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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Tgcv6HrZDXTbZQgGBZkvzVf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001200007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000085</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sensibilidade do eletrocardiograma na hipertrofia ventricular de acordo com g&#234;nero e massa card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Colossimo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco de Assis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Riera</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;s R. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bombig</surname>
            <given-names>Maria T. N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Valter C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria C. O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>L. Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Br&#225;ulio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Dilma</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Povoa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui M. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>225</fpage>
      <lpage>231</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Sabe-se que v&#225;rios fatores interferem na sensibilidade do Eletrocardiograma (ECG) no diagn&#243;stico da Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda (HVE), sendo o g&#234;nero e a massa card&#237;aca alguns dos principais. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do sexo na sensibilidade de alguns dos crit&#233;rios utilizados para a detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE, de acordo com a progress&#227;o do grau de hipertrofia ventricular. M&#201;TODOS: De acordo com o g&#234;nero e com o grau de HVE ao ecocardiograma, os pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: HVE leve, moderada e severa. Avaliou-se a sensibilidade do ECG para detectar HVE entre homens e mulheres, conforme o grau de HVE. RESULTADOS: Dos 874 pacientes, 265 eram homens (30,3%) e 609, mulheres (69,7%). Os crit&#233;rios [(S + R) X QRS], Sokolow-Lyon, Romhilt-Estes, Per&#250;gia e padr&#227;o strain mostraram alto poder discriminat&#243;rio no diagn&#243;stico de HVE entre homens e mulheres nos tr&#234;s grupos de HVE, com desempenho superior na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina e destaque para os escores [(S + R) X QRS] e Per&#250;gia. CONCLUS&#195;O: A sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica do ECG &#233; maior com o aumento da massa card&#237;aca. O exame &#233; mais sens&#237;vel entre homens, destacando-se os escores [(S + R) X QRS] e Per&#250;gia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertrofia ventricular esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>identidade de g&#234;nero</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Sensibilidade do eletrocardiograma na hipertrofia ventricular de acordo com g&#234;nero e massa card&#237;aca</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ana P. Colossimo; Francisco de Assis Costa; Andr&#233;s R. P. Riera; Maria T. N. Bombig; Valter C. Lima; Francisco A. H. Fonseca; Maria C. O. Izar; Br&#225;ulio L. Filho; Dilma Souza; Rui M. S. Povoa</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Sabe-se que v&#225;rios fatores interferem na sensibilidade do Eletrocardiograma (ECG) no diagn&#243;stico da Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda (HVE), sendo o g&#234;nero e a massa card&#237;aca alguns dos principais.</p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do sexo na sensibilidade de alguns dos crit&#233;rios utilizados para a detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE, de acordo com a progress&#227;o do grau de hipertrofia ventricular.</p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> De acordo com o g&#234;nero e com o grau de HVE ao ecocardiograma, os pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: HVE leve, moderada e severa. Avaliou-se a sensibilidade do ECG para detectar HVE entre homens e mulheres, conforme o grau de HVE.</p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Dos 874 pacientes, 265 eram homens (30,3%) e 609, mulheres (69,7%). Os crit&#233;rios [(S + R) X QRS], Sokolow-Lyon, Romhilt-Estes, Per&#250;gia e padr&#227;o strain mostraram alto poder discriminat&#243;rio no diagn&#243;stico de HVE entre homens e mulheres nos tr&#234;s grupos de HVE, com desempenho superior na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina e destaque para os escores [(S + R) X QRS] e Per&#250;gia.</p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica do ECG &#233; maior com o aumento da massa card&#237;aca. O exame &#233; mais sens&#237;vel entre homens, destacando-se os escores [(S + R) X QRS] e Per&#250;gia.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Eletrocardiografia, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, hipertens&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, identidade de g&#234;nero.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A HVE &#233; preditor independente de morbimortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o geral quando diagnosticada, tanto pelo ECG quanto pelo ecocardiograma<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Desde as observa&#231;&#245;es pioneiras do <italic>Framingham Heart Study</italic>, v&#225;rios estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos destacaram a HVE como um dos mais importantes fatores de risco para angina do peito, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, acidente vascular cerebral e morte s&#250;bita<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entre os diversos m&#233;todos proped&#234;uticos para o diagn&#243;stico de HVE, o menos dispendioso, o mais amplamente difundido e de f&#225;cil interpreta&#231;&#227;o &#233; o ECG, que apresenta alta especificidade, por&#233;m baixa sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica. Entretanto, apesar dessa limita&#231;&#227;o, continua sendo um exame complementar largamente utilizado na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica e tamb&#233;m em v&#225;rios estudos populacionais, tanto na preven&#231;&#227;o quanto na an&#225;lise da regress&#227;o do processo hipertr&#243;fico<sup>3,4</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, o ECG apresenta excelente reprodutibilidade, sendo muito &#250;til no acompanhamento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Algumas situa&#231;&#245;es podem alterar a sensibilidade do eletrocardiograma no diagn&#243;stico da HVE, sendo o g&#234;nero uma das principais<sup>5-7</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do g&#234;nero na sensibilidade de alguns dos crit&#233;rios utilizados para a detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE, de acordo com a progress&#227;o do grau de hipertrofia ventricular. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2006 a dezembro de 2009 foram analisados os eletrocardiogramas de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es de 874 pacientes hipertensos, acompanhados ambulatorialmente, em uso regular de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes que apresentavam doen&#231;a orovalvar, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana aguda ou cr&#244;nica, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a de Chagas, dist&#250;rbios do ritmo, bloqueios de ramo, uso de digital, s&#237;ndromes de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, pacientes com grandes massas do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE), qualidade t&#233;cnica inadequada do ecocardiograma ou qualquer outra condi&#231;&#227;o que potencialmente pudesse distorcer a geometria do VE e a an&#225;lise eletrocardiogr&#225;fica. O protocolo do estudo foi devidamente aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp-EPM).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eletrocardiograma</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizado ECG de repouso com o paciente em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, obtendo-se as 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, velocidade de registro de 25 mm/s, calibra&#231;&#227;o padronizada para 1,0 mV/cm (aparelho Dixtal EP3, Brasil). O tra&#231;ado foi decodificado e, para an&#225;lise das diversas vari&#225;veis, utilizou-se lupa que permitia aumento de cinco vezes em sua face de contato com o tra&#231;ado, para maior precis&#227;o da an&#225;lise. Foram quantificados, pelo mesmo observador, um cardiologista de grande experi&#234;ncia, o eixo e a dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS, a amplitude da onda R nas deriva&#231;&#245;es D<sub>1</sub>, aV<sub>L</sub>, V<sub>5</sub> e V<sub>6</sub>, a amplitude da onda S em V<sub>1</sub>, V<sub>2 </sub>e V<sub>3,</sub> o padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic> em V<sub>5</sub> e V<sub>6</sub>, bem como a maior amplitude das ondas R e S nas deriva&#231;&#245;es do plano horizontal. Foram avaliados, em separado, oito crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de HVE.</p>
    <p>1. Maior S + maior R no plano horizontal multiplicado pela maior dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS [(S + R) X QRS]: soma da maior amplitude da onda S com a maior amplitude da onda R no plano horizontal (em mm), multiplicando-se o total pela dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS (em segundos), onde esse for mais largo, normalmente nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V<sub>2</sub> ou V<sub>3</sub>. O escore de HVE pelo ECG &#233; definido quando o resultado &#233; <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,8 mm.s<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>2. Crit&#233;rio de Sokolow-Lyon voltagem: SV<sub>1</sub> + RV<sub>5</sub> ou V<sub>6</sub><underline>&gt;</underline> 35 mm<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>3. Crit&#233;rio de Cornell voltagem: RaV<sub>L</sub> + SV<sub>3</sub><underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mm para mulheres e <underline>&gt;</underline> 28 mm para homens<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>4. Crit&#233;rio de Cornell dura&#231;&#227;o: (RaV<sub>L</sub> + SV<sub>3</sub>) X dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS, para mulheres adicionar 8 mm, <underline>&gt;</underline> 2440 mm.ms<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>5. Escore de pontos de Romhilt-Estes: maior amplitude de R ou S <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 mm no plano horizontal ou <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mm no plano frontal ou padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic> em V<sub>5</sub> ou V<sub>6</sub> (se em uso de digital vale apenas um ponto) ou crescimento do &#225;trio esquerdo pelo &#237;ndice de Morris (tr&#234;s pontos); eixo el&#233;trico de &#194;QRS acima de menos 30 graus (dois pontos); dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 ms em V<sub>5</sub> ou V<sub>6</sub> ou tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular <underline>&gt;</underline> 50 ms em V<sub>5</sub> ou V<sub>6</sub> (um ponto). Por esse escore HVE &#233; diagnosticada quando a soma &#233; <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 pontos<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>6. Onda R de aV<sub>L</sub><underline>&gt;</underline> 11 mm<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>7. Escore de Per&#250;gia: HVE &#233; diagnosticada pela presen&#231;a de um ou mais dos seguintes achados &#150; crit&#233;rio de Cornell, considerando o limite para mulheres <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mm e para homens <underline>&gt;</underline> 24 mm, escore de Romhilt-Estes e padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic><sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>8. Presen&#231;a do padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic>: definido como uma depress&#227;o convexa do segmento ST com invers&#227;o assim&#233;trica da onda T oposta ao complexo QRS nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V<sub>5</sub> ou V<sub>6</sub><sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de reprodutibilidade do m&#233;todo foi feita por tr&#234;s observadores que interpretaram, de forma independente, 100 tra&#231;ados de ECG retirados aleatoriamente para an&#225;lise da amplitude das ondas R e S e dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os exames foram realizados no Servi&#231;o de EcoDopplercardiografia da Unifesp-EPM (aparelho ATL 1500, USA), com transdutores de 2,0 e 3,5 MHz. O paciente era posicionado em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo e as imagens obtidas a partir da regi&#227;o paraesternal esquerda entre o quarto ou quinto espa&#231;o intercostal, procedendo-se aos cortes habituais para completo estudo aos modos M e bidimensional, simultaneamente ao registro do ECG. De acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Conven&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Penn</italic>, as seguintes medidas foram efetuadas: tamanho do VE em s&#237;stole e di&#225;stole, espessura do septo interventricular e da parede posterior do VE no final da di&#225;stole, volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico finais, percentual de encurtamento diast&#243;lico e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo do cubo. A massa do VE foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula: massa do VE = 0,8 X {1,04 [(SIVD + DDVE + PPVED)<sup>3</sup> &#150; (DDVE)<sup>3</sup>]} + 0,6 g<sup>15</sup>, onde SIVD &#233; o septo interventricular em di&#225;stole, DDVE &#233; o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE e PPVED &#233; a parede posterior do VE em di&#225;stole. A massa do VE foi indexada para a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea para ajuste das diferen&#231;as do tamanho do cora&#231;&#227;o &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es do tamanho do paciente. A superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula: SC = (P &#150; 60) X 0,01 + H, onde SC &#233; a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea, em m<sup>2</sup>, P &#233; o peso, em Kg, e H &#233; a altura, em metros<sup>16</sup>. O &#205;ndice de Massa Corp&#243;rea (IMC) foi calculado pela divis&#227;o do peso (Kg) pelo quadrado da altura (m). Os pacientes foram divididos por g&#234;nero e pelo grau de hipertrofia ventricular, calculado pelo ecocardiograma, conforme as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of Echocardiography<sup>17</sup>, conforme resumido na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Assim, considerou-se, para a popula&#231;&#227;o feminina, HVE leve quando o IMVE situava-se entre 89-100 g/m<sup>2</sup>; HVE moderada com IMVE entre 101-112 g/m<sup>2</sup> e HVE severa com IMVE acima de 113 g/m<sup>2</sup>. J&#225; para a popula&#231;&#227;o masculina considerou-se HVE leve quando o IMVE encontrava-se entre 103-116 g/m<sup>2</sup>; HVE moderada com IMVE entre 117-130 g/m<sup>2</sup> e HVE severa com IMVE acima de 131 g/m<sup>2</sup>. Fez-se o estudo da sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica dos oito m&#233;todos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos aqui avaliados com os tr&#234;s graus de hipertrofia descritos, sempre comparando os resultados obtidos entre homens e mulheres.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0225-00085-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em percentagem. Todas as probabilidades de signific&#226;ncia (valores de p) apresentados s&#227;o do tipo bicaudal. Valores de sensibilidade foram estimados em cada uma de duas amostras independentes e, em seguida, comparados com teste exato se Fisher. Para o estudo da reprodutibilidade utilizou-se o teste de Kappa<sup>18</sup>. Nesse teste admite-se que valores acima de 0,75 sejam considerados excelentes, abaixo de 0,40 como de pobre concord&#226;ncia, e entre 0,40 e 0,75 como de boa concord&#226;ncia. Para a verifica&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, em todas as compara&#231;&#245;es, foram considerados intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% e p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 874 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, todos com HVE diagnosticada ecocardiograficamente, 265 eram do g&#234;nero masculino (30,3%) e 609 do g&#234;nero feminino (69,7%), com m&#233;dia de idade de 59,7 &#177; 10,8 anos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o por g&#234;nero e por grau de HVE, bem como as caracter&#237;sticas gerais da amostra estudada. </p>
    <p>No que se refere aos valores de sensibilidade, observa-se que na quase totalidade os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o mais eficazes em diagnosticar HVE na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o do crit&#233;rio de Cornell voltagem que foi o &#250;nico com melhor desempenho entre as mulheres nos tr&#234;s graus de HVE, embora estatisticamente significante apenas no grupo com HVE severa. Apenas os crit&#233;rios [(S + R) X QRS] e Cornell voltagem apresentaram percentuais progressivos de sensibilidade de acordo com o aumento do grau de HVE. Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada os crit&#233;rios [(S + R) X QRS], Sokolow-Lyon, Romhilt-Estes, Per&#250;gia e padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic> mostraram alto poder discriminat&#243;rio no diagn&#243;stico de HVE entre homens e mulheres nos tr&#234;s graus de hipertrofia, com desempenho muito superior na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina e destaque para os escores [(S + R) X QRS] e Per&#250;gia, como demonstra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop078tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop078tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0225-00085-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Quanto ao estudo da reprodutibilidade, o n&#237;vel de concord&#226;ncia entre os tr&#234;s observadores variou de 0,82 a 0,98, n&#250;meros considerados excelentes. A primeira cifra corresponde &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS e a &#250;ltima &#224; amplitude das ondas R e S.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> ilustra um tra&#231;ado de ECG de uma paciente da presente amostra, em que, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o do crit&#233;rio R de aV<sub>L</sub><underline>&gt;</underline> 11 mm, est&#227;o presentes todos os outros crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos aqui estudados de HVE. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref> mostra o ecocardiograma modo-M da mesma paciente, onde se veem as tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis utilizadas para c&#225;lculo da massa ventricular esquerda. O intervalo entre os dois exames foi de 25 dias. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0225-00085-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0225-00085-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#201; patente a influ&#234;ncia do g&#234;nero e do aumento da massa ventricular esquerda na sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica do ECG em rela&#231;&#227;o a HVE.</p>
    <p>A HVE &#233; um marcador de alto risco cardiovascular, independentemente de comorbidades, sem distin&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o a etnia, presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica ou doen&#231;a coronariana, tanto em estudos cl&#237;nicos como em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, havendo nitidamente uma estreita rela&#231;&#227;o entre HVE e eventos cardiovasculares adversos. Da&#237; a import&#226;ncia de sua detec&#231;&#227;o por m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos de baixo custo e de f&#225;cil aplicabilidade em grandes popula&#231;&#245;es, assim como do conhecimento da interfer&#234;ncia de popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, como &#233; o caso dos g&#234;neros masculino e feminino, obesos, idosos e tabagistas<sup>6,19-21</sup>.</p>
    <p>A HVE geralmente leva a um aumento da amplitude do complexo QRS, com consequente desvio de orienta&#231;&#227;o para a esquerda e posterior das for&#231;as el&#233;tricas, disso originando ondas S profundas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas. Por outro lado, a maior ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular transversa, resultado da HVE, acarreta aumento na dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e da deflex&#227;o intrinsecoide (intervalo entre o in&#237;cio da inscri&#231;&#227;o e o ponto m&#225;ximo do complexo QRS nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais esquerdas)<sup>3,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo utilizou-se o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico como refer&#234;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico de HVE. A f&#243;rmula de Devereux modificada<sup>15</sup> apresenta boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a massa ventricular esquerda em estudos de necropsia (r = 0,90; p &lt; 0,001) e aplica-se a ventr&#237;culos de conforma&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica normal, considerados elipsoides e dentro de padr&#245;es que permitam extrapolar o volume pela f&#243;rmula do cubo. Apesar da ineg&#225;vel contribui&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma no diagn&#243;stico e no conhecimento da HVE, seu custo &#233; muito superior ao do ECG, al&#233;m de sofrer limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas no que se refere &#224; reprodutibilidade, j&#225; que &#233; bastante dependente do observador, fato que restringe sua participa&#231;&#227;o em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Como j&#225; frisado, sabe-se que o diagn&#243;stico eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de HVE sofre influ&#234;ncias de alguns fatores, como idade, obesidade, tabagismo e g&#234;nero<sup>6</sup>, este &#250;ltimo objeto deste estudo. Levy e cols.<sup>6</sup> demonstraram, em pacientes do <italic>Framingham Heart Study</italic>, que a preval&#234;ncia de HVE foi maior em mulheres do que em homens, ao estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, achado que n&#227;o se confirmou eletrocardiograficamente (mulheres = 5,6%; homens = 9,0%; p = 0,075).</p>
    <p>Na amostra aqui avaliada, os pacientes foram divididos por g&#234;nero e por graus progressivos de HVE. Como &#233; de conhecimento geral, O ECG &#233; um exame que apresenta alta especificidade e baixa sensibilidade na detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE na popula&#231;&#227;o geral de indiv&#237;duos com cora&#231;&#245;es hipertr&#243;ficos. Por&#233;m, desconhece-se o comportamento da acur&#225;cia desse m&#233;todo em graus crescentes de massa ventricular esquerda, fato muito importante, uma vez que a hipertrofia da c&#233;lula mioc&#225;rdica aumenta a massa muscular globalmente, mas isso n&#227;o significa, necessariamente, maior gera&#231;&#227;o de potencial el&#233;trico. Com efeito, o contrassenso entre um VE hipertrofiado e a aus&#234;ncia de incremento do complexo QRS pode ser justificado pela maior quantidade de fibras col&#225;genas no cora&#231;&#227;o. Essas fibras desenvolvem-se paralelamente ao processo de HVE. Como resultado, h&#225; isolamento das fibras card&#237;acas com consequente isquemia, morte celular e repara&#231;&#227;o substitutiva por mais tecido col&#225;geno. Assim, embora o cora&#231;&#227;o apresente-se com massa aumentada, sua capacidade de gerar potencial el&#233;trico pode at&#233; mesmo estar diminu&#237;da<sup>22-24</sup>. Relevante notar que as vari&#225;veis idade, superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea e &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea eram muito semelhantes em ambos os g&#234;neros, o que praticamente exclui a interfer&#234;ncia destes fatores nos resultados do IMVE.</p>
    <p>Okin e cols.<sup>25</sup>, em estudo com 389 pacientes, dos quais 116 apresentavam HVE, sugerem que a pior performance do ECG em mulheres pode ser parcialmente atribu&#237;da &#224; menor voltagem e dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS, em virtude das diferen&#231;as de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea e dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas observadas entre os sexos. Por outro lado, sabe-se que a indexa&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular esquerda praticamente elimina este problema<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>No estudo da sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica do ECG, objetivo maior desta pesquisa, observa-se excelente <italic>performance</italic> dos crit&#233;rios [(S + R) X QRS], Sokolow-Lyon voltagem, Romhilt-Estes, Per&#250;gia e padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic>, principalmente com a progress&#227;o do grau de hipertrofia, confirmando que o ECG &#233; mais eficaz em diagnosticar HVE na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina, talvez um reflexo da maior express&#227;o do complexo QRS (amplitude e dura&#231;&#227;o) entre os homens<sup>24</sup>. Contrariando tal l&#243;gica, a exce&#231;&#227;o foi o crit&#233;rio de Cornell voltagem que, nos tr&#234;s graus de HVE, teve melhor desempenho entre as mulheres, embora com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica apenas no grupo com HVE severa. </p>
    <p>Alfakih e cols.<sup>7</sup>, em estudo que avaliou tr&#234;s dos m&#233;todos aqui utilizados, tendo como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia de compara&#231;&#227;o para HVE a resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica, demonstraram que os crit&#233;rios de Cornell voltagem e Cornell dura&#231;&#227;o foram mais eficazes no diagn&#243;stico de HVE em homens, enquanto o crit&#233;rio de Sokolow-Lyon produto foi superior na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina. Costa e cols.<sup>26</sup>, estudando pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica em est&#225;gio 5, cuja preval&#234;ncia de HVE foi de 83% e m&#233;dia de IMVE de 154,9 &#177; 57,3 g/m<sup>2</sup>, tamb&#233;m mostraram que os crit&#233;rios de Sokolow-Lyon voltagem, Sokolow-Lyon produto, Cornell voltagem, Cornell produto e Romhilt-Estes diagnosticaram mais HVE na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo a avalia&#231;&#227;o do escore [(S + R) X QRS], que, no trabalho original, que apresentou esse novo escore, com 1.204 pacientes hipertensos controlados, encontrou sensibilidade de 35,2% e especificidade de 88,7% para o diagn&#243;stico de HVE, tamb&#233;m apresentou boa sensibilidade, sobretudo na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina. Esse crit&#233;rio, que utiliza a soma da maior onda R com a maior onda S no plano horizontal, multiplicada pela maior dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS, tem consistente embasamento do ponto de vista f&#237;sico, pois a rela&#231;&#227;o da atividade el&#233;trica aumentada na HVE revela-se por um vetor espacial que possui amplitude e dura&#231;&#227;o. A maior express&#227;o das ondas R e S e do complexo QRS, representados por esse vetor, mostrou boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a massa ventricular esquerda<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pode-se concluir, com base na presente s&#233;rie, que o ECG mostra melhor desempenho no diagn&#243;stico de HVE na medida em que aumenta a massa ventricular esquerda. Tamb&#233;m se pode concluir que, para qualquer grau de HVE, o ECG de um modo geral &#233; mais sens&#237;vel para fazer seu diagn&#243;stico no g&#234;nero masculino. Nessa mesma popula&#231;&#227;o os escores [(S + R) X QRS] e de Per&#250;gia apresentaram melhor sensibilidade na amostra aqui estudada. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Ana Paula Colossimo pela UNIFESP.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Francisco de Assis Costa</p>
        <p> Av. Fernandes Lima, km 5 &#150; Farol &#150; Hospital do A&#231;&#250;car</p>
        <p> 57055-000 &#150; Macei&#243;, AL - Brasil</p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="facosta@cardiol.br">facosta@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fcostahemo@hotmail.com">fcostahemo@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 20/12/10; revisado recebido em 23/12/10; aceito em 06/04/11.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Electrocardiogram sensitivity in left ventricular hypertrophy according to gender and cardiac mass</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Several factors are known to interfere with electrocardiogram (ECG) sensitivity when diagnosing Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH), with gender and cardiac mass being two of the most important ones OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of gender on the sensitivity of some of the criteria used to detect LVH, according to the progression of ventricular hypertrophy degree. METHODS: According to gender and the degree of LVH at the echocardiogram, the patients were divided in three groups: mild, moderate and severe LVH. ECG sensitivity to detect LVH was assessed between men and women, according to the LVH degree. RESULTS: Of the 874 patients, 265 were males (30.3%) and 609, females (69.7%). The [(S + R) X QRS], Sokolow-Lyon, Romhilt-Estes, Perugia and strain criteria showed high discriminatory power in the diagnosis of LVH between men and women in the three groups with LVH, with a superior performance in the male population and highlighting the importance of the [(S + R) X QRS] and Perugia scores. Conclusion: The diagnostic sensitivity of the ECG increases with the cardiac mass. The examination is more sensitive in men, highlighting the importance of the [(S + R) X QRS] and Perugia scores. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic sensitivity of the ECG increases with the cardiac mass. The examination is more sensitive in men, highlighting the importance of the [(S + R) X QRS] and Perugia scores.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertrophy, left ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>gender identify</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Electrocardiogram sensitivity in left ventricular hypertrophy according to gender and cardiac mass</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ana P. Colossimo; Francisco de Assis Costa; Andr&#233;s R. P. Riera; Maria T. N. Bombig; Valter C. Lima; Francisco A. H. Fonseca; Maria C. O. Izar; Br&#225;ulio L. Filho; Dilma Souza; Rui M. S. Povoa</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Several factors are known to interfere with electrocardiogram (ECG) sensitivity when diagnosing Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH), with gender and cardiac mass being two of the most important ones.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the influence of gender on the sensitivity of some of the criteria used to detect LVH, according to the progression of ventricular hypertrophy degree.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> According to gender and the degree of LVH at the echocardiogram, the patients were divided in three groups: mild, moderate and severe LVH. ECG sensitivity to detect LVH was assessed between men and women, according to the LVH degree.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of the 874 patients, 265 were males (30.3%) and 609, females (69.7%). The [(S + R) X QRS], Sokolow-Lyon, Romhilt-Estes, Perugia and strain criteria showed high discriminatory power in the diagnosis of LVH between men and women in the three groups with LVH, with a superior performance in the male population and highlighting the importance of the [(S + R) X QRS] and Perugia scores.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The diagnostic sensitivity of the ECG increases with the cardiac mass, The examination is more sensitive in men. highlighting the importance of the [(S + R) X QRS] and Perugia scores.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Electrocardiography; hypertrophy. left ventricular; hypertension; heart failure. gender identify.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent predictor of morbimortality in the general population when diagnosed by either the ECG or the echocardiogram<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Since the pioneer observations of the Framingham Heart Study, several epidemiological studies have highlighted LVH as one of the most important risk factors for angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, heart failure, cerebrovascular accident and sudden death<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the several propaedeutic methods for the diagnosis of LVH, the least expensive, most broadly disseminated and easier to interpret method is the electrocardiogram (ECG), which presents high specificity, although it has low diagnosis sensitivity. However, in spite of this limitation, it remains a broadly used complementary test in medical practice as well as in population studies, in the prevention as well as in the analysis of regression of the hypertrophic process<sup>3,4</sup>. Additionally, the ECG has excellent reproducibility, being very useful in the clinical follow-up of the patients. </p>
      <p>Some situations can alter the ECG sensitivity in the LVH diagnosis, with gender being one of the most important<sup>5-7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to assess the influence of gender on the sensitivity of some criteria used for LVH detection, according to the progression of the ventricular hypertrophy degree. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From March 2006 to December 2009, 12-lead electrocardiograms of 874 hypertensive patients that were followed at the outpatient clinic and regularly used anti-hypertensive medication were analyzed. Patients that had orovalvular disease, acute or chronic coronary artery disease, previous myocardial infarction, Chagas' disease, rhythm disorders, bundle branch blocks, used digitalis, had ventricular pre-excitation syndrome, patients with large left ventricular (LV) masses and those with inadequate technical quality of the echocardiogram or any other condition that could potentially distort the LV geometry and the electrocardiographic analysis, were excluded. </p>
      <p>The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp-EPM).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Electrocardiogram</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The resting ECG was carried out with the patient in the supine position, obtaining the 12-lead electrocardiogram with a velocity of 25 mm/s, standard calibration for 1.0 mV/cm (Dixtal EP3 equipment, Brazil). The ECG tracing was decoded and, for the analysis of several variables, a magnifying lens that allowed a magnification of 5x on its contact surface with the tracing was used, to obtain higher precision in the analysis. The QRS complex axis and duration, the R-wave amplitude in leads D1, aVL, V5 and V6, the S-wave amplitude in V1, V2 and V3, the strain pattern in V5 and V6, as well as a higher amplitude of the R and S waves in the horizontal plane leads were quantified by the same observer, a very experienced cardiologist. Eight LVH electrocardiographic criteria were separately analyzed. </p>
      <p>1. Higher S + higher R in the horizontal plane multiplied by the longest duration of QRS [(S + R) X QRS]: addition of higher amplitude of S wave with the higher amplitude of R wave in the horizontal plane (em mm), multiplying the total by the duration of the QRS complex (in seconds), where the latter is the broadest, normally in leads V<sub>2</sub> or V<sub>3</sub>. The LVH score by the ECG is defined when the result is <underline>&gt;</underline> 2.8 mm.s<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>2. Sokolow-Lyon voltage criterion: SV<sub>1</sub> + RV<sub>5</sub> or V<sub>6</sub><underline>&gt;</underline> 35 mm<sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>3. Cornell voltage criterion: RaV<sub>L</sub> + SV<sub>3</sub><underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mm for women and <underline>&gt;</underline> 28 mm for men<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>4. Cornell duration criterion: (RaV<sub>L</sub> + SV<sub>3</sub>) X QRS duration; for women, add 8 mm, <underline>&gt;</underline> 2440 mm.ms<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>5. Romhilt-Estes score: higher amplitude of R or S <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 mm in the horizontal plane or <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mm in the frontal plane or strain pattern <italic>in</italic> V<sub>5</sub> or V<sub>6</sub> (when using digital it is worth only one point) or left atrial enlargement by the Morris index (three points); &#194;QRS electrical axis &gt; -30 degrees (two points); QRS duration <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 ms in V<sub>5</sub> or V<sub>6</sub> or ventricular activation time <underline>&gt;</underline> 50 ms in V<sub>5</sub> or V<sub>6</sub> (one point). Using this score, LVH is diagnosed when the score <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 points<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>6. R wave of aV<sub>L</sub><underline>&gt;</underline> 11 mm<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>7. Perugia score: LVH is diagnosed by the presence of one or more of the following findings: Cornell criteria, considering the limit for women <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 mm and for men <underline>&gt;</underline> 24 mm, Romhilt-Estes score and strain pattern<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>8. Presence of strain pattern: defined as a convex depression of ST segment with asymmetric inversion of T wave opposed to the QRS complex in leads V<sub>5</sub> or V<sub>6</sub><sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The analysis of method reproducibility was carried out by three observers that independently interpreted 100 ECG tracings randomly removed for analysis of the amplitude of the R and S waves and QRS complex duration.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Transthoracic Echocardiogram </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The examinations were carried out at the Doppler Echocardiography Service of Unifesp-EPM (ATL 1500 equipment, USA), with de 2.0 and 3.5 MHz transducers. The patient was positioned in left lateral decubitus and the images were obtained from the left parasternal region between the fourth or fifth intercostal space and the usual slices were performed to carry out the complete study in M-mode and two-dimensional mode, simultaneously to the ECG registry. According to the recommendations of the Penn Convention, the following measurements were obtained: LV size in systole and diastole; thickness of the interventricular septum and LV posterior wall at the end of the diastole, left ventricular-end diastolic and systolic volume, percentage of diastolic shortening and ejection fraction by the cube method. LV mass was calculated by the formula: LV mass = 0.8 X {1.04 [(IVSD + LVEDD + LVPWD)<sup>3</sup> &#150; (LVEDD)<sup>3</sup>]} + 0,6 g<sup>15</sup>, where IVSD is the interventricular septum in diastole, LVEDD is the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and LVPWD is the LV posterior wall in diastole. The LV mass was indexed for body surface area to adjust for differences in heart size according to the patient's size. Body surface was calculated by the formula: BS = (W &#150; 60) X 0.01 + H, where BS is the body surface in m<sup>2</sup>, W is the weight in Kg and H is height in meters<sup>16</sup>. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the weight (Kg) by the square height (m). The patients were divided by gender and degree of ventricular hypertrophy, calculated by the echocardiogram, according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of Echocardiography<sup>17</sup>, as summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Thus, mild LVH was considered, for the female population, when the LVMI was 89-100 g/m<sup>2</sup>; moderate LVH with LVMI of 101-112 g/m<sup>2</sup> and severe LVH with LVMI &gt; 113 g/m<sup>2</sup>. For the male population, these values were 103-116 g/m<sup>2</sup>; 117-130 g/m<sup>2</sup> and &gt; 131 g/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The study of diagnostic sensitivity was carried out in the eight ECG methods evaluated herein, with the three degrees of hypertrophy described, always comparing the results obtained between men and women. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0225-00085-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Continuous variables were expressed as means and standard deviations. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages. All significance probabilities (p values) are two-tailed. Sensitivity values were estimated in each one of two independent samples and then compared using Fisher Exact Test. Kappa test was used for the reproducibility study<sup>18</sup>. In this test, values &gt; 0.75 are considered excellent ones; values &lt; 0.40 are considered as poor concordance and those between 0.40 and 0.75 as good concordance. Statistical significance was verified in all comparisons by using 95% confidence intervals and a p value &lt; 0.05. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 874 patients included in the study, all with LVH identified by echocardiography, 265 were males (30.3%) and 609 were females (69.7%), with a mean age of 59.7 &#177; 10.8 years. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the distribution by gender and by LVH degree, as well as the general characteristics of the studied sample. </p>
      <p>Regarding the sensitivity values, it can be observed that for almost all of them, the electrocardiographic criteria are more effective in diagnosing LVH in the male population, except for the Cornell voltage criteria, which was the only one with a better performance among female individuals in the three degrees of LVH, although statistically significant only in the group with severe LVH. Only the [(S + R) X QRS] and Cornell voltage criteria showed progressive sensitivity percentages according to the increase in LVH degree. In the studied population, the [(S + R) X QRS], Sokolow-Lyon, Romhilt-Estes, Perugia and strain pattern criteria showed high discriminatory power in the diagnosis of LVH between men and women in the three degrees of hypertrophy, with a much superior performance in the male population and highlighting the [(S + R) X QRS] and Perugia scores, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop078tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop078tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0225-00085-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As for the reproducibility study, the level of concordance among the three observers varied from 0.82 to 0.98, and were considered excellent. The first value corresponds to the QRS complex and the last to the amplitude of R and S waves. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> illustrates an ECG tracing of a patient from the present sample, which has all other electrocardiographic criteria of LVH studied herein, except for the criterion R of aVL <underline>&gt;</underline> 11 mm. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the M-mode echocardiogram of the same patient, disclosing the three variables used for the calculation of LV mass. The interval between the examinations was 25 days. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0225-00085-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0225-00085-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The influence of gender and LV mass increase on the diagnostic sensitivity of the ECG in relation to LVH is clear. </p>
      <p>LVH is a marker of high cardiovascular risk, regardless of comorbidities, with no difference regarding ethnicity, presence or absence of systemic arterial hypertension or coronary disease, in both clinical and epidemiological studies, with a close association between LVH and adverse cardiovascular events. Hence, the importance of its detection by low-cost and easy-to-apply diagnostic methods in large populations, as well as the knowledge of interference in specific populations, as in the case of the male and female genders, the obese, the elderly and smokers<sup>6,19-21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The LVH usually leads to an increase in the QRS complex amplitude, and, consequently, the electrical forces shift to the left and posteriorly, originating deep S waves in the right precordial leads. On the other hand, the higher transverse ventricular activation, a result of the LVH, causes an increase in QRS duration and intrinsicoid deflection (the interval from the earliest onset to the peak of the QRS complex in the left precordial leads)<sup>3,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present study used the transthoracic echocardiogram as a reference for the diagnosis of LVH. The modified Devereux formula<sup>15</sup> has good correlation with the left ventricular mass in necropsy studies (r = 0.90; p &lt; 0.001) and applies to normal geometry ventricles, considered to be ellipsoid and within standards that allow volume extrapolation by the cube formula. In spite of the undeniable contribution of the echocardiogram in the diagnosis and knowledge of LVH, its cost is much higher than that of the ECG, in addition to its methodological limitations regarding reproducibility, as it depends greatly on the observer, a fact that limits its use in epidemiological studies<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>As mentioned before, it is known that the electrocardiographic diagnosis of LVH is influenced by some factors, such as age, obesity, tobacco smoking and gender<sup>6</sup>, with the latter being of the object of the present study. Levy et al<sup>6</sup> demonstrated, in patients from the Framingham Heart Study, that the prevalence of LVH was higher in women than in men at the echocardiographic study, a finding that was not confirmed at the ECG (women = 5.6%; men = 9.0%; p = 0.075).</p>
      <p>Regarding the present sample, the patients were divided by gender and by progressive degrees of LVH. It is common knowledge that the ECG is an examination with high specificity and low sensitivity in the detection of LV in the general population of individuals with hypertrophic hearts. However, the accuracy behavior of this method with crescent degrees of left ventricular mass remains unknown, a fact that is very important considering that the myocardial cell hypertrophy increases the muscle mass globally, although that does not necessarily mean a higher electrical potential generation. In fact, this contradiction between a hypertrophied LV and the absence of QRS complex increment can be justified by a higher amount of collagen fibers in the heart. These fibers develop in parallel to the LVH process. As a result, there is an isolation of cardiac fibers, with consequent ischemia, cell death and substitutive repair by more collagen tissue. Hence, although the heart shows an increased mass, its capacity to generate electrical potential can be even decreased<sup>22-24</sup>. It is noteworthy the fact that the variables age, body surface and body mass index were very similar in both genders, which practically excludes the interference of these factors on LVMI. </p>
      <p>Okin et al<sup>25</sup>, in a study with 389 patients, of which 116 had LVH, suggested that the worse performance of the ECG in women might be partially attributed to the lower voltage and duration of QRS complexes, due to the differences in body surface and heart dimensions observed between the genders. On the other hand, it is known that the left ventricular mass indexation practically eliminates this problem<sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>At the study of diagnostic sensitivity of the ECG, the objective of the present study, one can observe an excellent performance of the [(S + R) X QRS], Sokolow-Lyon voltage, Romhilt-Estes, Perugia and strain pattern criteria, mainly with the progression of the hypertrophy degree, confirming that the ECG is more effective in diagnosing LVH in the male population, perhaps a reflection of the higher QRS complex expression (amplitude and duration) in male individuals<sup>24</sup>. In opposition to this logic, the exception was the Cornell voltage criteria, which, regarding the three degrees of LVH, had its best performance in females, although showing statistical significance only in the group with severe LVH. </p>
      <p>Alfakih et al<sup>7</sup>, in a study that evaluated three of the methods assessed here, having magnetic nuclear resonance as the reference standard for comparison of LVH, demonstrated that the Cornell voltage and duration criteria were more effective in diagnosing LVH in male individuals, whereas the Sokolow-Lyon product criterion was superior in the female population. Costa et al<sup>26</sup>, studying patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5, whose prevalence of LVH was 83% and mean LVMI of 154.9 &#177; 57.3 g/m<sup>2</sup>, also showed that the Sokolow-Lyon voltage, Sokolow-Lyon product, Cornell voltage, Cornell product and Romhilt-Estes criteria diagnosed more LVH in the male population. </p>
      <p>In the present study, the evaluation of the [(S + R) X QRS] score, which, in the original study that presented this new score with 1,204 controlled hypertensive patients, found a sensibility of 35.2% and a specificity of 88.7% for the diagnosis of LVH also showed good sensitivity, especially in the male population. This criterion, which uses the sum of the highest R wave and the highest S wave in the horizontal plane, multiplied by a higher duration of the QRS complex, has a consistent basis from the physical point of view, as the relation of increased electrical activity in LVH is shown by a spatial vector that has amplitude and duration. The higher expression of the R and S waves and the QRS complex represented by this vector showed good correlation with left ventricular mass<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>One can conclude, based on the present series, that the ECG show better performance in the diagnosis of LVH as the LV mass increases. One can also conclude that, for any degree of LVH, the ECG is, in general, more sensitive to attain the diagnosis in the male sex. In this same population, the [(S + R) X QRS] and Perugia scores presented better sensitivity in the sample studied herein. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ana Paula Colossimo, from UNIFESP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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