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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jwTMPJRpqpzdwWnWHGSFHkf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001200006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000077</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional e o impacto na ades&#227;o ao tratamento em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Busnello</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Michielin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bodanese</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>L&#250;cia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Zilda Elizabeth de Albuquerque</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>217</fpage>
      <lpage>224</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica representa um conjunto de fatores de risco, associados a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e a diabete melito tipo 2. O tratamento inclui mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, dieta, atividade f&#237;sica e medicamentos. A ades&#227;o do paciente &#233; crucial ao tratamento da doen&#231;a. Objetivo: Avaliar dois modelos de interven&#231;&#227;o dietoter&#225;pica e a rela&#231;&#227;o com a ades&#227;o ao tratamento e o impacto na melhora cl&#237;nica de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. M&#201;TODOS: Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado, com dura&#231;&#227;o de quatro meses. Os pacientes foram randomizados em grupos interven&#231;&#227;o e controle. Todos seguiram dieta espec&#237;fica por quatro meses. O grupo Interven&#231;&#227;o recebeu pacote de interven&#231;&#227;o, com dieta individualizada, manual de orienta&#231;&#227;o, aconselhamento via telefone e material educativo. Foram realizadas anamnese nutricional, avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica, avalia&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica, orienta&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica individualizada e exames bioqu&#237;micos. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes que chegaram mais motivados foram aqueles que tiverem maior redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (p &lt; 0,001), que reduziu de 31,7 kg/m&#178; (DP &#177; 3,9) para 30,9 kg/m&#178; (DP &#177; 3,8), na circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal a redu&#231;&#227;o foi de 108,1 cm (DP &#177; 9,8) para 105,9 cm (DP &#177; 9,5). As associa&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas se deram nas correla&#231;&#245;es entre &#237;ndice de massa corporal, glicemia e triglicer&#237;deos, redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de leite integral (p = 0,002), aumento no consumo de cereais integrais (p = 0,008) e de leite desnatado (p = 0,010), e entre o aumento no consumo de vegetais e a redu&#231;&#227;o dos triglicer&#237;deos. CONCLUS&#195;O: Ambos os grupos mostraram melhora significativa nos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, que foi significativamente associada a motiva&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via. Os pacientes que chegaram mais motivados foram aqueles que responderam melhor ao tratamento.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ades&#227;o do paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>dieta</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional e o impacto na ades&#227;o ao tratamento em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Nutritional intervention and the impact on adherence to treatment in patients with metabolic syndrome</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fernanda Michielin Busnello<sup>I</sup>; Luiz Carlos Bodanese<sup>II</sup>; L&#250;cia Campos Pellanda<sup>I</sup>; Zilda Elizabeth de Albuquerque Santos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica representa um conjunto de fatores de risco, associados a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e a diabete melito tipo 2. O tratamento inclui mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, dieta, atividade f&#237;sica e medicamentos. A ades&#227;o do paciente &#233; crucial ao tratamento da doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p> Objetivo: Avaliar dois modelos de interven&#231;&#227;o dietoter&#225;pica e a rela&#231;&#227;o com a ades&#227;o ao tratamento e o impacto na melhora cl&#237;nica de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado, com dura&#231;&#227;o de quatro meses. Os pacientes foram randomizados em grupos interven&#231;&#227;o e controle. Todos seguiram dieta espec&#237;fica por quatro meses. O grupo Interven&#231;&#227;o recebeu pacote de interven&#231;&#227;o, com dieta individualizada, manual de orienta&#231;&#227;o, aconselhamento via telefone e material educativo. Foram realizadas anamnese nutricional, avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica, avalia&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica, orienta&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica individualizada e exames bioqu&#237;micos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os pacientes que chegaram mais motivados foram aqueles que tiverem maior redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (p &lt; 0,001), que reduziu de 31,7 kg/m&#178; (DP &#177; 3,9) para 30,9 kg/m&#178; (DP &#177; 3,8), na circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal a redu&#231;&#227;o foi de 108,1 cm (DP &#177; 9,8) para 105,9 cm (DP &#177; 9,5). As associa&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas se deram nas correla&#231;&#245;es entre &#237;ndice de massa corporal, glicemia e triglicer&#237;deos, redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de leite integral (p = 0,002), aumento no consumo de cereais integrais (p = 0,008) e de leite desnatado (p = 0,010), e entre o aumento no consumo de vegetais e a redu&#231;&#227;o dos triglicer&#237;deos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Ambos os grupos mostraram melhora significativa nos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, que foi significativamente associada a motiva&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via. Os pacientes que chegaram mais motivados foram aqueles que responderam melhor ao tratamento. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Ades&#227;o do paciente, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, dieta.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events disease and type 2 diabetes. Treatment includes modifications on life style, diet and physical activity. Treatment adherence plays a crucial role in the successful treatment of this disease. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate two models of dietary intervention, and the relationship with adherence to treatment and impact on clinical improvement of patients with metabolic syndrome. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Randomized clinical trial, lasting four months. Participants were randomized assigned to the intervention or control group. Both groups were instructed to follow a diet for 4 months. Subjects in the intervention group additionally received an intervention package, with metabolic syndrome manual book, telephone counseling and nutrition education leaflets. In both groups nutritional anamnesis, anthropometric assessment, dietary assessment, individualized dietary and biochemical tests were done. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Patients who arrived more motivated were those who has the greatest reduction in the values of body mass index, which decreased from 31.7 kg/m&#178; (SD &#177; 3.9) to 30.9 kg/m&#178; (SD &#177; 3.8), reduction in waist circumference was 108.1 cm (SD &#177; 9.8) to 105.9 cm (SD &#177; 9.5). The statistically significant associations were in the correlation between body mass index, blood glucose and triglycerides, reducing the consumption of whole milk, increased consumption of whole grains and skimmed milk and between the increase in vegetable intake and reducing triglycerides. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Both groups showed significant improvement in all clinical parameters that was significantly associated with the previous motivation. Patients who arrived more motivated were those who responded better to treatment. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
    <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Patient compliance; metabolic syndrome; diet.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) vem aumentando em todo o mundo nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas<sup>1</sup>. Dados do <italic>National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III</italic> (NCEP-ATP III)<sup>2</sup> mostram que 60% das mulheres e 45% dos homens norte-americanos t&#234;m diagn&#243;stico de SM. No Brasil, achados de pesquisas t&#234;m observado padr&#245;es similares, nas quais dados apresentam varia&#231;&#245;es de 48% a 87% desses indiv&#237;duos com SM<sup>3-6</sup>. Um dos motivos para o aumento significativo de SM na popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; a associa&#231;&#227;o da SM com obesidade e diabete melito tipo 2 (DM2)<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>A SM representa um conjunto de fatores de risco, de origem metab&#243;lica, que promovem o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e de DM2<sup>9</sup>. O tratamento inclui a associa&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, com interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica, pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica regular e uso de medicamentos<sup>10</sup>. A perda de peso resultante da modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida, incluindo a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia<sup>11</sup>. A ades&#227;o ao tratamento desempenha papel crucial no sucesso do tratamento da SM. &#201; um processo multifatorial que se estabelece mediante parceria entre o profissional da sa&#250;de e o paciente, e abrange aspectos que compreendem frequ&#234;ncia dos atendimentos, reconhecimento, aceita&#231;&#227;o e adapta&#231;&#227;o da sua condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, identifica&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos de risco, cultivo de atitudes promotoras de qualidade de vida, desenvolvimento da consci&#234;ncia para o autocuidado e manuten&#231;&#227;o da busca de sa&#250;de<sup>12</sup>. Doentes cr&#244;nicos t&#234;m menor ades&#227;o ao tratamento, uma vez que os esquemas terap&#234;uticos, muitas vezes complexos, exigem grande empenho do paciente, e devem ser seguidos continuamente<sup>13</sup>. O tratamento do paciente portador de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica deve ter como eixo central o fornecimento de ferramentas que proporcione a instrumentaliza&#231;&#227;o para o controle da doen&#231;a, favorecendo a adapta&#231;&#227;o a esta condi&#231;&#227;o<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na literatura cient&#237;fica ainda s&#227;o poucos os estudos que relacionam a ades&#227;o ao tratamento diet&#233;tico com a melhora cl&#237;nica em pacientes com SM. O presente estudo se prop&#245;e a avaliar dois modelos de interven&#231;&#227;o dietoter&#225;pica e a rela&#231;&#227;o com a ades&#227;o ao tratamento e a melhora cl&#237;nica em pacientes com SM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado contou com a participa&#231;&#227;o de 80 indiv&#237;duos, selecionados por meio de duas fontes: a) chamada p&#250;blica em jornal de grande circula&#231;&#227;o de Porto Alegre (RS); b) pacientes vinculados ao Ambulat&#243;rio de Doen&#231;as Cardiometab&#243;licas do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS, hospital terci&#225;rio de Porto Alegre. Foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos, com idade maior ou igual a 18 anos, com diagn&#243;stico de SM, conforme os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos adotados pelo NCEP-ATP III, e que aceitaram participar da pesquisa perante a assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE). Os crit&#233;rios do NCEP-ATP III para diagn&#243;stico da SM incluem a associa&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s ou mais dos componentes a seguir: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal para homens: &gt; 102 cm e mulheres: &gt; 88 cm; triglicer&#237;deos <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl; HDL para homens: &lt; 40 mg/dl e mulheres: &lt; 50 mg/dl; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mmHg ou press&#227;o diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 mmHg e glicemia em jejum <underline>&gt;</underline> 110 mg/dl.</p>
    <p>O tamanho da amostra necess&#225;rio para estimar uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a ades&#227;o ao tratamento e a melhora cl&#237;nica em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica utilizando-se um poder de 80%, um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%, foi de 80 pacientes. O tamanho da amostra foi definido com aux&#237;lio do programa WinPepi.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes seguiu um protocolo padronizado. O acompanhamento teve dura&#231;&#227;o de quatro meses, com consultas mensais, em um total de quatro atendimentos. Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos: Grupo Interven&#231;&#227;o (GI) e Grupo Controle (GC). O esquema de randomiza&#231;&#227;o foi feito por interm&#233;dio do web site <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.randomization.com">http://www.randomization.com</ext-link><sup>14</sup>, por uma m&#233;dica n&#227;o envolvida diretamente com o ensaio cl&#237;nico. A lista com a randomiza&#231;&#227;o foi mantida em envelope de papel pardo, com uma pessoa ao lado de fora da sala de atendimentos. A defini&#231;&#227;o do grupo era informada &#224; pesquisadora somente ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o, no momento da aplica&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o. O GC recebeu dieta individual padr&#227;o e orienta&#231;&#245;es para SM. O GI recebeu dieta individual padr&#227;o e um "Manual de Orienta&#231;&#227;o Nutricional para Pacientes com S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica", contendo orienta&#231;&#245;es nutricionais sobre alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel, DM2, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), dislipidemias, tabela para controle de peso e da press&#227;o arterial, espa&#231;o para anotar suas d&#250;vidas referentes ao tratamento e agenda de reconsultas. Al&#233;m disso, os participantes do GI tinham dispon&#237;vel um n&#250;mero de telefone para entrar em contato quando necess&#225;rio, caso tivessem alguma d&#250;vida entre as consultas. Todos os pacientes do GI recebiam um telefonema das pesquisadoras, quinze dias ap&#243;s a consulta para aconselhamento nutricional. A cada reconsulta, os pacientes do GI recebiam um material impresso diferente sobre orienta&#231;&#245;es nutricionais. O diagrama de randomiza&#231;&#227;o est&#225; descrito na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0217-00077-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a anamnese cl&#237;nico-nutricional, avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica, avalia&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica, orienta&#231;&#227;o de dieta individualizada, realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames bioqu&#237;micos. A anamnese cl&#237;nico-nutricional incluiu dados pessoais, hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;as passadas e atuais, h&#225;bito de tabagismo, consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas, pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, h&#225;bito intestinal e medicamentos em uso. A avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica foi realizada mediante aferi&#231;&#227;o das medidas de peso (kg) e altura (m), circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA), circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril (CQ) e circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o (CP). Foram calculados e classificados o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ,) bem como a classifica&#231;&#227;o da CA e CP. As medidas de peso e altura foram realizadas em balan&#231;a antropom&#233;trica, da marca Filizola, modelo Personal Digital, com capacidade m&#225;xima de 180 kg e m&#237;nima de 2 kg, com gradua&#231;&#227;o a cada 100 g, e r&#233;gua para altura at&#233; 192 cm. Os pacientes foram pesados sem sapatos, com roupa leve. A altura foi medida com o paciente em p&#233;, no centro da balan&#231;a, ereto, im&#243;vel, com os bra&#231;os estendidos ao longo do corpo, cabe&#231;a erguida, olhando para um ponto fixo na altura dos olhos. Os ombros, as n&#225;degas e os calcanhares permaneceram encostados na r&#233;gua antropom&#233;trica. A medida foi feita em cent&#237;metros, com o instrumento de aferi&#231;&#227;o apresentando varia&#231;&#227;o da escala em mil&#237;metros. O IMC foi calculado pela raz&#227;o de peso (kg)/altura<sup>2</sup> (m)<sup>15,16</sup> e classificado conforme os valores estabelecidos pela refer&#234;ncia da OMS, de 1998<sup>15</sup>. A medida da CA foi realizada com o paciente em p&#233;, com fita m&#233;trica inel&#225;stica e inextens&#237;vel, ao final da expira&#231;&#227;o, aferida circundando a regi&#227;o abdominal no ponto m&#233;dio entre a dist&#226;ncia da crista il&#237;aca e o rebordo costal inferior<sup>17</sup>. O ponto de corte estabelecido &#233; de 102 cm para homens e 88 cm para mulheres<sup>16-19</sup>. CQ foi aferida com o paciente em p&#233;, circundando o quadril na maior circunfer&#234;ncia na altura dos gl&#250;teos, passando pela s&#237;nfise p&#250;bica, paralela ao ch&#227;o. A RCQ foi calculdada dividido-se a medida da cintura com a do quadril. Os pontos de corte indicativos de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,8 para as mulheres, e <underline>&gt;</underline> 1,0 para os homens<sup>18</sup>. A CP foi aferida, realizada com o paciente em p&#233;, circundando o pesco&#231;o com fita m&#233;trica inel&#225;stica no ponto m&#233;dio do pesco&#231;o, ao n&#237;vel da cartilagem cricotireoidea<sup>20</sup>, entre ponto m&#233;dio da coluna cervical at&#233; ao meio-anterior do pesco&#231;o. Em homens com proemin&#234;ncia lar&#237;ngea a medida foi realizada abaixo da proemin&#234;ncia. Os valores para ponto de corte utilizados foram <underline>&lt;</underline> 37 cm para homens e <underline>&lt;</underline> 34 cm e mulheres. A avalia&#231;&#227;o bioqu&#237;mica consistiu de perfil lip&#237;dico (triglicer&#237;deos (TG), colesterol total (CT), colesterol HDL e colesterol LDL), glicose, &#225;cido &#250;rico e Prote&#237;na C Reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (PCR us). CT, HDL, TG, glicose e &#225;cido &#250;rico foram dosados no laborat&#243;rio de an&#225;lises cl&#237;nicas do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS, em um autoanalisador Vitros Fusion Jonhson, utilizando <italic>kits</italic> Johnson &amp; Johnson e metodologia de qu&#237;mica seca. A determina&#231;&#227;o de LDL-c para TG s&#233;rico abaixo de 400 mg/dl foi obtida pelo c&#225;lculo de Friedewald: LDL-c = CT - HDL-c - TG/5<sup>21</sup>. Os valores aceit&#225;veis para o perfil lip&#237;dico, glicose e &#225;cido &#250;rico foram: colesterol total at&#233; 200 mg/dl, HDLc &gt; 40 mg/dl, triglicer&#237;dios &lt; 150 mg/dl, LDLc &lt; 100 mg/dl, glicose at&#233; 110 mg/dl e &#225;cido &#250;rico at&#233; 6,0 mg/dl para mulheres e at&#233; 7,0 mg/dl para homens<sup>21</sup>. A PCR us foi dosada no laborat&#243;rio de Imunologia do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS e seus resultados foram avaliados conforme crit&#233;rios da American Heart Association (AHA), os mesmos adotados pelo Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS: onde &lt; 1,0 mg/l &#233; considerado de baixo risco cardiovascular; entre 1 e 3 mg/l, m&#233;dio risco e &gt; 3 mg/l, alto risco cardiovascular<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para identifica&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos alimentares foi realizado inqu&#233;rito recordat&#243;rio de 24h (R24h). As orienta&#231;&#245;es diet&#233;ticas foram elaboradas seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da I Diretriz Brasileira de Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (IDBSM)<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tratamento estat&#237;stico dos dados foi feito por meio do Programa SPSS vers&#227;o 17.0. Para an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste Qui-Quadrado de Pearson, e para compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias o teste <italic>t de Student</italic>. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos entre os grupos foi utilizada a An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas de duas vias (grupo e tempo), e para as compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas o teste de Bonferroni. Para complementar essas an&#225;lise, foram aplicados o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras independentes e a ANOVA para medidas repetidas de uma via. Nos par&#226;metros avaliados apenas em dois momentos, foi aplicado o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras pareadas. Para comparar o h&#225;bitos intestinal, ingest&#227;o h&#237;drica e pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica antes e depois da interven&#231;&#227;o, por grupo, foi utilizado o teste Qui-Quadrado de McNemar. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis de consumo alimentar, foram aplicados testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos. Foram utilizados os testes de Wilcoxon, para compara&#231;&#227;o intragrupo, e de Mann-Whitney, para compara&#231;&#227;o intergrupos. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o das associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, foram utilizados os testes da correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson (distribui&#231;&#227;o sim&#233;trica) ou de Spearman (distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5% (p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05).</p>
    <p>A presente pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul. O trabalho n&#227;o envolveu nenhum risco para os pacientes e os procedimentos estavam de acordo com orienta&#231;&#245;es nacionais e internacionais para pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos, e est&#225; consoante &#224; Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra foi composta por 80 indiv&#237;duos, com idade m&#233;dia de 58,5 anos (DP &#177; 8,5) no Grupo Interven&#231;&#227;o e 57,9 anos (DP &#177; 8,41) no grupo controle. Em ambos os grupos, a maior parte dos participantes era do sexo feminino, sendo 27 mulheres (69,2%) no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o e 30 mulheres (73,2%) no grupo controle. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref> descreve a amostra estudada e a distribui&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia dos componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica conforme os crit&#233;rios do NCEP-ATP III, demonstrando que os grupos s&#227;o homog&#234;neos quanto a essas caracter&#237;sticas, bem como distribui&#231;&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia dos componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0217-00077-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; motiva&#231;&#227;o inicial dos pacientes, pode-se observar que ambos os grupos chegaram motivados &#224; primeira consulta conforme dados da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>. Quando comparamos a motiva&#231;&#227;o inicial, com o resultado final de IMC, podemos observar que os pacientes que chegaram mais motivados foram aqueles que tiverem mais redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores do IMC (p &lt; 0,001) em ambos os grupos, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0217-00077-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="t3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0217-00077-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em todos os par&#226;metros de avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica utilizados (peso, IMC, CA, RCQ e CP) a diferen&#231;a significativa foi ao longo do tempo independentemente do grupo, para o IMC e CA. Os dados referentes &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica e exames laboratoriais encontram-se descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0217-00077-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Quando comparamos as vari&#225;veis de fracionamento da dieta, consumo alimentar de frutas, vegetais, leite integral, leite desnatado, cereais integrais e leguminosas, no in&#237;cio e no final da interven&#231;&#227;o, podemos observar que no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa na redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de leite integral (p = 0,002) e aumento no consumo de cereais integrais (p = 0,008), enquanto no Grupo Controle houve associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa na redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de leite integral (p = 0,005), aumento no consumo de leite desnatado (p = 0,010) e aumento no consumo de cereais integrais (p = 0,027), conforme dados descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 5</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0217-00077-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado, observamos que houve melhora significativa de diversos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, em ambos os grupos. A melhora foi significativamente associada com a motiva&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via. Em nosso estudo, ambos os grupos chegaram motivados &#224; primeira consulta.</p>
    <p>Quando comparamos a motiva&#231;&#227;o inicial dos participantes, com os resultados finais de IMC, podemos observar que aqueles indiv&#237;duos que chegaram mais motivados &#224; primeira consulta foram os que tiverem maior redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores do IMC, em ambos os grupos. Portanto, a motiva&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via e a pr&#225;tica de um estilo de vida favor&#225;vel &#224;s mudan&#231;as &#233; fator independente para ades&#227;o ao tratamento e alcance das metas estipuladas<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#245;es nutricionais, tanto a curto como a longo prazos, frequentemente t&#234;m baixa ades&#227;o ao tratamento nutricional<sup>24-26</sup>. As raz&#245;es que levaram os indiv&#237;duos a desistirem de estudos s&#227;o, muitas vezes, desconhecidas, mas podem ser presumidas desde o desaparecimento de algum dos sintomas que o levaram a buscar orienta&#231;&#227;o profissional induzindo ao sentimento de desnecessidade de novas consultas, falta de tempo para a participa&#231;&#227;o do programa, insatisfa&#231;&#227;o e desinteresse com a proposta de pesquisa, problemas pessoais, familiares e de sa&#250;de<sup>25,27</sup> at&#233; o tipo de estrat&#233;gia utilizada<sup>26</sup>. Guimar&#227;es e cols.<sup>25</sup> verificaram que independentemente do tipo de acompanhamento nutricional que &#233; proposto, sejam atendimentos em grupo ou consultas individuais, a mudan&#231;a nos h&#225;bitos alimentares ainda &#233; muito limitada.</p>
    <p>J&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecido na literatura cient&#237;fica que a obesidade est&#225; associada com o aumento da preval&#234;ncia, e severidade, dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares<sup>19</sup>. O tecido adiposo, especialmente o que est&#225; depositado na regi&#227;o abdominal, &#233; um potente mediador do estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio e pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico<sup>19</sup>; portanto, a perda de peso &#233; objetivo primordial para prevenir as complica&#231;&#245;es inerentes &#224; SM.</p>
    <p>Dagenais e cols.<sup>28</sup> compararam a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do IMC, CA e RCQ em oito mil indiv&#237;duos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco de eventos cardiovasculares, e as associa&#231;&#245;es mais fortes foram as com as medidas da CA e da RCQ. Da mesma forma, em um estudo multic&#234;ntrico realizado em 52 pa&#237;ses, as medidas com maior associa&#231;&#227;o com o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio foram a CA e a RCQ<sup>29</sup>.</p>
    <p>No resultado dos exames laboratoriais realizados, glicemia, triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol total, HDL, LDL, &#225;cido &#250;rico e PCR us, houve redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores entre a primeira e a quarta consultas. As vari&#225;veis de peso, IMC, CA e triglicer&#237;deos apresentaram valores significativos para o <italic>p</italic> de tempo, e as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram uma tend&#234;ncia para o <italic>p</italic> de tempo foram CT, glicemia, CP e LDL.</p>
    <p>A PCR tem demonstrado papel importante no progn&#243;stico de cardiopatias e est&#225; associada &#224; morbidade cardiovascular<sup>30</sup>. A PCR us possui um valor progn&#243;stico superior para os eventos card&#237;acos quando comparado a outros marcadores de risco<sup>31</sup>. Saijo e cols.<sup>32</sup>, investigando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre concentra&#231;&#245;es de PCR, RI, medidas antropom&#233;trica e aterosclerose, encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa da PCR com os par&#226;metros da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal<sup>32</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em diversas pesquisas, a CP vem sendo estudada como um novo preditor de obesidade. Nossos achados v&#227;o ao encontro da pesquisa realizada por Ben-Noun e cols.<sup>33</sup>, que tamb&#233;m encontram a mesma associa&#231;&#227;o em sua amostra. Yang e cols.<sup>34</sup> encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o IMC e a CP, no qual a CP <underline>&gt;</underline> 39 cm em homens e <underline>&gt;</underline> 35 cm em mulheres foi o melhor ponto de corte para identificar indiv&#237;duos com SM<sup>34</sup>.</p>
    <p>Indiv&#237;duos com SM apresentam alto risco de desenvolvimento de DM2 e doen&#231;a cardiovascular, por&#233;m a influ&#234;ncia da modifica&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica no metabolismo da insulina e da glicose desses indiv&#237;duos &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia. A RI &#233; componente central da SM, e substituir o consumo de cereais refinados por cereais integrais aumenta a secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina nesses indiv&#237;duos, podendo, assim, reduzir o risco de intoler&#226;ncia a glicose e desenvolvimento de DM2<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p>O consumo de cereais integrais est&#225; associado com a redu&#231;&#227;o no risco de desenvolver doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas como c&#226;ncer, DM2, e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>36</sup>. Indiv&#237;duos que consomem dietas ricas em cereais integrais apresentam baixa preval&#234;ncia de SM<sup>36</sup>. Alimentos integrais podem conferir prote&#231;&#227;o contra os efeitos do ganho de peso e na manuten&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade a insulina<sup>36</sup>.</p>
    <p>No estudo de Berg e cols.<sup>37</sup>, que investigou a rela&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o alimentar de indiv&#237;duos e o risco de desenvolver doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, os achados demonstraram que aqueles que consumiam com mais frequ&#234;ncia um padr&#227;o alimentar caracterizado pelo adequado consumo de alimentos ricos em fibras e baixo consumo de alimentos fontes de gorduras e a&#231;ucares tinham menores &#237;ndices de RCQ e de IMC do que o restante da amostra<sup>37</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na nossa pesquisa, quando comparamos o padr&#227;o alimentar mediante as vari&#225;veis de fracionamento da dieta, consumo alimentar de frutas, vegetais, leite integral, leite desnatado, cereais integrais e leguminosas, no in&#237;cio e no final da interven&#231;&#227;o, podemos observar que no Grupo Interven&#231;&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa na redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de leite integral e aumento no consumo de cereais integrais, enquanto no Grupo Controle houve associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa na redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de leite integral, aumento no consumo de leite desnatado e aumento no consumo de cereais integrais.</p>
    <p>Indiv&#237;duos com SM t&#234;m dificuldade de aderir &#224; dieta proposta. Mirmiran e cols.<sup>38</sup>, ap&#243;s pesquisarem os h&#225;bitos alimentares de indiv&#237;duos com SM, encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a com um alto consumo de lip&#237;dios, bem como com padr&#227;o alimentar considerado pouco saud&#225;vel<sup>38</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos nossos resultados encontramos associa&#231;&#227;o inversa, estatisticamente significativa entre o aumento no consumo de vegetais e a redu&#231;&#227;o dos triglicer&#237;deos no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o. O consumo de uma dieta rica em vegetais e frutas est&#225; associado com um perfil metab&#243;lico mais saud&#225;vel, com concentra&#231;&#245;es baixas de CT e LDL, e com a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de desenvolvimento de DM e melhora do controle glic&#234;mico e sensibilidade &#224; insulina<sup>38</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em uma pesquisa, muito bem delineada, conduzida por Panagiotakos e cols., que avaliou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os h&#225;bitos alimentares e a preval&#234;ncia de SM em indiv&#237;duos gregos, os pesquisadores conclu&#237;ram que um padr&#227;o alimentar que inclui o consumo de cereais integrais, legumes, vegetais, frutas e peixes est&#225; associado com a redu&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores cl&#237;nicos da SM, enquanto o consumo de carne vermelha e de bebidas alco&#243;licas mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o inversa<sup>39</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, observamos que houve melhora significativa de diversos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica e bioqu&#237;mica, em ambos os grupos. A melhora foi significativamente associada com a motiva&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via. Em nosso estudo, ambos os grupos chegaram motivados &#224; primeira consulta. Analisando os resultados finais dessa pesquisa pudemos concluir que a orienta&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica &#233; uma ferramenta rica e que &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia no tratamento global de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. A partir da pesquisa na literatura dispon&#237;vel pudemos constatar que s&#227;o poucos os estudos que relacionam a motiva&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, a ades&#227;o ao tratamento e os m&#233;todos de interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Salientamos que mais estudos precisam ser realizados, para avaliar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento de pacientes com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, para que possamos melhorar cada vez mais o atendimento &#224; essa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Fernanda Michielin Busnello </p>
        <p> Rua Quintino Bocai&#250;va, 1495/701 - Rio Branco </p>
        <p> 90440-051 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="febusnello@terra.com.br">febusnello@terra.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fernandab@ufcspa.edu.br">fernandab@ufcspa.edu.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 21/11/10; revisado recebido em 12/01/11; aceito em 23/02/11.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Nutritional intervention and the impact on adherence to treatment in patients with metabolic syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events disease and type 2 diabetes. Treatment includes modifications on life style, diet and physical activity. Treatment adherence plays a crucial role in the successful treatment of this disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate two models of dietary intervention, and the relationship with adherence to treatment and impact on clinical improvement of patients with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: Randomized clinical trial, lasting four months. Participants were randomized assigned to the intervention or control group. Both groups were instructed to follow a diet for 4 months. Subjects in the intervention group additionally received an intervention package, with metabolic syndrome manual book, telephone counseling and nutrition education leaflets. In both groups nutritional anamnesis, anthropometric assessment, dietary assessment, individualized dietary and biochemical tests were done. RESULTS: Patients who arrived more motivated were those who has the greatest reduction in the values of body mass index, which decreased from 31.7 kg/m&#178; (SD &#177; 3.9) to 30.9 kg/m&#178; (SD &#177; 3.8), reduction in waist circumference was 108.1 cm (SD &#177; 9.8) to 105.9 cm (SD &#177; 9.5). The statistically significant associations were in the correlation between body mass index, blood glucose and triglycerides, reducing the consumption of whole milk, increased consumption of whole grains and skimmed milk and between the increase in vegetable intake and reducing triglycerides. CONCLUSION: Both groups showed significant improvement in all clinical parameters that was significantly associated with the previous motivation. Patients who arrived more motivated were those who responded better to treatment.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Patient compliance</kwd>
        <kwd>metabolic syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>diet</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Nutritional intervention and the impact on adherence to treatment in patients with metabolic syndrome</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Fernanda Michielin Busnello<sup>I</sup>, Luiz Carlos Bodanese<sup>II</sup>, L&#250;cia Campos Pellanda<sup>I</sup>, Zilda Elizabeth de Albuquerque Santos</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events disease and type 2 diabetes. Treatment includes modifications on life style, diet and physical activity. Treatment adherence plays a crucial role in the successful treatment of this disease.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate two models of dietary intervention, and the relationship with adherence to treatment and impact on clinical improvement of patients with metabolic syndrome.</p>
      <p> Methods: Randomized clinical trial, lasting four months. Participants were randomized assigned to the intervention or control group. Both groups were instructed to follow a diet for 4 months. Subjects in the intervention group additionally received an intervention package, with metabolic syndrome manual book, telephone counseling and nutrition education leaflets. In both groups nutritional anamnesis, anthropometric assessment, dietary assessment, individualized dietary and biochemical tests were done.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Patients who arrived more motivated were those who has the greatest reduction in the values of body mass index, which decreased from 31.7 kg/m&#178; (SD &#177; 3.9) to 30.9 kg/m&#178; (SD &#177; 3.8), reduction in waist circumference was 108.1 cm (SD &#177; 9.8) to 105.9 cm (SD &#177; 9.5). The statistically significant associations were in the correlation between body mass index, blood glucose and triglycerides, reducing the consumption of whole milk, increased consumption of whole grains and skimmed milk and between the increase in vegetable intake and reducing triglycerides.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Both groups showed significant improvement in all clinical parameters that was significantly associated with the previous motivation. Patients who arrived more motivated were those who responded better to treatment. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Patient compliance; metabolic syndrome; diet.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) has been increasing worldwide in recent decades<sup>1</sup>. Data from the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III)<sup>2</sup> show that 60% of women and 45% of American men are diagnosed with MS. In Brazil, research findings have observed similar patterns in which data showed variations of 48% to 87% of individuals with MS<sup>3-6</sup>. One reason for the significant increase of MS in the population is the association of MS with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>MS represents a set of risk factors of metabolic origin, which promote the development of cardiovascular diseases and T2DM<sup>9</sup>. Treatment includes a combination of changes in lifestyle, with dietary intervention, regular physical activity and use of medicines<sup>10</sup>. Weight loss resulting from the modification of lifestyle, including physical exercise, is extremely important<sup>11</sup>. Adherence to treatment plays a crucial role in the successful treatment of MS. It is a multifactorial process that is established through partnership between the health professional and the patient, and covers aspects that include frequency of health care, recognition, acceptance and adaptation of their health condition, identification of risk habits, attitudes that promote quality of life, development of awareness for self-care and maintenance of health<sup>12</sup>. Chronic patients have lower adherence to treatment, since the treatment regimens are often complex and require great commitment from the patient, and should be followed continuously<sup>13</sup>. Treatment of patients with chronic illness should have as its central axis the provision of tools to control the disease, favoring the adaptation to this condition<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>In scientific literature, there are few studies related to adherence to dietary treatment with clinical improvement in patients with MS. This study aims to evaluate two models of dietary intervention and the relationship with adherence to treatment and clinical improvement in patients with MS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This randomized clinical trial was attended by 80 individuals selected through two sources: a) public call on newspaper of general circulation in Porto Alegre (RS); b) patients linked to the Cardiometabolic Diseases Clinic of Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, PUCRS, a tertiary hospital in Porto Alegre. It included individuals of both sexes, aged 18 years or older, diagnosed with MS, according to the diagnostic criteria adopted by the NCEP-ATP III, who agreed to participate in the research before signing the informed consent (IC). The NCEP-ATP III criteria for the diagnosis of MS include the association of three or more of the following components: waist circumference for men: &gt; 102 cm and women: &gt; 88 cm; triglycerides <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dl; HDL for men: &lt; 40 mg/dl and women: &lt; 50 mg/dl; systolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mmHg or diastolic pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 mmHg, and fasting glucose <underline>&gt;</underline> 110 mg/dl.</p>
      <p>The sample size required to estimate an association between adherence to treatment and clinical improvement in patients with metabolic syndrome using a power of 80%, a significance level of 5% was 80 patients. The sample size was defined with the aid of the program WinPepi.</p>
      <p>Evaluation of patients followed a standardized protocol. Monitoring lasted four months, with monthly visits totaling four sessions. Patients were randomized into two groups: intervention group (IG) and control group (CG). The randomization scheme was done through the web site <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.randomization.com">http://www.randomization.com</ext-link><sup>14</sup>, by a physician not directly involved with the trial. The randomization list was kept in a manila envelope, with a person standing outside of the visiting room. The definition of the group was informed by the researcher only after inclusion, at the time of implementing the intervention. The CG received standard individual diet and guidelines for MS. The IG received an individual standard diet and a "Manual of Nutritional Guidelines for Patients with Metabolic Syndrome", containing nutritional advice about healthy eating, T2DM, hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia, table for blood pressure and weight control, a field to write down their questions regarding the treatment and schedule of return visits. In addition, participants in the IG had a telephone number to call when necessary, if they had any questions between the visits. All GI patients received a telephone call from the researchers fifteen days after the medical visit for nutritional counseling. At each return visit, IG patients were given a different printed material about nutrition guidelines. The randomization diagram is described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_07011f01-body2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
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          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0217-00077-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>All patients underwent clinical and nutritional anamnesis, anthropometric measurements, dietary assessment, individualized dietary guidance, biochemical examinations. The clinical-nutritional anamnesis included personal data, history of past and present diseases, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, bowel habits and current medication. Anthropometric assessment was performed by measuring weight (kg) and height (m), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and neck circumference (NC). Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were calculated and ranked, and WA and NC were classified. Measurements of weight and height were performed on Filizola anthropometric scale, Personal Digital model with a maximum capacity for 180 kg and a minimum of 2 kg with graduation at each 100 g, and a rule for heights up to 192 cm. The patients were weighed without shoes, with light clothes. Height was measured with the patient standing in the center of the scale, erect and motionless, with arms outstretched over the body, head up, looking to a fixed point at eye level. The shoulders, buttocks and heels remained against the anthropometric ruler. Measurement was taken in centimeters with the measurement instrument showing scale variation in millimeters. BMI was calculated as the ratio of weight (kg)/height<sup>2</sup> (m)<sup>15,16</sup> and ranked according to the reference values established by the WHO in 1998<sup>15</sup>. The measurement of WC was performed with the patient standing with inextensible and inelastic tape at the end of expiration, measured in the abdominal region surrounding the midpoint of the distance between the iliac crest and inferior coastal edge<sup>17</sup>. The cutoff point is 102 cm for men and 88 cm for women<sup>16-19</sup>. Hip circumference was measured with the patient standing, circling the hips at the largest circumference at the height of the buttocks, through the pubic symphysis, parallel to the floor. WHR was calculated by dividing the waist measurement by the hip measurement. The cut-off points indicative of risk for cardiovascular diseases are <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.8 for women and <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.0 for men<sup>18</sup>. The NC was measured with the patient standing, around the neck with an inelastic tape at the midpoint of the neck at the level of cricothyroid muscle<sup>20</sup> between the midpoint of the neck to mid-anterior neck. In men with laryngeal prominence, the measurement was made below the prominence. The values for the cutoff point used were <underline>&lt;</underline> 37 cm for men and <underline>&lt;</underline> 34 cm for women. Biochemical assessment consisted of lipid profile (triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol), glucose, uric acid and ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (usCRP). TC, HDL, TG, glucose and uric acid were determined in the clinical laboratory of Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, PUCRS, in a Vitros Fusion Johnson autoanalyzer using Johnson &amp; Johnson kits and dry chemistry methodology. The determination of LDL-C to serum TG below 400 mg/dl was obtained by the Friedewald equation: LDL-c = CT - HDL-c - TG/5<sup>21</sup>. Acceptable values for lipids, glucose and uric acid were: total cholesterol up to 200 mg/dl, HDLc &gt; 40 mg/dl, triglycerides &lt; 150 mg/dl, LDLc &lt; 100 mg/dl, glucose up to 110 mg/dl and uric acid up to 6.0 mg/dl for women and up to 7.0 mg/dl for men<sup>21</sup>. US usCRP was measured in the Immunology Laboratory, Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, PUC and the results were evaluated according to the criteria of the American Heart Association (AHA), the same ones adopted by Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, PUCRS, where: &lt; 1.0 mg/l is considered low cardiovascular risk; between 1 and 3 mg/l, medium risk and &gt; 3 mg/l, high cardiovascular risk<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>To identify dietary habits, a 24-hour recall survey was conducted (24HR). The dietary guidelines were drawn up following the recommendations of the First Brazilian Guideline for Diagnosis and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome (IDBSM)<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>The statistical treatment of data was done using the Program SPSS version 17.0. For analysis of categorical variables between groups, we used the chi-square test of Pearson, and to compare the means, Student's <italic>t</italic> test. For comparison of biochemical parameters between groups analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for repeated two-way measures (group and time), and for multiple comparisons, the Bonferroni test. To complement this analysis, we applied the Student <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples and ANOVA for repeated one-way measures. In the parameters assessed at only two instances, we applied the Student's <italic>t</italic> test for paired samples. To compare bowel habits, fluid intake and physical activity before and after the intervention, by group, we used McNemar's chi-square test. In the evaluation of dietary consumption variables, non-parametric tests were applied. We used Wilcoxon's tests for intragroup comparison and Mann-Whitney's tests for intergroup comparison. In evaluating the associations between quantitative variables we used Pearson's linear correlation tests (symmetric distribution) or Spearman's (asymmetric distribution). The level of significance was 5% (p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05).</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethics in Research of <italic>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica</italic>, Rio Grande do Sul. The study involved no risk for patients and procedures were in accordance with the national and international guidelines for research involving humans, in keeping with the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample comprised 80 individuals with a mean age of 58.5 years (SD &#177; 8.5) in the Intervention Group and 57.9 years (SD &#177; 8.41) in the Control Group. In both groups, most participants were female, and 27 women (69.2%) in the Intervention Group and 30 women (73.2%) in the Control Group. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-body2">Table 1</xref> describes the sample studied and the distribution of the prevalence of components of metabolic syndrome according to NCEP-ATP III criteria, showing that the groups are homogeneous in these characteristics, as well as the distribution of prevalence of metabolic syndrome components.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0217-00077-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the initial motivation of patients, we can observe that both groups were highly motivated in the first visit according to the data shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-body2">Table 2</xref>. When we compare the initial motivation with the final result of BMI, we observe that patients who were more motivated were those who had greater reduction in BMI (p &lt; 0.001) in both groups, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0217-00077-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0217-00077-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In all parameters used for anthropometric assessment (weight, BMI, WC, WHR and NC) there was a significant difference over time regardless of group, for BMI and WC. Anthropometric measurement and laboratory test data are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0217-00077-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>When we compare the variables of meal frequency, dietary intake of fruits, vegetables, whole milk, skim milk, whole grains and beans at the beginning and end of the intervention, we observe that in the intervention group there was a statistically significant reduction in consumption of whole milk (p = 0.002) and increased consumption of whole grains (p = 0.008), whereas in the Control Group there was a statistically significant reduction in the consumption of whole milk (p = 0.005), increased consumption of skim milk (p = 0.010) and increased consumption of whole grains (p = 0.027), according to data reported in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_07011t05-body2">Table 5</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_07011t05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0217-00077-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this randomized trial, we observed a significant improvement of several clinical parameters in both groups. The improvement was significantly associated with previous motivation. In our study, both groups were highly motivated in the first visit.</p>
      <p>When we compare the initial motivation of participants, with the final results of BMI, we observe that those individuals who were more motivated in the first visit were those with a greater reduction in BMI in both groups. Therefore, previous motivation and a lifestyle conducive to change is an independent factor for treatment adherence and achievement of the goals set<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients undergoing nutritional interventions, both in the short and long term, often have poor adherence to nutritional treatment<sup>24-26</sup>. The reasons that have led individuals to give up studies are often unknown, but may be presumed from the disappearance of some of the symptoms that led them to seek professional guidance leading to a feeling of no need to go to further visits, lack of time to participate in the program, dissatisfaction and disaffection with the research proposal, personal, family and health problems<sup>25,27</sup> to the type of strategy used<sup>26</sup>. Guimar&#227;es et al<sup>25</sup> found that irrespective of the nutritional counseling that offered, which can be group treatments or individual visits, the change in eating habits is still very limited.</p>
      <p>It is well established in the scientific literature that obesity is associated with increased prevalence and severity of cardiovascular risk factors<sup>19</sup>. Adipose tissue, especially that which is deposited in the abdominal region, is a potent mediator of pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombosis state<sup>19</sup>; therefore, weight loss is the primary goal to prevent complications related to MS.</p>
      <p>Dagenais et al<sup>28</sup> compared the use of BMI, WC and WHR in eight thousand individuals as for the risk of cardiovascular events, and the stronger associations were with measures WC and WHR. Likewise, in a multicenter study conducted in 52 countries, measures more associated with myocardial infarction were WA and WHR<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <p>In laboratory tests performed, blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, uric acid and usCRP, there was a reduction of the values between the first and the fourth visit. The variables of weight, BMI, WC and triglycerides had significant values for time <italic>p</italic>, and the variables that tended to time <italic>p</italic> were TC, blood glucose, NC and LDL.</p>
      <p>CRA has demonstrated an important role in the prognosis of heart diseases and is associated with cardiovascular morbidity<sup>30</sup>. usCRP has a higher prognostic value for cardiac events when compared to other risk markers<sup>31</sup>. Saijo et al<sup>32</sup> investigated the association between CRP concentrations, RI, anthropometric measures and atherosclerosis, and found a significant association of CRP with parameters of waist circumference<sup>32</sup>.</p>
      <p>In several studies, WC has been studied as a new predictor of obesity. Our findings corroborate the study by Ben-Noun et al<sup>33</sup> who also found the same association in their sample. Yang et al<sup>34</sup> found a positive association between BMI and WC, where WC <underline>&gt;</underline> 39 cm in men and <underline>&gt;</underline> 35 cm in women was the best cutoff point to identify individuals with MS<sup>34</sup>.</p>
      <p>Individuals with MS are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, but the influence of dietary modification in the metabolism of glucose and insulin in these individuals is extremely important. Insulin resistance is a central component of MS, and replacing consumption of refined cereals increases insulin secretion in these individuals, and thus can reduce the risk of glucose intolerance and development of T2DM<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>Consumption of whole grains is associated with reduced risk of developing chronic diseases such as cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases<sup>36</sup>. Individuals who consume diets rich in whole grains have low prevalence of MS<sup>36</sup>. Whole foods can provide protection against the effects of weight gain and maintenance of sensitivity to insulin<sup>36</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the study by Berg et al<sup>37</sup>, who investigated the relationship of dietary patterns in individuals and the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, the findings showed that those who consumed more frequently a dietary pattern characterized by an adequate intake of foods rich in fiber and low consumption of fatty and sugary food sources had lower levels of WHR and BMI than the others in the sample<sup>37</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study, when we compare the variables of meal frequency, dietary intake of fruits, vegetables, whole milk, skim milk, whole grains and beans at the beginning and end of the intervention, we observe that in the intervention group there was a statistically significant association in reduction of whole milk consumption and increased consumption of whole grains, whereas in the Control Group there was a statistically significant association of reduction in whole milk consumption, increased consumption of skim milk and increased consumption of whole grains.</p>
      <p>Individuals with MS have difficulty in adhering to the diet proposed. Mirmirani et al<sup>38</sup>, after researching the eating habits of individuals with MS, found an association of disease with a high intake of fat, and dietary patterns considered little healthy<sup>38</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our results, we have found an inverse statistically significant association between increase in vegetable intake and reduction of triglycerides in the intervention group. Consuming a diet rich in vegetables and fruits is associated with a healthier metabolic profile, with low concentrations of TC and LDL, and reduced risk of developing diabetes and improved glycemic control and sensitivity to insulin<sup>38</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a well-designed survey conducted by Panagiotakos et al, which evaluated the association between eating habits and the prevalence of MS in Greek individuals, the researchers concluded that a dietary pattern that includes the consumption of whole grains, greens, vegetables, fruits and fish is associated with reduced clinical markers of MS, while the consumption of red meat and alcohol has shown an inverse association<sup>39</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, we observed a significant improvement of several clinical, anthropometric and biochemical parameters in both groups. The improvement was significantly associated with previous motivation. In our study, both groups were highly motivated in the first visit. Analyzing the outcomes of this research we concluded that dietary counseling is a rich tool that is extremely important in the overall treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome. From the literature available, we confirmed that there are few studies that relate previous motivation, adherence to treatment and methods of nutritional intervention in patients with metabolic syndrome. We emphasize that further studies are needed to assess adherence to treatment in patients with chronic diseases, so we can constantly improve health care in this population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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