic>vs</italic> 8.3%), low cardiac ouput syndrome (14.4% <italic>vs</italic> 8.5%), longer stay in intensive care unit (4.04 <italic>vs</italic> 2.83 days), and greater mortality (10.5% <italic>vs</italic> 3.8%). Logistic regression: female gender, smoking, diabetes and peripheral vascular disease were associated with higher in-hospital mortality within the CKD group. Patients who did not develop post-operative ARF presented 3.5% mortality; non-dialytic ARF: 35.4%; dialytic ARF: 66.7% mortality. Mortality was directly related to the stage of CKD, according to glomerular filtration rate.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> CKD patients submitted to CABG represent a high risk population, with increased incidence of complications and mortality. Post-operative ARF is a strong in-hospital mortality predictor. Glomerular filtration rate was inversely related to mortality.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Renal insufficiency, chronic; myocardial revascularization/mortality; morbidity; prognostic; lenght of stay; intensive care units.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a risk marker in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD)<sup>1</sup>. In patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), CKD is associated with longer hospitalization and higher rates of hospital morbidity and mortality<sup>2-4</sup>. CKD, even from mild to moderate, implies an increase in mortality after CABG. Prognosis is even more reserved in patients with chronic kidney disease in the terminal phase<sup>5</sup>. Moreover, the need for dialysis procedures in the postoperative period is associated with significant elevation of hospital mortality, and its incidence is higher in CKD patients prior to cardiac surgery<sup>4,6,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients with CKD are older, have a higher prevalence of diabetes and hypertension, and these factors are also associated with higher operative mortality. Despite this association, it is believed that chronic kidney disease is an independent marker of mortality in the long term<sup>8</sup>. The scores of surgical risk usually use CKD as a marker of increased surgical risk<sup>9-11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although renal failure is a known major risk factor in patients undergoing CABG, the characteristics of patients with CKD are poorly known, as well as factors associated with increased morbidity and mortality in this specific group of patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Objective</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study aimed to evaluate the impact of primary chronic renal disease in morbidity (length of stay in the ICU, atrial fibrillation, low cardiac output syndrome and cerebrovascular accident) and hospital mortality after CABG and to identify factors associated with increased hospital mortality in the group with CKD. The secondary objectives were to assess the effect of acute renal failure after surgery on hospital mortality; analyze the relationship between hemoglobin and creatinine levels preoperatively; evaluate the importance of using the glomerular filtration rate calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula<sup>12</sup>, defining the mortality found for each class of CKD.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We performed a retrospective analysis of a database collected prospectively from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2007, of all isolated CABGs in a tertiary cardiac education institution. Surgeries with associated procedures, such as prostheses and valvuloplasty, correction of aneurysms, and carotid endarterectomy were excluded. This study was approved by the local ethics and research committee.</p>
      <p>Hospital operative mortality as defined as the one occurring within 30 days from the date of surgery or during hospitalization, regardless of the time elapsed since the operation<sup>13</sup>. We evaluated the clinical, laboratory, hemodynamic, operative and postoperative data.</p>
      <p>CKD was considered the presence of preoperative serum creatinine &gt; 1.5 mg/dl; ARF was considered high postoperative plasma creatinine <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% compared to baseline, or the need for dialysis postoperatively in patients who failed to perform it before the CABG.</p>
      <p>We used the preoperative risk model European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE)<sup>11</sup> to calculate the risk of each patient.</p>
      <p>Was also calculated creatinine clearance by the Cockcroft-Gault formula<sup>12</sup> for all patients.</p>
      <p>For comparisons of categorical variables we used the chi-square test, and for continuous variables, Student <italic>t</italic> test. p values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Logistic regression models were used considering mortality as the dependent variable<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>We compared non-CKD and CKD groups to their baseline preoperative clinical characteristics, length of stay in days in the Intensive Care Unit, and the occurrence of complications (atrial fibrillation, low cardiac output syndrome and cerebrovascular accident) and in-hospital death during postoperative evolution.</p>
      <p>In the CKD group, we analyzed the correlation between the values of creatinine and serum hemoglobin on the earliest date of surgery, with a maximum interval of 30 days.</p>
      <p>ROC curves were constructed for numerical variables referring to the measurement of renal function and serum hemoglobin, compared with mortality, in order to determine the level considered as cutoff points for markers of hospital mortality.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Out of the 3,890 patients undergoing isolated CABG in the period, 362 (9.3%) had CKD. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table 1</xref> describes the baseline characteristics of each group. Patients with CKD are a higher risk group, showing a significantly higher EuroSCORE compared with the group without CKD. The highest score was not justified only by the presence of CKD.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0249-00075-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the highest rates of complications of the CKD group.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0249-00075-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In order to identify factors related to death in the CKD group, we used logistic regression analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table 3</xref>). Female sex, smoking, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease and/or carotid artery were associated with increased mortality.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0249-00075-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The development of acute renal failure (ARF) resulted in a significant increase in mortality by 3.5% in the group who did not develop ARF compared to 35.4% in the group that developed ARF not requiring dialysis postoperatively and 66.7% in the ARF group that required dialysis therapy (p = 0.001).</p>
      <p>Lower levels of hemoglobin after surgery correlated with higher severity of renal dysfunction, as measured by serum creatinine (Rho correlation = -0.368, p &lt; 0.001). In the CKD group, mean creatinine was 2.1 mg/dl (&#177; 0.6), and mean hemoglobin level was 12.3 mg/dl (&#177; 1.9 mg/dl).</p>
      <p>When renal dysfunction is measured by the Cockcroft-Gault formula<sup>12</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table 4</xref>) to calculate the glomerular filtration rate, we found a higher prevalence of Class III renal dysfunction, and increased mortality with increasing CKD class<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0249-00075-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>It was not possible to detect cutoff values of serum creatinine or creatinine clearance by ROC analysis from which there was significant increase in the death outcome.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This analysis of 3,890 patients undergoing CABG over six years (1999-2007) found 362 (9.3%) patients with CKD, with higher prevalence of males, older age, higher prevalence of hypertension, previous cerebrovascular accident, peripheral arterial disease, triple vessel coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction, and hence a higher EuroSCORE.</p>
      <p>Patients with CKD had higher rates of complications and mortality, and in this group, after adjusting for risk factors, correlated with higher female mortality, smoking, diabetes and peripheral arterial disease and/or carotid artery disease. Acute renal failure in the postoperative period was associated with a significant increase in mortality, especially when dialysis was needed.</p>
      <p>In our sample, we found a prevalence of CKD of 9.3% similar to that described by Zaker et al<sup>15</sup>, of 10.4%. We have set the value above 1.5 mg/dl as CKD. Other authors define values above 1.2 mg/dl, as used by Jyrala et al<sup>16</sup>, who have found increased mortality from this value of creatinine before the surgery and other authors set values of 2.26 mg/dl (&lt; 200 micromol/l)<sup>15</sup> as a cut-off value for DRC, which is the same used by the EuroSCORE<sup>11</sup>. Values set by glomerular filtration rate are more reliable for evaluation of renal function, being used by some authors when smaller than 60 ml/min<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Hemoglobin and creatinine levels after surgery showed an inverse relationship, showing a higher incidence of anemia according to worsened renal function, but the identification of a cutoff point for increased mortality by the ROC curve was not possible. This may explain why there is a systematic correction of anemia before and during surgery, usually by blood transfusion, making it difficult to measure anemia effectively; consequently, anemia was not associated with mortality.</p>
      <p>The greater number of comorbidities in the CKD group is a similar finding to previous studies, compared to information from large databases, such as the database of the STS (Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Adult Cardiac)<sup>3</sup> and the database of the state of California<sup>18</sup>. Patients with CKD have a higher prevalence of risk factors associated with increased operative mortality defined by Jones et al<sup>9</sup> such as advanced age, female sex, peripheral arterial disease, left ventricular dysfunction. The EuroSCORE<sup>19</sup> includes renal failure as a risk factor for mortality, as well as age, female sex, peripheral arterial disease and left ventricular dysfunction. The STS database points to severe renal dysfunction as an important marker of hospital mortality, involving severe CKD and dependence on dialysis with a risk ratio from 2.9 to 3.8 on mortality<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, a significant number of patients was evaluated, revealing a mortality of 3.8% in the group without CKD and a significantly higher mortality of 10.5% (p &lt; 0.001) in patients with CKD. Piegas et al<sup>20</sup> describe a national mortality rate for CABG of 6.22%, but these data refer to total revascularization, without exclusion of surgeries with associated procedures, which interfere in the analysis of mortality.</p>
      <p>The development of ARF in the postoperative period was associated with significant increases in mortality, especially when hemodialysis was necessary. Even small changes in renal function postoperatively are associated with significant elevations in mortality, according to studies by Litmathe et al<sup>21</sup> and Machado et al<sup>22</sup>. The cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was higher in the CKD group, probably related to a greater number of vessels involved. This greater time was identified by logistic regression analysis related to death. Diez et al<sup>23</sup> associated with a shorter duration of CPB to a smaller rate of occurrence of renal failure immediately after CABG. In our sample there were few patients operated without CPB, thus this factor was not analyzed. Di Mauro et al<sup>24</sup> evaluated CABG with and without CPB in patients with CKD, defined as creatinine &gt; 1.5 mg/dl, and found no differences between the different strategies with respect to worsening renal function.</p>
      <p>Until recently, most studies have used only creatinine to define CKD. The Brazilian Society of Nephrology<sup>14</sup> has set a five-level classification for renal failure, based on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). According to these findings, there was a higher incidence of class III renal failure, and mortality progressively higher according to worsening renal function was found. Swart et al<sup>25</sup> found a correlation between GFR and lower risk of developing acute renal failure after surgery, as well as Moore et al<sup>26</sup>, who found also a correlation of GFR with time of hospitalization. Lopes et al<sup>27</sup>, in turn, followed, for five years, patients with multivessel coronary disease under various therapies, and described a significantly higher mortality rate in the group with moderate renal impairment, compared with mild renal dysfunction and normal renal function according to the glomerular filtration rate<sup>27</sup>. Our study also demonstrated this inverse association between GFR and mortality.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with CKD who underwent CABG constitute a higher risk population, evolving postoperatively with higher rates of complications and in-hospital mortality. In this group, female sex, smoking, diabetes and peripheral vascular disease and/or carotid artery disease were associated with higher mortality after surgery. The development of ARF in the postoperative period was associated with significant increases in mortality, especially when hemodialysis was necessary. The severity of anemia was directly related to the severity of renal dysfunction. When renal dysfunction was calculated by the glomerular filtration rate (Cockcroft-Gault formula), we found a hospital mortality progressively higher according to the worsening of renal function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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