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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sCpHHMmH4MyxQtZQWFgdTtt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001200005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000079</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Trimetazidina na inj&#250;ria de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Gerez Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Aristarco Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Bosco de Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assun&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Roberto Cavalcanti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bottino</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>K&#225;ttia Ger&#250;ndio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Val&#234;ncia</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>209</fpage>
      <lpage>216</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A inj&#250;ria de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o constitui um mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico frequente e de dif&#237;cil controle durante a Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio (CRVM) com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, sendo o momento cr&#237;tico o t&#233;rmino da cirurgia, quando ocorre o desclampeamento da aorta e a libera&#231;&#227;o dos radicais hiper&#243;xidos causadores da inj&#250;ria. OBJETIVO: Avaliar, em estudo prospectivo, duplo-cego randomizado, controlado com placebo, os efeitos da Trimetazidina (Tmz) sobre a inj&#250;ria de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, identificando a varia&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores plasm&#225;ticos de agress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (troponina T e Cpk-Mb), e as altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 60 pacientes, divididos em dois grupos (Placebo e Tmz) com, no m&#225;ximo, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular leve, estratificados por ecocardiografia e recebendo medica&#231;&#227;o/placebo na dose - no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio sem medica&#231;&#227;o, 12 a 15 dias de medica&#231;&#227;o/placebo colhida cinco minutos ap&#243;s o desclampeamento a&#243;rtico, e nas 12, 24 e 48 horas seguintes. RESULTADOS: Tanto a troponina T como a CpK-Mb atingiram valores altamente significativos (p = 0,0001) no grupo tratado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle nos quatro momentos analisados &#8722; 5 min, 12 h, 24 h e 48 h. As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas n&#227;o evidenciaram mudan&#231;as evolutivas em cada grupo isoladamente e quando comparados em conjunto. CONCLUS&#195;O: A trimetazidina mostrou-se eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o da inj&#250;ria de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o, n&#227;o interferiu na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, e n&#227;o foram observados efeitos colaterais.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Trimetazidina</kwd>
        <kwd>reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Trimetazidina na inj&#250;ria de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gerez Fernandes Martins<sup>I,II</sup>; Aristarco Gon&#231;alves de Siqueira Filho<sup>I,II</sup>; Jo&#227;o Bosco de Figueiredo Santos<sup>I,II</sup>; Claudio Roberto Cavalcanti Assun&#231;&#227;o<sup>I,II</sup>; Francisco Bottino<sup>I,II</sup>; K&#225;ttia Ger&#250;ndio de Carvalho<sup>I,II</sup>; Alberto Val&#234;ncia<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="nt">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A inj&#250;ria de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o constitui um mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico frequente e de dif&#237;cil controle durante a Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio (CRVM) com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, sendo o momento cr&#237;tico o t&#233;rmino da cirurgia, quando ocorre o desclampeamento da aorta e a libera&#231;&#227;o dos radicais hiper&#243;xidos causadores da inj&#250;ria. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Avaliar, em estudo prospectivo, duplo-cego randomizado, controlado com placebo, os efeitos da Trimetazidina (Tmz) sobre a inj&#250;ria de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, identificando a varia&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores plasm&#225;ticos de agress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (troponina T e Cpk-Mb), e as altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Foram estudados 60 pacientes, divididos em dois grupos (Placebo e Tmz) com, no m&#225;ximo, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular leve, estratificados por ecocardiografia e recebendo medica&#231;&#227;o/placebo na dose - no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio sem medica&#231;&#227;o, 12 a 15 dias de medica&#231;&#227;o/placebo colhida cinco minutos ap&#243;s o desclampeamento a&#243;rtico, e nas 12, 24 e 48 horas seguintes. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> Tanto a troponina T como a CpK-Mb atingiram valores altamente significativos (p = 0,0001) no grupo tratado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle nos quatro momentos analisados &#8722; 5 min, 12 h, 24 h e 48 h. As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas n&#227;o evidenciaram mudan&#231;as evolutivas em cada grupo isoladamente e quando comparados em conjunto. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> A trimetazidina mostrou-se eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o da inj&#250;ria de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o, n&#227;o interferiu na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, e n&#227;o foram observados efeitos colaterais.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold> Trimetazidina / administra&#231;&#227;o e dosagem, reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A inj&#250;ria de reperfus&#227;o &#233; um fen&#244;meno fisiopatol&#243;gico que pode ocorrer nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas em geral, como na angina inst&#225;vel, angina vasoesp&#225;stica, infarto sem supra e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, seguido ou n&#227;o de procedimentos como tromb&#243;lise ou angioplastia, assim como nas cirurgias cardiovasculares e nas angioplastias eletivas<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>O fen&#244;meno vem chamando a aten&#231;&#227;o de pesquisadores por suas evidentes e significativas repercuss&#245;es na pr&#225;tica clinicocardiol&#243;gica, e tem levado a uma melhor compreens&#227;o dos eventos a ele relacionados, em particular a partir dos chamados radicais hiper&#243;xidos, formados ao final do metabolismo oxidativo celular, que podem causar a inj&#250;ria ap&#243;s o desclampeamento da aorta na cirurgia card&#237;aca. Os radicais hiper&#243;xidos compreendem o &#226;nion super&#243;xido (O<sup>-2</sup>), o radical hidroxila (OH) e o per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio (H<sup>2</sup>O<sup>2</sup>), s&#227;o removidos das c&#233;lulas por sistemas de enzimas com fun&#231;&#245;es antioxidantes, normalmente presentes na fisiologia mioc&#225;rdica. Esses sistemas de enzimas end&#243;genas com a&#231;&#227;o antioxidante s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela limita&#231;&#227;o do ac&#250;mulo intracelular de O<sup>-2</sup> e H<sup>2</sup>O<sup>2</sup> durante o metabolismo normal, reduzindo o dano oxidativo sobre prote&#237;nas e lip&#237;deos<sup>2-4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para melhorar a prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica durante procedimentos que envolvam inj&#250;ria de reperfus&#227;o, recentemente as aten&#231;&#245;es voltaram-se para a pesquisa de drogas citoprotetoras com a&#231;&#227;o em segmentos do metabolismo celular, utilizadas isoladamente ou em associa&#231;&#227;o para reduzir ou prevenir o dano sobre a c&#233;lula card&#237;aca<sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
    <p>O mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o citoprotetor da Tmz nas altera&#231;&#245;es do metabolismo card&#237;aco durante a isquemia abriu caminho para uma abordagem terap&#234;utica na reperfus&#227;o. Com sua a&#231;&#227;o anti-isqu&#234;mica, reduz os danos metab&#243;licos provocados durante a isquemia por agir numa etapa cr&#237;tica do metabolismo card&#237;aco, bloqueando a betaoxida&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;cidos graxos, mediante a inibi&#231;&#227;o da 3-acetil-CoA tiolase de cadeia longa. Esse efeito anti-isqu&#234;mico resulta no aumento da oxida&#231;&#227;o da glicose, adicional &#224; glic&#243;lise, tendo como consequ&#234;ncia a redu&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tons, eleva&#231;&#227;o do pH intracelular e da acidose tecidual, recupera&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e melhoria da produ&#231;&#227;o de acetil-CoA. Al&#233;m desses efeitos, limita o ac&#250;mulo de c&#225;lcio, a inflama&#231;&#227;o e a produ&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres hiper&#243;xidos que ocorrem ap&#243;s reperfus&#227;o, sem provocar altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas. Sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o na profilaxia da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular tem demonstrado tamb&#233;m a&#231;&#227;o ben&#233;fica sobre o "mioc&#225;rdio atordoado", tradu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da inj&#250;ria sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s CRVM<sup>7-10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Este estudo avalia efeitos de melhora e prote&#231;&#227;o ao mioc&#225;rdio reperfundido da subst&#226;ncia trimetazidina (Tmz), utilizada como pr&#233;-tratamento em pacientes submetidos a CRVM com circula&#231;&#227;o extracop&#243;rea, sobre a inj&#250;ria de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, a partir da varia&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores plasm&#225;ticos de agress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (troponina T e Cpk-Mb) e de altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ensaio cl&#237;nico prospectivo, duplo cego, randomizado e controlado por placebo, realizado entre julho de 2007 e agosto de 2008,no Instituto de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro, Rio de Janeiro (IECAC-RJ). Tendo como objetivo principal avaliar a diferen&#231;a significativa nos marcadores sorol&#243;gicos de injuria mioc&#225;rdica e nos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos entre dois grupos submetidos a CRVM, grupo tratado e grupo placebo. </p>
    <p>Foram consideradas as seguintes suposi&#231;&#245;es para o c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra: n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%; poder do teste estat&#237;stico de 80%; e diferen&#231;a esperada nos marcadores relativamente "grande" entre os grupos, essa conhecida como <italic>tamanho do efeito,</italic> obtido por conhecimento pr&#233;vio da literatura. De acordo com Cohen<sup>13</sup>, o n&#250;mero de casos necess&#225;rios para cada grupo analisado &#233; de 28 indiv&#237;duos, devendo-se considerar uma perda m&#225;xima ao longo do estudo de 30%. Assim, uma amostra contendo dois grupos deveria incluir 73 pacientes. </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados clinicamente 137 pacientes coronariopatas com indica&#231;&#227;o de CRVM, sendo inicialmente selecionados 75 mediante protocolo ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico que utilizou a an&#225;lise da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar para classificar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular por meio do c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar (ICS), por 17 segmentos<sup>14</sup>. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada e grave, permanecendo apenas aqueles com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal (ICS = 1) ou com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica leve (ICS = 1,1 a 1,6). A avalia&#231;&#227;o dividiu os pacientes em dois subgrupos: sem altera&#231;&#227;o na contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar e com altera&#231;&#227;o na contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar, daqui em diante grupo SAS e grupo CAS, respectivamente, com objetivo de analisar a uniformidade entre os grupos placebo e Tmz. Foram inclu&#237;dos os pacientes que necessitassem unicamente de CRVM com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e que concordassem em assinar o termo de consentimento.</p>
    <p>Dos 75 pacientes selecionados, tr&#234;s desistiram da cirurgia, dois operaram em outra institui&#231;&#227;o, dois n&#227;o utilizaram a medica&#231;&#227;o, quatro descontinuaram com 24 horas a medica&#231;&#227;o, e quatro necessitaram de reopera&#231;&#227;o por sangramento evoluindo para &#243;bito. Portanto, 60 pacientes efetivamente conclu&#237;ram o estudo sem intercorr&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas ou cir&#250;rgicas, sendo portadores de les&#245;es corrigidas em tr&#234;s ou mais ramos coronarianos. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos a tr&#234;s avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas durante a pesquisa. A primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o (D0) foi utilizada como crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o atrav&#233;s do ICS, e as duas subsequentes (D1 e D2) como seguimento do estudo. Foram tamb&#233;m realizadas an&#225;lises da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pelo m&#233;todo de Simpsom com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica, padronizando os momentos da imagem em s&#237;stole (pelo pico da onda R do eletrocardiograma) e di&#225;stole (pelo final da onda T do eletrocardiograma), e pelo &#237;ndice de TEI (rela&#231;&#227;o entre s&#237;stole e di&#225;stole).</p>
    <p>A primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica (D0) foi feita nos pacientes sem utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#227;o; a seguinte (D1), no dia da cirurgia, estando todos em uso de no m&#237;nimo 12 e no m&#225;ximo 15 dias de medica&#231;&#227;o/placebo; e a terceira (D2), na alta da UTI, entre o terceiro e o quinto dias do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, utilizando a medica&#231;&#227;o/placebo entre 15 e 18 dias. </p>
    <p>A Tmz foi fornecida aos pacientes ap&#243;s mascaramento com randomiza&#231;&#227;o na propor&#231;&#227;o 1:1, permutada em blocos pelo programa <italic>Cytools Excel add-in. </italic>Os avaliadores n&#227;o tinham conhecimento sobre quais pacientes haviam utilizado droga ou placebo. Os estudos estat&#237;sticos foram realizados tamb&#233;m de forma cega, com os c&#243;digos referentes ao medicamento/placebo quebrados apenas ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes eleg&#237;veis receberam a dose de 60 mg da medica&#231;&#227;o/placebo divididas em tr&#234;s tomadas di&#225;rias, iniciadas com m&#237;nimo 12 e m&#225;ximo 15 dias precedentes ao ato cir&#250;rgico, tendo os 60 pacientes permanecido com a droga por um intervalo de cinco a oito dias que se seguiram ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico, totalizando 20 dias de utiliza&#231;&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o/placebo. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico eletivo por t&#233;cnica que envolveu esternotomia mediana transesternal, com introdu&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;nulas na aorta e &#250;nica para cava, nessa sequ&#234;ncia. A circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi realizada com hipotermia central moderada (32&#730;C-34&#730;C), e a prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi institu&#237;da por meio de cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea hipot&#233;rmica (4&#730;C), infundida na raiz da aorta ou diretamente no seio coronariano. Todos os pacientes receberam anestesia geral balanceada, venoinalat&#243;ria em circuito fechado, com absorvedor de CO<sub>2</sub> (Cal-Sodada) e ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. Como agente inalat&#243;rio foi utilizado o isofluorane com oxig&#234;nio a 50%, misturado com &#243;xido nitroso. Das drogas venosas, foram utilizados hipn&#243;ticos ethomidato e midazolam; como opioide, o fentanil; e como relaxante muscular, o brometo de pancur&#244;nio.</p>
    <p>Para determinar a inj&#250;ria pela reperfus&#227;o foram dosadas como marcadores a creatinofosfoquinase fra&#231;&#227;o Mb e a troponina T nos seguintes intervalos: no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, sem utiliza&#231;&#227;o de droga; cinco minutos ap&#243;s o desclampeamento a&#243;rtico, j&#225; com 12 a 15 dias de tratamento; e 12, 24 e 48 horas do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, estando os pacientes utilizando nesse intervalo a medica&#231;&#227;o/placebo entre 15 e 18 dias. As amostras de sangue utilizadas foram obtidas mediante coleta atrial direta no desclampeamento a&#243;rtico e posteriormente em cateter posicionado no &#225;trio direito. A Cpk-Mb foi analisada pelo Olympus AU 400, com a t&#233;cnica de Szasz modificada, e a troponina T, pelo m&#233;todo quantitativo imunol&#243;gico, com leitura &#243;ptica atrav&#233;s do aparelho <italic>cardiac reader</italic><sup>11,15</sup>. </p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no <italic>software</italic> SAS 6.04 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC), utilizando-se os seguintes M&#233;todos: para a compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas entre os dois grupos foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou o teste de Mann-Whitney. Na compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os grupos foi aplicado o teste Qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) ou exato de Fisher. Para analisar o comportamento das vari&#225;veis ao longo do tempo por grupo de tratamento, foi realizada an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas. O teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni foi aplicado para identificar os momentos que diferiam entre si e entre os grupos. </p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do IECAC-RJ. Os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e foram acompanhados at&#233; a alta hospitalar. </p>
    <p>A droga e o material de pesquisa foram custeados pelo autor. A randomiza&#231;&#227;o, o mascaramento e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>software</italic> foram doa&#231;&#227;o da Empresa Farmacopa Ltda.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Perfil geral da amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> apresenta o perfil geral dos 60 pacientes que conclu&#237;ram o ensaio cl&#237;nico, comparando os grupos placebo, ou controle, e aquele tratado com trimetazidina, deste ponto em diante denominados grupo placebo e grupo Tmz, respectivamente.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0209-00079-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> compara a medica&#231;&#227;o utilizada pelos pacientes quando da inclus&#227;o no estudo at&#233; a cirurgia, sendo reintroduzida ap&#243;s a alta da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Os dados revelam aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos. Essa uniformidade evidencia especialmente que o efeito da Tmz observado no grupo tratado n&#227;o foi influenciado por qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o previamente utilizada. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0209-00079-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Comparando as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pelos tr&#234;s m&#233;todos conjuntamente (ICS, Simpson e Tei), observou-se homogeneidade entre o grupo tratado e o grupo placebo no que diz respeito aos pacientes com ventr&#237;culo normal (ICS = 1) e ventr&#237;culo com disfun&#231;&#227;o leve (ICS = 1.1 a 1.6). Para fins de compara&#231;&#227;o da uniformidade da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, os pacientes foram divididos, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>, em grupo sem altera&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar (SAS) e com altera&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar (CAS), mostrando aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a significativa da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo entre os grupos. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0209-00079-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis cir&#250;rgicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref> mostra a uniformidade global do procedimento cir&#250;rgico, realizado por cinco equipes distintas, incluindo vari&#225;veis com elevado valor progn&#243;stico como o tempo de an&#243;xia, seguido pelo tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, volume de solu&#231;&#227;o cardiopl&#233;gica, n&#250;mero de anastomoses e perman&#234;ncia m&#233;dia na UTI. Essa verifica&#231;&#227;o coloca os dois grupos em condi&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas bastante semelhantes. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0209-00079-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas conjuntamente entre os grupos, verificou-se que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson, pelo &#237;ndice de Tei, e pelo &#237;ndice de contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar. Observa-se, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela 5</xref>, que entre cada grupo, em cada momento, e na intera&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos ao longo do tempo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa. No pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio sem a droga (D0), no dia da cirurgia j&#225; utilizando de 12 a 15 dias da medica&#231;&#227;o/placebo (D1), e na alta do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com 15 a 18 dias de medica&#231;&#227;o/placebo (D2), n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular entre os grupos, os quais, vale notar, apresentavam uma distribui&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea quando analisados como subgrupos CAS e SAS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0209-00079-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise dos marcadores enzim&#225;ticos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise por grupo das medidas enzim&#225;ticas, os n&#237;veis da troponina T (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">gr&#225;fico 1</xref>) e da CpK-MB (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02">gr&#225;fico 2</xref>) mostraram-se significativamente inferiores no grupo Tmz em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo Placebo (p = 0,0001). O mesmo ocorreu entre os grupos na evolu&#231;&#227;o desses marcadores quando analisados ao longo do tempo (p = 0,0001). Esses n&#237;veis inferiores dos marcadores evidenciam uma maior prote&#231;&#227;o ao mioc&#225;rio, logo, &#224; c&#233;lula card&#237;aca. </p>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0209-00079-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="grf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0209-00079-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A inj&#250;ria de reperfus&#227;o pode ter como manifesta&#231;&#227;o funcional do ventr&#237;culo o denominado "mioc&#225;rdio atordoado". Descrito por Bolli e Marban<sup>16</sup>, &#233; basicamente um acontecimento p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mico que se caracteriza por uma depress&#227;o transit&#243;ria da fun&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio afetado pela reperfus&#227;o, sendo esse em geral resgatado antes que o dano irrevers&#237;vel se instale. Para que esse dano n&#227;o ocorra &#233; necess&#225;rio que a isquemia seja transit&#243;ria, que a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mica seja revers&#237;vel com o tempo, e que o mioc&#225;rdio receba fluxo normal ou quase normal ap&#243;s o epis&#243;dio isqu&#234;mico<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os sessenta pacientes estudados, coronariopatas com les&#245;es bi e trivasculares com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal ou levemente comprometida, foram avaliados por tr&#234;s m&#233;todos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em protocolo prospectivo que teve como objetivo examinar efeitos da droga trimetazidina na prote&#231;&#227;o da agress&#227;o da c&#233;lula card&#237;aca e da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o em CRVM. A droga teve a posologia preconizada de 60 mg de subst&#226;ncia ativa, e o tempo de utiliza&#231;&#227;o at&#233; a cirurgia foi de no m&#237;nimo 12 dias, sendo institu&#237;da de acordo com o mecanismo de biodisponibilidade, tal como verificado em outros ensaios<sup>4,18</sup>. </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico foi utilizado para analisar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda mediante m&#233;todos considerados de boa acur&#225;cia para mensurar a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o<sup>12,14</sup>. Como m&#233;todo adicional foi utilizado o &#237;ndice de TEI, a fim de buscar de modo n&#227;o invasivo outras evid&#234;ncias sobre o desempenho ventricular<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise dos resultados n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos estudados pela curva da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o por nenhum dos tr&#234;s m&#233;todos utilizados. Esse fato pode estar relacionado com uma limita&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo visto que a varia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pode ocorrer logo ap&#243;s ao desclampeamento a&#243;rtico, caracterizando o atordoamento mioc&#225;rdico de reperfus&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos ensaios que avaliam a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular por medidas invasivas e n&#227;o invasivas em CRVM de modo cont&#237;nuo, foi observada melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da Tmz<sup>7,20-22</sup>. Vale ressaltar, no entanto, que neste estudo o intervalo de avalia&#231;&#227;o realizado entre o primeiro ecocardiograma e o &#250;ltimo foi de no m&#237;nimo 48 horas, permitindo verificar apenas altera&#231;&#245;es mais persistentes na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e reduzindo assim as probabilidades de detec&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio atordoado. </p>
    <p>Em estudos invasivos o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi analisado ao t&#233;rmino do ato cir&#250;rgico para a inj&#250;ria aguda, ou seja, no momento do desclampeamento da aorta, evidenciando de forma direta a melhoria pelo efeito da Tmz<sup>7,20</sup>. Lopatin e Dronova<sup>22</sup> analisaram por um per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s anos 300 pacientes submetidos a CRVM, metade em pr&#233;-tratamento com Tmz e metade utilizando placebo. Os autores avaliaram a inj&#250;ria de reperfus&#227;o com enzima card&#237;aca no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e durante todo o seguimento realizaram avalia&#231;&#245;es peri&#243;dicas da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pela ecocardiografia e pelo teste de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio. Como resultado imediato do pr&#233;-tratamento, observaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o nos valores das enzimas card&#237;acas no grupo tratado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo placebo. Em longo prazo, foi observada diferen&#231;a nos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos entre os grupos, demonstrada pela melhora da classe funcional, da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio no grupo tratado.</p>
    <p>Embora a Tmz esteja formalmente indicada no tratamento da angina est&#225;vel associado ou n&#227;o a drogas usuais, por apresentar pouca intera&#231;&#227;o e baixa preval&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos, ainda tem como caracter&#237;stica n&#227;o alterar as vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas (frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial) sendo segura quando associada a nitratos e betabloqueadores. Nas diretrizes nacionais e internacionais, a droga tem grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o II e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia b. No entanto, neste ensaio fazemos uma utiliza&#231;&#227;o preventiva da droga com o objetivo de reduzir os efeitos da injuria de reperfus&#227;o pelos radicais hiper&#243;xidos liberados na CRVM<sup>23</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ensaios utilizando Tmz com diferentes delineamentos ligados primariamente ao tratamento cl&#237;nico e que utilizaram a ecocardiografia para verificar o desempenho ventricular, com m&#233;todos semelhantes aos usados neste estudo, tais como avalia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, volume sist&#243;lico final, volume diast&#243;lico final<sup>21</sup>, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson, escore de contra&#231;&#227;o por 16 segmentos<sup>24</sup>, e avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina<sup>25,26</sup>, demostraram que na maioria deles a Tmz trouxe benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos evidenciados pela melhora na classe funcional e nos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a dosagem dos n&#237;veis de CpK-Mb e troponina T, os valores foram significativamente inferiores no grupo submetido ao pr&#233;-tratamento com Tmz em rela&#231;&#227;o grupo placebo (p = 0,001), sugerindo a redu&#231;&#227;o da agress&#227;o pela reperfus&#227;o sobre o mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Utilizando marcadores sorol&#243;gicos de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, verificou-se que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos dessas enzimas tornaram-se instrumentos seguros para excluir ou diagnosticar o dano mioc&#225;rdico. A troponina T, uma prote&#237;na miofibrilar presente no aparato contr&#225;til, tem revelado boa acur&#225;cia por sua elevada sensibilidade quando se procura avaliar pequenas agress&#245;es ao mioc&#225;rdio<sup>27,28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os biomarcadores ao longo do tempo v&#234;m sendo utilizados como crit&#233;rios que facilitam a identifica&#231;&#227;o com precis&#227;o da inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>29-31</sup>. A troponina t, a troponina l e a CpK-Mb t&#234;m se mostrado &#250;teis para definir a inj&#250;ria de reperfus&#227;o, e ainda associadas a outros achados, tais como altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas<sup>15,32</sup>.</p>
    <p>Comparando resultados obtidos neste ensaio com outros que utilizaram metodologia semelhante<sup>7,20 </sup>mensurando Cpk-Mb, mioglobina e troponina em pacientes submetidos a CRVM com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, observa-se que o pr&#233;-tratamento com a droga apresenta efeito cardioprotetor semelhante, que pode ser verificado mediante valores dos marcadores s&#233;ricos reduzidos no grupo tratado com a Tmz. </p>
    <p>Quando se tem como foco a prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica relacionada &#224; CRVM, alguns autores em estudos retrospectivos, como Klatte e cols.<sup>33</sup> em uma das fases do estudo multic&#234;ntrico GUARDIAN, sugerem que os pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com n&#237;veis da isoenzima CpK-Mb mais elevados, com e sem rela&#231;&#227;o ao surgimento de novas ondas Q com caracter&#237;sticas de necrose no eletrocardiograma, apresentavam maior mortalidade no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e tardio no intervalo de seis meses.</p>
    <p>Costa e cols.<sup>34</sup>, no estudo multic&#234;ntrico ARTS, evidenciam tamb&#233;m que n&#237;veis mais elevados da CpK-Mb no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de CRVM aumentam a mortalidade. Valores da isoenzima que atingem cinco vezes o valor basal elevam a mortalidade em cerca de 5% em trinta dias, e de 10% em um ano. </p>
    <p>Baggish e cols.<sup>35</sup>, analisando os n&#237;veis de troponina T em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca, conclu&#237;ram que o n&#237;vel de troponina T superior ou igual a 1,58 ng/mL seria um forte preditor de perman&#234;ncia prolongada na UTI. Cabe ressaltar que no presente estudo nenhum dos pacientes atingiu esse valor de troponina, tanto no grupo placebo quanto no grupo tratado, sendo as m&#233;dias de perman&#234;ncia na UTI semelhantes em ambos.</p>
    <p>Lehrke e cols.<sup>36</sup>, estudando os n&#237;veis de troponina T, consideraram que valores maiores ou iguais a 0,46 ng/mL nas 48 h de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, revelou ser um bom preditor de mortalidade card&#237;aca em longo prazo, especialmente nos pacientes com tempo de an&#243;xia superior a 65 minutos. Comparando com este estudo, pode-se sugerir que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da Tmz, associada a um menor tempo de an&#243;xia, poderia ter um impacto na mortalidade em longo prazo, visto que no grupo placebo foram observados valores de troponina T superiores a 0,46 nas 48 h em alguns pacientes, assim como o tempo de an&#243;xia ultrapassou 65 minutos. Entretanto, no grupo tratado, apesar de alguns pacientes terem atingido um tempo de clampeamento a&#243;rtico superior a 65 minutos, a dosagem da troponina permaneceu inferior ao valor descrito no estudo dos autores. </p>
    <p>Outros estudos e ensaios cl&#237;nicos experimentais nessa &#225;rea t&#234;m demonstrado que a Tmz exerce efeito anti-isqu&#234;mico direto, limitando o ac&#250;mulo de c&#225;lcio e da acidose, a inflama&#231;&#227;o e a produ&#231;&#227;o de radicais hiper&#243;xidos ap&#243;s reperfus&#227;o<sup>4,18,37</sup>, e mais recentemente, na prote&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial contra o dano pelo estresse oxidativo<sup>38</sup>. Maridonneau-Parini e Harley<sup>39</sup> relatam que a Tmz protege a membrana celular da agress&#227;o e do dano que seguem a libera&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres hiper&#243;xidos. Iskesen e cols.<sup>4,40 </sup>demonstraram que a droga reduz os n&#237;veis do melonalde&#237;do, produto da a&#231;&#227;o da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica dos &#225;cidos graxos e da degrada&#231;&#227;o oxidativa da membrana celular. </p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es na prote&#231;&#227;o celular evidenciadas nos ensaios referidos acima traduzem os efeitos da Tmz na prote&#231;&#227;o &#224; c&#233;lula mioc&#225;rdica que envolve a fun&#231;&#227;o da mitoc&#244;ndria, fornecendo para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica resultados positivos quanto &#224; melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca demonstrados nas avalia&#231;&#245;es funcionais realizadas por diversos m&#233;todos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Desta an&#225;lise, conclu&#237;mos que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da trimetazidina administrada como pr&#233;-tratamento aos pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana sem comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, ou com leve disfun&#231;&#227;o, submetidos a CRVM com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, traz evid&#234;ncias da redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na agress&#227;o &#224; c&#233;lula card&#237;aca demonstrada pelos marcadores sorol&#243;gicos de inj&#250;ria, a CpK-Mb e a troponina T. Verificou-se tamb&#233;m que entre os grupos estudados n&#227;o houve modifica&#231;&#245;es evolutivas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda examinadas no intervalo de 48 horas no p&#243;s operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Agradecemos ao farmac&#234;utico Prof. Dr. Alexandre Louren&#231;o Lopes a confec&#231;&#227;o do placebo e o acompanhamento do processo de mascaramento e randomiza&#231;&#227;o do ensaio cl&#237;nico; e &#224; psicolinguista Prof&#170;. Dra. Maria do Carmo Louren&#231;o-Gomes, a revis&#227;o textual deste artigo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Gerez Fernandes Martins pela Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
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    <p>
      <fn id="nt" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Gerez Fernandes Martins </p>
        <p> Rua Humait&#225;, 231 / 101 &#150; Humait&#225; </p>
        <p> 22261-000 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#150; Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="gerezm@cardiol.br">gerezm@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gerezm@terra.com.br">gerezm@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 16/11/10; revisado recebido em 02/03/11; aceito em 11/04/11. </p>
    <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arquivosonline.com.br">http://www.arquivosonline.com.br</ext-link></p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Trimetazidine on ischemic injury and reperfusion in coronary artery bypass grafting</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The ischemia and reperfusion ischemia is a common physiopathological mechanisms, which has difficult control during Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass, the critical moment of which happening by the end of surgery, when there is declamping of aorta and release of hyperoxic radicals causing the injury. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate, in a randomized double-blind prospective study, controlled with placebo, the effects of Trimetazidine (Tmz) on ischemic injury and myocardial reperfusion, identifying the change in plasma markers of a myocardial aggression (troponin T and CPK-MB), and echocardiographic changes of ventricular function. METHODS: We studied 60 patients divided in two groups (placebo and Tmz) with mild ventricular dysfunction at the most, stratified by echocardiography and receiving medication/placebo at a dose of 20 mg/3x/day, starting from 12 to 15 days after pre-operative period up to 5 to 8 days after post-operative period. Troponin T and Cpk-Mb were measured preoperatively without medication, 12 to 15 days of medication/placebo taken five minutes after aortic declamping, and at subsequent 12, 24 and 48 hours. RESULTS: Both Troponin T and Cpk-Mb reached highly significant values (p = 0.0001) in the treated group compared to the control group at the four moments analyzed - 5 min, 12h, 24h and 48h. The echocardiographic variables did not show evolutive changes in each group severally considered and when compared among themselves. CONCLUSION: Trimetazidine was effective in reducing ischemic injury and reperfusion, had no effect on left ventricular function, and no side effects were observed.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Trimetazidine</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial reperfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="tx-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Trimetazidine on ischemic injury and reperfusion in coronary artery bypass grafting</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Gerez Fernandes Martins<sup>I,II</sup>; Aristarco Gon&#231;alves de Siqueira Filho<sup>I,II</sup>; Jo&#227;o Bosco de Figueiredo Santos<sup>I,II</sup>; Claudio Roberto Cavalcanti Assun&#231;&#227;o<sup>I,II</sup>; Francisco Bottino<sup>I,II</sup>; K&#225;ttia Ger&#250;ndio de Carvalho<sup>I,II</sup>; Alberto Val&#234;ncia<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The ischemia and reperfusion ischemia is a common physiopathological mechanisms, which has difficult control during Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass, the critical moment of which happening by the end of surgery, when there is declamping of aorta and release of hyperoxic radicals causing the injury. </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold> Evaluate, in a randomized double-blind prospective study, controlled with placebo, the effects of Trimetazidine (Tmz) on ischemic injury and myocardial reperfusion, identifying the change in plasma markers of a myocardial aggression (troponin T and CPK-MB), and echocardiographic changes of ventricular function.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> We studied 60 patients divided in two groups (placebo and Tmz) with mild ventricular dysfunction at the most, stratified by echocardiography and receiving medication/placebo at a dose of 20 mg/3x/day, starting from 12 to 15 days after pre-operative period up to 5 to 8 days after post-operative period. Troponin T and Cpk-Mb were measured preoperatively without medication, 12 to 15 days of medication/placebo taken five minutes after aortic declamping, and at subsequent 12, 24 and 48 hours.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> Both Troponin T and Cpk-Mb reached highly significant values (p = 0.0001) in the treated group compared to the control group at the four moments analyzed <italic>&#150;</italic> 5 min, 12h, 24h and 48h. The echocardiographic variables did not show evolutive changes in each group severally considered and when compared among themselves. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold> Trimetazidine was effective in reducing ischemic injury and reperfusion, had no effect on left ventricular function, and no side effects were observed. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold> Trimetazidine / administration &amp; dosage; myocardial reperfusion; myocardial ischemia; myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The reperfusion injury is a pathophysiological phenomenon which may happen in general coronary syndromes, such as unstable angina, vasospastic angina, infarction without elevation and myocardial infarction, whether or not followed by thrombolysis or angioplasty procedures, as well as in cardiovascular surgeries and in elective angioplasties<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>The phenomenon has been drawing the attention of researchers for its evident and significant impacts on clinical cardiology practice, and has facilitated a better understanding of the associated events, particularly after so-called hyperoxic radicals, formed at the end of the cellular oxidative metabolism, which may cause injury after declamping of aorta in cardiac surgery. Hyperoxic radicals cover the superoxide anion (O<sup>-2</sup>), hydroxyl radical (OH) and the hydrogen peroxide (H<sup>2</sup>O<sup>2</sup>), which are removed from cells by systems of enzymes with antioxidant functions, generally present in myocardial physiology. These systems of endogenous antioxidant enzymes are responsible for limiting the intracellular accumulation of O<sup>-2</sup> and H<sup>2</sup>O<sup>2</sup> during the normal metabolism, reducing oxidative damage on proteins and lipids<sup>2-4</sup>. </p>
      <p>To improve myocardial protection during procedures involving reperfusion injury, recently, attention has been drawn to the research of cytoprotective drugs with action on segments of the cellular metabolism, used isolatedly or combined to reduce or prevent damage on the cardiac cell<sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
      <p>The mechanism of cytoprotective action of Tmz on changes in cardiac metabolism during ischemia paved the way for a therapeutic approach on reperfusion. Its anti-ischemic action helps reduce metabolic damages caused during ischemia by acting on a critical stage of cardiac metabolism, blocking the beta oxidation of fatty acids through the inhibition of long-chain 3 acetyl coenzyme A (thiolase). This anti-ischemic effect results in the increase of glucose oxidation, in addition to glycolysis, resulting in the reduction of protons, elevation of intracellular pH and tissue acidosis, recovery of cardiac efficiency and improvement of production of acetyl coenzyme A. In addition to these effects, it limits the accumulation of calcium, inflammation and production of hyperoxic free radicals which occur after reperfusion, without causing hemodynamic changes. Its use in prophylaxis of ventricular dysfunction has also shown a beneficial effect on the "stunned myocardium", clinical translation of the injury on ventricular function after CABG<sup>7-10</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study evaluates improvements and protection to reperfused myocardium of trimetazidine (Tmz), used as pretreatment in patients subject to CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass, on ischemic injury and myocardial reperfusion. The effects of Tmz would be evaluated in view of the change in plasma markers of myocardial aggression (Troponin T and Cpk-Mb) and echocardiographic changes of ventricular function<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Prospective double-blind randomized clinical trial, controlled with placebo and performed between July 2007 and August 2008, at Instituto de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro, in Rio de Janeiro (RJ-IECAC). Its main objective is to evaluate the significant difference in serum markers of myocardial injury and echocardiographic parameters between the two groups undergoing CABG, the treated group and the placebo group. </p>
      <p>The following assumptions for the calculation of sample size were considered: significance level of 5%, the power of statistical test of 80%; and the relatively "large" expected difference in markers between the groups, which is referred to as <italic>effect size</italic>, based on the literature. According to Cohen<sup>13</sup>, the number of cases required for each group analyzed is 28 individuals, taking into consideration a maximum loss of 30% over the study. Hence, a sample containing two groups should include 73 patients. </p>
      <p>We evaluated clinically 137 coronary artery disease patients with indication of CABG. Out of them, 75 were initially selected upon transthoracic echocardiographic protocol using segmental contraction analysis to classify the ventricular function through calculation of the rate of segmental contraction (ICS) for 17 segments<sup>14</sup>. Patients with moderate and severe dysfunction were excluded, and only those with normal ventricular function (ICS = 1) or with mild systolic dysfunction (ICS = 1.1 to 1.6) remained. The evaluation divided the patients in two subgroups: the one without change in segmental contraction and the one with change in segmental contraction, referred to as SAS group and CAS group, respectively, targeted at analyzing the uniformity between the placebo and Tmz groups. We evaluated patients needing CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass only and who agreed to sign the informed consent.</p>
      <p>Out of the 75 selected patients, three have desisted from surgery, two operated at another institution, two were not medicated, four discontinued the medication after 24 hours, and four needed reoperation due to bleeding and eventually died. Therefore, 60 patients actually completed the study with no clinical or surgical complications. These patients have had three or more coronary branches remedied. </p>
      <p>The patients underwent three echocardiographic assessments during the research. The first evaluation (D0) was used as criterion for inclusion through ICS, and the subsequent two (D1 and D2), as a follow-up of the study. We also conducted analysis of ventricular function by the Simpson's method with electrocardiographic monitoring, the image moments of which were standardized during systole (at the peak of the electrocardiogram R wave) and diastole (at the end of the electrocardiogram T wave), and by the TEI index (ratio between systole and diastole).</p>
      <p>The first echocardiographic assessment (D0) was performed with patients without medication; the following one (D1) on the day of the surgery, being from 12 to 15 days with medication/placebo. The third one (D2), at the discharge from ICU, was on post-operative period, from day three to five, using medication/placebo from 15 to 18 days. </p>
      <p>Tmz was given to patients after 1:1 randomization masking, permuted in blocks by Cytools Excel add-in software. The evaluators were unaware of which patients had used drugs or placebo. The statistical studies were also performed blindly with codes referring to drug/placebo broken only after statistical analysis.</p>
      <p>Eligible patients received 60 mg of the medication/placebo divided in three daily intakes, starting from at least 12 days and 15 days at the most prior to the surgery; 60 patients receiving drug administration over an interval of five to eight days after the surgical procedure, totaling 20 days of intake of medication/placebo. </p>
      <p>All patients underwent elective surgical treatment involving trans-sternal median sternotomy, with the insertion of cannulas into the aorta and a single one for cava, following this sequence. Cardiopulmonary bypass was performed with moderate core hypothermia (32 &#186;C - 34 &#186;C), and the myocardial protection was made by hypothermic blood cardioplegia (4&#186;C) infused into the aortic root or directly into the coronary sinus. All patients received balanced general venous/inhalation anesthesia in closed circuit with CO<sub>2</sub> absorber (Soda Lime) and mechanical ventilation. Isofluorane with 50% oxygen mixed with nitrous oxide was used as inhalational agent. The following venous drugs were used: the hypnotics etomidate and midazolam, the opioid fentanyl, and the muscle relaxant pancuronium bromide.</p>
      <p>To determine the reperfusion injury, creatine kinase-Mb fraction and Troponin T were administered as markers in the following intervals: preoperatively, without the use of drugs; five minutes after aortic declamping, after 12 to 15 days of treatment; and 12, 24 and 48 hours after surgery, with patients using this interval as medication/placebo from 15 to 18 days. Blood samples used were obtained with direct atrial collection in aortic declamping and subsequently in catheter placed in the right atrium. Cpk-Mb was analyzed by Olympus AU 400, with modified Szasz' method, and Troponin T, by means of the quantitative immune method with optical reading through a cardiac reader<sup>11,15</sup>. </p>
      <p>Statistical analyses were performed on software SAS 6.04 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) using the following Methods: for comparing numerical variables between the two groups, the Student's T-test or Mann-Whitney test was used. The Chi-square test (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) or the Fisher's exact test was used in the comparison of categorical variables between groups. To analyze the behavior of variables over the time per treatment group, we performed analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures. Bonferroni's multiple comparison test was used to identify moments different among themselves and between groups. </p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of IECAC-RJ. The participants signed a consent form and were followed until hospital discharge. </p>
      <p>The drug and research materials were defrayed by the author. The randomization, blinding and the use of the software were supported by Farmacopa Ltda.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>General profile of the sample</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the general profile of 60 patients who completed the clinical trial, comparing the placebo or control groups and those treated with trimetazidine, referred to as Tmz group and a placebo group, respectively.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0209-00079-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2 </xref>compares the medication used by the patients at the time of inclusion in the study until the surgery, which was administered again after discharge from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Data reveals no significant difference between the two groups. This uniformity especially evinces that the effect of TMZ observed in the treated group was not influenced by any medication previously used. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0209-00079-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Comparing the echocardiographic variables of ventricular function by three methods jointly (ICS, Simpson and Tei), we observed homogeneity among the treated group and the placebo group with regard to patients with normal ventricle (ICS = 1) and ventricle with mild dysfunction (ICS = 1.1 to 1.6). For the purposes of comparing the uniformity of ventricular function, patients were divided, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table 3</xref>, in a group without change to segmental contraction (SAS) and the other with change to segmental contraction (CAS), showing no significant difference of ventricle systolic function between the groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0209-00079-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of surgical variables</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref> shows the overall uniformity of the surgical procedure, performed by five different teams, including variables with high prognostic value as the time of anoxia, followed by time of cardiopulmonary bypass, volume of cardioplegia solution, number of anastomoses and average stay at the ICU. This check examines the two groups in very similar surgical conditions. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0209-00079-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of echocardiographic variables</bold>
      </p>
      <p>By evaluating the echocardiographic measurements between the two groups jointly, we found no significant difference in ejection fraction by Simpson's method, Tei index, and the rate of segmental contraction. We observed, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>, that, between each group, at each moment, and in the interaction between groups over the time, there was no significant difference. No significant difference of the ventricular function was found between the groups over pre-operative period with no drug (D0), on the day of the surgery after 12 to 15 days of medication/placebo (D1), and on the discharge of post-operative period with 15 to 18 days of medication/placebo (D2). These groups, in fact, had homogeneous distribution when analyzed as subgroups CAS and SAS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0209-00079-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of enzyme markers </bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the analysis of enzymatic measurements per group, the levels of Troponin T (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="cht01-body2">chart 1</xref>) and CpK-MB (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="cht02-body2">chart 2</xref>) were significantly lower in the Tmz group compared to Placebo group (p = 0.0001). The same happened between groups relating to the evolution of these markers when analyzed over the time (p = 0.0001). These lower levels of markers show a higher protection to myocardium and, thus, to cardiac cell. </p>
      <fig id="cht01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0209-00079-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="cht02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0209-00079-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The reperfusion injury may have as functional ventricle manifestation the so-called "stunned myocardium". Described by Bolli and Marban<sup>16</sup>, it is basically a post-ischemic event characterized by transient depression of the function of the myocardium affected by reperfusion, which is usually rescued before an irreversible damage occurs. This damage is avoided if ischemia is transient, post-ischemic ventricular dysfunction is reversible over time, and if the myocardium receives a regular or quasi-regular flow after the ischemic episode17<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The sixty patients studied, with coronary artery disease, two-vessel and three-vessel lesions and normal or slightly compromised ventricular function, were evaluated using three echocardiographic methods following a prospective protocol aimed to examine the effects of trimetazidine in protecting cardiac cell and ventricular systolic function against aggression after CABG reperfusion. The recommended dosage of the drug administered was 60 mg of active principle, and the time of use until surgery was 12 days at least, following the mechanism of bioavailability, as observed in other trials<sup>4,18</sup>. </p>
      <p>Transthoracic echocardiography was used to analyze left ventricular function by methods considered accurate to measure the ejection fraction<sup>12,14</sup>. TEI index was the additional method, targeting at a noninvasive manner of pursuing ventricular performance evidence<sup>19</sup>. </p>
      <p>No significant difference between the studied groups was found by the analysis of results using the curve of ejection fraction in any of the three methods used. This fact may be related to a limitation of the method since the variation in ventricular function may occur immediately after the aortic declamping, characterizing myocardial stunning of reperfusion. </p>
      <p>Regarding the tests which assess ventricular function through invasive and noninvasive measures using CABG on a continuous basis, there was improvement in ventricular function by administering Tmz<sup>7,20-22</sup>. It is worth to underscore, however, that the evaluation interval between the first echocardiogram and the last was 48 hours at least, and, thus, only the most persistent changes to ventricular function could be checked, and this reduced the probabilities of detection of stunned myocardium. </p>
      <p>In invasive studies, the impairment of ventricular function was assessed at the end of surgery for acute injury, i.e., at the time of declamping of the aorta, directly evidencing the improvement of Tmz<sup>7,20</sup>. Lopatin and Dronova<sup>22</sup> analyzed, over a period of three years, patients subject to CABG, half receiving Tmz and half receiving placebo. The authors evaluated the reperfusion injury with cardiac enzyme postoperatively, and, throughout the follow-up, performed periodic evaluations of ventricular function by echocardiography and by exercise tolerance test. As an immediate result of the pre-treatment, they observed a decrease in the values of cardiac enzymes in the treated group compared to the placebo group. In long term, there was difference in clinical parameters between the groups, demonstrated by the improvement of functional class, ejection fraction and exercise tolerance in the treated group.</p>
      <p>Although Tmz is formally indicated for treating stable angina associated or not to usual drugs, as it presents low interaction and low prevalence of adverse effects, it also does not alter hemodynamic variables (heart rate and blood pressure) and is safe when combined with nitrates and beta blockers. In national and international guidelines, the drug has degree of recommendation II and level of evidence b. Nonetheless, in this trial, we used the drug preventively with the objective of reducing the effects of reperfusion injury by hyperoxic radicals released in CABG<sup>23</sup>. </p>
      <p>Trials using Tmz with different designs primarily connected to medical treatment and which used echocardiography to determine the ventricular performance, with methods similar to those used in this study, such as the evaluation of ejection fraction of left ventricular end-systolic volume, end-diastolic volume<sup>21</sup>, ejection fraction by the Simpson's method, 16-segment contraction score<sup>24</sup>, and evaluation of ventricular function by means of dobutamine stress echocardiogram<sup>25,26</sup>, showed that, in most of these scenarios, Tmz brought clinical benefits evidenced by the improvement in functional class and echocardiographic parameters of ventricular function. </p>
      <p>Regarding the dosage levels of CPK-MB and Troponin T, the values were significantly lower in the group undergoing pre-treatment with Tmz compared the placebo group (p = 0.001), suggesting a reduction of the aggression by reperfusion on the myocardium.</p>
      <p>Using serological markers of myocardial injury in recent decades, serum levels of these enzymes were found to be safe instruments safe to exclude or diagnose myocardial damage. Troponin T, a myofibrillar protein present in the contractile apparatus has shown good accuracy due to its high sensitivity when evaluating small damages to the myocardium<sup>27,28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Over the time, biomarkers have been used as criteria to facilitate the accurate identification of myocardial injury at post-operative period<sup>29-31</sup>. Troponin t, troponin I and Cpk-Mb have been useful to define reperfusion injury, and also associated with other findings, such as electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes<sup>15,32</sup>.</p>
      <p>Comparing the results of this test with other methods which used similar methodology<sup>7,20</sup> measuring Cpk-Mb, myoglobin and troponin in patients undergoing CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass, one may observe that the pre-treatment with the drug has similar cardioprotective effect, which may be ascertained measuring values of the reduced serum markers in the group treated with Tmz. </p>
      <p>When the focus is on CABG-related myocardial protection, some authors in retrospective studies, as Klatte et al<sup>33</sup> in of the phases of the multicenter study of GUARDIAN, suggest that patients who progressed to higher levels of Cpk-Mb isoenzyme, with and without relationship with the emergence of new Q waves with necrosis characteristics in electrocardiogram, had higher mortality in the immediate and late post-operative period, with interval of six months.</p>
      <p>Costa et al<sup>34</sup>, in ARTS multicenter study, also show that higher levels of Cpk-Mb in the post-operative period of CABG increase mortality. Isoenzyme values that reach five times the baseline increase mortality by around 5% in thirty days, and 10% in one year. </p>
      <p>Baggish et al<sup>35</sup>, analyzing the levels of Troponin T in patients subject to cardiac surgery, concluded that the level of Troponin T greater or equal to 1.58 ng/mL would be a strong predictor of prolonged ICU stay. It is worth to note that, in this study, none of the patients reached this value of Troponin, both in the placebo group and in the treated group, and the average ICU stay was similar for both.</p>
      <p>Lehrke et al<sup>36</sup>, studying the levels of Troponin T, found that values higher than or equal to 0.46 ng/mL 48 h after surgery, revealed that to be a good long-term predictor of cardiac mortality, mainly in patients with time of anoxia higher than 65 minutes. Compared with this study, we may suggest that the use of Tmz associated with a shorter duration of anoxia could have an impact on long-term mortality, whereas, in the placebo group, some patients had values of Troponin T higher than 0.46 in 48 hours, and the time of anoxia surpassed 65 minutes. However, in the treated group, although some patients have reached an aortic clamping time higher than 65 minutes, the dose of troponin levels remained lower than the amount described in the author's paper. </p>
      <p>Other experimental studies and clinical trials in this field have shown that Tmz has a direct anti-ischemic effect, limiting calcium accumulation and acidosis, inflammation and the production of hyperoxic radicals after reperfusion<sup>4,18,37</sup> and, more recently, in the mitochondrial protection against oxidative stress damage<sup>38</sup>. Maridonneau-Parini and Harley<sup>39</sup> reported that Tmz protects the cell membrane against the aggression and damage after the release of hyperoxic free radicals. Iskesen et al<sup>4,40</sup> demonstrated that the drug reduces levels of malondialdehyde, product of the lipid peroxidation of fatty acids and oxidative degradation of the cell membrane. </p>
      <p>The changes in cellular protection shown by the referred tests reflect the effects of Tmz in myocardial cell protection involving the function of mitochondria, providing to clinical practice positive results relating to the improvement of cardiac function demonstrated in functional assessments performed by several methods. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Based on this analysis, we conclude that the use of trimetazidine administered as a pretreatment for patients with coronary artery disease without impairment of left ventricular function or mild dysfunction, subject to CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass, provides evidence of significant reduction in aggression to the cardiac cell demonstrated by serum markers of injury, Cpk-Mb and Troponin T. We also found that, among the groups studied, there were no evolutionary echocardiographic changes in left ventricular systolic function examined over 48 hours of post-operative period.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We would like to thank Prof. Alexandre Louren&#231;o Lopes, PhD pharmacist, for the placebo manufacturing and the follow-up of masking and randomization processes of the clinical trial, and to Prof. Maria do Carmo Louren&#231;o-Gomes, PhD psycholinguist, for proofreading this article. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Gerez Fernandes Martins, from <italic>Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</italic> and <italic>Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro</italic>.</p>
      <p>
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