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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8Bynvcspv7Y97C9StJtSZ3F</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001200009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000087</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores associados ao aumento no &#237;ndice de incremento de press&#227;o radial em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vaz-de-Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Renan Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimenta</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Giubilei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giollo J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Tadeu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;bora Dada</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sacomani</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Neves Cosenso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yugar-Toledo</surname>
            <given-names>Juan Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cipullo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio Mota</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela-Martin</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Fernand</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia Cardiovascular</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Alagoas</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Alagoas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Interna </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>241</fpage>
      <lpage>248</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A rigidez arterial &#233; uma vari&#225;vel preditora de morbimortalidade e um poss&#237;vel marcador de les&#227;o vascular. Sua avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva por tonometria radial e an&#225;lise do &#237;ndice de incremento (r-AI) permite identificar os pacientes expostos a um maior risco cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: Analisar a influ&#234;ncia do r-AI em vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nico-bioqu&#237;micas e sua influ&#234;ncia na preval&#234;ncia de dano em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo em pacientes hipertensos. M&#201;TODOS: Cento e quarenta pacientes hipertensos consecutivos, em seguimento cl&#237;nico ambulatorial, foram submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise transversal. Os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial (PA) e o r-AI foram obtidos por tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria radial (HEM-9000AI, Onrom). Os pacientes foram alocados em tercis r-AI (r-AI &lt; 85%; 85 &lt; r-AI &lt; 97%; r-AI &gt; 97%). RESULTADOS: A amostra era predominantemente composta por mulheres (56,4%), com idade m&#233;dia de 61,7 &#177; 11,7 anos e &#237;ndice de massa corporal de 29,6 &#177; 6,1 Kg/m&#178;. O maior tercil apresentou uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de mulheres (p = 0,001), maior PA sist&#243;lica (p = 0,001) e press&#227;o de pulso (p = 0,014), e menor peso (p = 0,044), altura (p &lt; 0,001) e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (p &lt; 0,001). A an&#225;lise multivariada demonstrou que o peso (&#946; = -0,001, p = 0,017), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (&#946; = -0,001, p = 0,007) e press&#227;o central (&#946; = 0,015, p &lt; 0,001) se correlacionam com o r-AI de maneira independente. Em an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, o 3&#186; tercil r-AI foi associado a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do diabete (DM) (OR = 0,41; 95% CI 0,17-0,97; p = 0,042). CONCLUS&#195;O: Este estudo demonstrou que peso, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e PA central se relacionam com o r-AI de maneira independente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Art&#233;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>elasticidade</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Fatores associados ao aumento no &#237;ndice de incremento de press&#227;o radial em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Renan Oliveira Vaz-de-Melo<sup>I</sup>; Adriana Giubilei Pimenta<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Tadeu Giollo J&#250;nior<sup>I</sup>; D&#233;bora Dada Martinelli<sup>I</sup>; Carolina Neves Cosenso Sacomani<sup>I</sup>; Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Paulo Cipullo<sup>I</sup>; Marco Ant&#244;nio Mota Gomes<sup>III</sup>; Heitor Moreno J&#250;nior<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Fernand Vilela-Martin<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o - Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - FAMERP, S&#227;o Paulo SP</p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia Cardiovascular &#150; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Universidade Estadual de Campinas &#150; UNICAMP, Campinas, SP</p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Estadual de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Alagoas &#150; UNCISAL, Macei&#243;, AL, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A rigidez arterial &#233; uma vari&#225;vel preditora de morbimortalidade e um poss&#237;vel marcador de les&#227;o vascular. Sua avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva por tonometria radial e an&#225;lise do &#237;ndice de incremento (r-AI) permite identificar os pacientes expostos a um maior risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar a influ&#234;ncia do r-AI em vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nico-bioqu&#237;micas e sua influ&#234;ncia na preval&#234;ncia de dano em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Cento e quarenta pacientes hipertensos consecutivos, em seguimento cl&#237;nico ambulatorial, foram submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise transversal. Os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial (PA) e o r-AI foram obtidos por tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria radial (HEM-9000AI, Onrom). Os pacientes foram alocados em tercis r-AI (r-AI <underline>&lt;</underline> 85%; 85 &lt; r-AI <underline>&lt;</underline> 97%; r-AI &gt; 97%).</p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A amostra era predominantemente composta por mulheres (56,4%), com idade m&#233;dia de 61,7 &#177; 11,7 anos e &#237;ndice de massa corporal de 29,6 &#177; 6,1 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>. O maior tercil apresentou uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de mulheres (p = 0,001), maior PA sist&#243;lica (p = 0,001) e press&#227;o de pulso (p = 0,014), e menor peso (p = 0,044), altura (p &lt; 0,001) e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (p &lt; 0,001). A an&#225;lise multivariada demonstrou que o peso (&#946; = -0,001, p = 0,017), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (&#946; = -0,001, p = 0,007) e press&#227;o central (&#946; = 0,015, p &lt; 0,001) se correlacionam com o r-AI de maneira independente. Em an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, o 3&#186; tercil r-AI foi associado a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do diabete (DM) (OR = 0,41; 95% CI 0,17-0,97; p = 0,042).</p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Este estudo demonstrou que peso, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e PA central se relacionam com o r-AI de maneira independente.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Art&#233;rias / fisiopatologia, press&#227;o arterial, elasticidade, hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Desde a publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo de Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Fun&#231;&#227;o Arterial de Conduto (Cafe)<sup>1</sup>, a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o arterial e da press&#227;o arterial central aumentou substancialmente. Apesar de a press&#227;o arterial braquial ser uma poderosa preditora da morbi mortalidade cardiovascular<sup>2</sup>, essas medidas n&#227;o refletem a press&#227;o na circula&#231;&#227;o central. Evid&#234;ncias recentes mostraram que a press&#227;o arterial central era mais relevante para os desfechos cardiovasculares do que as press&#245;es na art&#233;ria braquial<sup>1,3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; um fato bem reconhecido que os par&#226;metros de rigidez arterial predizem desfechos cl&#237;nicos, como a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>5,6</sup>, o acidente vascular cerebral<sup>6</sup>, a excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina<sup>7,8</sup>, a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica<sup>9</sup>, a sobreviv&#234;ncia no est&#225;gio final da doen&#231;a renal<sup>10</sup> e o risco cardiovascular geral<sup>11</sup>. A medida padr&#227;o atual para avaliar essa condi&#231;&#227;o envolve a avalia&#231;&#227;o de diversas medidas por tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva, incluindo o &#237;ndice de incremento de press&#227;o radial (r-AI)<sup>12</sup> . O r-AI, que &#233; definido como um aumento na press&#227;o do primeiro ciclo sist&#243;lico para a press&#227;o de pico da forma de onda da press&#227;o a&#243;rtica, definida como uma percentagem da press&#227;o de pico, foi correlacionado com a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE)<sup>13</sup>, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>5</sup>, excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina<sup>14</sup>, eventos cardiovasculares<sup>15,16</sup> e mortalidade por todas as causas<sup>16</sup>, representando um m&#233;todo mais f&#225;cil e mais r&#225;pido de acesso &#224; press&#227;o central<sup>17,18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar do fato de que algumas vari&#225;veis como idade<sup>19,20</sup>, altura<sup>11,18,20</sup>, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>11,19,21-24</sup>, sexo<sup>11,18,19,21</sup>, Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS)<sup>20</sup> e Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica (PAD)<sup>11,19,20</sup> terem sido correlacionadas com o &#237;ndice de incremento, essa rela&#231;&#227;o precisa ser mais bem fundamentada. Dessa forma, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a influ&#234;ncia do r-AI na preval&#234;ncia de dano em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo e correlacionar essa medida da rigidez arterial com vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas em pacientes hipertensos no Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Indiv&#237;duos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um total de 140 pacientes hipertensos consecutivos, com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 anos, em seguimento cl&#237;nico ambulatorial durante o per&#237;odo de agosto/2009 a janeiro/2010, foi submetido a an&#225;lise transversal. O estudo foi previamente aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o e todos os participantes deram seu consentimento livre e esclarecido. Os indiv&#237;duos foram alocados em tr&#234;s grupos, de acordo com os tercis r-AI: Grupo 1 (r-AI <underline>&lt;</underline> 85%) &#150; 44 pacientes; Grupo 2 (85&lt; r-AI <underline>&lt;</underline> 97%) &#150; 47 pacientes; Grupo 3 (r-AI &gt; 97%) &#150; 49 pacientes. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: hist&#243;rico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou batimentos prematuros supraventriculares ou ventriculares frequentes para os quais as formas de onda radiais precisas n&#227;o puderam ser obtidas pelo sistema, idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 70 anos e hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica, dados demogr&#225;ficos e dano em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O sangue perif&#233;rico foi coletado em jejum para an&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica da creatinina s&#233;rica, colesterol total, colesterol HDL, triglicer&#237;deos e glicose. O colesterol LDL foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald. A Excre&#231;&#227;o Urin&#225;ria de Albumina (EUA) foi determinada com uma amostra de urina de 24 h, considerando a normoalbumin&#250;ria de EUA &lt; 20 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/min, microalbumin&#250;ria de EUA entre 20 e 200 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/min e macroalbumin&#250;ria de EUA <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/min.</p>
    <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de comorbidades, dados relativos &#224; presen&#231;a de diabete melito, medica&#231;&#245;es em uso, &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal [IMC = peso (kg)/altura (cm)<sup>2</sup>], sexo e outros fatores de risco ou informa&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias foram obtidos do prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico. O Diabete Melito (DM) foi reconhecido em pacientes que haviam sido submetidos anteriormente a tratamento da hipoglicemia ou apresentavam n&#237;veis de glicose em jejum <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dL em pelo menos duas ocasi&#245;es. </p>
    <p>A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (eGFR) foi calculada utilizando a f&#243;rmula MDRD abreviada (Modifica&#231;&#227;o da Dieta na Doen&#231;a Renal). A disfun&#231;&#227;o renal foi definida como eGFR <underline>&lt;</underline> 60 mL/min. A HVE foi determinada por ecocardiografia, o &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo normal (IMVE) para os homens era de &lt; 103 g/m<sup>2 </sup>e, para as mulheres, de &lt; 89 g/m<sup>2</sup>, conforme sugerido pela Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Onda de pulso e an&#225;lise da press&#227;o arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As formas de onda de pulso arterial da art&#233;ria radial esquerda foram medidas de forma n&#227;o invasiva por um sistema de tonometria computadorizada (HEM-9000AI; Omron Healthcare Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Jap&#227;o) ap&#243;s 10 min. de repouso na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada<sup>12</sup>. As an&#225;lises de onda de pulso foram realizadas pelo menos tr&#234;s vezes e a m&#233;dia de medidas foi analisada. As formas de onda da art&#233;ria radial desse dispositivo, o primeiro pico sist&#243;lico (P1) e o pico sist&#243;lico tardio (segundo) (P2) foram identificados automaticamente utilizando a quarta onda de derivadas, como segundo e terceiro pontos zero cruzamento, respectivamente. O &#237;ndice de incremento (AI) foi definido como a raz&#227;o entre a altura de P2 e altura de P1. A press&#227;o arterial braquial (PA) e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram medidas simultaneamente no bra&#231;o direito com o equipamento oscilom&#233;trico incorporado a HEM-9000 AI. A PA sist&#243;lica tardia na art&#233;ria radial (rSBP2), como um &#237;ndice de PA central<sup>26</sup>, foi calculada pela seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o: rSBP2 = r-AI &#215; (PAS&#8722;PAD) + PAD, na qual a PAS e a PAD correspondem a PA sist&#243;lica braquial e diast&#243;lica, respectivamente. Todas as medidas foram realizadas depois de um jejum de, pelo menos, 8 horas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tamanho da amostra calculada, admitindo um desvio &#945; de 1% para rejeitar a hip&#243;tese de nulidade, foi de 122 pacientes. Os estudos anteriores, que exploraram quest&#245;es semelhantes<sup>7,21</sup>, analisaram uma amostra de tamanho semelhante ao deste estudo. A an&#225;lise descritiva foi realizada para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas e os resultados quantitativos s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvios-padr&#227;o. Para comparar as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes, foram utilizados ANOVA para vari&#225;veis quantitativas e &#967;2 para vari&#225;veis qualitativas. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises univariada e multivariada para avaliar os determinantes do r-AI, com o uso de diversas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas. Em sequ&#234;ncia, as vari&#225;veis que eram estatisticamente significativas (p &lt; 0,05) na an&#225;lise univariada foram avaliadas em an&#225;lises multivariadas. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software estat&#237;stico Minitab 16.0. Para todos os testes, um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop079tab01">tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas dos pacientes de acordo com os tercis r-AI. Houve um aumento na propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres no tercil mais alto, com n&#237;veis crescentes de PAS e press&#227;o de pulso. Em contraste, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva no peso, altura e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com o aumento do r-AI, sem diferen&#231;as significativas para os par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as no hist&#243;rico de diabete, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, HVE ou altera&#231;&#245;es na excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina entre os tercis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>), &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o de uma maior preval&#234;ncia de HVE no 3&#186; tercil de r-AI com rela&#231;&#227;o ao 2&#186; tercil (p = 0,026).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop079tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0241-00087-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0241-00087-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Utilizando an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>), o terceiro tercil de r-AI foi associado com o menor risco de diabete melito (OR = 0,41; 95% CI 0,17-0,97; p = 0,042). N&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &gt; 0,05) para HVE e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0241-00087-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Foram realizadas an&#225;lises univariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>) e multivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tab. 5</xref>) para avaliar os fatores determinantes do r-AI. A an&#225;lise univariada mostrou que peso, altura, sexo, PAS, PAD, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o de pulso, rSBP2 e glicose se correlacionavam significativamente com o r-AI. No entanto, a an&#225;lise multivariada demonstrou que apenas peso, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e rSBP2 permaneceram correlacionados com o r-AI de maneira independente. As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop079fig01">fig. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop079fig02">2</xref> mostram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre r-AI com as vari&#225;veis que mostraram signific&#226;ncia na an&#225;lise univariada.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop079fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0241-00087-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop079fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0241-00087-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0241-00087-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0241-00087-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, foram analisados fatores relacionados ao r-AI em uma amostra de pacientes hipertensos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o de complac&#234;ncia arterial por meio de tonometria de art&#233;ria radial &#233; um m&#233;todo simples e f&#225;cil de acesso &#224; rigidez arterial<sup>17,18</sup>. O AI se correlaciona sobremaneira com a estimativa previamente validada de rigidez arterial, velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP)<sup>12,18</sup>. Seu uso para avaliar o risco cardiovascular e a efic&#225;cia medicamentosa, conforme recentemente reportado pelo estudo de Cafe, proporciona dados adicionais acerca da estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular, permitindo aos cl&#237;nicos conceber terapias anti-hipertensivas especificamente direcionadas a um paciente individual<sup>1,2,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Relat&#243;rios recentes mostram que o AI est&#225; intimamente relacionado com o risco cardiovascular<sup>11,16</sup>. London e cols.<sup>16</sup> constataram que a rela&#231;&#227;o de risco para cada aumento de 10% em AI era de 1,51 (CI de 95% 1,23-1,86) para mortalidade por todas as causas e de 1,48 (CI de 95% 1,16-1,90) para a mortalidade cardiovascular em uma amostra de pacientes em est&#225;gio final de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal. N&#252;rnberger e cols.<sup>11</sup>, por sua vez, constataram que o AI aumentou significativamente com escores de risco crescentes para a doen&#231;a cardiovascular. </p>
    <p>Alguns estudos v&#234;m mostrando valores que poderiam ser considerados normais para AI utilizando limites da normalidade baseados no intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Wojciechowska e cols.<sup>26</sup>, em uma amostra europeia, propuseram o valor para AI perif&#233;rico de 90% para homens e 100% para mulheres. Shiburi e cols.<sup>27</sup>, em um estudo que incluiu sul-africanos de ancestralidade negra, propuseram, como limites para diagnosticar uma rigidez arterial aumentada, o valor, na faixa et&#225;ria de 30 anos, de 100% para AI perif&#233;rico, com ajuste em 10% por cada d&#233;cada que diferir dos 30 anos. Li e cols.<sup>28</sup>, em uma amostra de 924 pacientes chineses sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular, demonstraram os valores aproximados para um AI perif&#233;rico normal de 105% em um paciente de 40 anos. Por fim, Chung e cols.<sup>29</sup> demonstraram, em uma amostra coreana, que o AI perif&#233;rico de 100% pode corresponder aos valores de refer&#234;ncia preliminares. Apesar desses dados, a estimativa dos valores de refer&#234;ncia para AI perif&#233;rico nesta amostra brasileira n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel por se tratar de uma amostra de hipertensos com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades, o que impediria a valida&#231;&#227;o desses dados.</p>
    <p>De acordo com estudos anteriores, o r-AI apresentou rela&#231;&#227;o significativa com altura, peso<sup>11,18</sup>, sexo<sup>11,18,19,21,28-30</sup>, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>11,19,21-23</sup>, PAS<sup>23,30</sup> e PAD<sup>11,19</sup>, press&#227;o de pulso e n&#237;veis de glicose em an&#225;lises univariadas. Neste estudo, essa associa&#231;&#227;o permaneceu significativa apenas para peso, altura e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nas an&#225;lises multivariadas. A composi&#231;&#227;o corporal afeta o tempo de reflex&#227;o de onda arterial, explicando a correla&#231;&#227;o do r-AI com o peso e altura<sup>31</sup>. Gatzka e cols.<sup>32</sup> estudaram pares de homens e mulheres de idosos combinados por idade, IMC, e n&#237;veis de PA, e constataram que as mulheres tinham art&#233;rias el&#225;sticas mais r&#237;gidas, sugerindo um efeito do status hormonal feminino nessa rela&#231;&#227;o<sup>31</sup>. </p>
    <p>Outros fatores anteriormente relacionados aos n&#237;veis de AI, tais como idade<sup>19,29,30</sup>, IMC<sup>30</sup>, depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina<sup>30</sup>, hiperlipidemia<sup>29,30</sup> e IMVE<sup>21</sup> n&#227;o estavam associados com os n&#237;veis de r-AI nessa amostra. O envelhecimento est&#225; associado com altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas nas paredes das art&#233;rias sist&#234;micas, especialmente nas camadas &#237;ntima e m&#233;dia. Essas mudan&#231;as estruturais nas art&#233;rias el&#225;sticas causam um aumento na rigidez e resist&#234;ncia<sup>31</sup>, explicando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o AI e a idade.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre tercis de r-AI e a preval&#234;ncia de danos em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo analisados (disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, HVE e micro/macroalbumin&#250;ria). Apesar disso, h&#225; relatos de que o AI se associava &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<sup>5</sup>, excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina<sup>14</sup> e ao HVE<sup>13</sup>, sugerindo uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre o AI e o dano em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo. Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao HVE, encontramos uma alta preval&#234;ncia nessa amostra, possivelmente devido ao corte adotado pela Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia para o seu diagn&#243;stico<sup>25</sup>. A atenua&#231;&#227;o do amortecimento das art&#233;rias el&#225;sticas amplifica a pulsatilidade da press&#227;o e aumenta a transmiss&#227;o de energia puls&#225;til para a microcircula&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica<sup>33</sup>. Isso ocorre particularmente em &#243;rg&#227;os com alto fluxo sangu&#237;neo, tais como o c&#233;rebro e o rim, nos quais a pulsatilidade da press&#227;o penetra ainda mais a microcircula&#231;&#227;o, causando danos a esses &#243;rg&#227;os<sup>33,34</sup>. </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao <italic>status</italic> do metabolismo da glicose, constatamos uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os n&#237;veis de glicose e o r-AI na an&#225;lise univariada. No entanto, essa rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi constitu&#237;da nas an&#225;lises multivariadas. Al&#233;m disso, na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, o 3&#186; tercil do r-AI estava associado com uma menor preval&#234;ncia de DM (OR = 0,41, CI de 95% 0,17-0,97, p = 0,042). Os estudos da associa&#231;&#227;o entre o diabete melito tipo 2 e o AI s&#227;o inconclusivos. Da mesma forma que os nossos resultados, Tomita e cols.<sup>35</sup> constataram, em uma amostra de pacientes com diabete tipo 2, uma associa&#231;&#227;o negativa do r-AI com a glicemia e a HbA1c. Lacy e cols.<sup>36</sup>, em an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltiplas, revelaram que o DM &#233; um significativo determinante da VOP, mas n&#227;o do AI. Ghiadoni e cols.<sup>37</sup> tamb&#233;m constataram diferen&#231;a entre pacientes normotensos com e sem s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Essa mesma tend&#234;ncia foi observada por Wilhelm e cols.<sup>38</sup>, comparando o DM tipo 2 e os controles. Por sua vez, Wilkinson e cols.<sup>39</sup> mostraram que o AI era significativamente elevado em pacientes diab&#233;ticos comparados aos controles combinados por sexo, idade, peso e altura. Mesmo n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a de AI entre os pacientes com metabolismo de glicose prejudicado e os controles normoglic&#234;micos, Schram e cols.<sup>40</sup> evidenciaram um AI a&#243;rtico mais alto em pacientes com DM comparados aos controles normoglic&#234;micos. No entanto, nosso estudo n&#227;o pode fornecer evid&#234;ncias desses mecanismos. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre r-AI e a menor preval&#234;ncia de DM podem simplesmente ter coexistido.</p>
    <p>Este estudo possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es importantes. Em primeiro lugar, o seu delineamento transversal e o n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de pacientes n&#227;o permitem a investiga&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre o AI e os resultados prim&#225;rios (acidente vascular cerebral e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio). Em segundo lugar, o AI pode ter sido influenciado pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Portanto, embora n&#227;o tenhamos regulado o AI com a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, medimos o AI ap&#243;s 10 minutos de descanso. Em terceiro lugar, devido ao fato de que nosso servi&#231;o &#233; um ambulat&#243;rio especializado, n&#227;o pod&#237;amos avaliar pacientes rec&#233;m-diagnosticados com hipertens&#227;o e sem tratamento anti-hipertensivo para este estudo.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, em nosso pa&#237;s, este &#233; um dos primeiros estudos a avaliar a import&#226;ncia da PA central e marcadores de rigidez arterial (r-AI) em brasileiros hipertensos. Nesta amostra, o peso, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e PA central se relacionaram independentemente com o r-AI. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES, CNPq, FAPESP e Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto/Hospital de Base - FUNFARME.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas dep&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Renan Oliveira Vaz-de-Melo</p>
        <p> Rua Professor Enjolrras Vampr&#233;, 201 Apt. 44 Bl. 3 - Vila Santa C&#226;ndida</p>
        <p> 15091-290 - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil</p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="renanovmelo@gmail.com">renanovmelo@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 13/09/10, revisado recebido em 27/01/11, aceito em 15/03/11.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Factors associated with increased radial augmentation index in hypertensive individuals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Arterial stiffness is a variable predictor of morbidity and mortality and a possible marker of vascular injury. Its non-invasive assessment by radial tonometry and analysis of the augmentation index (r-AI) allows identifying patients exposed to higher cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of r-AI on clinical-biochemical variables and its influence on the prevalence of target-organ damage in hypertensive patients. METHODS: 140 consecutive hypertensive patients, followed-up in an outpatient clinic, were analyzed in a cross-sectional study. Blood pressure (BP) levels and r-AI were obtained by applanation tonometry of the radial artery (HEM-9000AI, Onrom). The patients were allocated into r-AI tertiles (r-AI &lt; 85%; 85&lt; r-AI &lt; 97%; r-AI &gt; 97%). RESULTS: The sample was predominantly composed of women (56.4%), mean age of 61.7 &#177; 11.7 years and body mass index 29.6 &#177; 6.1 Kg/m&#178;. The highest tertile showed higher proportion of women (p = 0.001), higher systolic BP (p = 0.001) and pulse pressure (p = 0.014), and lower weight (p = 0.044), height (p &lt; 0.001) and heart rate (p &lt; 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that weight (&#946; = -0.001, p = 0.017), heart rate (&#946; = -0.001, p = 0.007) and central pressure (&#946; = 0.015, p &lt; 0.001) correlated independently with r-AI. In logistic regression analyses, the 3rd r-AI tertile was associated to lower levels of diabetes (DM) (OR = 0.41; 95% CI 0.17-0.97; p = 0.042). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that weight, heart rate and central BP were independently related to r-AI.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arteries</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>elasticity</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Factors associated with increased radial augmentation index in hypertensive individuals</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Renan Oliveira Vaz-de-Melo<sup>I</sup>; Adriana Giubilei Pimenta<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Tadeu Giollo J&#250;nior<sup>I</sup>; D&#233;bora Dada Martinelli<sup>I</sup>; Carolina Neves Cosenso Sacomani<sup>I</sup>; Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Paulo Cipullo<sup>I</sup>; Marco Ant&#244;nio Mota Gomes<sup>III</sup>; Heitor Moreno J&#250;nior<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Fernand Vilela-Martin<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o - Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - FAMERP, S&#227;o Paulo SP</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia Cardiovascular &#150; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Universidade Estadual de Campinas &#150; UNICAMP, Campinas, SP</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Estadual de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Alagoas &#150; UNCISAL, Macei&#243;, AL, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Arterial stiffness is a variable predictor of morbidity and mortality and a possible marker of vascular injury. Its non-invasive assessment by radial tonometry and analysis of the augmentation index (r-AI) allows identifying patients exposed to higher cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To analyze the influence of r-AI on clinical-biochemical variables and its influence on the prevalence of target-organ damage in hypertensive patients.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> 140 consecutive hypertensive patients, followed-up in an outpatient clinic, were analyzed in a cross-sectional study. Blood pressure (BP) levels and r-AI were obtained by applanation tonometry of the radial artery (HEM-9000AI, Onrom). The patients were allocated into r-AI tertiles (r-AI <underline>&lt;</underline> 85%; 85 &lt; r-AI <underline>&lt;</underline> 97%; r-AI &gt; 97%).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The sample was predominantly composed of women (56.4%), mean age of 61.7 &#177; 11.7 years and body mass index 29.6 &#177; 6.1 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>. The highest tertile showed higher proportion of women (p = 0.001), higher systolic BP (p = 0.001) and pulse pressure (p = 0.014), and lower weight (p = 0.044), height (p &lt; 0.001) and heart rate (p &lt; 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that weight (&#946; = -0.001, p = 0.017), heart rate (&#946; = -0.001, p = 0.007) and central pressure (&#946;= 0.015, p &lt; 0.001) correlated independently with r-AI. In logistic regression analyses, the 3rd r-AI tertile was associated to lower levels of diabetes (DM) (OR = 0.41; 95% CI 0.17-0.97; p = 0.042).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> This study demonstrated that weight. heart rate and central BP were independently related to r-AI.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Arteries / physiopathology; blood pressure; elasticity; hypertension; coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Since the publication of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) study<sup>1</sup>, the importance of assessment of arterial function and central blood pressure increased substantially. Despite the fact that brachial blood pressure is a powerful predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality<sup>2</sup>, these measurements do not reflect the pressure in the central circulation. Recent evidence showed that central blood pressure is more relevant to cardiovascular outcomes than pressures in the brachial artery<sup>1,3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is well recognized that arterial stiffness parameters predict clinical outcomes, such as coronary artery disease<sup>5,6</sup>, stroke<sup>6</sup>, urinary albumin excretion<sup>7,8</sup>, progression of chronic kidney disease<sup>9</sup>, survival in end-stage renal disease<sup>10</sup> and general cardiovascular risk<sup>11</sup>. The current standard for assessing this condition involves the measurement of several variables by noninvasive applanation tonometry, including the radial augmentation index (r-AI)<sup>12</sup>. r-AI, which is defined as an increase in pressure from the first systolic shoulder to the peak pressure of the aortic pressure waveform expressed as a percentage of peak pressure, has been correlated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)<sup>13</sup>, coronary artery disease<sup>5</sup>, urinary albumin excretion<sup>14</sup>, cardiovascular events<sup>15,16 </sup>and all-cause mortality16, representing an easier and quicker method to access the central pressure<sup>17,18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the fact that some variables such as age<sup>19,20</sup>, height<sup>11,18,20</sup>, heart rate<sup>11,19,21-24</sup>, gender<sup>11,18,19,21</sup>, systolic (SBP)20 and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)<sup>11,19,20</sup> have been correlated with the augmentation index, this relationship needs to be better established. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the influence of r-AI on the prevalence of target-organ damage and to correlate this measure of arterial stiffness with clinical and biochemical variables in Brazilian hypertensive patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Subjects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 140 consecutive hypertensive patients, aged <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 years, followed-up in an outpatient clinic from August/2009 to January/2010, were analyzed in a cross-sectional study. The study was previously approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the institution and all participants signed an informed consent. Individuals were allocated to three groups according r-AI tertiles: Group 1 (r-AI <underline>&lt;</underline> 85%) &#150; 44 patients; Group 2 (85 &lt; r-AI <underline>&lt;</underline> 97%) &#150; 47 patients; Group 3 (r-AI &gt; 97%) &#150; 49 patients. The exclusion criteria were: history of atrial fibrillation or frequent supra- or ventricular premature beats for which accurate radial waveforms could not be obtained by the system, age <underline>&gt;</underline> 70 years and secondary hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Biochemical analysis, demographic data and target-organ damage </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Peripheral blood was drawn in fasting for biochemical analysis of serum creatinine, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose. LDL-cholesterol was calculated by the Friedewald formula. Urinary albumin excretion (UAE) was determined by 24-h urine sample, considering normoalbuminuria as UAE &lt; 20 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/min, microalbuminuria as UAE between 20 and 200 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/min and macroalbuminuria as UAE <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/min.</p>
      <p>For the assessment of comorbidities, data regarding the presence of diabetes mellitus, medications in usage, body mass index [BMI = weight (kg) / height (cm)<sup>2</sup>], gender and other risk factors or necessary information were obtained from the medical record. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) were considered to be those who had been previously on hypoglycemic treatment or having fasting glucose levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dL on at least two occasions. </p>
      <p>The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the abbreviated MDRD (Modification on Diet in Renal Disease) formula. Renal failure was defined as eGFR <underline>&lt;</underline> 60 mL/min. LVH was determined by echocardiography, the normal left ventricular mass index (LVMI) for men was &lt; 103 g/m<sup>2</sup> and for women &lt; 89 g/m<sup>2</sup>, as suggested by the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Pulse wave and blood pressure analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Arterial pulse waveforms of the left radial artery were measured non-invasively by an automated tonometric system (HEM-9000AI; Omron Healthcare Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan) after 10 min of rest in a sitting position<sup>12</sup>. Pulse wave analyses were performed at least three times and the mean of measurements was analyzed. Radial arterial waveforms from this device, the first (P1) and late (second) systolic peaks (P2) were automatically identified using the fourth derivative wave as the second and third zero crossing points, respectively. Augmentation index (AI) was defined as the ratio of the height of P2 to that of P1. Brachial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate were measured simultaneously in the right brachium with an oscillometric device incorporated into the HEM-9000 AI. Late systolic BP in the radial artery (rSBP2), as an index of central BP<sup>26</sup>, was calculated by the following equation: rSBP2 = r-AI &#215; (SBP&#8722;DBP) + DBP, in which SBP and DBP are brachial systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. All measurements were performed after at least 8-h fasting.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The calculated size of the sample, admitting a deviation of 1% to reject the hypothesis of nullity, was 122 patients. Previous studies exploring similar issues<sup>7,21</sup> analyzed a sample size similar to this study. Descriptive analysis was performed for qualitative variables and quantitative results are presented as mean &#177; standard deviations. To compare the characteristics of patients ANOVA for quantitative and &#967;2 for qualitative variables were used. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the determinants of r-AI using various clinical variables. The variables that were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) in the univariate analysis were then evaluated in the multivariate analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using the Minitab 16.0 statistical software. For all tests, a p value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop079tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical and biochemical characteristics of the patients according to the tertiles of r-AI. There was an increase in the proportion of women into the highest tertile, with increasing levels of SBP and pulse pressure. In contrast, there was a progressive reduction in weight, height and heart rate with increasing r-AI, with no significant differences for biochemical and echocardiographic parameters. There were no differences in the history of diabetes, renal failure, LVH or alterations in urinary albumin excretion among tertiles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>), with the exception of a higher prevalence of LVH in the 3<sup>rd</sup> tertile of r-AI in relation to the 2<sup>nd</sup> tertile (p = 0.026).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop079tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0241-00087-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0241-00087-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Using logistic regression analyses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>), the third tertile of r-AI were associated with lower risk of diabetes mellitus (OR = 0.41; 95% CI 0.17-0.97; p = 0.042). There was no statistical significance (p &gt; 0.05) for LVH and renal failure in the logistic regression.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0241-00087-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Univariate (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>) and multivariate (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>) analyses were performed to assess factors determining r-AI. Univariate analysis showed that weight, height, gender, SBP, DBP, heart rate, pulse pressure, rSBP2 and glucose significantly correlated with r-AI. However, multivariate analysis demonstrated that only weight, heart rate and rSBP2 remained independently correlated with r-AI. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop079fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop079fig02-body2">2</xref> show the relationship between r-AI with the variables that showed significance in the univariate analysis.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop079fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0241-00087-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop079fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0241-00087-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0241-00087-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0241-00087-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, we analyzed factors related to r-AI in a sample of hypertensive patients. The measure of arterial compliance through radial artery tonometry is a simple and easier method to assess arterial stiffness<sup>17,18</sup>. AI is strongly correlated with a previously validated estimate of arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity (PWV)<sup>12,18</sup>. Its use to assess cardiovascular risk and drug effectiveness, as recently reported in the CAFE study, gives additional data for the stratification of cardiovascular risk and allows clinicians to customize antihypertensive therapies specifically to a single patient<sup>1,2,17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recent reports show that AI is closely related with cardiovascular risk<sup>11,16</sup>. London et al<sup>16</sup> found that the risk ratio for each 10% increase in AI was 1.51 (95% CI 1.23-1.86) for all-cause mortality and 1.48 (95% CI 1.16-1.90) for cardiovascular mortality in a sample of end-stage renal failure patients. N&#252;rnberger et al<sup>11</sup>, on the other hand, found that AI significantly increased with increasing risk scores for cardiovascular disease. </p>
      <p>Some studies have shown values that could be considered normal for AI using limits of normality based on the 95% confidence interval. Wojciechowska et al<sup>26</sup> in a European sample, proposed the value for peripheral AI of 90% for men and 100% for women. Shiburi et al<sup>27</sup> in a study which included black South Africans, proposed the thresholds to diagnose increased arterial stiffness the value at age 30 years of 100% for peripheral AI, with adjustment by 10% for each decade that age differs from 30 years. Li et al<sup>28</sup> in a sample of 924 Chinese patients without cardiovascular disease demonstrated the approximate values for normal peripheral AI of 105% in a 40-year-old patient. Finally, Chung et al<sup>29</sup> demonstrated in a Korean sample that peripheral AI of 100% may be the preliminary reference values. Despite these data, the estimation of reference values for peripheral AI in this Brazilian sample was not possible due to be a hypertensive sample with multiple comorbidities, which would prevent the validation of such data.</p>
      <p>According to previous studies, r-AI was significantly related to weight, height<sup>11,18</sup>, gender<sup>11,18,19,21,28-30</sup>, heart rate<sup>11,19,21-23</sup>, SBP<sup>23,30 </sup>and DBP<sup>11,19</sup>, pulse pressure and glucose levels in univariate analyses. In this study, this association remained significant only for weight, height and heart rate in multivariate analyses. Body composition affects the timing of arterial wave reflection, explaining the correlation between r-AI and weight and height<sup>31</sup>. Gatzka et al<sup>32</sup> studied pairs of older men and women matched by age, BMI, and BP levels, and found that women had stiffer elastic arteries, suggesting an effect of female hormonal status in this relationship<sup>31</sup>. </p>
      <p>Other factors previously related to AI levels, such as age<sup>19,29,30</sup>, BMI<sup>30</sup>, creatinine clearance<sup>30</sup>, hiperlipidemia<sup>29,30 </sup>and LVMI<sup>21</sup> were not associated with r-AI levels in this sample. Aging is associated with histological changes in walls of systemic arteries, mainly in the intima and the in the media. These structural changes in the elastic arteries cause an increase in both stiffness and resistance<sup>31</sup>, explaining the relationship between AI and age.</p>
      <p>There was no association between tertiles of r-AI and prevalence of the target-organ damage analyzed (renal failure, LVH and micro/macroalbuminuria). Despite this, there are reports that AI was associated with coronary artery disease<sup>5</sup>, urinary albumin excretion<sup>14</sup> and LVH<sup>13</sup>, suggesting a relationship between AI and target-organ damage. In relation to LVH, we found a high prevalence in this sample possibly due to the cutoff point adopted by the American Society of Echocardiography for its diagnosis<sup>25</sup>. The attenuation of the cushioning of elastic arteries amplifies the pressure pulsatility and increases the transmission of pulsatile energy to the peripheral microcirculation<sup>33</sup>. This occurs particularly in high-blood flow organs, such as brain and kidney, where pressure pulsatility penetrates further into the microcirculation, causing damage to these organs<sup>33,34</sup>. </p>
      <p>In relation to glucose metabolism status, we found an inverse relation between glucose levels and r-AI in the univariate analysis. However, when multivariate analyses are performed, this relationship is not present. Further, in the logistic regression, the 3<sup>rd</sup> tertile of r-AI was associated with lower prevalence of DM (OR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.17-0.97, p = 0.042). Studies of the association between type 2 DM and AI are inconclusive. Similarly to our results, Tomita et al<sup>35</sup> found in a sample of type 2 diabetic patients a negative association of r-AI to plasma glucose and HbA1c. Lacy et al<sup>36</sup> in a multiple regression analysis revealed that DM is a significant determinant of PWV, but not of AI. Guiadoni et al<sup>37</sup> also did not found any difference for AI between normotensive patients with and without metabolic syndrome. This same trend was observed by Wilhelm et al in a comparison between type 2 DM and controls<sup>38</sup>. On the other hand, Wilkinson et al<sup>39</sup> showed that AI was significantly high in diabetic patients compared with controls matched by sex, age, weight and height. Despite the fact that there was no difference for AI between patients with impaired glucose metabolism and normoglicemic controls, Schram et al<sup>40</sup> found a higher aortic AI in patients with DM compared to normoglicemic controls. However, our study cannot provide evidence for these mechanisms. The relationship between r-AI and lower prevalence of DM may have simply coexisted.</p>
      <p>This study has some limitations that deserve to be mentioned. Firstly, its cross-sectional design and relative small number of patients does not allow the investigation of the relationship between AI and primary outcomes (stroke and myocardial infarction). Secondly, the AI could have been influenced by heart rate. Therefore, although we did not adjust AI for heart rate, we measured it after 10 minutes of rest. Thirdly, due the fact of our service is a specialized outpatient clinic, we could not assess patients with newly diagnosed hypertension and without antihypertensive treatment for this study.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, in our country, this is one of the pioneering studies evaluating the importance of central BP and markers of arterial stiffness (r-AI) in Brazilian hypertensive individuals. In this sample, weight, heart rate and central BP were independently related to r-AI. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by CAPES, CNPq, FAPESP and Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto/Hospital de Base - FUNFARME.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
