<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mGDQm5wt5q3898G3rBFLXrw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2011001200004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(11)09700304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000084</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A t&#233;cnica do cone para corre&#231;&#227;o da anomalia de Ebstein: resultados imediatos e em longo prazo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Pedro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana da Fonseca da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Felipe P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopez</surname>
            <given-names>Lilian Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franchi</surname>
            <given-names>S&#244;nia Meiken</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lianza</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandro Cavalcante</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baumgratz</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Maria P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Benem&#233;rita Sociedade de Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>97</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>199</fpage>
      <lpage>208</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2010</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: As principais corre&#231;&#245;es da anomalia de Ebstein (AE) baseiam-se na reconstru&#231;&#227;o monoc&#250;spide da valva tric&#250;spide e s&#227;o limitadas pela frequente necessidade de substitui&#231;&#227;o ou pela alta reincid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia valvar. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a viabilidade e os efeitos da corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da anomalia de Ebstein com a t&#233;cnica do cone na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes, na fun&#231;&#227;o da valva tric&#250;spide e na morfologia do ventr&#237;culo direito. M&#201;TODOS: Foram comparados os dados cl&#237;nicos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e radiol&#243;gicos de 52 pacientes consecutivos, com idade m&#233;dia de 18,5 &#177; 13,8anos, submetidos &#224; t&#233;cnica do cone, obtidos nos per&#237;odos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (POI) e em longo prazo (POL). RESULTADOS: Houve dois &#243;bitos hospitalares (3,8%) e mais dois durante o seguimento. A classe funcional m&#233;dia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de 2,2 melhorou para 1,2 ap&#243;s 57 meses de seguimento m&#233;dio de 97% dos pacientes (p &lt; 0,001). O grau m&#233;dio de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de 3,6 diminuiu para 1,6 no POI (p &lt; 0,001), mantendo-se em 1,9 no POL (p &gt; 0,05). A &#225;rea funcional indexada do VD aumentou de 8,53 &#177; 7,02 cm2/m2 no pr&#233;operat&#243;rio para 21,01&#177;6,87 cm2/m2 no POI (p &lt; 0,001), mantendo-se inalterada em 20,28 &#177; 5,26 cm2/m2 no POL (p &gt; 0,05). O &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico m&#233;dio foi reduzido de 0,66 &#177; 0,09 para 0,54 &#177; 0,06 (p &lt; 0,001) em longo prazo. CONCLUS&#195;O: A t&#233;cnica do cone apresentou baixa mortalidade hospitalar, corrigindo a insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide de maneira eficaz e duradoura, com a restaura&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea funcional do ventr&#237;culo direito, permitindo o remodelamento reverso do cora&#231;&#227;o e a melhora cl&#237;nica na maioria dos pacientes em longo prazo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Anomalia de ebstein</kwd>
        <kwd>fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>cirurgia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>A t&#233;cnica do cone para corre&#231;&#227;o da anomalia de Ebstein: resultados imediatos e em longo prazo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Pedro da Silva<sup>I</sup>; Luciana da Fonseca da Silva<sup>II</sup>; Luiz Felipe P. Moreira<sup>I</sup>; Lilian Maria Lopez<sup>II</sup>; S&#244;nia Meiken Franchi<sup>II</sup>; Alessandro Cavalcante Lianza<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Francisco Baumgratz<sup>II</sup>; Glaucia Maria P. Tavares<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> As principais corre&#231;&#245;es da anomalia de Ebstein (AE) baseiam-se na reconstru&#231;&#227;o monoc&#250;spide da valva tric&#250;spide e s&#227;o limitadas pela frequente necessidade de substitui&#231;&#227;o ou pela alta reincid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia valvar. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a viabilidade e os efeitos da corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da anomalia de Ebstein com a t&#233;cnica do cone na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes, na fun&#231;&#227;o da valva tric&#250;spide e na morfologia do ventr&#237;culo direito. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram comparados os dados cl&#237;nicos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e radiol&#243;gicos de 52 pacientes consecutivos, com idade m&#233;dia de 18,5 &#177; 13,8anos, submetidos &#224; t&#233;cnica do cone, obtidos nos per&#237;odos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (POI) e em longo prazo (POL). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Houve dois &#243;bitos hospitalares (3,8%) e mais dois durante o seguimento. A classe funcional m&#233;dia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de 2,2 melhorou para 1,2 ap&#243;s 57 meses de seguimento m&#233;dio de 97% dos pacientes (p &lt; 0,001). O grau m&#233;dio de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de 3,6 diminuiu para 1,6 no POI (p &lt; 0,001), mantendo-se em 1,9 no POL (p &gt; 0,05). A &#225;rea funcional indexada do VD aumentou de 8,53 &#177; 7,02 cm2/m2 no pr&#233;operat&#243;rio para 21,01&#177;6,87 cm2/m2 no POI (p &lt; 0,001), mantendo-se inalterada em 20,28 &#177; 5,26 cm2/m2 no POL (p &gt; 0,05). O &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico m&#233;dio foi reduzido de 0,66 &#177; 0,09 para 0,54 &#177; 0,06 (p &lt; 0,001) em longo prazo. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A t&#233;cnica do cone apresentou baixa mortalidade hospitalar, corrigindo a insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide de maneira eficaz e duradoura, com a restaura&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea funcional do ventr&#237;culo direito, permitindo o remodelamento reverso do cora&#231;&#227;o e a melhora cl&#237;nica na maioria dos pacientes em longo prazo.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Anomalia de ebstein / fisiopatologia, anomalia de Ebstein / cirurgia, valva tric&#250;spide / cirurgia, per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A anomalia de Ebstein, em raz&#227;o da complexidade das altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas e funcionais que envolvem a valva tric&#250;spide e o ventr&#237;culo direito, tem suscitado o desenvolvimento de diferentes t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas para sua corre&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em 1972, Danielson e cols.<sup>1</sup> desenvolveram uma t&#233;cnica de plastia da valva tric&#250;spide, modificada da opera&#231;&#227;o de Hardy<sup>2</sup>, que se tornou um dos procedimentos mais utilizados no tratamento da anomalia de Ebstein. Essa t&#233;cnica, que inclui a plicatura transversal da por&#231;&#227;o atrializada do VD, resulta em valva tric&#250;spide formada por folheto &#250;nico (monoc&#250;spide) coaptando-se com o septo interventricular. Entretanto, a necessidade de se ter a v&#225;lvula anterior grande e m&#243;vel para alcan&#231;ar o objetivo de corrigir a insufici&#234;ncia AV direita limita essa opera&#231;&#227;o para um grupo restrito de varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas, sendo necess&#225;ria a substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva tric&#250;spide em 36% a 65% dos casos<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Carpentier e cols.<sup>6</sup> relataram uma nova t&#233;cnica em 1988, com plicatura longitudinal do ventr&#237;culo direito e reposicionamento da valva AV direita para o n&#237;vel anatomicamente correto, com remodelamento do anel valvar e refor&#231;o com anel prot&#233;tico, obtendo boa morfologia do ventr&#237;culo direito, e mostrando-se capaz de aplicar esse procedimento &#224; maioria das apresenta&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas da doen&#231;a, mas a mortalidade hospitalar foi elevada (14%) em sua s&#233;rie inicial, com complica&#231;&#245;es frequentes no longo prazo. Publica&#231;&#227;o subsequente de t&#233;cnica similar mostrou incid&#234;ncia alta de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada e importante<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em 1989, desenvolvemos uma nova t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica, denominada reconstru&#231;&#227;o c&#244;nica da valva tric&#250;spide, visando &#224; sua reconstru&#231;&#227;o &#224; semelhan&#231;a da valva normal<sup>8</sup>. De 1993 em diante, uniformizamos os conceitos t&#233;cnicos dessa opera&#231;&#227;o e passamos a utiliz&#225;-la, rotineiramente, no tratamento dos pacientes com anomalia de Ebstein. Essa opera&#231;&#227;o foi aplicada aos primeiros 40 pacientes consecutivos, com mortalidade de 2,5% e sem nenhuma troca valvar, com excelente resultado ecocardiogr&#225;fico imediato, melhora cl&#237;nica e baixa incid&#234;ncia de reopera&#231;&#245;es no seguimento em m&#233;dio prazo<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Objetivos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliar a viabilidade da t&#233;cnica do cone para a anomalia de Ebstein, avaliando seus efeitos na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes e nas morfologias e fun&#231;&#245;es da valva tric&#250;spide e do ventr&#237;culo direito no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e em longo prazo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As opera&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas no Hospital S&#227;o Joaquim da Real e na Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia de S&#227;o Paulo, por dois cirurgi&#245;es da mesma equipe.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica em longo prazo foi realizada no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (INCOR), ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o do consentimento informado e a aprova&#231;&#227;o do projeto pela comiss&#227;o de &#233;tica em pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#186; n&#250;mero 055/05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O objeto deste estudo s&#227;o 52 pacientes portadores de anomalia de Ebstein submetidos, consecutivamente, &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica com a t&#233;cnica do cone, entre novembro de 1993 e dezembro de 2006, cujos dados cl&#237;nicos est&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07511tab01m">Tabela 1</xref>. O tratamento cir&#250;rgico foi indicado seguindo crit&#233;rios usuais previamente descritos<sup>9</sup>, tendo sido poss&#237;vel a aplica&#231;&#227;o da mesma t&#233;cnica a todos os pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, independentemente da gravidade e do tipo anat&#244;mico. Dois neonatos submetidos a outro tipo de procedimento cir&#250;rgico n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos nessa s&#233;rie.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop07511tab01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0199-00084-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>T&#233;cnica Cir&#250;rgica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com o uso da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea com hipotermia sist&#234;mica moderada e prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea, realiza-se atriotomia obl&#237;qua direita, desinserindo proximalmente os megafolhetos anterior e posterior da valva tric&#250;spide. Em seguida, os m&#250;sculos papilares anormais e outros tecidos entre as v&#225;lvulas e a parede ventricular direita s&#227;o seccionados, tomando-se o cuidado especial de preservar a fixa&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo direito. A borda livre do folheto posterior &#233; rodada no sentido hor&#225;rio e suturada na borda septal do folheto anterior, transformando a nova valva tric&#250;spide em um cone com v&#233;rtice fixo na ponta do ventr&#237;culo direito. Em seguida, faz-se a plicatura longitudinal do VD atrializado, excluindo-se sua por&#231;&#227;o fina.</p>
    <p>O novo anel valvar &#233; constru&#237;do no n&#237;vel anatomicamente correto por meio da plicatura do anel verdadeiro, adequando-o &#224; base do cone previamente constru&#237;do. A valva &#233; fixada ao anel verdadeiro com pontos separados. A seguir, realiza-se uma sutura cont&#237;nua, com o refor&#231;o da nova jun&#231;&#227;o da valva tric&#250;spide ao anel, passando-se pontos muito superficiais pr&#243;ximos &#224; &#225;rea do n&#243; atrioventricular. Nessa sutura, utilizamse fios de polipropileno em pacientes adultos e fios de polidioxanone (PDS) em crian&#231;as, quando h&#225; interesse do crescimento da jun&#231;&#227;o AV.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao fechamento da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, a capacidade de permitir o fluxo da direita para a esquerda &#233; preservada, atrav&#233;s do fechamento parcial do forame oval. A comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic>, se presente, &#233; fechada com a t&#233;cnica valvada. Mais detalhes t&#233;cnicos podem ser vistos em outras publica&#231;&#245;es<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos adicionais &#224; plastia consistiram em: um fechamento de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, uma plastia da valva mitral, uma corre&#231;&#227;o de drenagem an&#244;mala parcial de veias pulmonares, tr&#234;s amplia&#231;&#245;es da via de sa&#237;da do VD e 11 casos de sec&#231;&#227;o de via acess&#243;ria de condu&#231;&#227;o an&#244;mala.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Evolu&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Consideraram-se relevantes presen&#231;a de cianose, arritmias card&#237;acas e especialmente WPW, os dados referentes ao tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, tempo de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e mortalidade hospitalar, definida como &#243;bito no primeiro m&#234;s de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e classe funcional segundo a escala NYHA.</p>
    <p>Obteve-se avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica no seguimento em longo prazo por meio de exame ambulatorial ou entrevista telef&#244;nica, seguindo ficha protocolar espec&#237;fica, com a coleta dos seguintes desfechos: &#243;bitos, reopera&#231;&#245;es, presen&#231;a de arritmias e necessidade de marca-passo card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Radiografia do t&#243;rax</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As radiografias tor&#225;cicas dos pacientes, em incid&#234;ncia frontal, obtidas no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, foram utilizadas para se calcularem os &#237;ndices cardiotor&#225;cicos, que foram comparados com os &#237;ndices na evolu&#231;&#227;o em longo prazo. O &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico foi calculado pelo m&#233;todo descrito por Danzer<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos obtidos antes da opera&#231;&#227;o (pr&#233;-operat&#243;ros) e na alta hospitalar (p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios imediatos) foram gravados para posterior avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo mesmo ecocardiografista respons&#225;vel pelos estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em longo prazo.</p>
    <p>O di&#226;metro anteroposterior do anel tricusp&#237;deo verdadeiro e as dimens&#245;es das cavidades card&#237;acas foram medidos na incid&#234;ncia de quatro c&#226;maras. Foi avaliada a fun&#231;&#227;o da valva tric&#250;spide quanto a estenose, insufici&#234;ncia ou ambos. A insufici&#234;ncia da valva foi avaliada pelo M&#233;todo de Suzuki e cols.<sup>12</sup> modificado. Foram medidas as &#225;reas das cavidades card&#237;acas e indexadas pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea. As &#225;reas das cavidades foram estimadas com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo de planimetria em modo bidimensional modificado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados num&#233;ricos foram expressos como m&#233;dia e desviopadr&#227;o (DP). As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram expressas em percentual. Utilizou-se o programa <italic>GraphPad Prism software </italic>(vers&#227;o 4.0; <italic>Graphpad Software, Inc</italic>., San Diego, Calif&#243;rnia). O n&#237;vel descritivo assumido foi de 0,05. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, recorreu-se &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias atrav&#233;s do teste-t n&#227;o pareado, bicaudado; para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas classe funcional pr&#233;-e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, o teste de Wilcoxon; e, para os graus de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide, o teste de Friedman. As mudan&#231;as de tamanho do anel da valva tric&#250;spide e da &#225;rea do VD foram analisadas pela vari&#226;ncia de medidas repetidas (ANOVA), com a complementa&#231;&#227;o pelo teste de Bonferroni. A curva atuarial de sobreviv&#234;ncia foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier, e os valores apresentados pelo erro-padr&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Perioperat&#243;rio e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea variou de 45 a 185 minutos (m&#233;dia 112,3 &#177; 33,23 minutos) e de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico, de 25 a 115 minutos (m&#233;dia 74,35 &#177; 21,93 minutos). Foi poss&#237;vel a aplica&#231;&#227;o da plastia da valva tric&#250;spide com a t&#233;cnica do cone em todos os pacientes, n&#227;o se fazendo necess&#225;ria a substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva tric&#250;spide em nenhum paciente.</p>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de UTI foi de 4 &#177; 4,7 dias, variando de 1 a 31, e o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar variou de 7 a 45 dias, com m&#233;dia de 13,7 &#177; 8,6. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 3,8% (n = 2): o primeiro &#243;bito resultou de cardiomiopatia biventricular por hipoxemia prolongada no per&#237;odo pr&#233;operat&#243;rio, tendo sido o baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco a causa da morte no quarto dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. O segundo, em paciente com 40 anos, no s&#233;timo dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, devido a uma insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita. Em ambos os casos, a plastia da valva tric&#250;spide foi efetiva na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria imediata.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Seguimento em longo prazo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esses dados foram obtidos com o seguimento de 49 pacientes, 97,9% dos 50 que sobreviveram &#224; fase hospitalar. Houve dois &#243;bitos: o primeiro devido a uma endocardite bacteriana da valva tric&#250;spide ap&#243;s infec&#231;&#227;o dent&#225;ria, tr&#234;s anos depois da opera&#231;&#227;o, e o segundo sete anos ap&#243;s a cirurgia, devido a uma disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e arritmias ventriculares.</p>
    <p>Os dados referentes &#224; classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (NYHA), com seguimento de 9,6 a 162 meses (m&#233;dia de 57,44m+/- 45,14 meses), coletados na &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o, comparados com os obtidos no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio em 47 pacientes (97,9%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07511tab02m">Tabela 2</xref>), mostraram melhora significativa das classes funcionais, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em longo prazo (p &lt; 0,001). A curva de sobreviv&#234;ncia estimada pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07511fig01m">Figura 1</xref>), que inclui mortalidade hospitalar, mostrou valores de sobreviv&#234;ncia de 94,1 &#177; 3,2 % de um m&#234;s a seis anos de seguimento e de 86,2 &#177; 8% ap&#243;s sete anos de seguimento. Reopera&#231;&#245;es foram necess&#225;rias em quatro pacientes, sendo realizada replastia da tric&#250;spide em todos eles, nos terceiro, quarto, quinto e d&#233;cimo anos de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, descritas a seguir: insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide importante em dois casos, por deisc&#234;ncia da sutura da por&#231;&#227;o septal e presen&#231;a de WPW n&#227;o diagnosticado anteriormente, associada a uma pequena deisc&#234;ncia de sutura no terceiro paciente. Esses pacientes tiveram boa evolu&#231;&#227;o posterior. A outra paciente, ap&#243;s v&#225;rias tentativas de abla&#231;&#227;o de arritmia por cateter, foi reoperada em outra equipe, n&#227;o se tornando clara a causa da insufici&#234;ncia valvar, com &#243;bito dois anos epois, devido a uma disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e arritmias ventriculares.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop07511tab02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0199-00084-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop07511fig01m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0199-00084-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s pacientes apresentaram arritmias atriais, sendo um submetido &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o com sucesso e os demais controlados clinicamente. Dos 11 pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White submetidos &#224; sec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do feixe an&#244;malo no mesmo ato cir&#250;rgico, obteve-se sucesso em 10. O outro paciente foi submetido a tentativas repetidas de abla&#231;&#227;o, desenvolvendo regurgita&#231;&#227;o da tric&#250;spide, sendo necess&#225;ria uma reopera&#231;&#227;o no quinto ano p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Houve necessidade de um implante de marca-passo, devido a um bloqueio AV de primeiro grau que, ap&#243;s o uso de amiodarona, apresentara epis&#243;dios intermitentes de bloqueio AV total um ano ap&#243;s cirurgia. Um paciente com cardiomiopatia grave biventricular teve acidente vascular cerebral no sexto ano p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, estando atualmente no nono ano p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Embora esteja em uso de terap&#234;utica adequada para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, persiste em classe funcional III. Os demais pacientes est&#227;o livres de eventos; uma paciente, inclusive, teve uma gravidez a termo, sem complica&#231;&#245;es, ap&#243;s dois anos da cirurgia. N&#227;o houve substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva tric&#250;spide por pr&#243;tese em nenhum paciente dessa s&#233;rie.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Radiografias de t&#243;rax - &#205;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa dos &#237;ndices cardiotor&#225;cicos dos pacientes de 0,66 + 0,09, IC: 0,56-0,97 no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para 0,54 + 0,06, IC: 0,44-0,66 (p &lt; 0,0001) nos estudos realizados nos mesmos pacientes com seguimento m&#233;dio de 37,2 meses.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram obtidos estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos completos (pr&#233;operat&#243;rios, p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios imediatos e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios em longo prazo) em 40 pacientes. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o do grau de insufici&#234;ncia da valva AV direita no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (POI), em compara&#231;&#227;o com o pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, e essa redu&#231;&#227;o se manteve em longo prazo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop07511tab03m">Tabela 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07511fig02m">Figura 2</xref>). O anel valvar tric&#250;spide ficou menor no POI (de 42,8 &#177; 12 mm a 19 &#177; 6 mm, p &lt; 0,01), por&#233;m cresceu na avalia&#231;&#227;o em longo prazo (22 &#177; 6 mm), embora sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o inicial causou acelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo na valva AV em cinco pacientes - um deles, inclusive, apresentava discreta estenose (gradiente m&#233;dio de 7 mmHg) em longo prazo.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop07511tab03m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0199-00084-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop07511fig02m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0199-00084-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>No que diz respeito &#224; dimens&#227;o do VD, as &#225;reas medidas (cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>) indexadas pelas superf&#237;cies corp&#243;reas dos pacientes mostraram aumento do VD funcional comparando-se o pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (8,53<underline>+</underline>7, IC95 2,13-32) e o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (21 &#177; 7, IC95 8,59-38,8), p &lt; 0,01, sem modifica&#231;&#227;o em longo prazo (21 &#177; 5, IC05: 12-32,4), p &gt; 0,05, quando comparadas com as obtidas no POI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07511fig03m">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop07511fig03m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0199-00084-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Houve redu&#231;&#227;o indexada do AD comparando-se o pr&#233;operat&#243;rio (29 + 12 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>, IC95: -7,78-16,3) e o p&#243;soperat&#243;rio imediato (17 + 6,6 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>IC95: -10,8-19,35), p &lt; 0,05. Em longo prazo, ocorreu discreta redu&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio direito (14 + 5,4 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>, IC95: 1,2-7,3) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao POI, que n&#227;o se mostrou estatisticamente significante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07511fig04m">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop07511fig04m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0199-00084-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop07511fig05m">Figura 5</xref> ilustra a evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de uma paciente, mostrando a restaura&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito funcional e a anatomia p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria da valva tric&#250;spide.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop07511fig05m">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0199-00084-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica da reconstru&#231;&#227;o c&#244;nica foi concebida segundo os conceitos de Carpentier e cols.<sup>6</sup>, no sentido de trazer os folhetos da valva tric&#250;spide para a posi&#231;&#227;o do verdadeiro anel e a plicatura longitudinal do ventr&#237;culo direito atrializado, restaurando a morfologia e o volume ventricular. Carpentier e cols.<sup>6</sup> mobilizaram a valva tric&#250;spide deslocada para o interior do ventr&#237;culo direito, trazendo-a para o n&#237;vel normal do anel AV direito e rodando-a parcialmente apenas para atingir a regi&#227;o septal. Portanto, o reimplante ocorre no formato monoc&#250;spide, com fluxo diast&#243;lico fora do centro valvar. Na reconstru&#231;&#227;o c&#244;nica, realiza-se a rota&#231;&#227;o completa, no sentido hor&#225;rio, da margem lateral do conjunto dos folhetos anterior e posterior da valva tric&#250;spide, com a preserva&#231;&#227;o das fixa&#231;&#245;es no &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo direito. Al&#233;m disso, a circunfer&#234;ncia completa da base desse cone &#233; suturada no n&#237;vel normal do anel tricuspide, incluindo a regi&#227;o septal, o que resulta em fluxo sangu&#237;neo central e restaura&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do folheto septal.</p>
    <p>Hetzer e cols.<sup>13</sup> publicaram nova t&#233;cnica de plastia tric&#250;spide, que recomp&#245;e o mecanismo valvar no n&#237;vel do verdadeiro anel AV, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos folhetos com maior mobilidade, sem a plicatura da c&#226;mara atrializada do VD, portanto excluindo-se os folhetos com inser&#231;&#227;o an&#244;mala, com a cria&#231;&#227;o de um ou dois orif&#237;cios valvares. Essa t&#233;cnica, que precisa ser adaptada para cada caso, demanda uma quantidade razo&#225;vel de folheto anterior m&#243;vel, o que a limita aos casos de anatomia mais favor&#225;vel. Al&#233;m disso, como os pontos s&#227;o relativamente profundos, houve maior frequ&#234;ncia de bloqueio atrioventricular total, havendo necessidade de implante de marca-passo card&#237;aco em 10,5% dos casos constantes dessa s&#233;rie.</p>
    <p>Na presente s&#233;rie, n&#227;o houve ocorr&#234;ncia de bloqueio atrioventricular no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, similar ao trabalho de Wu e Huang14,15, que suturam um enxerto de peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo fresco um pouco abaixo do anel AV direito para reconstruir o folheto septal, resssaltada a import&#226;ncia da coloca&#231;&#227;o superficial de uma sutura nessa &#225;rea.</p>
    <p>Os tempos cir&#250;rgicos mostraram-se bastante vari&#225;veis, o que reflete o amplo espectro das varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas da anomalia de Ebstein e, consequentemente, as varia&#231;&#245;es de complexidade das opera&#231;&#245;es corretivas. O tempo m&#233;dio de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, de 74 minutos, foi superior ao tempo m&#233;dio, de 38 minutos, da casu&#237;stica inicial de Carpentier e cols.6 com 14 pacientes. Entretanto, com o uso dos m&#233;todos de preserva&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica atuais, esse tempo &#233; compat&#237;vel com um bom desempenho do cora&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados cl&#237;nicos imediatos, com mortalidade hospitalar de 3,8%, tempos curtos de interna&#231;&#227;o e aus&#234;ncia de troca valvar podem ser considerados muito bons. O grupo da Mayo Clinic<sup>16</sup>, que utiliza a t&#233;cnica de Danielson, apresentou mortalidade de 5,8% em plastias valvares de crian&#231;as com menos de 12 anos, mas a plastia valvar s&#243; foi poss&#237;vel em 27% das 186 crian&#231;as, sendo substitu&#237;da a valva tric&#250;spide por pr&#243;tese em 62% dos casos. Segundo a experi&#234;ncia do grupo de Carpentier, representando a segunda maior casu&#237;stica entre as publicadas, houve mortalidade de 9%<sup>17</sup>. Na publica&#231;&#227;o de Sarris e cols.<sup>18</sup>, com o relato dos resultados coletivos de 13 institui&#231;&#245;es associadas &#224; <italic>European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association</italic>, a mortalidade hospitalar foi de 13,3%, embora tenham sido inclu&#237;dos os rec&#233;m-nascidos, que constituem um grupo de maior risco.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; troca da valva tric&#250;spide na anomalia de Ebstein, Kiziltan e cols.<sup>19</sup> revisaram sua s&#233;rie de 323 pacientes com troca da valva tric&#250;spide realizada em 48,9% estat&#237;stica para reopera&#231;&#227;o aos 10 e 12 anos, entre a troca valvar e a plastia da valva tric&#250;spide, resultados talvez relacionados ao grande tamanho da biopr&#243;tese implantada, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tamanho do paciente, e &#224; press&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular direita, geralmente baixa, nos pacientes ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o da anomalia de Ebstein. Entretanto, trata-se de um estudo que compara a troca com a t&#233;cnica monoc&#250;spide de plastia da valva tric&#250;spide, por um per&#237;odo limitado, notandose tend&#234;ncia ao aumento das retrocas ap&#243;s 10 anos, o que n&#227;o reduz a import&#226;ncia de se procurar realizar a plastia da valva tric&#250;spide eficiente e dur&#225;vel, especialmente em crian&#231;as.</p>
    <p>Em geral, a t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica de manuseio do CIA, na anomalia de Ebstein, n&#227;o tem sido considerada pelos autores, e todos a realizam apenas o fechamento rotineiro. Nessa s&#233;rie, CIA valvada sempre foi mantida, de modo a permitir o fluxo sangu&#237;neo apenas da direita para a esquerda. Isso se mostrou &#250;til no curso p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato de seis pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita importante, que mantiveram um d&#233;bito card&#237;aco adequado, &#224; custa de uma queda moderada da satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, que aumentou assim que a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita melhorou. Essa estrat&#233;gia de descompress&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito permitiu que a deriva&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar n&#227;o se fizesse necess&#225;ria em nossos pacientes. Nesse sentido, Chauvaud e cols.<sup>20</sup> relataram a melhora dos resultados com o emprego de anastomose cavopulmonar bidirecional, adjunto &#224; opera&#231;&#227;o de Carpentier, em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita grave. Esses autores usaram aquela t&#233;cnica em 36% dos pacientes, com o objetivo de reduzir a pr&#233;carga do ventr&#237;culo direito nos casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita grave, obtendo, assim, redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na mortalidade causada pela fal&#234;ncia ventricular direita. Em nossa casu&#237;stica, n&#227;o tivemos necessidade de empregar anastomose cavopulmonar. As duas s&#233;ries, por&#233;m, apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas diferentes, pois os nossos pacientes eram mais jovens e apresentavam menor &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico do que os da s&#233;rie de Chauvaud e cols.<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os resultados cl&#237;nicos em longo prazo apontaram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, baixa incid&#234;ncia de arritmias e mortalidade. Poucas reopera&#231;&#245;es se fizeram necess&#225;rias, sendo a causa principal a deisc&#234;ncia de sutura na regi&#227;o septal da valva tric&#250;spide.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>&#205;ndice Cardiotor&#225;cico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, o &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico m&#233;dio de 0,66 foi reduzido para 0,54 no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio, aproximando-se da normalidade. Esse &#237;ndice adquire import&#226;ncia na avalia&#231;&#227;o da anomalia de Ebstein, em que o ventr&#237;culo e o &#225;trio esquerdos apresentam dimens&#245;es normais ou at&#233; mesmo inferiores ao normal, sendo o aumento da silhueta card&#237;aca determinado pelas dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio e do ventr&#237;culo direitos. Exce&#231;&#227;o a essa regra s&#227;o os casos que desenvolvem miocardiopatia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Como nessa casu&#237;stica houve apenas um caso de disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo entre os sobreviventes, o remodelamento reverso do cora&#231;&#227;o est&#225; relacionado ao remodelamento reverso das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos relacionados &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o valvar</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados relativos &#224; anatomia e &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o da valva AV direita foram bons e duradouros.</p>
    <p>As opera&#231;&#245;es descritas por Carpentier e cols.<sup>6</sup> e Quaegebeur e cols.<sup>21</sup> mostraram incid&#234;ncia substancial de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide em longo prazo. No estudo de Chen e cols.<sup>7</sup> (grupo Quaegebeur) avaliando 25 pacientes, foram obtidos 16 ecocardiogramas em m&#233;dio prazo, observando insufici&#234;ncia moderada (18%) e importante (12%), com dois pacientes apresentando a necessidade de realizar troca valvar. Na reconstru&#231;&#227;o c&#244;nica, foi pequena a reincid&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o; e a redu&#231;&#227;o importante da insufici&#234;ncia da valva tric&#250;spide foi mantida em longo prazo, n&#227;o havendo necessidade de substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar em nenhum paciente.</p>
    <p>Observou-se estenose da valva tric&#250;spide em apenas um paciente em longo prazo, sendo discreta ao ecocardiograma e sem repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A inclus&#227;o da v&#225;lvula septal para aumentar a valva parece ser importante na preven&#231;&#227;o de estenose, particularmente em pacientes adultos. A rota&#231;&#227;o do tecido do folheto posterior para ser encaixado na v&#225;lvula septal hipopl&#225;sica, completando seu aspecto proximal, &#233; uma manobra &#250;til para se obter uma valva tric&#250;spide maior. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do anel valvar, como consequ&#234;ncia da interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, e seu crescimento em longo prazo, o que parece ser ben&#233;fico em crian&#231;as.</p>
    <p>A n&#227;o utiliza&#231;&#227;o de anel prot&#233;tico na t&#233;cnica da reconstru&#231;&#227;o c&#244;nica da valva tric&#250;spide parece ser importante nas crian&#231;as, em que a fixa&#231;&#227;o permanente do anel tric&#250;spide, j&#225; diminu&#237;do, poderia resultar em estenose no longo prazo. Al&#233;m disso, a flexibilidade anular permite a redu&#231;&#227;o do anel tric&#250;spide na s&#237;stole, podendo contribuir para o mecanismo de fechamento valvar. A possibilidade de crescimento e flexibilidade desse anel, a boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em longo prazo e as poucas reopera&#231;&#245;es nessa s&#233;rie de pacientes s&#227;o argumentos contr&#225;rios ao uso rotineiro de anel prot&#233;tico.</p>
    <p>A restaura&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito, devido &#224; plicatura longitudinal do VD e &#224; montagem da valva tric&#250;spide em seu anel verdadeiro, ficou demonstrada pelo aumento consider&#225;vel da &#225;rea do ventr&#237;culo direito funcional, j&#225; imediatamente ap&#243;s a cirurgia, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica do cone. Nesse aspecto, essa t&#233;cnica se diferencia da t&#233;cnica de Danielson<sup>1</sup>, que, ao fazer a plicatura transversal da por&#231;&#227;o atrializada do VD, deixando a valva AV no mesmo local em que ela existe no VD, n&#227;o aumenta o tamanho do VD funcional.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma bidimensional &#233; limitado para se avaliarem a morfologia e a fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito. Enquanto a proximidade das valvas mitral e a&#243;rtica confere ao VE formato piriforme, a geometria do VD &#233; mais complexa, pelo fato de a valva tric&#250;spide estar distante da valva pulmonar. Essas caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas dificultam a an&#225;lise geom&#233;trica dos volumes e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o permitem o enquadramento total do ventr&#237;culo em apenas uma proje&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica&#178;&#178;. Al&#233;m da complexidade geom&#233;trica, h&#225; maior dificuldade em se definir perfeitamente o endoc&#225;rdio em toda sua extens&#227;o. As medidas da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o no modo monodimensional n&#227;o foram aplic&#225;veis devido ao movimento anormal da parede septal e &#224; distor&#231;&#227;o da geometria dos ventr&#237;culos. Eidem e cols.<sup>23</sup> sugerem que o &#237;ndice de Tei, ou &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica, &#233; &#250;til como medida quantitativa da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular nesses pacientes. O ecocardiograma tridimensional e o Doppler tecidual poderiam ajudar na defini&#231;&#227;o dos limites do VD, mas n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis nos estudos iniciais dessa casu&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>Foram escolhidas as &#225;reas, e n&#227;o os volumes, em virtude de estudos anteriores que utilizaram essas medidas na avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da anomalia de Ebstein, como, por exemplo, o &#237;ndice de Celermajer<sup>24</sup>, ou a soma das &#225;reas do &#225;trio direito e do ventr&#237;culo direto atrializado dividida pela soma das &#225;reas do VD funcional, AE e VE.</p>
    <p>&#201; necess&#225;rio que se realizem estudos adicionais prospectivos com imagens de resson&#226;ncia ou de tomografia, que constituem m&#233;todos mais precisos para se avaliarem a morfologia e a dimens&#227;o do VD, a fim de elucidar a fun&#231;&#227;o e o remodelamento reverso dessa cavidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica do cone na corre&#231;&#227;o da anomalia &#233; vi&#225;vel com baixa mortalidade hospitalar, corrigindo a insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide sem exigir substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar, o que resulta em boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, restaura&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea funcional do ventr&#237;culo direito e remodelamento reverso do cora&#231;&#227;o na maioria dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Pedro da Silva </p>
        <p> Rua Maestro Cardim, 769 - Sala 202, Para&#237;so </p>
        <p> 01323-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="dasilvajp@uol.com.br">dasilvajp@uol.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="clinicajpdasilva@uol.com.br">clinicajpdasilva@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 20/10/10, revisado recebido em 07/04/11; aceito em 26/04/11.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Danielson GK, Maloney JD, Devloo RA. Surgical repair of Ebstein's anomaly. Mayo Clin Proc. 1979;54(3):185-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Surgical repair of Ebstein's anomaly</article-title>
          <source>Mayo Clin Proc</source>
          <date>
            <year>1979</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>185</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Danielson</surname>
              <given-names>GK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maloney</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devloo</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Hardy KL, May IA, Webster CA, Kimball KG. Ebstein's anomaly: a functional concept and successful definitive repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1964;48:927-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ebstein's anomaly: a functional concept and successful definitive repair</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1964</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>927</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hardy</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>May</surname>
              <given-names>IA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webster</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kimball</surname>
              <given-names>KG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Danielson GK, Driscoll DJ, Mair DD, Warnes CA, Oliver WC Jr. Operative treatment of Ebstein's anomaly. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;104(5):1195-202.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Operative treatment of Ebstein's anomaly</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1195</fpage>
          <lpage>202</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Danielson</surname>
              <given-names>GK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Driscoll</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mair</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Warnes</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliver Jr</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Kiziltan HT, Theodoro DA, Warnes CA, O'Leary PW, Anderson BJ, Danielson GK. Late results of bioprosthetic tricuspid valve replacement in Ebstein's anomaly. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66(5):1539-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Late results of bioprosthetic tricuspid valve replacement in Ebstein's anomaly</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1539</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kiziltan</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Theodoro</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Warnes</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Leary PW</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danielson</surname>
              <given-names>GK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Dearani JA, Danielson GK. Surgical management of Ebstein's anomaly in the adult. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;17(2):148-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Surgical management of Ebstein's anomaly in the adult</article-title>
          <source>Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>148</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dearani</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danielson</surname>
              <given-names>GK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Carpentier A, Chauvaud S, Mac&#233; L, Relland J, Mihaileanu S, Marino JP, et al. A new reconstructive operation for Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988;96(1):92-101.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A new reconstructive operation for Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>92</fpage>
          <lpage>101</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carpentier</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chauvaud</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mac&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Relland</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mihaileanu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marino</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Chen JM, Mosca RS, Altman K, Printz BF, Targoff K, Mazzeo PA, et al. Early and medium-term results for repair of Ebstein anomaly. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;127(4):990-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Early and medium-term results for repair of Ebstein anomaly</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>990</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>127</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mosca</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Printz</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Targoff</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mazzeo</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Silva JP, Baumgratz JF, Fonseca L, Afiune JY, Franchi SM, Lopes LM, et al. Anomalia de Ebstein: resultados com a reconstru&#231;&#227;o c&#244;nica da valva tric&#250;spide. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004;82(3):212-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Anomalia de Ebstein: resultados com a reconstru&#231;&#227;o c&#244;nica da valva tric&#250;spide</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>212</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumgratz</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afiune</surname>
              <given-names>JY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franchi</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Da Silva JP, Baumgratz JF, da Fonseca L, Franchi SM, Lopes LM, Tavares GM, et al. The cone reconstruction of the tricuspid valve in Ebstein's anomaly. The operation: early and midterm results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133(1):215-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The cone reconstruction of the tricuspid valve in Ebstein's anomaly: The operation: early and midterm results</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>215</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>133</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumgratz</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franchi</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Dearani J, Bacha E, da Silva JP. Cone reconstruction of the tricuspid valve for Ebstein's anomaly: anatomic repair. Oper Tech Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;13(1):109-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cone reconstruction of the tricuspid valve for Ebstein's anomaly: anatomic repair</article-title>
          <source>Oper Tech Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>109</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dearani</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacha</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Danzer CS. The cardio-thoracic ratio: an index of cardiac enlargement. Am J Med Sci. 1919;157:513-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The cardio-thoracic ratio: an index of cardiac enlargement</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med Sci</source>
          <date>
            <year>1919</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>513</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <volume>157</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Danzer</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Suzuki Y, Kambara H, Kadota K, Tamaki S, Yamazato A, Nohara R, et al. Detection and evaluation of tricuspid regurgitation using a real-time twodimensional color coded Doppler flow imaging system: comparison with contrast two dimensional echocardiography and right ventriculography. Am J Cardiol. 1986;57(10):811-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Detection and evaluation of tricuspid regurgitation using a real-time twodimensional color coded Doppler flow imaging system: comparison with contrast two dimensional echocardiography and right ventriculography</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>811</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Suzuki</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kambara</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kadota</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tamaki</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamazato</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nohara</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Hetzer R, Nagdyman N, Ewert P, Weng YG, Alexi-Meskhisvili V, Berger F, et al. A modified repair technique for tricuspid incompetence in Ebstein's anomaly. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;115(4):857-68.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A modified repair technique for tricuspid incompetence in Ebstein's anomaly</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>857</fpage>
          <lpage>68</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hetzer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagdyman</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ewert</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weng</surname>
              <given-names>YG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexi-Meskhisvili</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berger</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Wu Q, Huang Z. Anatomic correction of Ebstein anomaly. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;122(6):1237-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Anatomic correction of Ebstein anomaly</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1237</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Wu Q, Huang Z. A new procedure for Ebstein's anomaly. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;77(2):470-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A new procedure for Ebstein's anomaly</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>470</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Boston US, Dearani JA, O'Leary PW, Driscoll DJ, Danielson GK. Tricuspid valve repair for Ebstein's anomaly in young children: a 30-year experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81(2):690-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Tricuspid valve repair for Ebstein's anomaly in young children: a 30-year experience</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>690</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Boston</surname>
              <given-names>US</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dearani</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Leary PW</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Driscoll</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danielson</surname>
              <given-names>GK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Chauvaud S. Ebstein's malformation: surgical treatment and results. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;48(4):220-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ebstein's malformation: surgical treatment and results</article-title>
          <source>Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>220</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chauvaud</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Sarris GE, Giannopoulos NM, Tsoutsinos AJ, Chatzis AK, Kirvassilis G, Brawn WJ, et al. / European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association. Results of surgery for Ebstein anomaly: a multicenter study from the European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;132(1):50-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Results of surgery for Ebstein anomaly: a multicenter study from the European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>50</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>132</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sarris</surname>
              <given-names>GE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giannopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsoutsinos</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chatzis</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirvassilis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brawn</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Kiziltan HT, Theodoro DA, Warnes CA, O'Leary PW, Anderson BJ, Danielson GK. Late results of bioprosthetic tricuspid valve replacement in Ebstein's anomaly. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66(5):1539-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Late results of bioprosthetic tricuspid valve replacement in Ebstein's anomaly</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1539</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kiziltan</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Theodoro</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Warnes</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Leary PW</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danielson</surname>
              <given-names>GK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Chauvaud S, Berrebi A, d'Attellis N, Mousseaux E, Hernigou A, Carpentier A. Ebstein's anomaly: repair based on functional analysis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;23(4):525-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ebstein's anomaly: repair based on functional analysis</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>525</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chauvaud</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berrebi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Quaegebeur JM, Sreenam N, Fraser AG, Bogers AJ, Stumper OF, Hess J, et al. Surgery for Ebstein anomaly: the clinical and echocardiographic evaluation of a new technique. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17(3):722-8</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Surgery for Ebstein anomaly: the clinical and echocardiographic evaluation of a new technique</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>722</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Quaegebeur</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sreenam</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fraser</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bogers</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stumper</surname>
              <given-names>OF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hess</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Tei C, Dujardin KS, Hodge DO, Bailey KR, McGoon MD, Tajik AJ, et al. Doppler echocardiographic index for assessment of right ventricular function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1996;9(6):838-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Doppler echocardiographic index for assessment of right ventricular function</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>838</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tei</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dujardin</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hodge</surname>
              <given-names>DO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McGoon</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tajik</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Eidem BW, Tei C, O`Leary PW, Cetta F, Seward JB. Nongeometric quantitative assessment of right and left ventricular function: myocardial performance index in normal children and patients with Ebstein anomaly. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1998;11(6):849-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Nongeometric quantitative assessment of right and left ventricular function: myocardial performance index in normal children and patients with Ebstein anomaly</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>849</fpage>
          <lpage>56</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Eidem</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tei</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Celermajer DS, Cullen S, Sullivan ID, Spiegelhalter DJ, Wyse RK Deanfield JE Outcome in neonates with Ebstein's anomaly. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19(5):1041-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>J Am Coll</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1041</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Celermajer</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cullen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sullivan</surname>
              <given-names>ID</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spiegelhalter</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cone reconstruction in Ebstein's anomaly repair: early and long-term results</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The main Ebstein anomaly (EA) repairs are based on the monocusp reconstruction of the tricuspid valve and are limited by the frequent need for replacement or the high recurrence of valve regurgitation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and effects of anatomical repair of Ebstein's anomaly using the cone reconstruction technique on patients' clinical evaluation, tricuspid valve function and right ventricular morphology. METHODS: We compared the clinical, echocardiographic and radiological data of 52 consecutive patients, with a mean age of 18.5 &#177; 13.8 years, submitted to the cone reconstruction technique, obtained in the preoperative, early postoperative (EPO) and long-term (LPO) periods. RESULTS: There were two in-hospital deaths (3.8%) and two more during the follow-up. Mean functional class of pre-operative heart failure improved from 2.2 to 1.2 after 57 months of mean follow up of 97% of patients (p &lt;0.001). The mean degree of preoperative tricuspid regurgitation decreased from 3.6 to 1.6 in the EPO (p &lt;0.001), remaining at 1.9 in LPO period (p&gt; 0.05). The indexed RV functional area increased from 8.53 &#177; 7.02 cm2/m2 preoperatively to 21.01 &#177; 6.87 cm2/m2 in the EPO (p &lt;0.001) and remained unchanged at 20.28 &#177; 5.26 cm2/m2 in LPO period (p&gt; 0.05). The mean cardiothoracic ratio was decreased from 0.66 &#177; 0.09 to 0.54 &#177; 0.06 (p &lt;0.001) in the long term. CONCLUSION: The cone technique showed low in-hospital mortality, resulting in an effective and long-lasting repair of tricuspid regurgitation, restoring the functional area of the right ventricle and allowing reverse remodeling of the heart and clinical improvement in most patients in the long term.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ebstein anomaly</kwd>
        <kwd>physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="top1-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Cone reconstruction in Ebsteins anomaly repair: early and long-term results</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Jos&#233; Pedro da Silva<sup>I</sup>; Luciana da Fonseca da Silva<sup>II</sup>; Luiz Felipe P. Moreira<sup>I</sup>; Lilian Maria Lopez<sup>II</sup>; S&#244;nia Meiken Franchi<sup>II</sup>; Alessandro Cavalcante Lianza<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Francisco Baumgratz<sup>II</sup>; Glaucia Maria P. Tavares<sup>II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Adress</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The main Ebstein anomaly (EA) repairs are based on the monocusp reconstruction of the tricuspid valve and are limited by the frequent need for replacement or the high recurrence of valve regurgitation.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the feasibility and effects of anatomical repair of Ebsteins anomaly using the cone reconstruction technique on patients clinical evaluation, tricuspid valve function and right ventricular morphology.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We compared the clinical, echocardiographic and radiological data of 52 consecutive patients, with a mean age of 18.5 &#177; 13.8 years, submitted to the cone reconstruction technique, obtained in the preoperative, early postoperative (EPO) and long-term (LPO) periods.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> There were two in-hospital deaths (3.8%) and two more during the follow-up. Mean functional class of pre-operative heart failure improved from 2.2 to 1.2 after 57 months of mean follow up of 97% of patients (p &lt;0.001). The mean degree of preoperative tricuspid regurgitation decreased from 3.6 to 1.6 in the EPO (p &lt;0.001), remaining at 1.9 in LPO period (p&gt; 0.05). The indexed RV functional area increased from 8.53 &#177; 7.02 cm2/m2 preoperatively to 21.01 &#177; 6.87 cm2/m2 in the EPO (p &lt;0.001) and remained unchanged at 20.28 &#177; 5.26 cm2/m2 in LPO period (p&gt; 0.05). The mean cardiothoracic ratio was decreased from 0.66 &#177; 0.09 to 0.54 &#177; 0.06 (p &lt;0.001) in the long term.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The cone technique showed low in-hospital mortality, resulting in an effective and long-lasting repair of tricuspid regurgitation, restoring the functional area of the right ventricle and allowing reverse remodeling of the heart and clinical improvement in most patients in the long term. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Ebstein anomaly / physiopathology; Ebstein Anomaly / surgery; tricuspid valve / surgery; perioperative period.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ebsteins anomaly, due to the complexity of the anatomical and functional alterations that involve the tricuspid valve and right ventricle, has resulted in the development of different surgical techniques for its correction.</p>
      <p>In 1972, Danielson et al<sup>1</sup> developed a technique for tricuspid valve repair, modified from Hardys operation<sup>2</sup>, which became one of the most frequently used in the treatment of Ebsteins anomaly. This technique, which includes transversal plication of the atrialized portion of the RV, results in a tricuspid valve formed by a single leaflet (monocusp) coapted to the interventricular septum. However, the need to have a large and mobile anterior valve to achieve the objective of correcting right AV regurgitation limits this operation to a restrict group of anatomical variations, which require tricuspid valve replacement in 36% to 65% of cases<sup>3-5</sup> .</p>
      <p>Carpentier et al<sup>6</sup> reported a new technique in 1988, with longitudinal plication of the right ventricle and repositioning of the right AV valve to the anatomically correct level, with remodeling and strengthening of the valve annulus with a prosthetic annulus, resulting in good right ventricular morphology, and showing its capacity of being applied to most anatomical presentations of the disease, but mortality was high (14%) in its initial series, with frequent long-term complications. The subsequent publication of a similar technique showed high incidence of moderate and important tricuspid regurgitation<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 1989, we developed a new surgical technique, called cone reconstruction of the tricuspid valve, aiming at the reconstruction of the valve similar to a normal one<sup>8</sup>. After 1993, the surgerys technical concepts were standardized and we started to use it routinely for the treatment of patients with Ebsteins anomaly. This surgery was applied to the first 40 consecutive patients with a mortality of 2.5% and no valve replacement, with excellent immediate echocardiographic results, clinical improvement and low incidence of reoperation after a medium-term follow-up<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Objectives</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To assess the technical viability of the cone reconstruction for Ebsteins anomaly, evaluating its effects on the clinical evolution of patients and the morphology and function of the tricuspid valve and right ventricle in the early postoperative and long-term periods.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The operations were carried out at the Hospital S&#227;o Joaquim da Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia de S&#227;o Paulo by two surgeons from the same team.</p>
      <p>The long-term echocardiographic assessment was performed at Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (INCOR), after obtaining patients informed consent and project approval by the Research Ethics Committee of Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, protocol number 055/05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The population of the present study consists of 52 patients with Ebsteins anomaly consecutively submitted to surgical repair with the cone reconstruction technique, between November 1993 and December 2006, whose clinical data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07511tab01m-body2">Table 1</xref>. Surgical treatment was indicated according to previously described criteria<sup>9</sup> and the same technique was used in all patients with surgical indication, regardless of the severity and anatomical type. Two neonates submitted to another type of surgical procedure were not included in this series.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop07511tab01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0199-00084-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Surgical Technique</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with moderate systemic hypothermia and myocardial protection with blood cardioplegia, a right oblique atriotomy was performed, proximally detaching the anterior and posterior tricuspid megaleaflets. Then, the abnormal papillary muscles and other tissues between the valves and right ventricular wall were severed, taking special care to preserve the attachment to the right ventricular apex. The free border of the posterior leaflet is rotated clockwise and sutured in the septal border of the anterior leaflet, transforming the new tricuspid valve in a cone with a fixed vertex at the apex of the right ventricle. Then, the longitudinal plication of the atrialized RV is performed, excluding its thin portion.</p>
      <p>The new valve annulus is fitted at the anatomically correct level by means of plication of the true annulus, adapting it to the base of the previously constructed cone. The valve is attached to true annulus by separate sutures. Subsequently, a continuous suture is performed with reinforcement of the new junction of the tricuspid valve to the annulus, using very superficial stitches close to the area of the atrioventricular node. This suture uses polypropylene thread in adult patients and polydioxanone (PDS) in children, when there is interest in AV junction growth.</p>
      <p>Finally, regarding the closing of the atrial septal defect, the capacity to allow the right-to-left flow is preserved by partially closing of the foramen ovale. The <italic>ostium secundum </italic>type atrial septal defect, if present, is closed with the valve technique. More technical details can be seen in other publications<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Additional surgical procedures added to the repair consisted of closing the ventricular septal defect, mitral valve repair, correction of partial anomalous pulmonary vein drainage, three extensions of the RV outflow tract and 11 cases of anomalous conduction over accessory pathways.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical Evolution</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The following were considered relevant: presence of cyanosis, cardiac arrhythmias especially WPW, data related to cardiopulmonary bypass time, time of aortic clamping, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, length of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality, defined as death in the first month of postoperative period and functional class according to the NYHA.</p>
      <p>The long-term clinical follow-up was achieved through physical examination or telephone interview, following a specific protocol form, analyzing the following outcomes: death, reoperation, arrhythmias and need for pacemakers.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Chest X-ray</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Chest x-rays of patients in frontal view, obtained in the preoperative period, were used to calculate the cardiothoracic ratios, which were compared with the ratios during the longterm evolution. The cardiothoracic ratio was calculated using the method described by Danzer<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiogram</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The echocardiographic studies obtained before surgery (preoperative) and at hospital discharge (early postoperative) were recorded for later evaluation by the same echocardiographist responsible for long-term echocardiographic studies.</p>
      <p>The anteroposterior diameter of the true tricuspid annulus and heart cavity dimensions were measured in the fourchamber view. We evaluated tricuspid valve function regarding stenosis, regurgitation or both. Valve regurgitation was assessed by the modified method of Suzuki et al<sup>12</sup>. Heart cavity areas were measured and indexed by body surface area. The cavity areas were estimated by planimetry using a modified twodimensional mode.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD). Qualitative variables were expressed as a percentage. We used the GraphPad Prism software (version 4.0, GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.). The descriptive level was 0.05. For continuous variables, we used to compare means using the unpaired t-test, two-tailed; for categorical variables functional class pre-and post-operative, the Wilcoxon test, and for the grades of tricuspid insufficiency, the Friedman test. Changes in size of the tricuspid valve annulus and RV area were analyzed by repeated measures of variance (ANOVA), with completion by the Bonferroni test. The actuarial survival was determined by the Kaplan-Meier method, and data presented in the standard error.</p>
      <p>Numerical data are expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD). Qualitative variables were expressed as percentage. We used the GraphPad Prism software (version 4.0, GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.). Significance was set at 0.05. For continuous variables, means were compared using the two-tailed unpaired t-test; for the categorical variables pre-and postoperative functional class, the Wilcoxon test was used and for the tricuspid regurgitation grades, Friedmans test was used. Changes in size of the tricuspid valve annulus and RV area were analyzed by repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA), complemented by Bonferroni test. The actuarial survival curve was determined by the Kaplan-Meier method and values are presented by standard error.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Perioperative and early postoperative periods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The CPB time ranged from 45 to 185 minutes (mean 112.3 &#177; 33.23 minutes) and aortic clamping, 25 to 115 minutes (mean 74.35 &#177; 21.93 minutes). All patients underwent tricuspid valve repair with cone reconstruction technique and tricuspid valve replacement was not required in any patient.</p>
      <p>The mean length of ICU stay was 4 &#177; 4.7 days, ranging from 1 to 31, and length of hospital stay ranged from 7 to 45 days, with a mean of 13.7 &#177; 8.6. In-hospital mortality was 3.8% (n = 2); the first patient died due to biventricular cardiomyopathy by prolonged hypoxia in the preoperative period and the low cardiac output was the cause of death on the fourth postoperative day. The second, in a patient aged 40, died on the seventh postoperative day due to right heart failure. In both cases, tricuspid valvuloplasty was effective in the immediate postoperative echocardiographic assessment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Long-term follow-up</bold>
      </p>
      <p>These data were obtained with the follow-up of 49 patients, 97.9% of the 50 who survived the hospital phase. There were two deaths: one due to tricuspid valve endocarditis after dental infection, three years after the surgery, and the second seven years after surgery due to right ventricular dysfunction and ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>Data on heart failure functional class (NYHA) with a followup of 9.6 to 162 months (mean 57.44 m &#177;45.14 months), collected in the last evaluation, compared with those obtained preoperatively in 47 patients (97.9%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07511tab02m-body2">Table 2</xref>) showed significant functional class improvement in the long-term postoperative period (p &lt;0.001). The survival curve estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop07511fig01m-body2">Figure 1</xref>), which includes hospital mortality, showed survival values of 94.1 &#177; 3.2% from one month to six years of follow-up and of 86.2 &#177; 8% after seven years of follow-up. Reoperations were necessary in four patients and tricuspid re-plasty was performed in all of them in the third, fourth, fifth and tenth years after surgery, as described: significant tricuspid regurgitation in two cases, suture dehiscence of septal portion and presence of previously undiagnosed WPW associated with a small wound dehiscence in the third patient. These patients had good subsequent outcome. The other patient, after several attempts at catheter ablation of arrhythmias, was reoperated by another team and the cause of valve failure remained unclear; she died two years later due to right ventricular dysfunction and ventricular arrhythmia.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop07511tab02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0199-00084-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop07511fig01m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0199-00084-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Three patients had atrial arrhythmias, and one underwent successful ablation and the others were clinically controlled. Of the 11 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome undergoing surgical section of the anomalous bundle in the same surgical procedure, success was obtained in 10. The other patient underwent repeated ablation attempts, developing tricuspid regurgitation, which required reoperation in the fifth postoperative year.</p>
      <p>Pacemaker implantation was necessary due to a firstdegree AV block, which after the use of amiodarone, showed intermittent episodes of total AV block one year after surgery. A patient with severe biventricular cardiomyopathy had a stroke on the sixth postoperative year and is currently in the ninth postoperative year. Although he receives appropriate therapy for heart failure, he remains in functional class III. The remaining patients have remained event-free; one patient even had an uneventful pregnancy to term, two years after surgery. There was no need for tricuspid valve replacement by prosthesis in any patient in this series.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Chest X-ray - Cardiothoracic ratio</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There was a significant reduction in the cardiothoracic ratio of patients from 0.66 + 0.09, CI: 0.56 to 0.97 preoperatively, to 0.54 + 0.06, CI: 0.44 to 0.66 (p &lt;0.0001) in studies carried out in the same patients with a mean follow-up of 37.2 months.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiographic results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Full echocardiographic studies were obtained (preoperative, early postoperative and long-term postoperative) in 40 patients. There was a decrease in the degree of right AV valve regurgitation in the early postoperative (EPO) when compared with the preoperative period, and this decrease was maintained in the long term (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07511tab03m-body2">Table 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop07511fig02m-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The tricuspid valve annulus was smaller in the EPO (42.8 + 12 + 6 mm to 19 mm, p &lt;0.01), but grew up in the long-term evaluation (22 + 6 mm), although it was not statistically significant. This initial decrease caused acceleration in the flow of AV valve in five patients - one of them even had mild stenosis (mean gradient of 7 mmHg) in the long term.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop07511tab03m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0199-00084-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop07511fig02m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0199-00084-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the dimension of the RV, the measured areas (cm<sup>2</sup>/ m<sup>2</sup>) indexed by body surface areas of the patients showed an increase in functional RV when comparing the preoperative (8.53 &#177; 7, 95%CI: 2.13 - 32) and the early postoperative period (21 &#177; 7, 95%CI: 8.59 - 38.8), p &lt; 0.01, remaining unchanged in the long term (21 &#177; 5, 95%CI: 12 - 32.4), p&gt; &#177; 0.05, when compared with those obtained in the EPO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop07511fig03m-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop07511fig03m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0199-00084-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>There was an indexed decrease in the RA when comparing the preoperative (29 +12 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>, 955CI: -7.78-16.3) and the early postoperative period (17+6.6 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> 95%CI: -10.8 - 19.35), p &lt;0.05. In the long term, there was a slight decrease of the right atrium (14 + 5.4 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>, 95%CI: 1.2 - 7.3) compared to the EPO, which was not statistically significant (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop07511fig04m-body2">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop07511fig04m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0199-00084-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop07511fig05m-body2">Figure 5</xref> illustrates the echocardiographic evolution of a patient, showing the functional right ventricular restoration and the postoperative tricuspid valve anatomy.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop07511fig05m-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-97-03-0199-00084-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The cone reconstruction technique was designed according to the concepts of Carpentier et al<sup>6</sup>, in order to fit the leaflets of the tricuspid valve to the true annulus position and the longitudinal plication of the atrialized right ventricle, restoring ventricular morphology and volume. Carpentier et al<sup>6</sup> moved the tricuspid valve, displaced into the right ventricle interior, bringing it to the normal level of the right AV annulus and turning it partially only to reach the septal region. Therefore, reimplantation occurs in the monocusp format, with diastolic flow out of the valve center. In the cone reconstruction, the full clockwise rotation is made, from the lateral margin of all the anterior and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve, thus preserving of fixations in the right ventricular apex. Furthermore, the full circumference of the base of this cone is stitched on the normal level of the tricuspid annulus, including the septal region, resulting in central blood flow and restoring the septal leaflet function.</p>
      <p>Hetzer et al<sup>13</sup> published a new technique for tricuspid valve plasty, which places the valve mechanism at the level of the true AV annulus with the use of leaflets with greater mobility without plication of the atrialized RV chamber, thus excluding the leaflets with anomalous insertion, creating one or two valve orifices. This technique, which must be adapted to each case, requires a significant amount of mobile anterior leaflet, which limits its use to cases of more favorable anatomy.</p>
      <p>Moreover, as the stitches are relatively deep, there was a higher frequency of complete atrioventricular block, requiring implantation of a pacemaker in 10.5% of cases in that series.</p>
      <p>In the present series, there was no occurrence of atrioventricular block in the immediate postoperative period, similar to the work of Wu and Huang<sup>14,15</sup>, who sutured a fresh autologous pericardial patch just below the right AV annulus to reconstruct the septal leaflet, emphasizing the importance of a superficial suture in this area.</p>
      <p>Surgical times were quite variable, reflecting the broad spectrum of anatomical variations of Ebsteins anomaly and hence variations in the complexity of repair operations. The mean time of myocardial ischemia, 74 minutes, was higher than the average time of 38 minutes, from the initial series by Carpentier et al<sup>6</sup> with 14 patients. However, using the current methods of myocardial preservation, this time is compatible with good cardiac performance after surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Postoperative clinical evolution</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The immediate clinical results, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 3.8%, short hospitalization duration and absence of valve replacement can be considered very good. The Mayo Clinic group<sup>16</sup>, which uses Danielsons technique, had a mortality rate of 5.8% in valve repair in children younger than 12 years, but the valve repair was only possible in 27% of 186 children, with the tricuspid valve being replaced by prosthesis in 62% of cases. The experience of the Carpentier group, representing the second largest series among the ones published, had a mortality rate of 9%<sup>17</sup>. The publication by Sarris et al<sup>18</sup>, reporting the collective results of 13 institutions associated with the European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association, showed an in-hospital mortality of 13.3%, although it included newborns, which are a higher-risk group.</p>
      <p>Regarding the tricuspid valve replacement in Ebsteins anomaly, Kiziltan et al<sup>19</sup> reviewed their series of 323 patients with tricuspid valve replacement performed in 48.9% of patients. In the long-term results, 97.5% of patients were free of bioprosthetic valve replacement after five years, and 80.6% after 10 years. There was no statistical difference for reoperation at 10 and 12 years between valve replacement and tricuspid valvuloplasty results, perhaps related to the large size of implanted bioprosthesis in relation to the size of the patient, and right ventricular systolic pressure, generally low in patients after Ebstein's anomaly repair. However, it is a study that compares the replacement with the monocusp technique of tricuspid valvuloplasty, for a limited period, disclosing a tendency toward the increase in replacements after 10 years, which does not reduce the importance of attempting efficient and durable tricuspid valvuloplasty, especially in children.</p>
      <p>In general, the surgical technique for handling ASD in Ebstein&#146;s anomaly has not been considered by the authors and all of them performed only routine closing. In this series, valved ASD was always maintained to allow blood flow only from right to left. This proved to be useful in the immediate postoperative course of six patients with significant right ventricular dysfunction, who maintained an adequate cardiac output at the expense of a moderate drop in oxygen saturation, which increased as soon as right ventricular function improved.</p>
      <p>This strategy of right ventricular decompression made the cavopulmonary shunt unnecessary in our patients. In this sense, Chauvaud et al<sup>20</sup> reported better results with the use of bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis, together with Carpentier&#146;s operation, in patients with severe right ventricular dysfunction. These authors used this technique in 36% of patients in order to reduce right ventricular preload in cases of severe right ventricular dysfunction, thus obtaining a significant reduction in mortality caused by right ventricular failure. In our series, we had no need to employ cavopulmonary anastomosis.</p>
      <p>The two series, however, had different characteristics as our patients were younger and had a lower cardiothoracic index than those in the series by Chauvaud et al<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The long-term clinical results showed a significant reduction in heart failure functional class, low incidence of arrhythmias and mortality. Few reoperations were necessary; the main cause was wound dehiscence in the septal region of the tricuspid valve.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cardiothoracic Index</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Preoperatively, the mean cardiothoracic index of 0.66 was reduced to 0.54 in the late postoperative period, approaching the normal range. This index is important in the evaluation of Ebstein's anomaly, in which the left ventricle and atrium have normal or even below normal dimensions, with the increased cardiac silhouette determined by the dimensions of the right atrium and ventricle. Exceptions to this rule are cases that develop left ventricular cardiomyopathy. As in this series there was just one case of left ventricular dysfunction among the survivors, the reverse remodeling of the heart is related to the reverse remodeling of the right heart chambers.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiographic results related to valve function</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results related to the right AV valve anatomy and function were good and long-lasting. The operations described by Carpentier et al6 and Quaegebeur et al<sup>21</sup> showed a considerable incidence of tricuspid regurgitation in the long term. In the study by Chen et al<sup>7</sup> (Quaegebeur group), which evaluated 25 patients, 16 echocardiograms were obtained in the mid-term, disclosing moderate (18%) and significant (12%) regurgitation and two patients needed valve replacement. With the cone reconstruction, there was a small recurrence of regurgitation and a significant decrease in tricuspid valve regurgitation was maintained in the long term, with no need for valve replacement in any patient.</p>
      <p>Tricuspid valve stenosis was observed in only one patient in the long term, which was discreet at the echocardiography and with no clinical consequences. The inclusion of the septal valve to increase the valve appears to be important in the prevention of stenosis, particularly in adult patients. The rotation of the posterior leaflet tissue to be fitted to the hypoplastic septal leaflet, completing its proximal aspect, is a helpful maneuver to obtain a larger tricuspid valve. There was significant reduction in the annulus, as a result of the surgical intervention and long-term growth, which appears to be beneficial in children.</p>
      <p>Not using the prosthetic annulus in the cone reconstruction technique of the tricuspid valve appears to be important in children, in whom the permanent attachment of the tricuspid annulus, already decreased, could result in stenosis in the long term. Moreover, the annulus flexibility allows the reduction in the tricuspid annulus during systole, contributing to the valve closing mechanism. The possibility of this annulus growth and flexibility, good long-term clinical outcome and few reoperations in this series of patients are arguments against the routine use of a prosthetic annulus.</p>
      <p>Right ventricular restoration due to the longitudinal plication of the RV and the fitting of the tricuspid valve in its actual annulus was demonstrated by the considerable increase in the functional area of the RV, immediately after the surgery, after using the cone reconstruction technique. In this respect, this technique differs from that of Danielson<sup>1</sup>, in which the transversal plication of the atrialized portion of the RV, leaving the AV valve in the same place where it exists in the RV, does not increase the size of the functional RV.</p>
      <p>The two-dimensional echocardiography has limitations when assessing the right ventricular morphology and function. While the proximity of the mitral and aortic valves gives the LV its pyriform shape, the geometry of the RV is more complex, as the tricuspid valve is distant from the pulmonary valve. These morphological characteristics make it difficult to perform a geometric analysis of volumes and additionally, they do not allow the full view of the ventricle in a single echocardiographic projection<sup>2</sup>;<sup>2</sup>;. In addition to the geometric complexity, there is greater difficulty in perfectly defining the endocardium along its entire length. Measurements of ejection fraction in the one-dimensional mode were not applicable due to the abnormal septal wall motion and geometry distortion of the ventricles. Eidem et al<sup>23</sup> suggest that the Tei index, or myocardial performance index, is useful as a quantitative measure of ventricular function in these patients. The three-dimensional echocardiography and tissue Doppler could help define the boundaries of the RV, but these techniques are not available in the initial studies of this series.</p>
      <p>We chose areas, not volumes, due to previous studies that used these measurements to assess the severity of Ebsteins anomaly, such as the Celermajer index<sup>24</sup>, or the sum of the areas of the right atrium and atrialized right ventricle divided by the sum of the functional RV areas, LA and LV.</p>
      <p>It is necessary to conduct further prospective studies with resonance imaging or computed tomography, which are more accurate methods to evaluate the morphology and size of the RV, in order to elucidate the function and reverse remodeling of this cavity.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The cone reconstruction technique to correct Ebsteins anomaly is feasible, with low in-hospital mortality and corrects tricuspid valve regurgitation without the need for valve replacement, which results in clinical improvement, right ventricular functional area restoration and reverse remodeling of the heart in most patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
